DATA COLLECTION The natural landscape Flora and Fauna The natural landscape: The natural landscape of this Saxon Villages proved to be extremely rich in terms of relief and of biodiversity, encountering here some rare species of plants and animals. Very important research work in this field is being done here by The ADEPT Foundation, a registered charity working to promote the conservation of Romania’s internationally important natural heritage, to create local economic incentives for conservation, and to provide environmental education. Measures will be designed and implemented with full community participation, to ensure that they are practical, bring local economic benefits, and enjoy local support. Their aim is to create a virtuous circle between conservation of the environment and the well-being of the inhabitants. In the Saxon villages of Transylvania, low intensity agri<strong>cu</strong>lture coexists with specta<strong>cu</strong>lar flora and fauna, including many endangered species. The landscape is threatened by rural poverty, loss of traditional land and forest management, and lack of awareness at both local and national levels of the biodiversity value of the area. Dr John Akeroyd and Owen Mountford of the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology have made a detailed study of the wild habitats of the Saxon villages in Transylvania. They have found here three main categories of habitat: Native deciduous woodland Dry Grasslands Wet Grasslands, marshes, flushes, stream sides For the most passionate , on the next pages are listed the most important species of plants: 23
DATA COLLECTION The natural landscape Flora and Fauna Trees and shrubs: The most frequent broadleaved deciduous trees in the Saxon Villages region are: Fagus sylvatica, Quer<strong>cu</strong>s petraea and Carpinus betulus, followed by Quer<strong>cu</strong>s robur, Q.. pubescens and Q. pedun<strong>cu</strong>liflora. Conifers are dominated by Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra, P. strobus, Picea abies and Larix decidua. A feature of Laslea Commune is woods of Downy Oak (Quer<strong>cu</strong>s pubescens), a Mediterranean tree associated with sub-steppic conditions in Central Europe. Of the shrubs, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa and Ligustrum vulgare are parti<strong>cu</strong>larly frequent (‘Peri-Pannonic hawthorn-blackthorn scrub’). In deforested areas, Rosa canina, Viburnum opulus and Euonimus europaeus are locally dominant, often with Corylus avellana. Trees (40 species):Silver Fir (Abies alba) Field Maple (Acer campestre) Norway Maple (Acer platanoides) Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) Tatarian Maple (Acer tatari<strong>cu</strong>m) Silver Birch (Betula pendula) Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) Chestnut (Castanea sativa) *Quince (Cydonia oblonga) Beech (Fagus sylvatica) Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) *Walnut (Juglans regia) Larch (Larix decidua subsp. carpatica) *Apple (Malus sylvestris) Bird Cherry (Prunus padus, Padus avium) Norway Spruce (Picea abies) *Austrian Pine (Pinus nigra subsp. nigra) *Weymouth Pine (Pinus strobus) Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) *London Plane (Platanus hispanica) White Poplar (Populus alba) White Poplar (Populus nigra) Aspen (Populus tremula) Wild Cherry (Prunus avium) *Pear (Pyrus communis) Wild Pear (Pyrus pyraster) Quer<strong>cu</strong>s pedun<strong>cu</strong>liflora Sessile Oak (Quer<strong>cu</strong>s petraea) Downy Oak (Quer<strong>cu</strong>s pubescens) Pedun<strong>cu</strong>late Oak (Quer<strong>cu</strong>s robur) *False Acacia (Robinia pseudacacia) White Willow (Salix alba)Goat Willow (Salix capraea) Bay Willow (Salix pentandra) Rowan (Sorbus au<strong>cu</strong>paria) Wild Service-tree (Sorbus torminalis) Small-leaved Lime (Tilia cordata) Large-leaved Lime (Tilia platyphyllos) Silver Lime (Tilia tomentosa) ,European White Elm (Ulmus laevis) Shrubs (36 species):Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas) Dogwood (Cornus sanguinea) Hazel (Corylus avellana) Woodland Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata) Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) Spindle (Euonymus europaea) Evonymus verrucosa Alder Buckthorn (Frangula alnus) Privet (Ligustrum vulgare) Steppe Cherry (Prunus fruticosa) Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) Prunus tenella Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) Mountain Buckthorn (Rhamnus saxatilis) Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) Dog-rose (Rosa canina) Downy Dog-rose (Rosa corymbifera) Provence Rose (Rosa gallica) Small-flowered Sweet-briar (Rosa micrantha) Harsh Downy-rose (Rosa tomentosa) Dewberry (Rubus caesius)Bramble (Rubus fruticosus) Rubus glandulosusRubus hirtus Raspberry (Rubus idaeus) Grey Willow (Salix cinerea) Salix daphnoidesSalix rosmarinifolia Almond Willow (Salix triandra) Osier (Salix viminalis) Elder (Sambu<strong>cu</strong>s nigra)Elm-leaved Spiraea (Spiraea chamaedryfolia) Bladdernut (Staphylea pinnata) Guelder-rose (Viburnum opulus)* introduced DRY GRASSLAND The grasslands, managed as meadows (mown or scythed) or pastures (grazed), probably derive from wood-steppe and fragments of grassland and scrub on steep slopes, river-banks and other naturally open ground. The drier grasslands contain at least 21 species on the Romanian Red Data List and one species (Red Viper’s-bugloss, Echium russi<strong>cu</strong>m) listed under the EU Habitats Directive. Note that just a single application of fertilizer would have catastrophic effects on the survival of these remarkable grasslands and their special assemblages of plants and animals. Characteristic species include: Grasses and sedges: Common Bent (Agrostis capillaris),Sweet Vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum),False Oat-grass (Arrhenatherum elatius),Tor-grass (Brachypodium pinnatum),Quaking Grass (Briza media)Chrysopogon gryllus, Crested Dog’s-tail (Cynosurus cristatus), Cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata),Dichanthium ischaemum, Festuca rupicola, Festuca valesiaca, Grey Couch-grass (Elymus hispidus),Erect Brome-grass (Bromopsis erecta), Soft Brome-grass (Bromus hordeaceus),Bromus squarrosus, Dwarf Sedge (Carex humilis),Heath Sedge (Carex montana), False Sheep’s Fes<strong>cu</strong>e (Festuca pseudovina),Valais Fes<strong>cu</strong>e (Festuca valesiana),Yorkshire Fog (Hol<strong>cu</strong>s lanatus),Crested Hair-grass (Koeleria macrantha), Transylvanian Melick (Melica transylvanica),Narrow-leaved Meadow-grass (Poa angustifolia),Smooth Meadowgrass (Poa pratensis),Purple-stemmed Timothy-grass (Phleum phleoides) Legumes: Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. polyphylla),Stemless Milk-vetch (Astragalus dasyanthus),Montpellier Milk-vetch (Astragalus monspessulanum),Sainfoin Milk-vetch (Astragalus onobrychis),Chamaecytisus albus,Crown Vetch (Coronilla varia),Dorycnium (Dorycnium pentaphyllum subsp. herbaceum),Black Broom (Lembotropis nigricans),,Bird’s-foot Trefoil (Lotus corni<strong>cu</strong>latus),Sickle medick (Medicago falcata),Black medick (Medicago lupulina),Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia),Restharrow (Ononis arvensis),Hare’s-foot Clover (Trifolium arvense),Hop Trefoil (Trifolium campvestre),Zigzag Clover (Trifolium medium),Upland Clover (Trifolium montanum),Sulphur Clover (Trifolium ochroleucon),Red Clover (Trifolium pratense),Tufted Vetch (Vicia cracca),Hairy Tare (Vicia hirsuta),Common Vetch (Vicia sativa) Orchids: Marsh Helleborine (Epipactis palustris) Fragrant Orchid (Gymnadenia conopsea),Twayblade (Listera ovata),Bug Orchid (Orchis coriophora),Military Orchid (Orchis militaris),Green-winged Orchid (Orchis morio) ,Three-toothed Orchid (Orchis tridentata),Perforate St John’s-wort (Hyperi<strong>cu</strong>m perforatum),Inula ensifolia,Iris aphylla,Jurinea (Jurinea mollis subsp. transilvanicas),Yellow Garlic (Allium flavum),Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis subsp. pannonica),Ox-eye Daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare),Purging Flax (Linum catharti<strong>cu</strong>m),Yellow Flax (Linum flavum),Perennial Flax (Linum perenne),Tasselled Hyacinth (Muscari comosum),Purple Nonea (Nonea pulla),Spiked Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum pyramidale) ,Orlaya (Orlaya grandiflora),Pepper Saxifrage (Pimpinella saxifraga),Field Cow-wheat (Melampyrum arvense) Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata),Hoary Plantain (Plantago media),Large Milkwort (Polygala major),Sulphur Cinquefoil (Potentilla recta),Cut-leaved Self-heal (Prunella laciniata),Large-flowered Self-heal (Prunella grandiflora),,Rumelian Hay-rattle (Rhinanthus rumelica),Sorrel (Rumex acetosa),Nodding Sage (Salvia nutans),Meadow Clary (Salvia pratensis),Transylvanian Clary (Salvia transilvanica),Salad,Burnet (Sanguisorba minor),Yellow Scabious (Scabiosa ochroleuca),Purple Viper’s-grass (Scorzonera purpurea),Orpine (Sedum telephium),Silene chlorantha,Austrian Woundwort (Stachys austriaca),Downy Woundwort (Stachys germanica),Red Germander (Teucrium chamaedrys),Small Meadow-rue (Thalictrum minus),Flax-leaved Bastard-toadflax (Thesium linophyllon),Goat’s-beard (Tragopogon pratensis),Large Speedwell (Veronica austriaca),Spiked Speedwell (Veronica spicata),Purple Mullein (Verbas<strong>cu</strong>m phoeniceum),Swallow-wort (Vincetoxi<strong>cu</strong>m hirundinaria subsp. hirundinaria). 24