here - Public Legal Information

Helping Victims of Crime: We All Have a Role 

Bullying: It’s Not Cool 

Special Edition 

Spring 2013 

Learn about: 

Vulnerable 

populations 

Cyber victimization 

Provincial and 

national 

resources 

Aboriginal issues 

The effects of 

victimization 

...and more 

Inside this issue: 

Vulnerable 

Populations 

The Criminal 

Justice System 

Health Impacts of 

Victimization 

Cyber 

Victimization 

Child 

Victimization 

Aboriginal People 

as Victims 

Victimization 

and Men 

2 

4 

4 

5 

5 

6 

6 

Getting Help 7 

The Laws 8 

What is NVCAW 2013? 

2013 is the 8th year for National 

Victims of Crime Awareness 

Week, or NVCAW. This year’s 

NCVAW will take place across 

Canada from April 21st—27th. 

This year’s theme is ‘We All Have 

a Role’. 

The theme recognizes that 

everybody has a part to play in 

reaching out to victims of crime. 

This includes criminal justice 

providers, government, and all 

Canadians in general. For more 

information on how we can all 

play a role, visit the NVCAW’s 

website at: 

www.victimsweek.gc.ca 

We wish to acknowledge the 

funding that was provided by the 

Department of Justice Canada 

Victims Fund for the creation of 

this newsletter. 

What is PLIAN? 

Public Legal Information 

Association of NL (PLIAN) is 

a non-profit organization 

dedicated to educating 

Newfoundlanders and 

Labradorians about the law. 

We provide public legal 

education and information 

services with the intent of 

increasing access to justice. 

PLIAN has many resources 

available to victims, 

including publications and 

presentations. For more 

information, or to request 

resources, contact us. 

‘Sticks and stones may break my bones, but 

names will never hurt me’ is a myth. In the past, 

bullying was often viewed as a normal part of 

growing up, or something that could be expected 

in any peer-relationship. Nowadays, that is no 

longer the case. Teachers, parents, and 

employers are all recognizing bullying for what it 

is—abuse that is often violent, and always 

damaging. 

Bullying is defined as the systematic or repeated 

abuse of another person. It can be physical or non 

-physical (verbal, emotional, cyber, etc.) in nature. 

Very often, bullying can have legal implications. 

Depending on the circumstances, people who 

bully could be charged with assault, intimidation, 

uttering threats, defamatory libel, and more. 

If you would more information on our school 

presentation ‘Bullying: The Legal Implications’, 

contact: 

722-2805 or projects@publiclegalinfo.com. 

www.publiclegalinfo.com 

1-888-660-7788 

Photo credit: www.gspscp.ca 

Disclaimer: The content within this newsletter does not constitute legal advice. 

PLIAN does not provide legal advice. 

PLIAN is not responsible for the accuracy of information on websites/in publications of third parties referenced in this newsletter.


Page 2 

For more 

information on 

the provincial 

Violence 

Prevention 

Initiative and 

Purple Ribbon 

Campaign, visit 

www.gov.nl.ca/ 

VPI 

“Children and 

youth can also 

witness 

violence in the 

home, which is 

another type of 

victimization” 

While anybody can be a 

victim, there are certain 

people or groups who have 

specific challenges. Such 

challenges might include 

higher rates of victimization, 

lack of available services, or 

a combination of the two. 

The Violence Prevention 

Initiative (VPI) sets out the 

following groups as being 

‘most at risk in our society’ - 

women, children, youth, 

older persons, persons with 

disabilities, Aboriginal 

women and children and 

other people who are 

vulnerable to violence 

because of their ethnicity, 

sexual orientation or 

economic status. 1 

This section will provide 

some information as to why 

the previously mentioned 

groups are more vulnerable 

than others. Please see 

page 6 for an entire article 

dedicated to Aboriginal 

victimization. 

Women 

Women experience higher 

levels of violence, both in 

terms of severity and 

prevalence. Women are 

more likely to be a victim of 

sexual assault, stalking, 

serious spousal assault or 

spousal homicide than men 

are. In Newfoundland and 

Labrador, 1 in 2 women 

over the age of 15 will 

experience at least one 

incident of sexual or 

physical violence in their 

lifetime, yet only 10% of 

these women will report it. 2 

Women who are also part of 

another minority group 

(such as older women, 

women with disabilities, 

women in the LBGT 

Vulnerable Populations 

community) have increased 

levels of risk. 

There is much valuable 

information on the Respect 

Women Campaign’s website 

(www.respectwomen.ca) 

including information on 

types of violence, warning 

signs, and how to get help. 

Children and Youth 

Children and youth can be 

particularly vulnerable, given 

their age and dependency. 

Children under 18 are 1.5 

times more likely to 

experience physical and 

sexual assault than adults. 

Further, girls are five times 

more likely than boys to be 

sexually assaulted, whereas 

boys are 1.5 times more 

likely to be physically 

assaulted than girls. 

As children age, their risk of 

violent victimization 

increases. This is attributed 

to the fact that as children 

age, they are ‘increasingly 

exposed to others, and 

acquire more independence 

as they grow’. 

In the cases of family 

violence committed against 

children and youth up to 17 

years of age, about 33% of 

incidents were committed by 

a family member, about 

54% by a friend, and about 

15% by a stranger. 

Children and youth can also 

witness violence in the 

home, which is another type 

of victimization. A third of all 

victims of spousal violence 

indicated that their children 

saw or heard the violence. 

During these violent 

episodes, 40% of the adult 

victims reported that they 

feared for their life, and 44% 

were physically injured. 3 

Older Persons 

Statistics show that one in 

every 10 seniors will be the 

victim of some form of 

crime. Seniors are more 

likely to be the victim of 

financial abuse or fraud, 

with PhoneBusters, 

Canada’s anti-fraud call 

centre, citing 84% of total 

dollar loss (through 

telemarketing and lottery 

scams) being accounted for 

by those over 60 years of 

age. There are many 

reasons why seniors may be 

targeted financially, 

including their likelihood to 

have substantial savings or 

assets, their likelihood to be 

trusting of telemarketers 

and polite towards 

strangers, and their 

likelihood of being isolated 

with limited to no contact 

with family or friends. 

Seniors are less likely than 

younger people to be the 

victim of violent crime, such 

as assault, sexual assault, 

or robbery. The rate of 

violent crime among seniors 

is half of that for adults 

aged 55 to 64, and 15 

times lower than those aged 

15 to 24. When violent 

crime does occur among 

seniors, males are 1.5 times 

more likely than females to 

be the victim. 

70% of victimizations 

against seniors were 

committed by a family 

member, friend, or 

acquaintance. Senior 

women are more likely than 

senior men to be victimized 

by a family member, with 

the most common forms of 

family violence committed 

against seniors being 

common assault, uttering 

threats, and major assaults. 

Photo credit: http://www.elkhartcountyfamilyviolencecouncil.com/domestic-violence.html


Page 3 

There are some positive 

statistics, though. 92% of 

seniors feel satisfied with 

their overall level of safety, 

and seniors are more likely 

to report their victimizations 

to the police than their 

younger counterparts 

(approximately 51% and 

24%, respectively). 4 

Persons with 

Disabilities 

Persons with disabilities or 

activity limitations (those 

who ‘have difficulty with 

their daily lives or who 

reported a physical or 

mental condition or a health 

problem that limited the 

quantity or type of activities 

they could engage in’) have 

victimization rates 4 times 

higher than that of persons 

with no disabilities. With 

regards to different age 

groups, the ‘highly 

victimized’ 15-44 age group 

experienced a 2.4 times 

higher likelihood of violent 

crime than their nondisabled 

counterparts. 

Those with disabilities are 

even more likely than those 

without disabilities to be 

victimized by somebody 

known to them, and 

experience higher levels of 

multiple victimization, 

spousal violence, stalking 

and fear of crime. 5 

Ethnic Minorities 

Ethnic minorities, or visible 

minorities (defined as 

‘persons, other than 

Aboriginal peoples, who are 

non-Caucasian in race or 

non-white in colour’ 6 ) 

sometimes also have higher 

rates of victimization. Often 

non-visible minorities (such 

as those who are members 

of linguistic or religious 

minorities) have similar 

victimization rates as visible 

monitories. 

Visible minorities were more 

likely than non-visible 

minorities to believe the 

incident committed against 

them was a hate crime. 

Further, visible minorities 

were less likely to feel 

satisfied with their safety, 

and were more likely to 

believe that crime was 

higher in their 

neighbourhood than in 

others in Canada. 7 

LBGT Community 

Individuals in the LBGT 

community experience 

higher incidences of 

victimization than 

heterosexual people, yet the 

problem remains 

underreported. 

Gay and lesbian individuals, 

as well as transgender 

individuals, have rates of 

victimization 2.5 times and 

4 times higher, respectively, 

than heterosexual 

individuals. 

Intimate partner violence is 

also a concern for lesbian, 

gay, bisexual and 

transgender individual. 

Unfortunately, attitudes 

towards such intimate 

partner violence often result 

in a lack of support for 

victims. For female samesex 

relationships, there is 

sometimes the 

misconception that a female 

has nothing to fear from her 

female partner, while samesex 

partner violence in male 

relationships may be 

dismissed or devalued as 

‘boys will be boys’. 8 

Economically 

Disadvantaged 

Those at an economic 

disadvantage may be more 

susceptible to certain forms 

of victimization. Human 

trafficking, for example, is 

one form of victimization 

that economically 

disadvantaged people are at 

risk for. It is defined as ‘the 

recruitment, transportation, 

harbouring and/or 

exercising control, direction 

or influence over the 

movements of a person in 

order to exploit that person, 

typically through sexual 

exploitation or forced 

labour’. 9 

Domestic violence may also 

be higher for those who are 

economically 

disadvantaged, particularly 

women. There is evidence to 

show that women will stay in 

abusive relationships to 

avoid plunging themselves 

and their children into 

poverty. 10 

More information on 

vulnerable population 

violence can be found here: 

www.gov.nl.ca/VPI/facts/ 

“...women will stay 

in abusive 

relationships to 

avoid plunging 

themselves and 

their children into 

poverty” 

Sources 

1 http://www.gov.nl.ca/VPI/initiative/index.html 

2 http://www.respectwomen.ca/factsonviolence.html 

3 http://www.victimsweek.gc.ca/2012/res/r56.html 



6 Employment Equity Act 


8 http://www.gov.nl.ca/VPI/facts/ 

violence_and_sexual_orientation.pdf 

9 http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/le/ht-tp-eng.aspx 

10 http://www.canadianwomen.org/facts-about-poverty 

Photo credit: http://www.womanaroundtown.com


Page 4 

What to Expect in the Criminal Justice System 

When a victim has to go to court to 

testify, they are often unsure of what to 

expect. We have two publications which 

answer some common questions and 

explain who a victim can expect to 

encounter in the criminal justice system. 

You can access them at the following 

links, or contact us for hard copies: 

‘Information for Victims of 

Family Violence’ 

http://www.publiclegalinfo.com/home/ 

wp-content/uploads/2012/03/ 

VICTIMS.pdf 

‘Family Violence: Getting Help’ 

http://www.publiclegalinfo.com/home/ 

wp-content/uploads/2012/03/ 

Domestic-Violence-Pamphlet.pdf 

Some quick notes: 

 

 

 

 

 

 

To testify means to give a statement 

under oath. 

If you are subpoenaed to court, you must 

attend. 

Criminal trials will likely be open to the 

public. 

If you forget to mention something to 

police during your original statement, 

contact them immediately. 

Victim Services can help by providing 

support services. 

You can ask for a moment to compose 

yourself in court, or ask for tissues/ 

water. 

“Not only do 

victims suffer 

physically, 

emotionally, 

psychologically 

and financially 

from their 

victimization, 

they are also 

often burdened by 

the complexity of 

the criminal 

justice system” 

Health Impacts of Victimization 

Victims may feel many 

emotions. They will likely be 

frightened and unsettled, 

but may also be debilitated 

and demoralized. In addition 

to potential financial loss 

and the burden of dealing 

with the complexities of the 

justice system, victims may 

suffer emotionally, 

physically and 

psychologically. They may be 

confused, fearful, frustrated, 

angry, insecure and 

uncertain. 

Some impacts might 

include: 

Emotional 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Shock, disbelief and 

denial 

Anger or rage 

Fear or terror 

Frustration and 

confusion 

Guilt or self-blame 

Shame and 

humiliation 

Grief or sorrow 

Physical 

 

 

 

 

 

Injuries may be 

classified as minor 

(bumps, scratches), 

moderate (bruises, 

broken bones) or 

severe (stabbing, gun 

shot wounds) 

Some injuries may 

not be visible, such 

as internal organ 

injuries, brain 

damage or internal 

damage caused by 

sexual assault 

After the crime, 

physical effects might 

include insomnia, 

lethargy, headaches, 

nausea, and more 

Long-term, ongoing 

health effects might 

include stomachaches 

and emotional 

outbursts 

Victims may be 

unable to return to 

work or to their 

‘normal’ lifestyle 

Psychological 

Common reactions can be 

split into four stages 

 

 

 

 

Initial reaction— 

shock, fear, anger, 

helplessness, 

disbelief and guilt 

Disorganization— 

distressing thoughts 

about the event, 

nightmares, 

depression, loss of 

confidence. Life can 

seem to slow down 

and become 

meaningless. 

Reconstruction and 

acceptance—victims 

come to terms and 

long for normalcy. 

Normalization and 

adjustment - victims 

may try to reinterpret 

their experience, and 

possibly try to find an 

explanation. 

More information can be 

found here: 

http://www.crcvc.ca/docs/ 

victimization.pdf


Page 5 

Cyber Victimization 

The personal, social, and 

mental health effects of 

cyber-bullying on children 

and youth can be 

devastating. Cyber bullying 

can occur through various 

means. In the article 

“Anonymity and roles 

associated with aggressive 

posts in an online forum”, 

Moore et al. provided some 

helpful examples of cyber 

bullying: “Cyberbullies use 

email, cell phone text 

messages, or forum posts to 

send insults or death threats 

to victims. Another 

example ... is socially 

attacking a victim by 

recruiting others to send 

anonymous email or cell 

phone messages, by posting 

contact information of a 

victim, or by spreading 

rumors about a victim.” 

Unfortunately research thus 

far has been unable to 

reach a consensus on the 

prevalence of cyber bullying. 

Prevalence rates “typically 

range across studies from 

approximately 10 to 35%, 

whereas others have found 

significantly higher rates.” 1 

Perhaps even more alarming 

than the rate of cyber 

bullying is the destructive 

effects on those children 

and adolescents who are 

affected by it. The effects of 

cyber bullying can truly be 

profound and long lasting. 

They include feeling sad, 

anxious, afraid, a loss of self 

-esteem, and an inability to 

concentrate on school. 2 

Further, those that are cyber 

bullied are more likely to 

skip school and more likely 

to report social difficulties, 

drug and alcohol use, and 

eating disorders. Indeed, the 

personal, social, and mental 

health effects of cyberbullying 

on children and 

youth can be detrimental. 

Sources 

1 Faye Mishna, Michael Saini & 

Steve Solomon, “Ongoing and 

online: Children and youth’s 

perceptions of cyber bullying” 

2 A.B. v Bragg Communications, 

2012 SCC 46 at para 21 

STOP A BULLY is a national nonprofit 

organization and Canada-wide 

anti-bullying program developed in 

2009 by a B.C. teacher which allows 

any student who is a victim or 

witness of bullying and cyberbullying 

to be able to safely report the details 

to school officials. 

www.stopabully.ca 

Child Victimization 

Damage to a child of abuse 

can last a lifetime. Child 

abuse includes the physical, 

sexual, emotional, 

psychological, and social 

mistreatment of a child. 

Police-reported data shows 

that close to a third of 

offences against children 

and youth are committed by 

a family member, with 

parents committing a 

majority of these offences. 

Child abuse is harmful and 

dangerous on many levels. It 

affects the growth and 

development of a child, and 

endangers their survival, 

safety, and self esteem. In 

some cases of physical and 

sexual abuse, the victims 

have considerable problems 

with behaviour, negative 

peer involvement, 

depression, anxiety, violence 

to others, developmental 

delays, irregular school 

attendance and 

inappropriate sexual 

behaviour. Children may 

also be victims of other 

Photo credit: www.kiwicommons.com 

types of crime, including 

assault, sexual assault, 

robbery, dating violence, 

sexual exploitation, and 

theft. Children can be 

victimized by persons in a 

position of trust or authority, 

their peers, and although 

less often, by strangers. The 

abuse and exploitation of 

children and youth depends 

on exploiting those who are 

less powerful for the benefit 

of those who are in more 

powerful positions. 

Source: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ncfv-cnivf/pdfs/fv-85-224-XWE-eng.pdf


Page 6 

As many as 

40% of 

Canada’s 

Aboriginals 

may be 

victims of 

crime 

Men are 2.5 

times more 

likely than 

women to be 

sexually 

assaulted in 

an 

institutional 

setting 

Aboriginal People as Victims of Crime 

As many as 40% of 

Aboriginal Canadians have 

reported being a victim of 

crime, compared to 28% of 

non-Aboriginal Canadians. 

Often, perpetrators are also 

members of the Aboriginal 

community, such as 

spouses, relatives, or 

friends of the victim. 

There are a number of 

factors which increase the 

likelihood of victimization. 

These factors include being 

young, living in a single 

parent home, living common 

-law, high levels of 

unemployment, and the 

consumption of alcohol. 

Studies show major underreporting 

of victimization of 

Aboriginal people. As many 

as 74% of victims of family 

violence do not report their 

victimization. Studies also 

show that when charges are 

laid, there are higher rates 

of dismissed charges or notguilty 

findings than with non- 

Aboriginal people. This can 

be attributed to reluctance 

Victimization and Men 

Although it is reported on far 

less than violence against 

women or children, violence 

against male victims does 

occur. It presents special 

issues in that there is not as 

much research or statistics 

available, and services may 

be limited. Specialized 

services and supports for 

men, particularly in smaller 

rural communities, are more 

difficult to find. 

on the part of the victim to 

attend court and testify. 

Aboriginal people who are 

part of other vulnerable 

groups may experience 

higher levels of 

victimization. For example, 

Aboriginal women 

experience dramatically 

higher rates of violent 

victimization than non- 

Aboriginal women. 24% of 

Aboriginal women report 

being assaulted by a 

spouse, compared with 7% 

of non-Aboriginal women. 

Further examples include 

youth and people with 

physical and mental health 

issues. For example, studies 

show that 25-50% of 

Aboriginal women were 

victims of sexual assault as 

youth, compared with 20- 

25% of the non-Aboriginal 

female population. 

The ‘trauma theory’ is often 

used to explain the high 

rates of Aboriginal 

victimization. This theory 

states that ‘the relatively 

In 2008, overall rates of 

violent victimization for men 

and women were similar. 

But the nature of the 

victimization differed. 

For example, men were 

more likely to be the victim 

of a serious physical assault 

and to have a weapon used 

against them. They were 

also more likely to be 

robbed. Unlike women, men 

were more likely to be 

recent victimization of 

Aboriginal peoples has 

occurred not only to 

Aboriginal people as 

individuals but to Aboriginal 

people as a society, as a 

result of the colonization 

process which saw 

communities losing control 

over family and culture. The 

impacts of forced removal of 

children from their families 

and communities and the 

abuse many endured in 

residential schools have 

been passed down 

generationally’. 

For more information on 

resources available to 

Aboriginal victims of crime, 

visit: 

http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/ 

victims-victimes/abp-paeeng.shtml 

Source 

http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/ 

pi/rs/rep-rap/rd-rr/rd3-rr3/ 

p3.html 

assaulted by a stranger than 

a family member. Men are 

also more likely than women 

to be a homicide victim, 

accounting for almost three 

quarters of homicide victims 

between 2004 and 2008. 

Finally, men were 2.5 times 

more likely than women to 

experience sexual assault in 

an institutional setting, such 

as school. 

Source 

Photo credit: http://www.mediaindigina.com (poster produced by Province of Alberta) 

http://www.victimsweek.gc.ca/ 

2012/res/r512.html

Special Edition Page 7 

Provincial Resources 

Purple Ribbon/Respect 

Women Campaign 

The Provincial Government’s 

Purple Ribbon/Respect 

Women Campaign is 

designed to help create 

awareness and prevent 

violence against women in 

the province. The 

campaign’s website has a 

comprehensive resource list, 

broken down by area of 

province. 

Access the list here: 

www.respectwomen.ca/ 

wheregethelp.html 

Further, the site also 

includes information on 

Government services 

available to victims of crime. 

More information can be 

found here: 

www.respectwomen.ca/ 

servicesforvictims.html 

Victim Services 

Victim Services 

Newfoundland and 

Labrador, a program of the 

Department of Justice, is a 

free and confidential justice 

service for victims of crime. 

Services are available for 

adults and children, and 

may include general 

information on the court 

system, court prep, help with 

preparing a Victim Impact 

Statement, referrals to 

community resources, shortterm 

counselling, and more. 

For more information: 

www.victimserviceshelp.ca 

Transition House 

Association of NL 

Since 1987, THANL has 

provided member 

organizations with guidance, 

training, research and 

community awareness 

initiatives. THANL is a strong 

collective voice in equalityseeking 

work in the Province 

of Newfoundland and 

Labrador. They lobby for the 

financial support needed to 

operate and establish new 

transition houses, 

participate in anti-violence 

activities in the province and 

offer regular networking 

opportunities to staff and 

management. 

For more information, and a 

listing of shelters provincewide, 

visit: 

www.thanl.org 

In case of EMERGENCY… 

Dial 911, or contact 

Royal 

Canadian 

Mounted 

Police 

(RCMP) 

Royal 

Newfoundland 

Constabulary 

(RNC) 

St. John’s 

709-729-8000 

Corner Brook 

709-637-4100 

Labrador West 

709-944-7602 

Churchill Falls 

709-925-3524 

1-800-709-7267 

Regional Coordinating Committees Against Violence 

Violence Prevention Labrador 

Forteau—709-931-2600, 1-866-446-8080 

Northern Committee Against Violence 

St. Anthony—709-454-3351 

Western Regional Coalition to End Violence 

Corner Brook—709-634-6606 

Southwestern Coalition to End Violence 

Stephenville—709-643-1022 

Central West Committee Against Violence Inc. 

Grand Falls-Windsor—709-489-8828 

The Roads to End Violence 

Gander—709-651-2250 

Eastern Region Committee Against Violence 

Clarenville—709-466-4676 

Burin Peninsula Voice Against Violence 

Marystown—709-479-4030 

Communities Against Violence 

Bay Roberts—709-786-7182 ext. 225 

Coalition Against Violence (Avalon East) 

St. John’s—709-757-0137 

Federal Resources 

The website for the Office of the Federal Ombudsman for 

Victims of Crime contains information on many available 

services for victims, including links to Federal Victim 

Services, the Correctional Service of Canada, the Parole 

Board of Canada, the Policy Centre for Victim Issues, and 

the National Office for Victims. 

Learn more here: 

http://www.victimsfirst.gc.ca/serv/vsc-svc.html

Page 8 

Public Legal Information 

Association of NL 

Suite 227, 31 Peet Street 

Tara Place 

St. John’s, NL 

A1B 3W8 

Public Legal Information Association of NL (PLIAN) is a 

non-profit organization dedicated to educating 

Newfoundlanders and Labradorians about the law. We 

have been in operation since 1984. 

Our services include: 

Phone: 709-722-2643 

Toll-Free: 888-660-7788 

Fax: 709-722-0054 

E-Mail: info@publiclegalinfo.com 

Educating Newfoundlanders 

and Labradorians About the Law 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Legal Information Line - operates 9am-12pm on 

weekdays to answer general legal questions. 

Lawyer Referral Service - operates 9am-12pm on 

weekdays to provide referrals for people who need 

to consult with a lawyer in NL at a nominal fee 

School and community presentations 

Publications 

Youth justice camp 

Website 

www.publiclegalinfo.com 

The Laws 

Corrections and Conditional Release Act (Federal) 

http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/C-44.6.pdf 

Criminal Code (Federal) 

http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/C-46.pdf 

Family Violence Protection Act (Provincial) 

http://assembly.nl.ca/Legislation/sr/statutes/f03-1.htm 

Victims of Crime Services Act (Provincial) 

http://assembly.nl.ca/Legislation/sr/statutes/v05.htm 

Youth Criminal Justice Act (Federal) 

http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/Y-1.5.pdf 

Federal and Provincial Laws are 

available to view online: 

Federal 

http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/ 

Provincial 

http://assembly.nl.ca/ 

legislation/sr/titleindex.htm 

Check out the Canadian Statement of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime. These basic principles, 

endorsed by Federal, Provincial and Territorial Ministers Responsible for Justice, guide the development of 

policies, programs and legislation related to victims of crime. You can access it here: 

http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/pcvi-cpcv/pub/03/princ.html

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