efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
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Chromium in <strong>food</strong> and <strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong><br />
concentration of 2 g/L in human milk was selected. This selection was based on the upper value of<br />
the range of mean total Cr concentrations described among most of the European studies on breast<br />
milk samples, 0.14-1.80 µg/L (see Section 4.1.3 and Appendix D). The mean dietary exposure for an<br />
infant of 6.1 kg exclusively fed with human milk was estimated to be 0.3 g/kg b.w. per day, while for<br />
the same infant with high consumption the dietary exposure would be 0.4 g/kg b.w. per day.<br />
Nine dietary surveys were available for ‘Toddlers’. This age class showed the highest exposure to<br />
Cr(III). The mean dietary exposure to Cr(III) ranged from 2.3 μg/kg b.w. per day to 5.9 μg/kg b.w. per<br />
day (minimum LB and maximum UB across European dietary surveys, respectively). The<br />
95 th percentile dietary exposure estimates ranged from a minimum LB of 3.4 μg/kg b.w. per day to a<br />
maximum UB of 9.0 μg/kg b.w. per day.<br />
In the toddler population the exposure to Cr(III) was in general mainly due to ‘Foods for infants and<br />
small children’ (1-26 % of the total, median = 9 %), ‘Milk and dairy products’ (9-25 % of the total,<br />
median = 14 %), and ‘Bread and rolls’ (0.3-12 % of the total, median = 10 %) (Figure 10). In some<br />
dietary surveys ‘Chocolate (cocoa) products’ also made an important contribution to the dietary<br />
exposure to Cr(III). The contribution of the <strong>food</strong> group ‘Vegetables and vegetable products (including<br />
fungi)’ ranged between 3 % and 8 % of the total (median = 6 %). In one survey the reported<br />
consumption of cocoa powder led to the <strong>food</strong> group ‘Non-alcoholic beverages’ to contribute up to<br />
45 % of the total exposure to Cr(III). However, the consumption data from this dietary survey refers<br />
only to 17 individuals and, therefore, this value could not be representative.<br />
INRAN_SCAI_2005_06<br />
NUTRICHILD<br />
Milk and dairy products<br />
Food for infants and small children<br />
Bread and rolls<br />
enKid<br />
VCP_kids<br />
INRAN_SCAI_2005_06<br />
DONALD 2008<br />
DONALD 2007<br />
DONALD 2006<br />
DIPP<br />
NUTRICHILD<br />
Regional_Flanders<br />
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%<br />
%<br />
Chocolate (Cocoa) products<br />
Vegetables and vegetable products<br />
(including fungi)<br />
Fruit and fruit products<br />
Meat and meat products (including<br />
edible offal)<br />
Potatoes and potatoes products<br />
Sugar and confectionary (non chocolate<br />
products)<br />
Composite <strong>food</strong> (including frozen<br />
products)<br />
Animal and vegetable fats and oils<br />
Biscuits (cookies)<br />
Fish and other sea<strong>food</strong> (including<br />
amphibians, reptiles, snails and insects)<br />
Non-alcoholic beverages (excepting milk<br />
based beverages)<br />
Rest of <strong>food</strong> categories<br />
Figure 10: Main <strong>food</strong> groups contributing (%) to the chronic dietary exposure to Cr(III) for the age<br />
classes ‘Infants’ (from the top the two first surveys) and ‘Toddlers’. Data are presented by individual<br />
dietary surveys across Europe using LB estimations. The names on the left refer to the names of the<br />
different surveys (see Appendix F for more details).<br />
6.1.2.2. Other children<br />
A total of 17 dietary surveys were available to evaluate the chronic dietary exposure to Cr(III) in the<br />
age class ‘Other children’. The mean dietary exposure ranged from 1.6 μg/kg b.w. per day to<br />
4.9 μg/kg b.w. per day (minimum LB and maximum UB, respectively). The 95 th percentile dietary<br />
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 50
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