poisoning of raptors with organophosphorus and carbamate ...

30 MINEAU ET AL. VOL. 33, NO. 1
Table 15. Philogenic summary of documented cases of avian mortality in North America with the insecticide carbofuran
(granular formulations) when used according to label instructions.
FAMILY OR
NO. SPECIES
ORDER SUBFAMILY COMMON NAME KILLED
Ciconiiformes Ardeidae waders 1
Anseriformes Anatidae waterfowl 12
Gruiformes Rallidae rails 1
Charadriiformes Charadriidae shorebirds 7
Laridae gulls 3
Falconiformes Accipitridae hawks and eagles 5
Falconidae falcons 1
Galliformes Phasianidae grouse 3
Columbiformes Columbidae doves 2
Strigiformes Strigidae owls 2
Passeriformes Tyrannidae tyrant flycatchers 2
Alaudidae larks 1
Hirundinidae swallows 1
Corvidae jays 3
Muscicapidae old world warblers and thrushes 5
Laniidae shrikes 1
Mimidae mimic thrushes 2
Motacillidae pipits 1
Troglodytidae wrens 1
Bombycillidae waxwings 1
Sturnidae starlings 1
Emberizidae-Parulinae new world warblers 3
Emberizidae-Thraupinae tanagers 1
Emberizidae-Cardinalinae buntings 3
Emberizidae-Emberizinae sparrows 13
Emberizidae-Icterinae blackbirds 9
Fringillidae finches 2
Passeridae weaver finches 2
Total 89
Sources: USFWS, USEPA, and CWS unpublished.
LITERATURE
CITED
ALLEN, G.T., J.K. VEATCH, R.K. STROUD, C.G. VENDEL,
R.H. POPPENGA, L. THOMPSON, J.A. SHAFER AND W.E.
BRASELTON. 1996. Winter poisoning of coyotes and
raptors with furadan-laced carcass baits. J. Wildl. Dis.
32:385-389.
AMERICAN ORNITItOLOGISTS' UNION. 1990. Resolution 1:
ban on carbofiiran. Proceedings of the 107 th stated
meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union. Auk
107:16AA.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM).
1997. Standard guide for fish and wildlife incident
monitoring and reporting. ASTM Standard E 1849-
96, West Conshohocken, PA U.S.A.
ANONYMOUS. 1994. Ecological incident information system.
Prevention, pesticides and toxic substances•
USEPA. EPA 734-K-94-001. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC U.S.A.
ANTONIOU, V., N. ZANTOPOULOS, D. SKARTSI AND H. TSOU-
KALI-PAPADOPOULOU. 1996. Pesticide poisoning of animals
of wild fauna. Vet. Human Toxicol. 38:212-213.
BAILLIE, S.R. 1993. The implications of studies of the reporting
rates of ringed birds for the interpretation of
results from the WIIS. British Trust for Ornithology
Res. Rep. No. 117. The Nunnery, Thefiord, Norfolk,
U.K.
BALCOMB, R. 1983. Secondary poisoning of Red-shouldered
Hawks with carbofuran. J. Wildl. Manage. 47:
1129-1132.
BARIL, A., B. JOBIN, P. MINEAU AND B.T COLLINS. 1994. A
consideration of inter-species variability in the use of
the median lethal dose (LD50) in avian risk assessment.
Canadian Wildlife Service Tech. Rep. Ser. 216.
Canadian Wildlife Service, Hull, Quebec, Canada.
BARTON, N.W.H. AND D.C. HOUSTON. 1994a. Morphological
adaptation of the digestive tract in relation to
feeding ecology of raptors. J. Zool., Lond. 232:133-150.