Social Issues in Ubiquitous Computing
Social Issues in Ubiquitous Computing
Social Issues in Ubiquitous Computing
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Lecture 13<br />
<strong>Social</strong> <strong>Issues</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Ubiquitous</strong><br />
Comput<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Why are social issues important <strong>in</strong> Ubicomp?<br />
Privacy issues <strong>in</strong> Ubicomp<br />
Green/Eco issues <strong>in</strong> Ubicomp<br />
Psychological, Feel<strong>in</strong>g and others Issue
Implications/Facts of Ubicomp<br />
• Invisible Computers/Devices Everywhere<br />
• 7 Billions People x 1,000 = 7 Trillions (10 12 ) computers/devices<br />
• Pervasive Networks/Communications/IoT Everywhere<br />
• 7T x 150 Messages/day > 10 15 messages (1P) per day<br />
• Information Sens<strong>in</strong>g/Monitor<strong>in</strong>g Everywhere<br />
• 1T x 30KB/day x 365 > 10 19 Bytes (10 4 PB) per year<br />
• “Smart/Intelligent” Th<strong>in</strong>gs Everywhere<br />
• Weiser’s words <strong>in</strong> his last days<br />
“If the computational system is <strong>in</strong>visible as well as extensive, it becomes hard<br />
to know what is controll<strong>in</strong>g what, what is connected what, where <strong>in</strong>formation<br />
is flow<strong>in</strong>g, how it is be<strong>in</strong>g used, what is broken, what are the consequences of<br />
any given action (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g simply walk<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to a room). Ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
simplicity and control simultaneously is still one of the major open questions<br />
fac<strong>in</strong>g ubiquitous comput<strong>in</strong>g research.”<br />
- IBM System Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4, 1999.
Light & Shadow of Context-Awareness<br />
Input<br />
Context-Aware<br />
System<br />
Output<br />
But, what may happen<br />
if your context <strong>in</strong>fo is<br />
Context: gotten by others?<br />
• state of the user<br />
• state of the physical environment<br />
• state of the comput<strong>in</strong>g system<br />
• history of user-computer <strong>in</strong>teraction<br />
• others<br />
• Light: You get more and better services by us<strong>in</strong>g context <strong>in</strong>formation<br />
• Shadow: Your personal <strong>in</strong>formation may be leaked and used by others!!
Can Be Always/Really Smart?<br />
‣ Smartness features <strong>in</strong> general<br />
- Some k<strong>in</strong>d/level of <strong>in</strong>telligence, but softer, wider and flexible than “<strong>in</strong>telligence”<br />
- Anyth<strong>in</strong>g from real to e/virtual ones, but with emphases of real/physical ones<br />
- Felt relatively, not absolutely two co-exist facets: smart and stupid!<br />
- Complicated or abstruse philosophical, culture social, ethical and other implications<br />
Sound-aware System<br />
“Be Quiet” Rem<strong>in</strong>der<br />
Status/ absent<br />
Status/ attend<br />
Room 1 Room 2<br />
RFID<br />
Reader<br />
Room 3
<strong>Social</strong> <strong>Issues</strong> <strong>in</strong> Ubicomp<br />
• <strong>Social</strong> issues are matters which directly or <strong>in</strong>directly<br />
affect a person or many members of a society and are<br />
considered to be problems, controversies related to moral<br />
values, or both. - Wikipedia<br />
• Major social issues related to IT & Ubicomp<br />
• Civil Right (<strong>in</strong>formation access, exchange, etc.)<br />
• Crime (computer/cyber crime, etc.)<br />
• Disability Right (web accessibility, ubi-assistance, etc.)<br />
• <strong>Social</strong> Exclusion (comput<strong>in</strong>g for all users, etc.)<br />
• Privacy (personal identity, <strong>in</strong>formation, control, etc.)<br />
• Environments (green, eco, recycle, susta<strong>in</strong>able, etc.)<br />
• Ethics (moral risks, ethic pr<strong>in</strong>ciples for design & use, etc.)<br />
• Individual (psychology, personal behavior, growth, etc.)<br />
• …
RFID-related Privacy Problem<br />
Replacement hip<br />
medical part #459382<br />
Wig<br />
model #4456<br />
(cheap polyester)<br />
Books and Their<br />
Names<br />
xxx, yyy, zzz<br />
30 items<br />
of l<strong>in</strong>gerie<br />
1500 USD<br />
<strong>in</strong> wallet<br />
Serial numbers:<br />
597387,389473<br />
…
What is Privacy?<br />
• Privacy is the ability of an <strong>in</strong>dividual or group to seclude<br />
themselves or <strong>in</strong>formation about themselves and thereby<br />
reveal themselves selectively. – Wikipedia<br />
• considered <strong>in</strong>herently special or personally sensitive<br />
• sometimes related to anonymity, the wish to rema<strong>in</strong> unnoticed<br />
• may be voluntarily sacrificed, normally for perceived benefits<br />
• greatly varied depended up cultures, persons, situations, etc.<br />
• Types of Privacy<br />
• Physical – <strong>in</strong>trusions <strong>in</strong>to one's physical space or solitude<br />
• Informational – personal date collection, view, use, change, …<br />
• Right of Privacy<br />
• It is our right to keep a doma<strong>in</strong> around us, which <strong>in</strong>cludes all those th<strong>in</strong>gs that are<br />
part of us. The right to privacy gives us the ability to choose which parts <strong>in</strong> this<br />
doma<strong>in</strong> can be accessed by others, and to control the extent, manner and tim<strong>in</strong>g<br />
of the use of those parts we choose to disclose. - Yael Onn, et al, 2005.
Information Privacy<br />
“The desire of people to choose freely under what circumstances<br />
and to what extent they will expose themselves, their attitude and<br />
their behavior to others.”<br />
– Alan West<strong>in</strong>, 1967<br />
Privacy >> Secrecy!<br />
- M. Langhe<strong>in</strong>rich<br />
“The problem, while often<br />
couched <strong>in</strong> terms of privacy,<br />
is really one of control.”<br />
– M. Weiser & Brown, 1999
Computer and Internet Privacy<br />
• Computer Privacy – Personal data and the one’s use<br />
records/history kept <strong>in</strong> a computer/device<br />
• Internet Privacy<br />
• Personal privacy concern<strong>in</strong>g transactions/transmission of data via<br />
the Internet – a subset of Computer Privacy. What’s HTTP cookie?
Internet Privacy & Cloud Privacy<br />
• Internet Privacy<br />
• Personal privacy concern<strong>in</strong>g transactions/transmission of data via<br />
the Internet – a subset of Computer Privacy.<br />
• HTTP cookie is data stored on a user's computer that assists <strong>in</strong><br />
automated access to websites or web features, or other state<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation required <strong>in</strong> complex web sites. It may also be used<br />
for user-track<strong>in</strong>g by stor<strong>in</strong>g special usage history data <strong>in</strong> a cookie.<br />
• The same for Flush cookies, Ever cookies, ISP, etc.<br />
• <strong>Social</strong> Networks (Facebook, etc.) keep track of all <strong>in</strong>teractions<br />
used on their sites and save them for later use.<br />
• Malware, Spyware, Web Bug, Phish<strong>in</strong>g, …<br />
• Cloud Privacy<br />
• My data is <strong>in</strong> some “secure place” on the sky. Providers ensure all<br />
critical data are masked and only accessible by authorized users.<br />
• Do we really have privacy when all our data on unknown clouds?
Ubicomp Privacy Implications & Challenges<br />
• Data Collection, Types & Access<br />
• Scale (everywhere, anytime)<br />
• Manner (<strong>in</strong>conspicuous, <strong>in</strong>visible)<br />
• Motivation (context!)<br />
• Observational <strong>in</strong>stead of factual data<br />
• Internet of Th<strong>in</strong>gs (IoT)<br />
• How to <strong>in</strong>form subjects about data collections?<br />
• Unobtrusive but noticeable<br />
• How to provide access to stored data?<br />
• Who has it? How much of this is “my data“?<br />
• How to ensure confidentiality, and authenticity?<br />
• Without alienat<strong>in</strong>g user!<br />
• How to m<strong>in</strong>imize data collection?<br />
• What part of the “context“ is relevant?<br />
• How to obta<strong>in</strong> consent from data subjects?<br />
• Miss<strong>in</strong>g UIs? Do people understand implications
Benefits of Location-aware Services<br />
Congestion Pric<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Location Based Services<br />
Pay As You Drive (PAYD) Insurance<br />
Collaborative Traffic Probes (DASH)<br />
Research (London OpenStreetMap)
Location Privacy <strong>in</strong> Ubicomp<br />
• “… the claim of <strong>in</strong>dividuals to determ<strong>in</strong>e for themselves when, how,<br />
and to what extent location <strong>in</strong>formation about them is communicated<br />
to others. (Duckham and Kulik, 2006)<br />
• “… the ability to prevent other parties from learn<strong>in</strong>g one’s current or<br />
past location.“ (Beresford and Stajano, 2003)<br />
• “It‘s not about where you are... It‘s where you have been!“ (Gary<br />
Gale, Yahoo! UK)<br />
• Location records/profiles reveal/imply activities, <strong>in</strong>terests, identities,<br />
etc. by others<br />
• Where I live / work<br />
• Who I am (identity, name)<br />
• Where I often go<br />
• Where and when I spent <strong>in</strong><br />
• Some possible (but <strong>in</strong>sufficient) approaches<br />
• Anonymized access to location-aware service (if really need help?)<br />
• Random user IDs (but ISP can identify your IP address, etc.?)
Do People Care About Location Privacy ?<br />
– John Krumm, Pervasive’07<br />
• 74 U. Cambridge CS students<br />
• Would accept £10 to reveal 28 days of locations (£20 for commercial use) (1)<br />
• 226 Microsoft employees<br />
• 14 days of GPS tracks <strong>in</strong> return for 1 <strong>in</strong> 100 chance for $200 MP3 player<br />
• 62 Microsoft employees<br />
• Only 21% <strong>in</strong>sisted on not shar<strong>in</strong>g GPS data outside<br />
• 11 with location-sensitive message service <strong>in</strong> Seattle<br />
• Privacy concerns fairly light (2)<br />
• 55 F<strong>in</strong>land <strong>in</strong>terviews on location-aware services<br />
• “It did not occur to most of the <strong>in</strong>terviewees that they could be located<br />
while us<strong>in</strong>g the service.” (3)<br />
(1)<br />
Danezis, G., S. Lewis, R. Anderson. How Much is Location Privacy Worth? Workshop on the Economics of Information Security, 2005.<br />
(2)<br />
Iachello, G., et al. Control, Deception, and Communication: Evaluat<strong>in</strong>g the Deployment of a Location-Enhanced Messag<strong>in</strong>g Service. <strong>in</strong><br />
UbiComp 2005.<br />
(3)<br />
Kaas<strong>in</strong>en, E., User Needs for Location-Aware Mobile Services. Personal and <strong>Ubiquitous</strong> Comput<strong>in</strong>g, 2003. 7(1): p. 70-79.
Pseudonimity for Location Tracks<br />
Pseudonimity<br />
• Replace owner name of each<br />
po<strong>in</strong>t with untraceable ID<br />
• One unique ID for each<br />
owner<br />
Seattle<br />
Example<br />
• “Larry Page” → “yellow”<br />
• “Bill Gates” → “red”<br />
Garm<strong>in</strong> Geko 201<br />
$115<br />
10,000 po<strong>in</strong>t memory<br />
median record<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terval<br />
6 seconds<br />
63 meters
GPS Tracks → Home/Other Locations<br />
Largest Cluster – cluster po<strong>in</strong>ts,<br />
take median of cluster with<br />
most po<strong>in</strong>ts<br />
Last Dest<strong>in</strong>ation - median of<br />
last dest<strong>in</strong>ation before 3 a.m.<br />
Weighted Median – median of all po<strong>in</strong>ts,<br />
weighted by time spent at po<strong>in</strong>t
GPS Tracks → Identity → Who<br />
W<strong>in</strong>dows Live (or GoogleMap) Search reverse white pages lookup<br />
Your Work<strong>in</strong>g Place Your rough Identity Who are you (via other <strong>in</strong>fo)
Andre has heart disease!<br />
“Anonymized”<br />
“Public”<br />
Hospital Patient Data (Name, ID are hidden)<br />
DOB Sex Zipcode Disease<br />
1/21/76 Male 53715 Heart Disease<br />
4/13/86 Female 53715 Hepatitis<br />
2/28/76 Male 53703 Brochitis<br />
1/21/76 Male 53703 Broken Arm<br />
4/13/86 Female 53706 Flu<br />
2/28/76 Female 53706 Hang Nail<br />
Vote Registration Data (public <strong>in</strong>fo)<br />
Name DOB Sex Zipcode<br />
Andre 1/21/76 Male 53715<br />
Beth 1/10/81 Female 55410<br />
Carol 10/1/44 Female 90210<br />
Dan 2/21/84 Male 02174<br />
Ellen 4/19/72 Female 02237
Green/Eco Ubicomp System<br />
• Ubicomp huge number of devices 7 Trillions given<br />
Comput<strong>in</strong>g/Com how much energy <strong>in</strong> total?<br />
• Average Google Search 7g CO₂ (Alex), 0.2g CO₂ (Google)<br />
• Green Comput<strong>in</strong>g (Green IT)<br />
• refers to environmentally susta<strong>in</strong>able comput<strong>in</strong>g or IT (Wikipedia)<br />
• the study and practice of design<strong>in</strong>g, manufactur<strong>in</strong>g, us<strong>in</strong>g, and<br />
dispos<strong>in</strong>g of computers, servers, and associated subsystems—<br />
such as monitors, pr<strong>in</strong>ters, storage devices, and network<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
communications systems—efficiently and effectively with m<strong>in</strong>imal<br />
or no impact on the environment. – by San Murugesan, 2008<br />
• Green Ubicomp Systems Challenge ubiquitous Comp & Com!!<br />
• Power/Energy Aware System<br />
• Power/Energy Harvest System<br />
• e-waste u-waste
Recycle of Ubicomp System/Devices<br />
• How much u-waste or u-garbage will be generated?<br />
• How to reduce and further recycle them?<br />
• Computer Recycl<strong>in</strong>g – Reuse of computers, devices, etc.<br />
• Recycle of various ubiquitous computers and devices<br />
• Huge number, different size/shape, embedded, distributed, …<br />
• How to collect them and separate the e-parts from other parts?<br />
• How to sort, process and re-use them?<br />
• Who are <strong>in</strong> charge of their collection, process, …?<br />
• How to protect or fully destroy the data Secure Recycle?<br />
• How about so many sensors distributed <strong>in</strong> environments?<br />
• How about so many RFID tags <strong>in</strong> various goods?<br />
• How to <strong>in</strong>corporate recycle <strong>in</strong>to design, manufacture and use?<br />
• …
<strong>Issues</strong> <strong>in</strong> Psychology, Feel<strong>in</strong>g, etc.<br />
• Ubicomp br<strong>in</strong>gs huge impacts to human and society on<br />
almost all social aspects besides privacy/ethics, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Psychology<br />
• Growth/Evolution<br />
• Feel<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Family/Friends<br />
• Habit<br />
• Attention/sensitivity<br />
• Culture<br />
• Etc.<br />
• Family/Friends<br />
• …
UbicKids – <strong>Ubiquitous</strong> Care for Kids<br />
‣ UbicKids Objectives<br />
- To develop a set of ubiquitous applications for assist<strong>in</strong>g parents to take care of their<br />
kids with more convenient, prompt, reliable, precise, secure and trust services.<br />
- To study impacts and solutions of non-technical factors to both ubiquitous systems and<br />
users, especially children, their growth, character development, etc.<br />
‣ UbicKids Assumptions<br />
- Usual family with one or more normal children (disabled, s<strong>in</strong>gle par., grand par., …)<br />
- Typical spaces such as home, yard, park, street, station, car, school, office, cl<strong>in</strong>ic, …<br />
- Kids ages: ways <strong>in</strong> car<strong>in</strong>g kids vary for kids <strong>in</strong> different ages, (families, cultures, …)<br />
0 2 4 6 8<br />
12<br />
years old<br />
‣ UbicKids Functions – 3A<br />
- Kids Awareness: know<strong>in</strong>g kids current & past status<br />
- Kids Assistance: help<strong>in</strong>g kids <strong>in</strong> do<strong>in</strong>g someth<strong>in</strong>g<br />
- Kids Advice: advis<strong>in</strong>g/rem<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g kids and parents<br />
J. Ma, et al, Towards a Smart World and <strong>Ubiquitous</strong> Intelligence: A Walkthrough from Smart Th<strong>in</strong>gs to<br />
Smart Hyperspaces and UbicKids, Journal of Pervasive Comp. and Comm., 1(1), March 2005.
UbicKids Functions - 3A<br />
Kids Awareness Kids Assistance Kids Advice<br />
KidsWhere<br />
- KidsInOutHome<br />
- KidsInsideLocation<br />
- KidsOutsideLocation<br />
- KidsWhereWas<br />
KidsWhat<br />
- KidsDo<strong>in</strong>gWhat<br />
- KidsWhenDidWhat<br />
- KidsForgetWhat<br />
- KidsWillDoWhat<br />
KidsState<br />
- KidsKickCover<br />
- KidsHealthMonitor<br />
- KidsADHDMonitor<br />
KidsSurround<strong>in</strong>g<br />
- KidsSurround<strong>in</strong>gWhat<br />
- KidsSurround<strong>in</strong>gWhere<br />
- KidsSurround<strong>in</strong>gRelation<br />
……<br />
Th<strong>in</strong>gsF<strong>in</strong>der<br />
- ToyF<strong>in</strong>der<br />
- LostGoodF<strong>in</strong>der<br />
- ParentF<strong>in</strong>der<br />
Th<strong>in</strong>gsNavigator<br />
- RoadNavigator<br />
- GameCornerNavigator<br />
Th<strong>in</strong>gsAutoAdjustor<br />
- Read<strong>in</strong>gLightAdjustor<br />
- TemperatureAdjustor<br />
- AirconW<strong>in</strong>dowOpenClose<br />
Th<strong>in</strong>gsTeleOperator<br />
- TVProgramRecorder<br />
- ToyTeleController<br />
Th<strong>in</strong>gsProvider<br />
- InformationProvider<br />
- OutsideGuard<br />
……<br />
KidsRem<strong>in</strong>der<br />
- Key/Umbrella/ClothRem<strong>in</strong>der<br />
- GoodHabitRem<strong>in</strong>der<br />
- BackHomeRem<strong>in</strong>der<br />
- ReadPostureRem<strong>in</strong>der<br />
KidsAdvisor<br />
- Read/PlayTim<strong>in</strong>gAdvisor<br />
- BeQuietAdvisor<br />
- SaftyAdvisor<br />
- Praise&Criticism<br />
ParentKidsCommunicator<br />
- JustInTimeMessage<br />
- KidsAwarePhoneCall<br />
ParentsAdvisor<br />
- Grow<strong>in</strong>gRecorder<br />
- KidsAssesment<br />
- KidsCareRecommender<br />
……
UbicKids – Th<strong>in</strong>g F<strong>in</strong>der/Rem<strong>in</strong>der<br />
Th<strong>in</strong>g F<strong>in</strong>der <br />
- toy<br />
- game<br />
- key<br />
- …<br />
Th<strong>in</strong>g Rem<strong>in</strong>der<br />
- umbrella<br />
- book<br />
- pencil<br />
- …
UbicKids - Non-Technical Factors<br />
Double-edged Sword<br />
• Seamless <strong>in</strong>tegrations of physical and<br />
digital world,<br />
- “a strange new world” (by Mattern, 2004)<br />
• Kids learn from everyday <strong>in</strong>teractions<br />
with the environments<br />
help form<strong>in</strong>g their characteristics,<br />
behaviors, habits, personalities, etc.,<br />
<strong>in</strong>fluence their whole lives.<br />
• A truly useful UbicKids system<br />
full considerations on non-technical<br />
factors, i.e., human, society, culture,<br />
physiology, psychology, moral, feel<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
etc.<br />
• Positive and negative impacts to kids<br />
be seriously <strong>in</strong>vestigated<br />
solutions must be discovered to<br />
overcome the negative aspects.<br />
Non-Technical Factors<br />
• Common characteristics shared by many kids<br />
• Special characteristics for <strong>in</strong>dividual kids<br />
• Characteristic changes along with grow<strong>in</strong>g kids<br />
• Relationships and roles of family members<br />
• Features of kids care activities<br />
• Heterogeneity <strong>in</strong> kids care<br />
• Cultures and laws <strong>in</strong> kids care<br />
• Psychological behavior <strong>in</strong> a smart space<br />
• Child’s personality development<br />
• Child’s habit and moral cultivation<br />
• Child’s <strong>in</strong>dependence improvement<br />
• Child’s <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>in</strong>crease<br />
• Feel<strong>in</strong>g/love enhancement of parents-kids<br />
• Special care to disabled/<strong>in</strong>capacitated children<br />
• Family of s<strong>in</strong>gle parent, with nurse, etc.<br />
• …
Can Solve All <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Issues</strong> by Technology?<br />
• Human <strong>in</strong>vented guns to protect selves, but killed many<br />
• Human <strong>in</strong>vented cars for convenience, but many are killed<br />
• Technology Is Neither Good Nor Bad.<br />
Nor Is It Neutral. – M.C. Kranzberg<br />
• All social issues cannot be solved by technology only<br />
• However, we should<br />
• Keep these <strong>in</strong> our m<strong>in</strong>ds when do<strong>in</strong>g our research/development<br />
• Do what we can to overcome these problems at least partially<br />
• Tell others what problems/risks new technologies may br<strong>in</strong>g out<br />
• Expect sociologists, governments and so on to f<strong>in</strong>d other<br />
possible solutions<br />
• Laws/Regulations<br />
• Education<br />
• …
<strong>Social</strong>, Ethic & Political <strong>Issues</strong> and IT
Read the documents below and access the related<br />
websites to learn more about privacy, green/eco and<br />
other social crucial issues <strong>in</strong> ubiquitous comput<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
‣ Privacy <strong>in</strong> <strong>Ubiquitous</strong> Comput<strong>in</strong>g by M. Langhe<strong>in</strong>rich<br />
‣ Location Privacy and Location-aware Comput<strong>in</strong>g, Duckham & Kulik<br />
‣ Privacy – Wikipedia, Internet privacy – Wikipedia<br />
‣ Green comput<strong>in</strong>g – Wikipedia, Computer recycl<strong>in</strong>g – Wikipedia<br />
‣ Computer ethics - Wikipedia<br />
Homework<br />
‣ Others you like Important to get materials from Web!!<br />
‣ Th<strong>in</strong>k/give two crucial issues/problems <strong>in</strong> Ubicomp,<br />
and send them to me via email by Jan. 19
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