the Nepali version of the booklet in .pdf format. - Livestock-Climate ...

LCC CRSP INPB: Puublication No.02 

ufO{{e} +;Lsf] cfxf/f tof/L / pkof]u 

(Bovine Feeds, Ration Formulation and Feeding) 

8f= r]t/fh pk|]tL 

PhD in Animal Nutrition 

;'hof pk|]tL 

M.Sc. in Animal Nutrition 

g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ 

LCC CRSP INPB Nepal Project 

Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal 

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k|sfzs M g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ 

LCC CRSP INPB Nepal Project 

 

© ;jf{lwsf/ M k|sfzsdf ;'/lIft 

k|yd k|sfzg M @)&) ;fn, cfiff9 

ISSN M 2091-1386 

se/ kmf]6f] M uG8sL l/e/ a];Lgsf] :yflgo e} +;L 

d'b|s M lg/a lk|lG6Ë k| ];, Ujfsf] {, nlntk'/

'O{ zAb 

{ 

g]kfndf b'Uw pTkfbgdf ufO{e} +;Ln] / df;' pTkfbgdf e} +;Ln] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 

5 . b]zsf] s'n b"w pTkfbgsf] sl/a &)Ü e} +;L / #)Ü ufO{n] cf]u6]sf] 5 . e} +;Laf6 

dfq xfn b]zdf sl/a ! nfv ^* xhf/ d]=6g df;' pTkfbg x'G5 . s[lif Joj;fosf] 

nflu cfjZos kg]{ dnsf] d'Vo >f]t klg ufO{e} +;L g} x'g . u|fld0f :t/df ! jf @ e} +;L 

kfn]/ s[ifs ;d'bfon] cfgf] b}lgs uhf]{ 6fg{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . t/ ljutsf s]xL 

bzs b]lv oL kz'x?af6 pTkfbg x'g] b"w tyf df;'sf] pTkfbg nfut PSsf;L a9g 

uPsf] 5 . kz' j:t'sf] nfng kfngdf nfUg] nfuQ dWo kz' cfxf/fdf ^) b]lv ^% 

k|ltzt vr{ x'G5 . 3fF;df cfwfl/t kz'kfng Joj;fo ckgfpg ;s]df cfxf/fdf x'g] 

vr{sf] #%$)Ü ;Dd 36fpg ;lsG5 . cfxf/fsf] ;Gt'lnt pkof]un] b"w tyf df;'sf] 

pTkfbg a9fpg / pTkfbg nfut 36fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofp5 . cfgf] ufpF 3/df kfOg] 

ljleGg cfxf/f hGo kbfy{nfO{ ;ld>0f u/fO{ kf]lifnf] v'/fssf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ 

;lsG5 . o:t} k|ljlwnfO{ ;d]6]/ of] k':ts tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . of] k':tsdf -!_ kz' 

cfxf/f / o;sf] pkof]u ljlw -@_ cfxf/f pkof]u stf{nfO{ 1fg tyf lzk lbgsf nflu 

pu|fpg] kz'sf] kfrg k|0ffnLsf] agfjt / oL c+usf] sfo{x? -#_ v'/fsnfO{ ;Gt'lnt 

agfpg cfjZos 1fgx? h:t}M kz' cfxf/fdf kfOg] kf]if0f tTjx? -$_ cfxf/f cefj 

x'g] l;hgsf] k|of]usf] nflu 3fF;nfO{ ;+/If0f u/]/ /fVg] ljlw -%_ ljleGg pd]/sf ufO{ 

e} +;L h:t} -s_ kf8f jfR5f -v_ sf]/]nL -u_ ule{0fL -3_ n}gf -ª_ yf/f -r_ df;'sf nflu 

kflnPsf kf8fkf8L tyf ysf}6f e} +;Lsf] v'/fs tof/ kfg]{ / pkof]u ug] { ljlwsf] 

ljifodf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . 

bfgf kmd' {n];g ubf{ LCC CRSP INPB Nepal Project nflu ePsf u08sL l/e/ 

j]l;gdf kg]{ lhNnfx?df kfOg] kz' cfxf/fsf] kf]if0f tTjx? NARC sf] Lab df kl/If0f 

u/L ;f] ljj/0f k|of]u u/L v'/fs tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . ljleGg pd]/ ;d"xsf / pTkfbg 

Ifdtf ePsf ufO{e} +;LnfO{ cfjZos v'/fs tof/ ug]{ ;fwf/0f tl/sfx?sf] pbfx/0f 

;lxt JofVof ul/Psf]n] of] k':tsdf ePsf 1fg / lzk l;s]/ of] cfof]hgf ækf]if0f 

tyf pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/ NofO{ e} +;L kfngdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj Go"g ug] 

cfof]hgfÆ nfu' ePsf lhNnf / o:t} xfjfkfgL ePsf cGo lhNnfsf e} +;Ldf ablnbf] 

xfjfkfgL ;Fu n8\g ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ 7"nf] ;xof]u k'Ug] 5 eGg] cfzf lnPsf 

5f} . cGQdf of] k':ts tof/ kfg]{ n]vsx? åo 8f= r]t/fh pk|]tL / ;'hof pk|]tLnfO{ 

cfof]hgfsf tkm{af6 wGojfb lbg rfxG5f} . 

ldlt M @)&)÷)#÷)! 

8f= gGb k|sfz hf]zL 

8f= gj/fh b]jsf]6f 

8f= nf]sgfy kf}+8]n 


LCC CRSP INPB, USAID

cfef/ 

{ 

of] k':ts tof/ kfg{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ USAID LCC CRSP-Colorado State 

University / Michigan State Univercity, USAnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5f} . o:tf] 

k|fljlws k':ts k|sfzg ug{ ;w} k|]/0f lbg' x'g] Project sf PI 8f= gGb k|sfz hf]zL 

k|lt cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5f} . cfof]hgfsf Co- PI x? ¢o 8f= gj/fh b]jsf]6f / 

8f= nf]s gfy kf}+8]naf6 kfPsf] k|]/0ff k|lt s[t£g 5f} . g]kfnsf pTs[i6 kz'kfng 

ljz]if1 8f= ;"o{ axfb'/ l;+xHo" af6 lnlvt k':ts ufO{ e}+;Lsf] v'/fs af6 s]xL 

;fdu|Lx? k|of]u ug{ cg'dtL lbg' x'g] 8f= l;+xnfO{ x[bo b]lv g} cfef/ k|s6 ub} 

wGojfb lbg rfxG5f} . o; cfof]hgfdf sfo{/t uf]/vf, tgx"F / lrtjgsf lhNnf kz' 

;]jf sfof{nosf k|d'vx? qmdz M >L hLjnfn nD;fn, >L afa'/fd hd/s6]n / 8f= 

6]s axfb'/ l/hfn / ;fy} kz' ;]jf s]Gb| kfn'Ë6f/, b'n]uf}8f / u'Ghgu/sf k|d'vx? 

qmdz M 8f= af;'b]j b]jsf]6f, >L x'd/fh ltldN;Lgf / >L df]xg bQ /fgfef6af6 of] 

cfof]hgf ;+rfng ug{ ePsf] s8f d]xgtnfO{ ;fb/ wGojfb lbg rfxG5f} . k':tssf] 

z'4f z'4L x]/L ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] o; cfof]hgfsL k|;f;sLo clws[t >Ldlt b]lj s'df/L 

9sfnnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5f} . of] k':ts 6fO{k ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{ cfof]hgf 

ukm{sL ;'>L b]jsL vqL k|lt cfef/ AoSt ub{5f} . cGtdf of] cfof]hgfdf ;xefuL eO{ 

;xof]u ug] { ltg} lhNnfsf s[ifs kl/jf/nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5f} . 

ho kz' wg Û 

n]vsx? 


;'hof pk|]tL

ljifo;"lr 

qm=d ;+Vof ljj/0f k]h g+= 

b'O{ zAb 

iii 

cfef/ 

iv 

! efu ! – ufO{e}+;Lsf] cfxf/f pkof]usf] ;}4flGtskIf 

vii 

kl/R5]b – ! ! 

kz' cfxf/f / o;sf] pkof]u ! 

g]kfndf kfO{g] d'Vo cfxf/fx? ! 

kl/R5]b – @ # 

kfrg k|0ffnL # 

kl/R5]b – # 

& 

kz' cfxf/fdf kfOg] kf}li6s tTj / sfo{x? 

& 

kl/R5]b – $ !$ 

kz' cfxf/f ;+/If0f tyf kf]if0f tTjsf ?kdf u'0ffTds ;'wf/ !$ 

$=! kz' cfxf/f ;+/If0f !$ 

$=!=! ‘x]' agfP/ !$ 

$=!=@ ;fOn]h agfP/ !$ 

$=@ cfxf/fdf kf]if0f tTjsf ?kdf u'0ffTds ;'wf/ !$ 

kl/R5]b – % 

@& 

b'x'gf cj:yf cg';f/ kz' cfxf/fsf] cfjZostf 

@& 

kl/R5]b – ^ 

#@ 

ufO{ e}+;Lsf] bfgf agfpg] ;/n tl/sf / pkof]u #@ 

kl/R5]b – & $! 

kz' kf];g ;DalGw s]lx hfGg} kg]{ tYox? $! 

efu @ – ufO{e}+;Lsf] v'/fssf] pkof]u $# 

kl/R5]b – * $# 

ufO{sf] cfxf/f $% 

e}+;Lsf] cfxf/f &#–(^ 

v

;dk{0f 

LCC CRSP INPB Nepal Project df 

;+nUg ;Dk'0f{ s[ifs kl/jf/df 

;fb/ ;dlk{t 

vi

efu – ! 

ufO{e}+;Lsf] cfxf/f pkof]usf] ;}4flGtskIf 

(Principles of Bovine Nutrition) 

vii

kl/R5]bPs 

k[i7e"ld 

kz' cfxf/f / o;sf] pkof]u 

(Animal Feed & Its Utilization) 

kz'kfng Joj;foaf6 a9L kmfObf lngsf] nflu cfxf/fsf] pTkfbg Joj:yfkg / pkof]usf 

pGgt k|ljlw ckgfpg h¿/L 5 . of] Joj;fodf x'g] vr{df kz' cfxf/fsf] k|d'v lx:;f 

/x]sf] 5 h:df ^%&) k|ltzt vr{ x'G5 . leGg xfjfkfgL ePsf ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qdf 

yl/yl/sf cfxf/f tyf cGg kbfy{x¿ kfOG5g h'g tflnsf !! df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . 

ufO{ e} +;Lsf] cfxf/fsf] pkof]u ubf{ v'/fs ;Gt'lnt 5 jf 5}g klxrfg ug'{k5{ . :yfgLo ufpF 

3/df pknAw bfgf / bfgfsf pk pTkfbgx¿ k|of]u u/L kz'sf] z/L/sf] nflu cfjZos 

kf]if0f tTj k|of{Kt ePsf] v'/fs tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . kz' ;]jfdf ;+nUg k|fljlwsx¿sf] 

;Nnfx / ;xof]uaf6 j[mifs cfk}+mn] ;Gt'lnt cfxf/f tof/ kfg{ ;S5g\ . cfk}+mn] agfPsf 

v'/fsx¿ ;:tf] x'G5g\ h;sf] pkof]uaf6 b"w tyf df;'sf] pTkfbg nfut sd ug{ ;lsG5 . 

o;/L :yfgLo :t/df cfxf/f agfpFbf s[ifsx¿n] cfxf/fhGo ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] ljifodf hfgsf/L 

lng'k5{ . h:t}M -s_ pknAw cfxf/fhGo ;fdu|Lx¿ s] s] 5g\ -v_ ;f] sf] kl/df0f / pknAw 

x'g ;Sg] dlxgf -u_ cfxf/fhGo ;fdfu|Ldf kfOg] kf]if0f tTjx¿ / -3_ cfxf/f ;fdfu|Lsf] 

d"No cflb x'g\ . :yfgLo :t/df k|fKt x'g ;Sg] v'/fssf] ljifodf o; kl/R5]bdf pNn]v 

ul/Psf] 5 . 

g]kfndf kfOg] kz' cfxf/fx¿ 

!= 8fn] 3fF; -¿v, a'6\ofg / nx/f_ 

g]kfndf t/fO{ b]lv kj{t;Dd %)) eGbf a9L lsl;dsf 8fn] 3fF;, a'6ofg tyf nx/fx¿ 

kfOG5g\ . d+l;/ b]lv j}zfv ;Dd pu|fpg] kz'x¿sf] nflu 8fn] 3fF;x¿ cltg} cfjZos 

5g\ . oL 3fF; pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] dlxgf cg';"rL ! df lbOPsf] 5 . 

@= e'O{ 3fF; 

e'O{3fF; pTkfbgdf g]kfn wgL 5 . g]kfndf !)) eGbf a9L :yfgLo e'O{3fF; kfOg] cg'dfg 

ul/Psf] 5 . b]zdf 3fF;sf] v]tL tyf r/g vs{ ljsf; ug]{ qmddf ljleGg !^% hftsf 

3fF;x¿ -^& 3fF; / (* sf]z]3fF;_ ljb]zaf6 lemsfO{ k/LIf0f ul/Psf] 5 . h;dWo] sl/a 

%) hftsf 3fF; g]kfnsf] ljleGg k|b]z -t/fO{ b]lv kj{t ;Dd_ sf nflu pko'Qm 7x/L v]tL 

eO/x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo :t/df nf]slk|o s]xL e"O{ + 3fF;x¿ tflnsf ! df lbOPsf] 5 .

cfxf/fsf] jlu{s/0f 

!= jfnL cjz]ifx¿ (Crop 

Residue) 

@= cGg / cGgsf pkpTkfbg 

@=!= cGg (Crop grain) 

@=@= cGgsf pkpTkfbg 

(Crop-by-Products) 

#= 3fF; hGo kbfy{x¿ 

#= bfgfx¿ (Crop Grain) 

kz' cfxf/f agfpFbf k|of]u x'g ;Sg] ljleGg %) lsl;d eGbf a9L bfgf g]kfnsf] ljleGg 

k|b]zdf kfOG5g\ -tflnsf !!_ . 

$= jfnL cj;]; tyf cGgdf pk pTkfbgx¿ 

kz'kG5Lsf] cfxf/f 

wfgsf] k/fn, ux' Fsf] 5jfnL, ds}sf] 9f]8, ds}sf] vf]of 

/ vf]i6f, sf]bfsf] gn, df;sf] s'gf}/f], tf]/Lsf] s';f}/f], 

tLn, cfn;sf lem+u6fx¿ . 

ds}, ux'F, e6df;, hf}, h}, rfOlgh ux' F, sf]bf] cfl8 

;8{5g\ . 

wfgsf] 9'6f], hf}sf] rf]Ss/, pjfsf rf]s/, sf]bf], 

kmfk/sf pk pTkfbgx¿ / t]nxgsf ljleGg 

lkgfx¿ . h:t}M e6df;, ;"o{d'vL, tf]/L, cN5]sf] lkgf 

/ gljnsf] 5f]qmf ;8{5g . 

g]kfnsf] ljleGg 7fFpdf kfOg] e"OF 3fF;x¿df h:t} M 

al;{d, n';g{, :6fO{nf], e]r, kf:kfnd, df]nf;];, XjfO{6 

#=!= e'OF 3fF; (Forage) Snf]e/, /]8 Snf]e/, sS;km'6, cGhfg, cy{ 'Ë], sfF;, v/ 

cflb . 

#=@= 8fn] 3fF; (Fodder Tree) g]kfnsf] ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qdf kfOg] 8fn] 

3fF;x¿df a8x/, sf]O{/fnf], 6fFsL, s'6ld/f], sfa|f], 

b"lwnf], k}+o', kmn]bf], r'n]qf], afFem, v>', lxk'jf, lem+ugL, 

as}gf], a} +;, cflb . 

$=! AffnLsf cjz]ifx¿ (Crop Residue) 

Wffgsf] k/fn, ux' Fsf] 5\jfnL, ds}sf] 9f]8, ds}sf] vf]i6f, sf]bf]sf] gn, df;sf] 

s'gf}/f] h:tf afnLsf cjz]ifx¿ ufO{ e} +;Lsf] cfxf/fsf] d'Vo efu x'g\ . oL kbfy{ 

b]zdf k|of{Kt dfqfdf kfOG5g\ . pGgt k|ljlw ckgfPdf oL vfB ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] 

kf]if0f tTjdf j[lå NofO{ kfrfsTjdf klg j[l4 Nofpg ;lsG5 . 

$=@ cGgsf] pkpTkfbgx¿ (Crop By - Products) 

Wffgsf] 9"6f], ux' Fsf] rf]Ss/, t]nxgsf] lkgf, hfF8sf] s6, cflb cGgsf pk 

pTkfbgx¿ kz'sf] v'/fsdf k|of]u ul/G5 . oL kbfy{x¿ s'g} vf; dfqfdf eGbf 

a9L v'/fsdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsGg . 

2

kl/R5]b@ 

kfrg k|0ffnL 

(Digestive System) 

kz'x¿sf] kfrg k|0ffnLsf] agfj6 / kfrg cFu ;DaGwL 1fgn] kz' cfxf/fsf] pkof]u 

;DaGwL cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . kfrg k|0ffnLsf c+ux¿n] lgDg cg';f/ sfo{ 

ub{5g\Ù 

-!_ 

-@_ 

3fF; lng', krfpg' / kfrg kl5 k|fKt kf]if0f tTjx¿nfO{ zf];]/ lnO{ z/L/df 

k7fpg' . 

gkr]sf vfB ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ z/L/af6 aflx/ lgsfNg' -u'båf/ / d"q gnL dfk{mt\_ 

d'Vo sfd xf] . kfrg k|0ffnLnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ b'O{ efudf afbg ;lsG5 . h:t}M 

-s_ Plnd]G6«L Sofgn (Alimentary Canal) M d'vsf] lha|f]b]lv z'¿ eO{ u'båf/ 

(Anus) ;Ddsf] leqL efunfO{ Plnd]G6«L Sofgn elgG5 . o:df d'v, ofl/G; 

(Phyranx), jf]O;f]ofu; (Oesophagus), k]6 (Stomach), ;fgf] cfGb|f (Small 

intestine) 7"nf] cfGb|f (Large intestine) / /]S6d (Rectum) kb{5g\ . 

-v_ P;];l/h kfrg c+ux¿ (Accessory Digestive Organs) M o; cGtu{t bfFt, 

lha|f], ¥ofn u|GyL, sn]hf], / lkQ y}nL kb{5g\ . 

pu|fpg] / gpu|fpg] kz'x¿sf] k]6 km/s km/s x'G5g\ . a+u'/sf] Pp6f k]6 x'G5 eg] ufO{ e} +;L 

e]8f afv|fsf] k]6 rf/ v08df ljefhLt x'G5 . Pp6f k]6 ePsf kz'x¿ pu|fpb}gg eg] $ 

v08] k]6 ePsf kz'x¿ pu|fp5g\ . pu|fpg] kz'x¿sf] rf/ v08] k]6df -s_ ¿d]g 

-v_ /]l6s'nd -u_ cf]d]hd -;ft kq]_ / Pjf]Dofhd kb{5g\ . oL k]6sf] v08x¿ dWo -s_ 

¿d]g / /]l6s'nd eg]sf] 7"nf] e' F8L xf] . oL rf/ v08] e' F8Lx¿nfO{ ;lhnf] ;Fu a'emg -s_ 

7"nf] e'F8L -¿d]g, /]l6s'nd_ -v_ cf]Dofhd e'F8L -;ftkq]_ / -u_ Pjf]Dofhd dflg; / 

a+u'/sf] h:tf] vf; k]6 u/L tLg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . oL rf/ v08] k]6sf] cnfef 

kz'x¿sf] kfrg k|0ffnLsf cGo c+ux¿df -s_ ;fg' cfGb|f -v_ 7"nf] cfGb|f kb{5g\ . kfrg 

k|0ffnL ;DaGwL ;fdfGo hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon] of] kl/R5]bdf ljleGg k|0ffnLx¿sf] JofVof 

lgDg cg';f/ ul/Psf] 5 . 

-s_ d'v (Mouth) 

-v_ 7"nf] e' 

-u_ ;ft kq] (Omasum) 

-3_ vf; k]6 (Abomasum) 

-ª_ ;fgf] cfGb|f (Small intestine) 

-r_ 7"nf] cfGb|f (Large intestine) 

F8L (Rumino Reticulum) 

gf]6M oL cËx¿ kz'sf] d'Vo kfrg k|0ffnLdf kb{5g\ .

1. 4 

ufO{ e}+;Lsf] cfxf/f tof/L / pkof]u 

lrq g+= ! pu|fpg] kz' j:t'sf] k]6sf] lrq0f 

d'v / cGg gnL (Mouth & Esophagus) 

d'v 

(Mouth) 

d'vn] 3fF; lng], rkfpg], ¥ofndf ld;fpg] / pu|fpg] sfo{ ub{5 . 3fF; hDdf ug] { sfddf 

v>f] vfnsf] lha|f] / bfFtn] ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . lha|f]sf] ;xof]un] bfFtn] 3fF;kft tyf 

cGgnfO{ /fd|f];Fu rkfpF5 . cfxf/fnfO{ d'vaf6 lg:sg] ¥ofn (Saliva) df /fd|f];+u 

ld;fpF5 . ufO{n] d'vaf6 k|lt lbg !)) b]lv !@) ln6/;Dd ¥ofn lgsfNg ;S5 . ¥ofndf 

;f]l8od afO{sfa|f{ ]g]6 k|z:t kfOG5 . ;'Svf / cldnf]kgf a9L ePsf cfxf/fn] a9L dfqfdf 

¥ofn pTkfbg u/fpF5 . ¥ofnn] d'vdf rkfP/ 8Nnf kf/]sf] 3f F;nfO{ lrKnf] agfp5 / cGg 

gnL (Oesophagus) x'b}+ ¿d]gdf k'¥ofpFg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . pu|fpg] kz'x¿sf] d'vdf 

Ptyalin gfdsf] krfpg] OGhfOd gkfOg] ePsf]n] oL kz'x¿sf] d'vdf cfxf/f kRg] sfo{ 

xF 'b}g . 

kz'n] 3f +; vfg] qmddf k]6df y'kf/]sf] 3f +;nfO{ km';{bdf km]l/ d'vdf NofP/ /fd|f];+u dl;gf] 

kf/L rkfpF5g\ / km]l/ lgN5g\ . of] sfo{nfO{ pu|fpg] (Rumination) elgG5 . pu|fpgsf] 

nflu k]6af6 d'vdf NofPsf] 3fF;sf] tf} +n () b]lv !@) u|fd -ufO{e}+;Ldf_ x'G5 . k]6af6 

d'v;Dd cfpg # ;]s]08 nfU5, rkfpg sl/a %) ;]s]08 nfU5 / km]l/ lgn]/ k]6df k'Ug 

!)% ;]s]08 nfU5 . o; k|sf/ pu|fpg] sfo{ nfdf] ;do;Dd -* 306f_ rN5 . pu|fP/ 

lgn]sf] vfgf ¿d]gsf] tNnf] y} +nf] (Ventral Sac) df k'U5 / cGttM /]l6s'nd / cf]Dofhd

1. kfrg k|0ffnL 

1. 5 

x'b} Pjf]Dofhddf k'U5 . Pjf]Dofhddf k'Ug' eGbf klxn] vfgf cw{ 7f]; cj:yfdf x'G5 lsgsL 

kz'n] lkPsf] kfgL ¿d]gdf guO{ l;w} cf]Dofhd / Pjf]Dofhddf k'Ub5 . 

cGg gnL (Esophagus) 

cGg gnLn] d'v / ¿d]gnfO{ hf]8\b5 / ufO{df of] 

vfgf of] cËn] ¿d]g;Dd k'¥ofpFg] sfo{ ub{5 . 

! ld6/ nfdf] x'G5 . d'vdf rkfOPsf] 

7"nf] e' F8L (Rumino Reticulum) 

7"nf] e' F8L ¿d]g / /]l6s'nd ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 h:nfO{ /]l6s'nf]¿d]g klg elgG5 . /]l6s'nd 

¿d]gdf Psbd} 6f+l;Psf] x'Fbf oL b'j}nfO{ ldnfP/ /]l6s'nf]¿d]g jf 7"nf] e' F8L eg]/ Ps} 

k6s JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 . oL b'O{ k]6n] ufO{, e}+;Lsf] b]a| ] k§Lsf] k'/} efu cf]u6\5g ¿d]g 

leqsf] lkNnf;{x¿ %) b]lv ^) ;]s]08df k}mng] / v'Drg] ub{5g\ . cf} +nf] cfsfs/sf kflkNn] 

(Papillae) . ¿d]gsf] leqL efudf k}mlnP/ /x]sf x'G5g\ . h;n] ¿d]gdf pTkfbg ePsf 

-s_ ef]nf6fOn of§L Pl;8\ -v_ cdf]lgofnfO{ ;f];]/ /Qm glndf k'¥ofpF5g\ . of] k]6df ;"Id 

hLjf0f'x¿, JofS6]l/of, k|f]6f]hf]jfx¿, kmGhfO{x¿ x'G5g\ . oL hLjf0f' / k|f]6f]hf]jfx¿n] v;|f] 

3fF;, k/fn, gn cflb krfpg] ub{5g\ . 3fF; k/fn ¿d]gdf kRbf vf;u/]/ Pl;l6s, 

k|f]kfof]lgs / Jo'6fol/s gfdsf t]lno cDnx¿ pTkfbg x'G5g\ . oL cDnx¿g} b"w pTkfbg, 

z/L/ wfGg jf zf/Ll/s j[låsf] nflu cfjZos kg] { zlQmsf] d'Vo >f]t x'g\ . oL cDnx¿sf] 

w]/} efu ¿d]gsf] leQf dfkm{t z/L/df zf]lifG5g\ . o;/L zf]lifPsf cDnx¿ z/L/sf] ljleGg 

efudf k'uL ljleGg /f;folgs k|lqmofåf/f z/L/sf] k|of]udf cfp+5g\ . 

7"nf] e'F8Lsf] jftfj/0f a9L cDnLo ePdf hLjf0f'x¿ db{5g\ . ufO{, e}+;LnfO{ cGg dfq 

v'jfPdf jf 3fF;sf] t'ngfdf a9L bfgf v'jfPdf o:tf] x'g hfG5 / ufO{, e} +;L lj/fdL x'G5g\ . 

t;y{ ufO{, e}+;LnfO{ 3fF;kft v'jfpg cfjZos 5 . 3fF; v'jfpFbf ufO{ j:t'n] pu|fp+5g\ / 

pu|fp+bf -kfp/ dfbf{_ a9L ¥ofn lgsfN5g\ . ;f] ¥ofn 7"nf] e'F8Ldf k'U5 / ToxL ¥ofnn] ubf{ 

g} ¿d]gsf] jftfj/0f a9L cDnLo (pH) x'g kfpb}g . :jf:Yo 7"nf] e'F8Lsf] pH ^ :s]nsf] 

x'g' k5{ h:df ;'Ifd hLjsf] j[lå /fd|f] x'G5 . ufO{ e} +;Lsf] of] k]6df !(* s]=hL= ;Dd cfxf/f 

c6g ;S5 . oL kz'x?sf] 7"nf] k]6df cfxf/f @$ b]lv $* 306f;Dd /xG5 . /fd|f];Fu kRg] 

cfxf/fn] rfF8} 7"nf] e" F8Laf6 tn em5{g\ eg] sd kRg] cfxf/f 7"nf] e" F8Ldf a9L ;do;Dd 

a:5g\ . 

;ftkq] (Omasum) 

;ftkq] k]6sf] d'Vo sfd v;|f], nfdf 3fF; jf k/fnsf 6'qmfnfO{ Paf]d]hddf -vf; k]6_ hfg 

glbO{ dl;gf] kfg{ 7"nf] e'F8Ldf g} /fVg' xf] . To:t} o;n] -!_ ¿d]gaf6 cfPsf] kfgL -@_ 

¿d]gdf pTkflbt t/ gzf]lifPsf cDnx¿ / -#_ vlgh nj0fx¿ ;f]:g] sfd ub{5 . ufO{ 

e}+;Lsf] of] c+udf !! s]=hL= cyf{t\ kz'n] vfPsf] cfxf/fsf] %Ü ;Dd cfxf/f c6g ;S5g\ .

1. 6 


vf; k]6 (Abomasum) 

vf; k]6sf] -Paf]d]hd_ sfd xfO8«f]Snf]l/s cDn (Hydrochloric acid) / kfrg /;x¿ 

lgsfNg] / logLx¿åf/f g} ¿d]gdf 6'lqmg g;sL -¿d]gdf gkr]sf_ pDs]/ oxfF cfOk'u]sf 

sfjf]{xfO8«]6 / k|f]l6gx¿ krfpg' xf] . To:t} ¿d]gaf6 pDs]/ cfPsf ;"Id hLjf0f'x¿ ;d]t 

oxL+ k]6df -Paf]d]hd_ g} kRb5g\ . k]6sf] of] efusf] lk=Pr= !=) b]lv !=# ;Dd x'G5 . 

h;sf] sf/0fn] dflyNnf] k]6af6 cfPsf] z"Id hLjf0f' ;j} d5{g\ . ufO{ j:t'sf] ;ftkq] / 

vf; k]6df cfxf/f ! b]lv # 306f;Dd /xG5 . 

;fgf] cfGb|f (Small intestine) 

kfrg u|GyL (Pancreas) af6 kfrg /;x¿ / sn]hf]af6 lkQ ;fgf] cfGb|fdf cfp+5g\ . 

;fgf] cfGb«f cf+km}n] klg kfrg/;x¿ pTkfbg ub{5 . oxfF cfOk'u]sf k|f]l6g, sfaf]{xfO8]«6, 

lrNnf] kbfy{ cflbsf ;;fgf s0fx¿ / cGo tTjx¿ h:t} vlgh kbfy{, Un'sf]h cflbnfO{ 

krfpg] tyf ;f]:g] sfd klg oxL x'G5 . ufO{ e};Ldf of] c+u $^ ld6/ nfdf] / sl/a % 

;]=dL= uf]nfO{ ;Dd x'G5 . 

7"nf] cfGb|f (Small intestine) 

7"nf] cfGb|fdf s]xL dfqfdf hLjf0f'åf/f cfxf/ kRg] ePtf klg o;sf] d'Vo sfd ;fgf] 

cfGb|fdf kRg g;sL afFsL /x]sf] kbfy{af6 kfgL zf]if]/ tL kbfy{nfO{ uf]a/ agfO{ dnåf/af6 

aflx/ lgsfNg' xf] . ufO{ e}+;Lsf] ;fgf] / 7"nf] cfGb|fdf cfxf/f !) b]lv @) 306f;Dd /xG5 .

1. 7 

kl/R5]b# 

kz' cfxf/fdf kfOg] kf}li6s tTj / sfo{x¿ 

(Nutrient content of Animal Feed & Function) 

kz'sf] b}lgs v'/fssf] lx;fa ug{sf] nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf] cfxf/fdf kz'x¿sf] nflu 

cfjZos s] s] kf]if0f tTjx¿ x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ljifodf yfxf kfpg' k5{ . ;a} cfxf/fdf 

kz'x¿nfO{ b}lgs cfjZos kg] { kf]if0f tTjx¿ gkfOg ;S5 . t;y{ cfk"m;Fu pknAw cfxf/f 

;fdu|Ldf s] s] tTjx¿sf] sdL 5, ;f] kQf nufO{ tL sdL ePsf tTjx¿nfO{ yk ug'{ k5{ . 

;Gt'lnt v'/fs agfpg' eGbf klxn] kz'x¿sf] nflu cfjZos kf}li6s tTjx¿ h:t}Ù 

sfjf] {xfO8«]6, k|f]l6g, of6 tyf le6fldg / ldg/n ;DalGw 1fg x'gfn] kz'sf] v'/fs 

;Gt'lnt agfpg 7"nf] ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . t;y{ of] kl/R5]bdf oL kf]ifs tTjx¿sf] ljifodf 

JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . 

;'Svf kbfy{ (Dry Matter) 

3fF;, k/fn jf cgfhdf ePsf] ;a} kfgL /fd| };Fu x6fO{ lbg]xf] eg] afFsL /x]sf] kbfy{nfO{ 

;'Vvfkbfy{ (Dry matter) elgG5 . kz'j:t'sf] v'/fssf] lx;fa ubf{ ;'Vvf kbfy{nfO{ cfwf/ 

dflgG5 . lsgeg] s'g} j:t' jf kbfy{nfO{ Ps csf{df ta dfq t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 ha 

To;df ePsf kf}li6s tTjx¿ ;'Vvf kbfy{sf] cfwf/df JoQm ul/Psf x'G5g\ . 3fF; 

l5lKkPsf] jf slnnf] cj:yf cg';f/ kfgLsf] dfqf km/s x'G5 . 

kz' j:t'nfO{ vf; kl/df0fdf dfq kf}li6s tTjx¿sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . cfxf/fdf slt 

;'Svf kbfy{ x'G5 / pQm ;'Svf kbfy{df s] slt kf}li6s tTj pknAw 5 yfxf x'g' h¿/L 

5 . clg dfq lx;fa u/]/ kz' j:t'sf] nflu ;lx v'/fssf] dfqf kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . s'g} 

klg 3fF;, k/fn jf cgfhdf s] s] kf]if0ftTjx¿ kfOG5 eGg] ljj/0f lrq g+= #! df 

b]vfOPsf] 5 .

1. 8 


6oflgg 

lnulgg 

lrq g+= #=! kz' cfxf/fdf kfOg] kf}li6s tTjx¿ 

slnnf] 3fF;df () k|ltzt;Dd kfgL x'G5 eg] l5lKkPsf]df $)%) k|ltzt ;Dd x'G5 . 

To:t} ;'sfP/ /fv]sf] 3fF; jf k/fndf !)@) k|ltzt;Dd kfgL x'G5 . To;}n] slnnf] ds} 

h'g]nf] jf g]lko/ h:tf xl/of] 3fF; dfq v'jfOPsf] cj:yfdf kz'sf] k]6 w]/} kfgLn] el/g] 

x'Fbf pTkfbgsf] nflu cfjZos kg] { kf}li6s tTj tL slnnf 3fF;af6 k"/f x' Fb}g . o:tf] 

cj:yfdf b'wfn' kz'x¿nfO{ @)Ü eGbf a9L k|f]l6go'Qm bfgf #)) b]lv #%) u|fd k|lt ln6/ 

b"w pTkfbgsf lx;fan] lbg' k5{ . t/ k/fn ld;fP/ v'jfpFbf eg] Tolt kmfObf lng ;lsGg 

lsgeg] k/fndf kf}li6s tTjx¿ vf; u/]/ k|f]l6g Go"g dfqfdf -#Ü_ . 

#=! sfaf] {xfO8]«6 

bfgf agfpg k|of]u x'g] cgfhx¿ h:t} ds}, ux' +, cfn', hf} :6fr{o'Qm kbfy{x¿df kb{5g\ eg] 

3fF;, k/fn, gn, 9f] +8 cflb ;]n'nf]ho'Qm kbfy{x¿df kb{5g\ . :6fr{o'Qm kbfy{x¿ a9L 

zlQmo'Qm / ;lhn} kRg ;S5g\ eg] ;]n'nf]ho'Qm kbfy{x¿df tf}nsf] lx;fan] sd zlQm x'G5 

/ ¿d]gdf pko'Qm lsl;dsf] hLjf0f' gePdf kRg ;Qm}gg\ . 3fF; hlt slnnf 5g\ TolQs} 

;lhn} kRb5g\ / hlt l5lKkPsf 5g\ TolQs} sd kRb5g\ . 

zlQmsf] d'Vo >f]tsf] ¿kdf sfaf] {xfO8]«6nfO{ lnOG5 . log} sfaf] {xfO8]«6af6g} ufO{, e} +;Lsf] 

b"wsf] lrNnf] kbfy{ -kmof6\_ / u'lnof] kbfy{ -NofS6f]h_ aGb5g\ . ¿d]gdf ePsf ;"Id

1. kz' cfxf/fdf kfOg] kf}li6s tTj / sfo{x? 

1. 9 

pTkfbg x'G5g\ . ofb /xf];\, olb s[ifsx¿n] cfkmgf pu|fpg] kz'nfO{ a9L cgfh v'jfPdf 

a9L k|f]kfof]lgs cDn (Propionic Acids) / sd Pl;l6s cDn (Acitic Acid) pTkfbg 

x'G5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf kz'x¿df lgDg cg';f/sf] k|efj b]lvG5 M 

b"wdf of6sf] dfqf 36g hfG5 h:n] ubf{ l3psf] pTkfbg sd x'G5 . 

sd pu|fpFbf kz'n] ¥ofn sd sf9\g] x' Fbf kz'sf] ¿d]gdf a9L cDn pTkfbg eO 

;'Id hLjf0f' d5{g / kz' j:t'x¿ lj/fdL x'G5g\ . 

cgfhx¿ a9L dxFuf x'g] ePsfn] cgfh a9L v'jfpFbf b"w tyf df;'sf] pTkfbg 

nfut a9g hfG5 / ;fy} kz' j:t' a9L df]6fpg] ePsf]n] afFemf]kg a9L b]lvG5 . 

t/ v'/fsdf /];fo'Qm kbfy{ -k/fn, gn, s'gf}/f] cflb_ a9L ePdf Pl;l6s cDn a9L / 

k|f]kfof]lgs cDn sd pTkfbg x'g] x'Fbf b"wdf of6sf] dfqf a95 t/ NofS6f]h sd aGg] x' Fbf 

b"w pTkfbg 36g hfG5 lsgls k|f]kfof]lgs cDnaf6 g} NofS6f]h aGb5 . b"wdf kfOg] s'n 

of6\ dWo] -!_ %)Ü ¿d]gdf -7"nf] e'F8L_ pTkflbt Pl;l6s cDnaf6 aG5 / -@_ afFsL %)Ü 

-s_ v'/fsdf ePsf] lrNnf] kbfy{ / -v_ b'x'gf j:t'sf] z/L/sf] af];f]af6 aGb5 . o;}n] kz' 

j:t'sf] v'/fs ;Gt'lnt x'g h¿/L 5 . 

#=@ k|f]l6g 

k|f]l6g kz' j:t'sf] zf/Ll/s j[lå / pTkfbgsf] nflu geO{ gx'g] kf]if0f tTj xf] . 3fF;kftdf 

ePsf] k|f]l6g eGbf cgfhdf ePsf] k|f]l6g a9L z/L/df nfUb5 . lsgeg] 3fF;kftsf k|f]l6g 

dWo] sl/a ^)*)Ü ¿d]gsf hLjf0f'x¿n] pkof]u u5{g eg] cgfhdf ePsf] k|f]l6g ^)Ü 

eGbf sd dfqfdf dfq hLjf0f'x¿n] pkof]u u5{g . 

;fwf/0ftof @) b]lv @% ln6/;Dd b"w lbg] ufO{ jf e}+;LnfO{ k'/f v'/fsdf -bfgf tyf 3fF; 

ldnfP/_ sl/a @) k|ltzt dfq k|f]l6g eP k'U5 . k|z:t xl/of] 3fF; -sf];] 3fF;;d]t 

ldl;Psf]_ vfg kfPsf] 5 eg] sd k|f]l6g ePsf] bfgf v'jfP klg k'Ub5 . To:t} ;'Vvf 3fF; 

k/fn v'jfPsf] avt a9L k|f]l6g ePsf] bfgf v'jfpg' cfjZos x'G5 . 

#=# lrNnf] kbfy{ 

;fwf/0ftof sfaf]{xfO8]«6df eGbf lrNnf] kbfy{df @=@% u'0ff a9L zlQm x'G5 . kz'j:t'sf] 

v'/fsdf lrNnf] kbfy{ % k|ltzt eGbf a9L x'g' x'Fb}g . v'/fsdf olb * k|ltzt eGbf a9L 

lrNnf] kbfy{ 5 eg] kz'sf] 7"nf] k]6df ePsf hLjf0f'x¿ dg{ ;Qm5g\ / gn, k/fn, s'gf}/f], 

s';}/f] h:tf /];f a9L ePsf vfB ;fdu|Lx¿ kRg ;Sb}gg .

1. 10 


#=$ dxTjk"0f{ le6fldgx¿ 

-!_ le6fldg "P" 

xl/of] 3fF;df le6fldg æPÆ k|z:t x'g] x'gfn] ufO{ e}+;Lsf] nflu lj/fdL ePsf] cj:yf jf 

;'Vvf ;dodf jfx]s c¿ a]nf 5'§} yk]/ le6fldg æPÆ v'jfpg' cfjZos 5}g . ;fy} xl/of] 

3fF; vfg kfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf al9 ePsf] le6fldg æPÆ kz'j:t'sf] sn]hf]df hDdf -;+lrt_ 

eP/ /xg] / To:n] ^ dlxgf;Dd wfGg ;Sg] x'+bf ufO{ e}+;Ldf le6fldg æPÆ sdLsf] ;d:of 

Tolt b]lvb}g . t/ ;'Vvf k/fn / bfgfsf] e/df dfq kz'j:t' kfn]sf] 5 jf kz'j:t' l;ls:t 

lj/fdL ePsf] cj:yf 5 eg] le6fldg æPÆ sf] sld x'g ;Qm5 . kz'j:t'sf] v'/fsdf 

le6fldg æPÆ sf] sld ePdf lgDg nIf0fx¿ b]vfkb{5g\ ; 

lr;f] / lgdf]lgof x'g] . 

5]g]{ / vfg ¿lr g/fVg] . 

k|hgg\ Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpg] -h:t}, jx/ vf]h]sf] rfn gkfOg], kf7]3/df 3fp 

x'g] / k]6sf] aRrf dg] { cflb_ 

ue{ cjlw 5f]6f] x'g], ;fn gemg]{, d/]sf] aRrf hGdfpg], cGwf] aRrf hGdfpg] 

cflb . 

cf+vfdf 3fp cfpg], lrk|f al9 nfUg], /ftL cfFvf gb]Vg] -/tGwf] x'g]_ / 

le6fldg æPÆ lgs} ;do;Dd sd ePdf :yfoL ¿kdf g} cGwf] x'g] h:tf 

nIf0fx¿ b]vf kb{5g\ . 

-@_ "la" le6fldg 

Sl/a 5 dlxgf eGbf a9L pd]/ ePsf ufO{ e}+;Lsf] v'/fsdf yk ælaÆ le6fldg lbg' kb}{g . 

lsg eg] o:tf pd]/sf kz'sf] k]6df ePsf ;'Ifd hLjf0f'x¿n] g} ælaÆ le6fldgsf] pTkfbg 

ub{5g t/ sd pd]/sf jfR5f jfR5L jf lj/fdL kz'nfO{ yk ælaÆ le6fldg lbg cfjZos 

x'g ;S5 . 

-#_ le6fldg æ;LÆ 

of] le6fldg kz'sf] z/L/df aGg] ePsf] x'gfn] v'/fsdf yk /fVg' kb} {g . 

-$_ le6fldg æ8LÆ 

;w} 3fd tfKg kfPdf ufO{ e} +;Ln] le6fldg æ8LÆ cfgf] z/L/df cfkm} agfpF5g\ . z/L/nfO{ 

le6fldg æ8LÆ kof{Kt pknAw gePdf SoflN;od / km:kmf]/; tTjx¿ zf]:g / pkof]u x'g 

;Qm}gg\, h:n] ubf{ z/L/df SoflN;od / km:kmf]/;sf] sld x'g hfG5 . o:tf] ePdf lgDg


1. 11 

-%_ le6fldg æO{Æ 

x8\8Lsf] hf]gL{ -uf+7fx¿_ ;'lgg] u5{ . 

kz'n] v'§f /fd|f];+u v'DRofpg g;Sg] x'gfn] k|foM k5f8Lsf] v'§f l3;f/]/ lx8g] 

ub{5 cflb . 

le6fldg æO{Æ n] ;]n]lgod tTj;Fu ldn]/ sfd u5{ . of] le6fldgnfO{ Antioxidant 

Vitamin eg]/ klg lrlgG5 . ljuf}tL b"wdf le6fldg æO{Æ a9L kfOg] ePsf]n] jfR5f 

jfR5Ldf of] le6fldgsf] sdL x' Fb}g . of] le6fldgsf] sdLn] lgDg cg';f/sf nIf0fx¿ b]vf 

kb{5g\ . 

kz'sf] v'§sf] df+;k];L sdhf]/ x'G5 . 

hLa|f] n7]a|Lg] x'gfn] kf8f jfR5fn] b"w r':g ;Sb}g . 

-^_ le6fldg æs]Æ 

of] le6fldgsf] sdL pu|fpg] kz'df x'Fb}g lsgls kz'sf] 7"nf] e"F8L -¿d]g_df of] le6fldg 

aGb5 . 

#=% vlgh kbfy{x¿ 

kz' j:t'sf] nflu cfjZos vlgh kbfy{x¿sf] ljifodf lgDg cg';f/ rr{f ul/Psf] 5 . 

-!_ SoflN;od / km:kmf]/; 

kz'j:t'sf] v'/fsdf Aofpg' eGbf @ xKtf klxnf Hofb} j9L jf Hofb} sd SoflN;od ePdf 

ældNs lkme/Æ eGg] /f]u nfUg ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf kz'j:t'sf] d'6'sf] rfn Go"g x'G5 

h;n] ubf{ cfgf] v'§fdf pleg ;Qm}g / pkrf/ ;dodf gu/]df kz'j:t' db{5g\ . 

-@_ km:kmf]/;M 

km:kmf]/;sf] sldn] klg le6fldg æ8LÆ jf SoflN;odsf] sldn] x'g] h:t} nIf0fx¿ b]vf 

kb{5g\ . k|foM u/]/ km:kmf]/;sf] slddf kz'j:t'n] cfxf/f ¿rfP/ gvfg], cGo /f]ux¿ b]vf 

kg]{ / k|hgg\ Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpg] h:tf nIf0fx¿ b]vf kb{5g\ . olb kz' j:t'nfO{ al9 bfgf 

v'jfOPsf] 5 / ;f] bfgfdf ePsf] k|f]l6gsf] >f]t jfg:kflts kbfy{ -h:t} lkgf_ xf] eg] o:tf] 

v'/fsdf yk km:kmf]/; ld;fpg' h¿/L 5 . 

cdl/;f] / 8fn] 3fF;x¿df km:kmf]/;sf] t'ngfdf SoflN;od al9 x'g] x' Fbf ufO{ e} +;LnfO{ 

Aofpg' eGbf @ xKtf cufl8 / AofPsf] nuQ} k5fl8 oL 3fF;x¿ sd} dfqfdf dfq v'jfpg' 

kb{5 .

1. 12 


k|fo kz'j:t'sf] v'/fsdf SoflN;od / km:kmf]/;sf] cg'kft ! b]lv @=% efu SoflN;od / ! 

efu km:kmf]/; x'g' kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof v'/fsdf SoflN;od al9 5 eg] km:kmf]/;sf] dfqf 

klg ;f]xL adf]lhd a9fpg' kb{5 . 

-#_ DofUg]l;od (Magnesium) 

kz'j:t'nfO{ DofUg]l;od tTjsf] sld ePdf al9 pQ]lht x'g], 5fnf km/\km/fpg] -d'v 

ljufg]{_, al9 ¥ofn sf9\g] / bf+t s6\s6fpg] cflb nIf0fx¿ b]vfkb{5g\ . ev{/} knfPsf 

-pd|]sf_ slnnf 3fF; al9 v'jfPdf cfGb|faf6 DofUg]l;od zf]lifg g;Sbf o:tf] ;d:of 

cfpg ;Qm5 . o;}n] slnnf] 3fF; v'jfpg] a]nfdf bfgfdf DofUg]l;od tTj yk ug'{ a]z 

x'G5 . 

-$_ sf]afN6 (Cobalt) 

sf]jfN6 sld ePdf kz'j:t'n] le6fldg aL !@ agfpg ;Qm}gg\ / lgDg nIf0fx¿ b]vfkb{5g\M 

b'Anfpb} hfg] . 

/f}+ lh+lu|Ë kg]{ . 

cf+vfsf] leqL efu kx+]nf] x'g] . 

n8\v8fP/ lx+8g] cflb . 

-%_ sk/ (Copper) 

kz'j:t'sf] v'/fsdf tfdfsf] sld ePdf lgDg nIf0fx¿ b]vfkb{5g\ M 

v'§fsf xl8\8sf 5]px¿ ;'lgg] -vf; u/]/ v'/sf] hf]gL{g]/sf] x8\8L_ . 

3'F8fsf] hf]gL{ grNbf ufO{ e} +;L lx8\bf 3f]8f bf}8]sf] -kmfn xfg]sf]_ h:tf] 

b]lvg] . 

cf+vfsf] j/Lkl/sf] /f+ }sf] /Ë p8]/ ;]tf] jf v}/f] x'g] . 

hf]gL{ ;'lgPsf aRrfx¿ hGdg], cflb . 

ga9\g] / b'w pTkfbgdf sld cfpg] . 

c;fWo} 5]g]{, b'Anfpg] / /f}+ v;|f] b]lvg] . 

jx/ vf]Hg l9nf] x'g], ;fn gemg]{ . 

x|boult aGb e} dg]{ . 

kz'j:t'sf] v'/fsdf sk/ al9 ePdf a9L ePsf] sk/ sn]hf]df hDdf eP/ /xG5 . s'g} 

sf/0fjz kz' lj/fdL k/]df (Stress sf] sf/0fn]_ sk/ Ps} k6s z/L/sf] /Qm k|0ffnLdf 

cfpg ;S5 . h:n] ubf{ /Qm sf]lifsfx¿ gi6 x'G5g\ . / kmn:j¿k hgfj/nfO{ sdnlkQ 

x'G5 / hgfj/ dg{ klg ;S5 .


1. 13 

oL dfly pNn]lvt vlgh tTjx¿sf] cnfjf kz'x¿sf] v'/fsdf tf]lsPsf] dfqf g"g x'g' 

lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . 

g'g z/L/nfO{ geO{ gx'g] tTj xf] . t/ vf;u/]/ y'g jf sNrf}8f] ;DaGwL /f]u nfu]sf] a]nf 

al9 g'g v'jfPdf 3fp kfSg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To:t} kz'j:t'nfO{ al9 g'g v'jfPdf ltvf{ a9L 

nfUg] x'G5 . Pp6f ufO{ jf e}+;LnfO{ Ps lbgdf %) b]lv !)) u|fd;Dd g'g v'/fsdf ld;fO{ 

v'jfpg' cfjZos kb{5 . kz'j:t'sf] v'/fsdf g'g sd eof] eg] lgDg nIf0fx¿ b]vf 

kb{5g\M 

df6f] vfg], sf7 rkfpg], d'vdf xft lb+bf rf6g] cflb . 

bfgf 3fF; vfg g¿rfpg] . 

b'Jnfpg] / b'w pTkfbgdf sld cfpg] . 

kz'n] z/L/ sdfp5, lxF8\bf n8\v8fpF5 / kz' rfF8} yfSg] cflb . 

dfly pNn]v u/] afx]ssf yk ;"Id tTjx¿ klg kz'x¿sf] v'/fsdf cfjZos kb{5g\ . tL 

dWo] -!_ cfof]8Lg -@_ h:tf -#_ kmnfd -$_ Dof+uflgh -%_ l;n]lgod k|d'v x'g\ . oL 

tTjx¿ Psbd} sd dfqfdf cfjZos kb{5g\ / al9 ePdf z/L/df ljleGg v/fa c;/x¿ 

b]vf kb{5g\ . To;}n] ;"Id tTjx¿ sd dfqfdf cf}iflw / al9 ePdf ljif x'G5g\ .

1. 14 


kl/R5]b$ 

kz' cfxf/f ;+/If0f tyf kf]if0f tTjsf ¿kdf u'0ffTds ;'wf/ 

(Animal Feed consurvation and Important in Nutrients) 

of] kl/R5]bdf kz' cfxf/fsf ;+/If0f / kf]if0f tTjsf] ¿kdf u'0ffTds ;'wf/ ug] { k|ljlwsf] 

ljifodf rrf{ ul/G5 . h:t}Ù 

$=!= kz' cfxf/f ;+/If0f (Silage and Hay) 

$=@= 

cfxf/fdf kf]if0f tTj ;'wf/sf nflu pkrf/ 3fF; ;+/If0f / pkof]u 

(Fodder Production and Utilization) 

$=!= kz' cfxf/f ;+/If0f (Silage and Hay) 

kz'j:t'af6 a9L pTkfbg tyf cfly{s kmfO{bf lngsf nflu xl/of] 3fF;kft v'jfpg' kb{5 . 

xl/of] 3fF;kft a9L kf]lifnf], ;'kfRo x'g'sf ;fy} a9L pTkfbgzLn x'G5g\ . xl/of] 3fF;kft 

kz' cfxf/fsf] ;a} eGbf ;:tf] ;|f]t klg xf] . t/ xl/of] 3fF; jf¥x} dlxgf pknAw x'b}gg\ . 

o:tf] cj:yfdf xl/of] cj:yfsf] 3fF;nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] kf]ifstfdf s'k|efj gkg]{ u/L ;+/If0f 

ug'{ cTofjZos x'G5 . o;/L ;+/If0f ul/Psf] 3fF;nfO{ xl/of] 3fF; pknAw gePsf] a]nfdf 

-vf;u/L lxpFbsf] ofddf_ v'jfPdf xl/of] 3fF;kft v'jfP hlQs} kmfObf lng ;lsG5 . 

g]kfndf kz' cfxf/fsf] Hofb} 7"nf] cefj /x] tfklg jiff{ Ct'df k|fs[lts ¿kdf k|z:t 

3fF;kftx¿ k|fs[lts ¿kdf pknAw x'G5g\ . o; ;dodf a9L x'g] xl/of] 3fF;nfO{ pko'St 

cj:yfdf sf6]/ ;+/If0f u/L xl/of] 3fF;sf] cefj x'g] lxpb ofddf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

xl/of] 3fF;kftsf] ;+/If0f lgDg cg';f/ tLg p2]Zosf nflu ul/G5 . 

!= xl/of] 3fF;df ePsf] kf]ifs tTjsf] ;+/If0f ug' { . 

@= xl/of] 3fF;df x'g] :jflbnf]kg tyf kfrsTj sfod} /fVg' . 

#= 3fF; cefj ePsf] a]nfdf pknAw u/fpg' . 

xl/of] 3fF;nfO{ b'O{ t/Lsfn] ;+/If0f ul/G5 ; 

$=!=! æx]Æ H agfP/ . 

$=!=@ ;fOn]h S agfP/ . 

oL b'O 3fF; ;+/If0f ug]{ ljlwnfO{ of] kl/R5]bdf lj:t[t j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .

1. kz' cfxf/f ;+/If0f tyf kf]if0f tTjsf ?kdf u'0ffTds ;'wf/ 

1. 15 

$=!=! æx]Æ H 

g]kfndf æx]Æ agfpg] tl/sf klxn] b]lvg} rlncfPsf] kfOG5 . pRr kxf8L n]sfnL e]udf 

s[ifsx¿ jiff{df pAhg] 3fF;kftnfO{ ;+/If0f u/L k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] x] agfO{ kz'x¿nfO{ 

v'jfpg] ub{5g\ . o;/L k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] agfPsf] x] :yfgLo ¿kdf l5lKkPsf] jf ;'ls;s] 

kl5 dfq sf6]/ ;'sfO{ agfO{g] ePsf]n] o:tf] æx]Æ df kf}li6s tTj sd kfOG5 . 

ls;fgx¿nfO{ cfjZos 1fg / ;Lk lbO{ pGgt tl/sfn] æx]Æ agfpg l;sfpg' lgtfGt 

cfjZos 5 . 

xl/of] 3fF;kftnfO{ km"n km'Ng] ;dodf / kf}lif6s tTj a9L ePsf] cj:yfdf sf6]/ To;sf] 

kf]lif6stf gf; gx'g] u/L ;'sfP/ ;+/If0f ul/Psf] 3fF;nfO{ x] elgG5 . æx]Æ agfO{Psf] 

3fF;df kfgLsf] dfqf !% k|ltzt eGbf sd x'g' kb{5 . o;/L agfPsf] x]nfO{ w]/} lbg ;Dd 

glau|g] u/L ;'/lIft /fVg ;lsG5 . xl/of] 3fF;kftsf] cefj /x]sf] j]nf o:tf] æx]Æ 

kz'x¿nfO{ v'jfPdf a9L pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . 

æx]Æ agfpg] ljlw (Methods of Hay Making) 

æx]Æ agfpgsf nflu lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg' kb{5 ; 

!= 3fF; jfnLsf] 5gf}6 

@= 3fF; jfnL sf6\g] pko'Qm cj:yf 

#= sf6]sf] 3fF;nfO{ ;'sfpg' 

$= x]nfO{ yGsfpg' 

!= 3fF; jfnLsf] 5gf}6 (Selection of Forage Crop) 

g/d sdnf] 8fF7 ePsf] 3fF;af6 pRr :t/sf] x]Ú agfpg ;lsG5 . df]6f] afSnf] 8fF7 x'g] 

3fF;x¿df /]zfsf] dfqf a9L x'g'sf ;fy} ;'sfpg klg lgs} ;do nfUg] x' Fbf To:tf 3fF;af6 

/fd|f] x] agfpg ;lsb}g . hO{ 3fF;af6 ;a} eGbf /fd|f] x]Ú agfpg ;lsG5 lsgls o;sf] 

8fF7 g/d, sdnf] x'g'sf ;fy} ;'sfpFbf kft klg em/]/ gf]S;fg x'g kfpg] . sf]zf nfUg] 

3fF;x¿ h:t} n';g{, jl;{d tyf cGo sf]z] jfnLaf6 klg pRr:t/sf] xÚ] agfpg ;lsG5 . 

o:tf] 3fF;af6 agfO{Psf] æx]Æ df k|f]l6g, le6fldg, vlghtTjsf] dfqf a9L kfOG5 . t/ 

o:tf 3fF;sf] x]Ú agfpFbf kftx¿ Hofb} g} emg{ ub{5 . sf]z] jfnLsf] lj¿jfdf kftn] %) 

k|ltzt efu cf]u6]sf] x'G5 km]l/ o:tf lj¿jfsf] kftdf &) k|ltzt k|f]l6g / () k|ltzt 

Sof/f]l6g kfOG5 . o:tf] kft em/]/ uPdf x]Ú sf] kf}li6s tTjdf sdL cfp5 . hO{, h'g]nf] 

h:tf csf]z{ 3fF;df ljz]if sfjf]{xfO8«]6sf] dfqf g} a9L kfOg] ub{5 tyf k|f]l6gsf] dfqf sd

1. 16 


@= 3fF; jfnL sf6\g] pko'Qm cj:yf (Suitable to Harvest the Crop) 

x]Ú sf] kf}lif6stf 3fF; jfnLsf] cj:yfdf lge{/ ub{5 . slnnf] cj:yfsf] 3fF;df a9L 

kf}li6stTj kfOg] ub{5 . hlt hlt 3fF; l5lKkb} hfG5 plt plt 3fF;sf] 8fF7 ;f¥xf] x' Fb} 

hfG5 . ;fx|f} lnUgLkmfO8 3fF;df -/];f a9L ePsf]_ kf}li6stf sd x'g'sf ;fy} kz'x¿nfO{ 

krfpg klg uf¥xf] x'G5 . t/ kf}lif6stfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] slnnf] cj:yfdf 3fF;jfnL sf6]df 

pRr kf}lif6stf ePsf] x] agfpg ;lsG5 t/ 3fF; /fd|/L x's{g gkfPsf] x'Fbf k|lt PsfO 

hUufaf6 yf]/} dfqf 3fF; k|fKt x'G5 . Hofb} l5lKkPsf] 3fF;] afnLaf6 a9L x]Ú kfpg ;lsP 

tfklg o:tf] 3fF;af6 agfO{Psf] x]sf] kf}lif6stf clt sd x'g] ub{5 . t;y{ k|lt PsfO 

hUufaf6 x'g] pAhf / 3fF;df x'g] kf]ifs tTjsf] b'li6sf]0fn] 3fF;afnLnfO{ km"n nfUg] 

cj:yfdf sf6\g' ;a} eGbf pQd x'G5 . km"n lg:sg nfu]sf] cj:yfsf] 3fF;afnLdf 8fF7 klg 

Hofb} s8f e};s]sf] x'Gg / /fd|/L x'l{s{;s]sf]n] xl/of] 3fF;sf] pAhf klg /fd|f] kfOg] ub{5 . 

o;}n] km"n km'Ng] cj:yfdf x]Ú agfpgsf nflu 3fF; sf6\g' g} ;a} eGbf pQd cg:yfsf] 

;do dflgG5 . 

#= sf6]sf] 3fF;nfO{ ;'sfpg' (Drying the forage) 

3fF;nfO{ ;'sfP/ ;+/If0f ug' { g} x] agfpg'sf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] . g]kfnsf] pRr kxf8L e]sdf 

ckgfOg] k/Dk/fut tl/sfdf k|foM l5lKkO ;s]sf] 3fF; km"n km'n]/ ;'ls ;s]kl5 xFl;ofn] 

sf6L e'OFdf km}nfP/ ;'sfOg] ul/G5 . o;/L ;'sfpFbf 3fF; df6f]sf] ;Dks{df cfpg], 3fF;sf] 

dflyNnf] efu w]/} g} ;'s]/ kf}li6stfdf ¥xf; cfpg] tyf jiff{n] ;'sfPsf] 3fF;nfO{ xfgL 

gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg] ub{5 . h] h:tf] v'jfP klg ufO{ a:t'sf] k]6 e/] k'U5 eGg] wf/0ff ePsf] 

s[ifsx¿n] 3fF;sf] kf}li6stf ;+/If0f ug] { jf j[lå ug]{ tkm{ Tolt rf;f] lbPsf] kfOGg, h:n] 

ubf{ To;/L agfOPsf x] v/sf] ¿kdf dfq /xg] ub{5 . 

æx]Æ ;'sfpg] tl/sf (Methods of Hay Drying) 

s_ 3fddf ;'sfO{ x] agfpg] tl/sf 

ljleGg b]zx¿df x]Ú k|fo h;f] 3fddf ;'sfP/ agfO{G5 . æx]Æ agfpFbf /flknf] 3fd ePsf] 

lbg kf/L 3fF; sf6\g' kb{5 . abnL jf kfgL kg]{ ;Defjgf /x]sf] lbg 3fF; sf6\g' x'b}g . 

sfl6Psf] 3fF;nfO{ 3fddf ljleGg tLg tl/sfn] ;'sfpg ;lsG5 . 

!_ v]td} km}nfP/ ;'sfpg' 

of] k/Dk/fut tl/sf xf] . o; ljlwdf 3fF; /fd|/L g;'s'GHofn v]td} 5fl8G5 . v]tdf 

;'sfpFbf a]nf a]nfdf cf]N6fO{ kN6fO{ ul/G5 . o;/L ;'sfpFbf 3fF;sf] tNnf] efudf ;"o{sf] 

ls/0f k'Ug ;Sb}g tyf df6f]sf] ;Dks{df /xL 3fF;sf] kf}li6stfdf s]xL ¥xf; cfpg ;S5 . 

3fF;nfO{ slxn] ;Dd 3fddf ;'sfpg] eGg] s'/f 3fF;sf] lsl;d, 3fdsf] rxlsnf]kgf,

{ 


1. 17 

jfo'd08nsf] tfkqmd, cfb«tf tyf 3fF;df ePsf] kfgLsf] dfqfdf lge{/ ub{5 . ;fwf/0ftof 

3fF;nfO{ %& 3fd -lbg_ ;'sfPdf x]Ú yGsfpg] pko'St x'G5 . 

@_ d'f agfP/ ;'sfpg] 

3fF;nfO{ ;;fgf] d'f agfO ;'sfpg ;lsG5 . o;/L d'f agfOg] 3fF;sf] 8f+7 s]xL s8f x'g' 

kb{5 . d'f kf/LPsf] 3fF;nfO{ 8f+7 lt/sf] efuaf6 78ofO *!) d'fnfO{ Ps Ps y'k|f] 

agfO{ ;'sfpg' kb{5 . e'Odf km}lnP/ ;'sfpg] ljlw eGbf of] ljlw s]xL /fd|f] x'G5 lsgls 

3fF;sf] yf]/} dfqf efu df6f]sf] ;Dks{df cfpg kfpF5 . rf/}lt/af6 3fd tyf xfjf nfUg] 

eO{ 3fF; /fd|/L ;'Sg ;Sb5 . 3fF;nfO{ jiff{sf] kfgLn] klg s]xL sd gf]S;fg k'¥ofpF5 . 

#_ 3fF;sf] d'f agfO 8f]/L jf nfdf ;'sfpg] 

o; t/Lsfdf !)!% dL6/sf] km/sdf b'O{j6f nf uf8L ltgLx¿ aLr 8f]/L jf nL 

t];f{OG5, clg ;f] 8f]/Ldf d'f kf/LPsf] 3fF;nfO{ ;'sfOg] ul/G5 . of] Ps pQd tl/sf xf] . 

t/ of] ljlw s]xL vlr{nf] x'G5 . o; t/Lsfn] v/fa df};ddf klg 3fF;nfO{ /fd|/L ;'sfpg 

;lsG5 . 

v_ s[lqd t/Lsfn] 3fF;nfO{ ;'sfpg' 

ljsl;t b]zx¿df 3fF;nfO{ s[lqd tl/sfn] ;'sfP/ x]Ú agfO{G5 . o; ljlwdf 7"n 7"nf 

ljw'tLo ;'sfpg] pks/0fx¿ k|of]u ul/G5g\ . o:tf] pks/0fnfO{ 8«fo/ elgG5 . 3fF;nfO{ 

tftf] xfjfsf] ;xfotfn] 8«fo/df /fvL ;'sfOG5 . 8«fo/x¿ sd tfkqmd / j9L tfkqmd 

ePsf x'G5g\ . sd tfkqmd x'g] 8«fo/n] 3fF;nfO{ *)!)) l8u|L ;]G6Lu| ]8 tfkqmdsf] 

xfjfåf/f 3fF;nfO{ Ps} l5gdf ;'sfpF5 . o;/L tof/ kf/LPsf] xÚ] pRr :t/sf] x'G5 . o;df 

3fF;df ePsf] kf]ifs tTjsf] Iflt x'g kfpb}g . 

$= æx]ÆnfO{ yGsfpg' 

3fF;nfO{ ;'sfO ;s] kl5 ;'/lIft ;fy yGsfpg' kb{5 . yGsfOPsf] x]df jiff{sf] kfgL, ;"o{sf] 

ls/0f tyf cGo k|sf/sf] lr:ofgsf] s'k|efj kg{ lbg' x'b}g . æx]Æ nfO{ cfuf], s]6fs]6Lsf] 

;Dk{saf6 6f9f /fVg' kb{5 . æx]Æ 3fF; clt ;'s]sf] x'g] x' Fbf o;df cfuf]n] rfF8} ;dfpg] 

;Defjgf x'G5 . æx]Æ nfO{ yGsfpg' eGbf cl3 To;sf] lr:ofg sdL jf j];L s] 5 hfFr ug' 

kb{5 . 3fF;nfO{ ;'sfpFbf 3fF;df ePsf] k|f]l6g tyf Sof/f]l6g gi6 eP/ hfG5 eg] rflxg] 

eGbf sd ;'s]df To;df lr:ofg a9L /xG5 h:n] ubf{ æx]Æ s'lxg ;Sb5 . æx]Æ nfO{ 

5fofbf/ :yfgdf 5fk|f] xfn]/ yGsfpg' kb{5 .

1. 18 


æx]Æ /fd|/L ;'s] g;'s]sf] hfFRg] tl/sf 

:yfgLo kl/l:yltdf x] /fd|/L ;'s]/ tof/ eP gePsf] hfFr ug{ lgDg ljlw ckgfpg 

;lsG5 . 

!= 3fF;sf] af]qmf sf]6ofP/ x]g]{ 

8f+7df ePsf] af]qmfnfO{ gËn] sf]6ofpFbf olb ;lhn};+u af]qmf sf]l§Pdf æx]Æ /fd|/L 

;'ls;s]sf] 5}g eGg] a'lemG5 . /fd|/L ;'s]/ tof/ ePsf] æx]Æ df af]qmf Psbd 6fFl;Psf] x'G5 

/ af]qmf] pKs+b}g . 

@= 8fF7 efFr]/ x]g]{ 

æx]Æ sf] s]xL 3fF;nfO{ xftn] ef+r]df 8fF7 lkl6Sssf] cfjfh u/]/ ef+lrof] eg] æx]Æ /fd|/L 

;'s]/ tof/ ePsf] 5 gq /fd|/L gef+lrsg s]jn bf]lj|of] / s]xL lrklrk] /; h:tf] kbfy{ 

lgl:sPdf æx]Æ nfO{ cem ;'sfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 eGg] a'emg' kb{5 . 

c;n æx]Ædf x'g'kg]{ u'0fx¿ 

/fd|/L tof/ ePsf] x]df lgDg u'0fx¿ x'g' kb{5 

!= æx]Æ df !% k|ltzt eGbf a9L lr:ofgsf] dfqf x'g' xF 'b}g . 

@= æx]Æ agfpg] 3fF; plrt cj:yfdf sfl6Psf] x'g' kb{5 To;df kf}li6s tTjx¿ kof{Kt 

dfqfdf x'g' kb{5 . 

#= 3fF;df ePsf kftx¿ x]Ú df ;'/lIft ¿kdf x'g' kb{5 . 

$= æx]Æ s] ]xL xl/of] /Ësf] x'g' kb{5 . xl/of] /Ësf] x]n] a9L ;+Vofdf kftx¿ ;'/lIft ¿kdf 

/x]sf] / kf}li6s tTjx¿ kvflnP/ tyf r'lxP/ gf; gePsf] ;+s]t ub{5 . 

%= æx]Æ cjflG5t kbfy{x¿ h:t}M emf/, sf7sf 6'qmfx¿ cflb kbfy{x¿ ldl;Psf] x'g' xF'b}g . 

^= h'g 3Ff;af6 æx]Æ agfOPsf] xf], Tof] 3Ff;sf] ;'uGw cfO/x]sf] x'g' kb{5 . 

&= æx]Æ ;8] un]sf] jf uf]a/ lxnf] df6f]n] n]lkPsf] x'g' x'b}g . 

x]Ú agfpg] qmddf kf}li6s tTjx¿sf] x'g ;Sg] xfgL gf]S;fgLx¿ 

x] agfpFbf 3fF;df ePsf] kf]ifs tTjnfO{ ;s];Dd ;f]xL ¿k / ;f]xL dfqfdf ;+/If0f u/L 

To;df ePsf] kfgLsf] dfqfnfO{ dfqf 36fP/ ;'sfOG5 . o;/L 3fF;nfO{ ;'sfpg] qmddf Wofg 

gk'¥ofPdf 3fF;sf] ef}lts u'0f, /;folgs u'0f, kf}li6s u'0f tyf kfrsTj (Digestibility) 

df xfgL gf]S;fg k'Ug ;S5 . o:tf gf]S;fgLx¿ 3fF;sf] kft em/]/ hfgfn], 3fF;sf] xl/of]kg 

p8\gfn], kf}li6s tTj kvflnP/ hfgfn], k|f]l6g sfaf]{xfO8«]6 h:tf vfB tTjx¿ kmd]{G6];g 

(Fermentation) x'gfn] ePsf] xf] . t;y{ x]Ú agfpbf ;s];Dd 8f+7af6 kftnfO{ 5'l§g jf 

emg{ lbg' x'b}g . x]Ú nfO{ 7Ls dfqfdf dfq ;'sfpg' kb{5 . a9L ;'sfPdf 3fF;df ePsf] 

Sof/f]l6g p8]/ hfg], 3fF;sf] kfrsTj (Digestibility) klg sdL cfpg ;S5 .


1. 19 

$=!=@ ;fOn]h (Silage) 

;fOn]h3fF; ;+/If0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ tyf nf]slk|o tl/sf xf] . ;fOn]h agfpg] tl/sf u'Gb« 's 

agfpg] tl/sf;+u ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 . jf:tjdf 3fF;sf] u'Gb«'snfO{ g} ;fOn]h elgG5 . xl/of] 

slnnf] cj:yfsf] 3fF;nfO{ sf6]/ clS;hg/lxt cj:yfdf z'Id hLjf0f'x¿åf/f kmd] {g6];g 

(Fermentation) u/fO{ ;+/If0f ul/Psf] 3fF;nfO{ ;fOn]h elgG5 . 

jiff{ Ct'df jfo'd08lno cfb«tf a9L x'g] / jiff{n] ubf{ 3fF;nfO{ ;'sfO{ æx]Æ agfpg klg lgs} 

cK7]/f] x'g] x' Fbf 3fF;nfO{ ;fOn]h agfO{ ;+/If0f ug' { ;a} eGbf pQd t/Lsf xf] . 

;fOn]haf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿ 

!= a9L ePsf] xl/of] 3fF;nfO{ ;+/If0f u/L cefjsf] j]nfdf -lxpFbdf_ kz'x¿nfO{ v'jfpg 

;lsG5 . 

@= ;fOn]h agfpgsfnflu df};dn] s]xL k|efj kfb]{g, v/fa df};ddf klg ;fOn]h agfpg 

;lsG5 . 

#= ;fOn]h agfP/ 3fF;df ePsf] kf]ifs tTjx¿sf] ;+/If0f /fd|f] tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 . 

lsgls ;fOn]h agfpFbf kft em/]/ jf 3fF; Hofbf ;'s]/ x'g] xfgLsf] ;Defjgf /xb}g . 

$= ;fOn]h /l;nf] cj:yfdf /xg] x' Fbf kz'x¿n] v'a ¿rfpF5g\ . of] Hofb} :jflbi6, 

;'kfRo, ;'ulGwt tyf kf}li6s x'G5 . 

%= ;fOn]h /fVgsf] nflu yf]/} 7fpF eP k'U5 . 

^= ;fOn]hdf cfuf] nfUg] ;Defjgf clt sd /xG5 . 

&= :yfgLo 3fF;kft tyf emf/sf] klg ;fOn]h agfpg ;lsG5 . 

*= ;fOn]h agfOg] 3fF; jfnLx¿n] k|lt OsfO hUufaf6 a9L xl/of] 3fF;sf] pAhf lbG5g\ . 

h:t} ds}, h'g]nf], afh/f 3fF;x¿n] c¿sf] bfFhfdf a9L pAhf lbG5g\ . 

;fOn]h agfpgsf] nflu 3fF; jfnLsf] 5gf}6 

u'lnof] :jfb ePsf] /l;nf] 3fF;x¿ h:df sfjf] {xfO8«]6sf] dfqf a9L kfOG5 h:t} M ds}, 

afh/f, h} OToflbaf6 pRr:t/sf] ;fOn]h agfpg ;lsG5 . sf]z] 3fF;jfnL tyf cGo 

3fF;x¿sf] Tolt /fd|f] ;fOn]h aGb}g lsgls logLx¿df kof{Kt dfqfdf sfjf] {xfO8«]6 kfOb}g 

h:n] ubf{ o; 3fF;af6 ;fOn]hsf] k|ofKt cDn aGg ;Sb}g . k|f]l6gsf] dfqf a9L kfOg] 

3fF;af6 ;fOn]h agfpFbf z'Id hLjf0f'x¿n] k|f]l6gnfO{ lj36g u/L cdf]lgof Uof; agfpF5 

/ ;fOn]h ;8\g hfG5 . 

sf]z] 3fF;jfnLsf] 8fF7 vf]qmf] x'g] / ;f] vf]qmf] 8fF7 leq xfjf /xL /xgfn] ;fOn]h vf+bbf 

/fd|/L gvf+lbg] ePsf]n] Tolt /fd|f] ;fOn]h aGg ;Sb}g . sf]z] jfnLsf] ;fOn]h agfp+bf s]xL 

dfqfdf v'bf] (Molasses) ld;fP/ ;fOn]h agfpg' kb{5 jf csf]z] 3fF;]jfnL;+u ld;fO{ 

;fOn]h agfpg' kb{5 . ;fOn]h agfpgsf nflu 3fF; jfnLnfO{ km"n km'Ng] cj:yfdf sf6\g'

1. 20 


kb{5 . o; cj:yfdf 3fF;df kf]ifs tTjx¿ klg a9L dfqfdf kfO{G5g\ / xl/of] 3fF;sf] pAhf 

a9L kfOG5 . 

;fOn]h agfpg] vfN8f] 

;fOn]h agfpgsf nflu Ps ljz]if lsl;dsf] ef+8f] jf vfN8f]sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;fOn]h 

agfpg] vfN8f]nfO{ ;fOn]h lk6 (Silopit) elgG5 . ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df o:tf ;fOn]hx¿ 

cfjZostf cg';f/ !%@) ld6/ kl/wL ePsf] cUnf] 6fj/sf] ¿kdf -O{6, l;d]G6, :6]gn]; 

l:6n OToflbsf] k|of]u u/L_ agfOG5 . g]kfn tyf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df e'O{d} vfN8f] vg]/ 

;fOn]h agfOG5 . df6f] vg]/ agfOPsf] ;fOn]hdf a9L gf]S;fgL ePtfklg o:tf] ;fOn]h 

clt ;:tf] x'g] ub{5 . df6f]sf] ;fOn]hlk6 ljleGg cfsf/ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . h:tf] M 6«]Gr 

;fOn]h, lk6 ;fOn]h cflb . 

!= 6«]Gr ;fOn]h 

cUnf] kfgL ghDg] df6f]df @# dL6/ ulx/f] vfN8f] vlgG5 . o:tf] vfN8f]sf] tNnf] ;tx b'O{ 

dL6/ km/flsnf] /flvG5 / dflyNnf] efu qmd};+u km/flsnf] agfpFb} hdLgsf] ;txdf tLg 

dL6/ km/flsnf] agfpg' kb{5 . vfN8f]sf] nDjfO cfkmgf] cfjZostf cg';f/ /flvG5 . 

@= lk6 ;fOn]h 

e" FOdf @@ dL6/ kl/lwsf] uf]nfsf/ jf cfoftsf/ vfN8f] vg]/ ;fOn]h agfOG5 . 

df6f]df vfN8f] vg]/ agfO{g] ;fOn]h lgDg ljz]iftf x'g' kb{5 ; 

!= ;fOn]h agfOg] hUuf kfgL ghDg], df6f] gefl:;g], xfjf gl5g] { vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 . 

@= vfN8f]sf] leQf df6f] gv:g] u/L uf]a/ df6f] jf lrNnf] df6f]n] lnk]sf] x'g' kb{5 . 

#= vfN8f]sf] cUnfO{ To;sf] Aof;eGbf s/La b'O{ u'0ff a9L x'g' kb{5 . 

$= ;fOn]h uf]7 3/ glhs} agfpg' kb{5 . 

;fOn]h agfpg] ljlw 

;fOn]h agfpgsfnflu lgDg k|lqmof ckgfpg' kb{5 ; 

!= xl/of] 3fF; jfnL sf6g] 

@= 3fF;nfO{ cf]ONofpg' 

#= 3fF;nfO{ 6'qmØfpg' 

$= cfjZostf cg';f/ /;folgs of}lusfx¿ ld;fpg' 

%= ;fOnf]lk6df 3fF; eg'{ 

^= ;fOnf]lk6sf] d'v aGb ug'{ 

&= ;fOn]h tof/ ePkl5 ;fOn]hsf] d'v vf]Ng'

{ 


1. 21 

!= xl/of] 3fF; jfnL s6gL 

3fF; jfnL ha km"n nfUg] cj:yfdf k'U5, To; cj:yfdf ;fOn]hsf] nflu 3fF; sf6\g nfos 

x'G5 . ;fOn]hsf]nflu 3fF; sf6\bf laxfgLkv kf/]/ sf6\g' kb{5 . ;fOn]h agfpg] k|lqmofdf 

3fF; jfnLdf ePsf] kf]ifs tTjsf] ;s];Dd xfgL x'g glbO{ ;+/If0f ug' { k5{ . ;fOn]h 

agfpFbf jflx/L kf]ifs tTj a9L ePsf] cj:yfdf sf6\g' kb{5 . ds}, afh/f, h'g]nf] h:tf 

3fF; wfgrd/ lg:sg nfu]kl5 / cGo 3fF; jfnLnfO{ km"n lg:sg] cj:yfdf s6gL ug' 

kb{5 . 

@= 3fF;nfO{ cf]ONofpg' 

xl/of] slnnf] cj:yfsf] 3fF;df *)() k|ltzt ;Dd kfgLsf] dfqf x'g] ub{5 . o:tf] /l;nf] 

cj:yfsf] 3fF;nfO{ ;fOn]h agfpg' cl3 3fddf $% 306f;Dd /fd|/L ;'sfP/ cf]ONofpg' 

kb{5 . 3fF;nfO{ o;/L cf]ONofpFbf kfgLsf] dfqf 36]/ ^)^% k|ltzt;Dd k'U5 . 

3fF;df kfgLsf] dfqf a9L ePsf Snf]:6«Ll8od h:tf hLjf0f'x¿ a9L ;lqmo x'G5g\ . oL 

hLjf0f'x¿n] 3fF;df ePsf] :6fr{ / NoflS6s cDnnfO{ Ao"6fl/s cDndf ablnlbG5 h:n] ubf{ 

;fOn]h ;8\g yfN5 . 

3fF; rflxP eGbf a9L ;'Sg uPdf ;fOn]h vf+b\bf /fd|/L vf+lbGg h:n] ubf{ 3fF;x¿sf] 

aLrsf] vfnL :yfgdf xfjf /lx/xG5 . o;/L ;fOn]hdf xfjf /x]df ;fOn]h clS;hg 

/lxt x'g kfpb}g . ;fOn]hdf clS;hg ePdf ;fOn]h ;8\g nfUb5 . t;y{ 3fF;nfO{ /fd|/L 

cf]ONofP/ To;df ;'Svf kbfy{sf] dfqf slDtdf #%$) k|ltzt x'g] u/L kfgL lgsfNg' 

kb{5 . 

#_ 3fF;nfO{ 6'qmfpg' 

;fOnf]lk6df 3fF; /fd|/L vf+lbof];\ / pRr :t/sf] ;fOn]h agf];\ eGgfsf] nflu nfdf nfdf 

3fF; ;;fgf] 6'qmfdf 6'qmfpg' $ ;]= dL= nfdf] kb{5 . 3fF; 6'qmfpgfn] z'Id hLjf0f'x¿ 

3fF; leq ;lhn};+u / rf+8} k|j]z ug{ ;Sb5g\ . h:n] ubf{ z'Id hLjf0f'sf] lqmofsnfk l56} 

z'¿ x'G5 . g6'qmfPsf] l;+uf] 3fF;af6 ;fOn]h 9Lnf aGg ;Sb5 . 

$_ sf]z] 3fF; jfnL / csf]z] 3fF; jfnLnfO{ Ps} 7fp ld;fpg] 

sf]zf nfUg] 3fF;x¿df a9L dfqfdf k|f]l6g kfOG5 . logLx¿af6 pRr:t/sf] ;fOn]h agfpg 

;lsb}g . csf] { tkm{ csf]z] 3fF;df sfaf] {xfO8«]6sf] dfqf a9L kfOG5 t/ k|f]l6gsf] dfqf clt 

yf]/} x'G5 . t;y{ oL b'j} k|sf/sf] 3fF; ld;fO agfO{Psf] ;fOn]h lgSs} /fd|f] pRr :t/sf] 

x'G5 .

1. 22 


%_ cfjZostf cg';f/ /;folgs of}lusx¿ ld;fpg' 

;fOn]h agfpgsf nflu cr]n ljleGg lsl;dsf /;folgs ;+of]hsx¿ (Additives) k|of]u 

ul/G5g\ . logLx¿ ljleGg lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . 

-s_ v'bf]M sf]z] jfnL jf sd sfjf]{xfO8«]6 ePsf] 3fF; jfnLaf6 ;fOn]h agfpgsf nflu v'bf] 

(Molasses) ld;fOG5 . o;/L v'bf] ld;fpbf k|lt 6g xl/of] 3fF;df @)$) lsnf] v'bf]sf] 

b/n] ld;fpg' kb{5 . v'bf]n] 3fF;sf] :6fr{sf] dfqf a9fO{ lbG5 . z'Id hLjf0f'x¿n] v'bf]nfO{ 

kmd]{G6 u/L NoflS6s cDn agfp5g\ h:n] ubf{ 3fF; ;fOn]hdf kl/0ft eO{ ;'/lIft ¿kdf 

/xG5g\ . 

-v_ vlgh cDnM h:t}, xfO8«f]Snfl/s cDn, ;Nkm'l/s cDn, km:kmf]l/s cDn /fvL ;fOn]h 

agfOG5 . o;/L yk cDn /fVgfn] 3fF; kmd]{G6 eO{ ag]sf] Nofls6s cDn;Fu ldl;O ;fOn]h 

sl/a $=$ lk= Pr= ;Dd cDntf pTkGg ub{5 . o; cDntfdf ;fOn]hnfO{ w]/} lbg;Dd 

;'/lIft /fVg ;lsG5 . 

-u_ ;fOn]hdf slxn] sfxL ux' +sf] rf]s/, ds}sf] 9'6f], OToflbsf] klg k|of]u ul/G5 o:n] 

;fOn]hsf] kf}li6stf tyf :jfbdf j[lå ub{5 . 

^_ ;fO{nf]lk6df 3fF; eg' 

3fF;nfO{ cf]ONofP/, 6'qmfO{ ;+of]hsx¿ ld;fO{ ;s]kl5 ;fOnf]lk6df eg' { kb{5 . ;fOn]h ebf{ 

rf/}lt/ Psgf;n] 3fF;nfO{ bfa]/ eg'{ kb{5 . o;/L 3fF; bfAg] sfd *!) hgf dflg;n] 

uf]8fn] lyr]/ klg u/fpg ;lsG5 . ;fOnf]lk6df 3fF; ebf{ /fd|/L vf+lbPg eg] 3fF;sf] 

aLrdf xfjf /xG5g\ . xfjf /x]df ;fOn]h ;8\g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . 3fF; /fd|/L vf+lbPdf xfjf 

/lxt (Anaerobic) cj:yf >[hgf x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf NofS6f] Aofl;n; hLjf0f'x¿ 

;lqmo eO{ 3fF;df /x]sf] sfaf] {xfO8«]6nfO{ NoflS6s Pl;8df ablnlbG5g . oxL cDnn] ubf{ 

3fF; ;fOn]hdf kl/0ft x'g ;s]sf] xf] . o;/L ;fOn]hsf] u'0f:t/ ;fOn]hdf 3fF;sf] 

vlbnf]kgfdf e/ kg] { x'bf hlt 3fF;nfO{ /fd|/L vfb+g ;Sof] Tolt g} /fd|f] vfnsf] ;fOn]h 

agfpg ;lsG5 . 

&_ ;fOnf]lk6sf] d'v aGb ug'{ 

;fOnf]lk6df 3fF; e/L ;s]kl5 To; leq xfjf gk:g] u/L d'v aGb ul/lbg' kb{5 . o;/L 

d'v aGb ug{sf] nflu lxnf] uf]a/sf] afSnf] n]k, Knfli6s k]k/ jf cGo kbfy{ k|of]udf Nofpg 

;lsG5 . o;/L ;fOn]hsf] d'v aGb u/L ;s]kl5 dflyaf6 s'g} uf¥xf} + a:t'n] lyrL lbg' 

kb{5 . dflyaf6 lyRgfn] ;fOn]h leq xfjf k:b}g .


1. 23 

*_ ;fOn]h tof/ ePkl5 ;fOnf]lk6sf] d'v vf]Ng' 

;fOnf]lk6df 3fF; e/]sf] sl/a $)%) lbgdf ;fOn]h ag]/ tof/ x'G5 . ;fOnf]lk6df d'v 

k'/} p3fg'{ x'b}g . Psflt/af6 ;fgf] d'v agfO{ vf]Ng' kb{5 . cfkmgf] cfjZostf adf]lhd 

;fOn]h lems]/ ;fOnf]lk6df d'v k'gM aGb ul/lbg' kb{5 . 

/fd|/L ag]sf] ;fOn]h sl/a jif{ lbg;Dd klg lau|+b}gg\ . Ps k6s ;fOn]hsf] d'v 

vf]ln;s]kl5 gl;låpGh]ofn ;Dd ToxL ;fOnf]lk6sf] ;fOn]h v'jfpg' kb{5 . 

;fOn]h aGbf s] s] k|lqmofx¿ x'G5g < 

;fOn]h aGbf 3fF;df s]xL /;folgs k|s[ofx¿ e'FO{ 3fF;df ePsf] k|f]l6g, :6fr{, sfjf]{xfO8«]6 

s]xL ;/n ¿kdf lj3l6t eO{ ;'/lIft cj:yfdf /xG5g\ . of] la36gsf] lqmof z'Id 

hLjf0f'x¿n] ub{5g\ . 

z'Id hLjf0f'x¿ b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . Ps k|sf/sf] hLjf0f' jfo'd08nLo xfjfdf /fd|/L 

km:6fpg ;Sb5g\ . o:tf hLjf0f'nfO{ P/f]ljs (Aerobic) hLjf0f' elgG5 eg] csf] { yl/ xfjf 

cyf{t clS;hg gePsf] cj:yfdf /fd|/L km:6fpg ;Sb5 o:tf] hLjf0f'nfO{ Pgf/f]ljs 

(Anaerobic) elgG5 . tfhf cj:yfsf] 3fF; jf e/v/ sfl6Psf] 3fF;df P/f]ljs hLjf0f'x¿ 

;lqmo cj:yfdf x'G5g\ . ha 3fF;nfO{ vf+b]/ ;fOnf]lk6df el/G5 To; cj:yfdf klg 

3fF;sf s]xL hLljt /x]sf sf]ifx¿n] Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] lqmof rfn' g} /flv/x]sf x'G5g\ . o;/L 

lj¿jfn] Zjf; lnbf ;fOnf]df ePsf] xfjfaf6 ;a} clS;hg vr{ eP/ hfG5 . ;fOn]h xfjf 

gk:g] u/L aGb ePsf]n] ;fOn]hdf km]l/ tfhf clS;hgsf] cfk"lt{ x'g kfpb}g / ;fOn]hdf 

sfa{g8fOcS;fO{8 dfq afls aRb5 . o;/L ;fOn]h leq clS;hg /lxt cj:yf >[hgf x'g 

hfG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf xfjfdf afFRg] hLjf0f'x¿ h:t} lo:6, 9';L tyf cGo k|sf/sf P/f]ljs 

hLjf0f'x¿ d/]/ hfG5g\ . o:tf] clS;hg/lxt cj:yf ;fOnf]df 3fF; /fvL ;fOnf]sf] d'v 

aGb u/]sf] % 306f leq g} >[hgf x'g k'Ub5g\ . o;/L ;fOn]h leq clS;hg/lxt cj:yf 

>[hgf ePkl5 Pgf/f]ljs hLjf0f'x¿ ;lqmo x'g nfUb5g\ . Pgf/f]ljs hLjf0f'x¿df ljz]if u/L 

lgDg hLjf0f'x¿ d'Vo dflgG5g\ h:t} M NofS6f] Aofl;n;, k]l8of] sf]s; . oL hLjf0f'x¿n] 

3fF;df ePsf] sfjf]{xfO8«]6nfO{ NoflS6s cDndf tyf s]xL dfqfdf Pl;l6s cDn / 

cNsf]xndf kl/0ft u/L lbG5 . oL cDnx¿n] ubf{ 3fF;df cDntf a[lå eO{ kL= Pr= rf/ 

hlt k'U5 . o;/L 3fF;df cDntf a9] kl5 cGo xfgLsf/s hLjf0f'x¿sf] lqmofsnfkx¿ aGb 

eO{ o:tf xfgLsf/s hLjf0f'x¿ lgl:qmo x'g k'Ub5g\ . oL xfgLsf/s hLjf0f'x¿ lgl:qmo 

ePkl5 3fF;df ePsf] kf]ifs tTjsf] lj36g x'g kfpb}g / 3fF;sf] kf]ifs tTj ;'/lIft ¿kdf 

;+/If0f ul/G5g\ . 

olb 3fF;df lr:ofg a9L ePdf jf ;fOnf]df xfjf el/Pdf jf 3fF;df sfjf] {xfO8«]6sf] dfqf 

rflxbf] eGbf sd ePdf ;fOnf] leqsf] 3fF;df cDntf j[lå x'g kfpb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf 

;fOnf] leq csf]{ xfgLsf/s hLjf0f'x¿df Snf]:6«Ll8od sf]nLkmd{ d'Vo 5g\ . oL xfgLsf/s

1. 24 


hLjf0f'x¿n] 3fF;dfePsf] k|f]l6g / Pl;8nfO{ lj36g u/L sfnfGt/df Ao"6fl/s cDn 

(Butyric Acid) pTkGg ul/lbG5g\ . of] cDnn] ubf{ 3fF; s'lxg nfU5 / 3fF;af6 b'u{Gw 

lg:sg nfUb5 . 

;fOn]hsf] d'v aGb u/]sf] @# lbg leq g} To; leq sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf ^)&) 

k|ltzt / gfO6«f]hgsf] dfqf #)$) k|ltzt ;Dd k'Ub5 . 

/fd|f] tl/sfn] agfPsf] ;fOn]h lgs} jif{;Dd glau|Lsg ;'/lIft cj:yfdf /xG5g\ . 

;fOn]hnfO{ ;'/lIft cj:yfdf /fVg logLx¿df clnslt klg xfjf k:g' lbg' x'b}g . xfjf 

k;]df ;fOn]h lju| ]/ s'lxg nfU5 . 

;fOn]h agfpFbf z'Id hLjf0f'x¿df k|efj kfg] { tTjx¿ 

!= 3fF;df kfgLsf] dfqf &) k|ltzt eGbf klg a9L ePdf Snf]:6«Ll8od h:tf xfgLsf/s 

hLjf0f'x¿ ;lqmo x'G5g\ h:n] ubf{ Ao"6fl/s cDn pTkGg x'G5 / ;fOn]h ux|fpF5, 

;8\5 . 

@= ;fOn]h agfpg] 3fF; rflx+bf] eGbf j];L, clt g} ;'Svf ;fOn]hdf 9';L kg] { ;Defjgf 

/xG5, t;y{ ;fOn]h agfpg] 3fF;df kfgLsf] dfqf ^)&) k|ltzt hlt dfq ePdf 

pRr :t/sf] ;fOn]h agfpg ;lsG5 . 

#= 3fF;df 3'ngzLn sfjf] {xfO8«]6 a9L ePdf z'Id hLjf0f'x¿n] a9L NoflS6s cDn 

pTkGg ug{ ;Sb5g\, h:n] ubf{ /fd|f] ;fOn]h aGb5 . olb 3fF;df k|f]l6gsf] dfqf a9L 

ePdf z'Id hLjf0f'x¿n] lj36g u/L PdfO8 / Pl;l6s cDn agfp+5g\, h:n] ubf{ 

;fOn]hsf] u'0f / :jfb v/fa x'g] ub{5 . 

$= ;fOn]h agfOg] 3fF;nfO{ 6'qmfpgfn] z'Id hLjf0f'x¿ 3fF; leq ;lhn};+u k:g 

;Sb5g\ . o;/L pgLx¿sf] lqmofsnfk rfF8} g} z'¿ eO ;fOn]h aGg] k|lqmof l56f] 

x'G5 . 

%= ;fOn]h agfpFbf v'bf] (Molasses) h:tf ;+of]hs /fv]df z'Id hLjf0f'x¿ a9L 

lqmofzLn eO{ NoflS6s cDn pTkGg ub{5g\ . v'bf] ld;fpFbf sf]zf nfUg] 3fF;df $) 

lsnf] k|lt 6g 3fF;df / cGo 3fF;x¿df @) lsnf] k|lt 6g 3fF;sf] lx;fan] 

ld;fOG5 . 

^= ;fOn]h agfpFbf km:kmf]l/s cDn klg ld;fOg] ul/G5, o:n] ;fOn]hsf] cDntfdf a[lå 

u/L ;fOn]hnfO{ w]/} sfn;Dd ;'/lIft /fVb5 .


1. 25 

/fd|f] ;fOn]hdf x'g] u'0fx¿ 

pRr:t/sf] ;fOn]h s]xL cldnf] :jfb ePsf], xNsf xl/of] /Ë ePsf] lk=Pr= #=% b]lv $=@ 

;Dd ePsf], cdf]lgof gfO6«f]hg !) k|ltzt eGbf sd ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . o:tf] ;fOn]hdf 

Ao"6fl/s cDn x'g' x'b}g . ;8] un]sf x'g' x'b}g . s]xL hfF8 h:tf] af:gfbf/ x'g' kb{5 . kL= 

Pr= $=* eGbf a9L, cdf]lgof gfO6«f]hg @) k|ltzt eGbf a9L / ;8]sf] af:gf cfpg] 

b'u{lGwt ;fOn]h lgDg :t/sf dflgG5g\ . 

æx]Æn]h (Haylage) 

s]xL ;'s]sf] 3fF;af6 klg ;fOn]h agfpg ;lsG5 . ;'s]sf] 3fF;kftaf6 x]n]h agfpFbf 

To:tf 3fF;df kfgLsf] dfqf $)^) k|ltzt hlt x'g' kb{5 . 

x]n]h agfpFbf ;fOnf]df 3fF; /fd|/L gvf+lbPdf k|z:t} xfjf /xg hfG5 h:n] ubf{ x]n]h 

lau|g] lgSs} ;Defjgf /lx/xG5 . 

j]:6n]h (Wastelage) 

j]:6n]h s'v'/fsf] ;'nL, a+u'/sf] lji6f OToflbnfO{ pko'Qm 3fF;x¿;+u ld;fO{ ;fOn]h 

agfOG5, o:tf] ;fOn]hnfO{ j]:6n]h eGb5g\ . of] a9L k|f]l6go'Qm x'g'sf ;fy} lji6fsf] uGw 

gcfpg] x'g' k5{ . j]:6n]h pu|fpg] j:t'nfO{ v'jfpg k|of]u x'G5 . 

$=@= cfxf/fdf kf]if0f tTj ;'wf/sf nflu pkrf/ (Crop Residue Treatment) 

kz' cfxf/fsf] 7"nf] lx:;f cf]u6]sf] afnLsf] pk pTkfbgx¿ h:t} k/fn, gn, 5\jfnL, s'gf}/f], 

s';f}/f] cflbdf kf]if0f tTj sdL x'G5 . / o:tf vfB ;fdu|Lx¿df /]zf kbfy{ a9L x'g] 

ePsf]n] cfxf/f sd kRg] ub{5 . kf]if0fsf] b[li6n] sd;n x'Fbf x'Fb} klg o:tf cfxf/f pu|fpg] 

kz'x¿ h:t}M ufO{ e}+;Ldf w]/} k|of]u eO/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] vfB kbfy{x¿nfO{ pGgt k|ljlwsf] 

pkof]u u/L kf]lifnf] agfpFg ;lsG5 . h;sf] ljifodf o; kl/R5]bdf JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . 

cGgsf pkpTkfbgnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ pkrf/ u/L kf]ifs tyf kf}li6s tTjdf ;'wf/ Nofpg 

;lsG5 . xfn;Dd ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgn] kQf nufP cg';f/ /]zf ePsf ;'Svf cfxf/fsf] 

kf]if0f tTjdf ;'wf/ tyf pkof]udf o"l/of dnsf] pkrf/n] Jofkstf kfPsf] 5 . o"l/ofn] 

k/fn tyf 9f]8nfO{ pkrf/ ug{ ;lhnf] 5 / s[ifsn] ;lhn};Fu of] ljlw ckgfpg ;S5g\ . 

o"l/ofn] k/fndf pkrf/ ug] { ljlw / pkof]usf] ljifodf oxfF JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

1. 26 


o"l/ofn] pkrf/ ug] { ljlw (Methods of Urea Treatment) 

;'Svf cfxf/f h:t}M k/fndf kfOg] kf]lifnf] ;]n'nf]h / x]ld ;]n'nf]hnfO{ ckfRo lnulgg\n] 

;dft]/ /fV5 . h;n] ubf{ oL tTjx¿nfO{ ufO{ e}+;Ln] kfpFg ;Sb}gg\ . o"l/ofn] k/fn pkrf/ 

u/]df kRg g;Sg] s8f /]zfnfO{ /;folgs k|lqmofn] 6'qmfkf5{ . aflndf k|of]u x'g] o"l/of dn, 

h;df $^Ü gfO6«f]hg x'G5, nfO{ k/fnsf] pkrf/ ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . 

pkrf/ ug] { tl/sf (Methods of Treatment) 

-!_ Ps;o s]=hL= k/fnnfO{ % ;]=dL= nDafO{df xft] jf d]lzgaf6 rNg] Rofkm s6/sf] 

k|of]u u/L sf6\g] . 

-@_ k/fndf ePsf] kfgLsf] dfqf x]/L $)*) ln6/ kfgLdf $ b]lv ^ s]=hL= o"l/of 

3f]Ng] . 

-#_ qmd ;+Vof ! sf] ljlw ckgfO{ tof/ ePsf] k/fnsf] 6'qmfnfO{ ;kmf e"O{ +df cf]5\ofPsf] 

lqkfn jf l;d]06 nufPsf] e"O{ +df lj:s'g nufP h;/L lkmFhfpg] / qmd ;+Vof @ df 

pNn]v eP cg';f/ tof/ kfl/Psf] 3f]nnfO{ k"mnemf/Ldf e/L !)) s]=hL= k/fndf 

Ps}gf;n] 5ls{g] . k/fndf kfgL 5s] {kl5 k/fnnfO{ /fd|f];Fu xftn] rnfpg] . of] sfo{ 

ubf{ d'vnfO{ ;kmf sk8fn] 5f]Kg h¿/L 5 . 

-$_ qmd ;+Vof # df pNn]v eP cg';f/ tof/ ePsf] pkrfl/t k/fnnfO{ ;fOn]h agfpg] 

lk6 -vfN8f] jf 6« ]Grdf vfFb]/ sfnf] Knfli6sn] 5f]lklbg'kb{5 -;fOn]h agfP h:t}_ . 

-%_ o;/L tof/ ePsf] pkrfl/t k/fn tof/ x'g # b]lv $ xKtf nfUb5 . 

-^_ qmd ;+Vof ! b]lv % ;Ddsf] ljlw ckgfP/ tof/ kfl/Psf] pkrfl/t k/fndf q'm8 

k|f]l6gsf] dfqf sl/a tLg bf]Aa/n] a9\g hfG5 h:t}M pkrf/ gu/]sf] k/fndf $=!&Ü 

q'm8 k|f]l6g x'G5 eg] pkrf/ u/]sf] k/fndf (Urea Treated Rice Straw-UTRS) df 

*=@ b]lv !@=*Ü ;Dd q'm8 k|f]l6g kfOG5 . 

-&_ o;/L tof/ ePsf] UTRS nfO{ v'jfpg] cl3Nnf] lbg ;fOnf]lk6af6 lemsL e"O{ +df 

lkFmhfP/ /fVg'k5{ h;n] ubf{ cfxf/fdf /x]sf] cdf]lgof UofF; p8]/ hfg ;sf];\ . 

-*_ o;/L tof/ ePsf] UTRS nfO{ kz'nfO{ v'jfpg] v'/fssf] s"n cfxf/fsf] ^)Ü ;Dd 

v'jfpg /fd|f] x'G5 . 

-(_ cfgf] ufpF 3/df kfOg] k/fnnfO{ ;:tf] tyf l;kmfl/z u/]sf] dfqfdf k|of]u ePdf 

tLg bf]Aa/;Dd q'm8 k|f]l6g a9fpg ;lsg] / kfrsTjdf #)Ü n] j[lå Nofpg ;lsG5.

1. 27 

kl/R5]b % 

b'x'gf cj:yf cg';f/ kz' cfxf/fsf] cfjZostf 

(Feed Requirement for Different Location Stage) 

of] kl/R5]bdf cfxf/fsf] kf]if0f tTj kz'sf] b'wfn' cj:yf / b"w pTkfbgsf] cGt/ ;DaGwsf] 

ljifodf rrf{ ul/G5 . 

%=! ufO{ e}+;Lsf] n}gf] / as]gf] { cj:yfdf b"w pTkfbgsf] ;DaGw 

lrq g+= %! ufO{ e}+;Lsf] n}gf] / as]gf] { cj:yfdf b"w pTkfbgsf] ;DaGw 

dflysf] lrqn] s] :ki6 u5{ eg] s'g} klg ufO{ jf e}+;Ln] z'¿sf] b'O{ dlxgfleq hlt a9L 

b"w lbG5, j]te/Lsf] pTkfbg Tolt g} a9L x'G5 . h:tf] olb s'g} ufO{n] z'¿sf] @ dlxgfleq 

b}lgs $) ln6/ b"w lbG5 eg] j]te/Lsf] b"w pTkfbg !),))) ln6/;Dd x'G5 . t/ olb 

z'¿df b}lgs !@ ln6/ dfq b"w lbG5 eg] j]te/Ldf s]jn #,))) ln6/;Dd dfq b"w 

pTkfbg x'G5 cyf{t s'g} klg ufO{n] b'O{ dlxgf leq b}lgs b"w slt lbG5 ;f] x]/]/ j]te/Lsf] 

pTkfbg cGbfh ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fwf/0ftof w]/} b"w lbg] kz'j:t'sf] xsdf z'¿sf] cj:yfdf 

b}lgs hlt b"w lbG5 To;nfO{ @%) n] u'0ff u/L j]t e/Lsf] b"w pTkfbg lgsfNg ;lsG5 . 

a9L jf 3l6 b"w lbg] eGg] s'/f k|fo M v'/fs -vfglkg_ df e/ kg]{ x' Fbf ufO{ e};Lsf] kfnsn] 

ufO{ e};Lsf] plrt v'/fsdf Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .

1. 28 


%=@ b"w pTkfbgdf cfxf/fsf] c;/ 

lrq g+= %@ b"w pTkfbgdf kz'sf] b'wfn' cj:yf cg';f/ v'/fssf] dfqfsf] c;/ 

dflysf] lrqnfO{ Wofg lbP/ x]g]{ xf] eg] Pp6f s'/f s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] olb pko'Qm cfxf/fsf] 

sldn] z'¿sf] @ dlxgfdfg} b"w pTkfbg sd ePsf] 5 eg] cfpFbf lbgx¿df cfxf/fsf] 

cfk"lt{ pko'Qm lsl;dn] ubf{ s]xL dfqfdf b"w pTkfbg t a9fpg ;lsG5 t/ klxnfsf] 

gf]S;fgL k"/f ug{ ;lsb}g . h:tf] olb b"w pTkfbg ævÆ /]vf geO{ z'¿ d} æsÆ /]vf 5 eg] 

j]te/Lsf] pTkfbg %,))) ln6/ dfq x'G5 t/ olb /fd|f] kf]if0f ePdf b"w pTkfbg ævÆ 

/]vf cg';f/ em} j]te/Lsf] pTkfbg &,))) ln6/ x'GYof] . o;}n] oxfF z'¿d} /fd|f] v'/fsdf 

Wofg glbPsf]n] s[ifsnfO{ o; cj:yfdf @,))) ln6/ b"w gf]S;fg kb{5 . To:t} olb # 

dlxgfdf cfP/ /fd|f] v'/fssf] Joj:yf u/]df j]te/Ldf *)) ln6/ b"w yKg ;lsG5 t}klg 

cem} !@)) ln6/ -If]q!_ b"w gf]S;fg kb{5 . cem * cf} dlxgfdf dfq cfP/ /fd|f] cfxf/f 

kfof] eg] hDdf @)) ln6/ dfq b"w yKg ;lsG5 cyf{t j]te/Ldf !*)) ln6/ b"w 

gf]S;fg x'G5 -If]q@_ . To;}n] ufO e};Lsf] Ifdtf cg';f/ b"w pTkfbg lng pko'Qm 

lsl;dsf] v'/fssf] Joj:yf x'g' h¿/L 5 . 

%=# 3fF; / bfgfsf] cg'kft / b"w pTkfbg / 3[tf+zdf kg]{ c;/ 

3fF; / bfgfsf] /]lzof] l7Ss dfqfdf ldnfpg ;s]df dfq a9L b"w pTkfbg x'g ;S5 -lrq 

g+= %#_ .

1. b'x'gf cj:yf cg';f/ kz' cfxf/fsf] cfjZostf 

1. 29 

lrq g+= %# 3fF; / bfgfsf] cg'kft km/s x' Fbf b"w pTkfbg / 3[tf+zdf kg]{ c;/ 

dflysf] lrqn] :ki6 b]vfPsf] 5 ls pko'Qm lsl;daf6 b"w pTkfbg lngsf] nflu 3fF;sf] 

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . h:t}M olb %% k|ltzt eGbf sd 3fF; v'jfPsf] v08df b"w 

pTkfbgsf] lx;fan] t l7s} x'G5 t/ b"wsf] 3[tf+z eg] 36\g z'¿ ub{5 . To:t} olb &% 

k|ltzt eGbf a9L bfgfsf] k|of]u ePdf b"w pTkfbgdf ;d]t x|f; cfpg z'¿ ub{5 . o;sf] 

d'Vo sf/0f o; cj:yfdf kz'j:t' g} lj/fdL kb{5 / b"w lbg sd ub{5 jf lbb} lbb}g . o; 

lrqaf6 b"wsf] dfqf a9]df 3[tf+z sd x'g] / b"wsf] dfqf sd ePdf 3[tf+z a9\g] s'/f klg 

:ki6 x'G5 . 

gf]6 M cgfh jf bfgfdf ;'Vvf kbfy{ sl/a ()Ü x'G5 eg] afFsL !)Ü kfgL x'G5 . xl/of] 

3fF;df sl/a @)@%Ü dfq} ;'Vvf kbfy{ x'G5 eg] &%*)Ü kfgL x'G5 . k/fndf sl/a *) 

()Ü ;'Vvf kbfy{ x'G5 . o;}n] ;fwf/0f tf}nsf] lx;fan] a/fa/ ePtfklg ;'Vvf kbfy{sf] 

cfwf/df !) lsnf] k/fn a/fa/ sl/a #^ b]lv $% lsnf] xl/of] 3fF; x'G5 . 

^=$ b"w pTkfbg, cfxf/f vfg ;Sg] Ifdtf / zf/Ll/s jhgdf kg] { k|efj 

ufO{ e}+;L n}gf] x'Fbf, Jofpg] x'Fbf / as]gf] { x' Fbf b"w pTkfbg, cfxf/f vfg ;Sg] Ifdtf / 

zf/Ll/s jhg km/s km/s x'G5 . h;sf] k|:t'lt lrq g+= %$ n] ub{5 .

1. 30 


JofPsf] z'¿sf] cj:yf JofO;s]kl5sf] dWo cj:yf b'w glbPsf] a]nf 

!= C0ffTds @= a/fa/ #= wgfTds 

lrq= g+= %$ b"w pTkfbg, cfxf/f vfg ;Sg] Ifdtf / zf/Ll/s jhgdf kg] { k|efj 

s'g} klg b'wfn' ufO{ JofPkl5 sl/a @ dlxgf;Dd cln b'Anfpb} hfg] To;kl5 lj:tf/} 

df]6fpFb} hfg' :jefljs k|lqmof xf] . lsgeg] JofPsf] nuQ} ufO{n] cfgf] b"w pTkfbg cg';f/ 

v'/fs vfg ;Qm}g h:n] ubf{ z/L/df hDdf eP/ /x]sf] tTjx¿ b"w pTkfbg ug{df vr{ 

ub{5 . To;kl5 lj:tf/} ¿rL a9\b} uP/ pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf a9L vfg yfN5 . o;/L vfg 

kfpFbf km]l/ lj:tf/} df]6fpFb} hfG5 / ToxL ;dodf afnL klg hfG5 . afnL uPsf] sl/a ^& 

dlxgf b]lv afR5f ue{df a9\g z'¿ ub{5 / AofPsf] sl/a !) dlxgfdf b"w b'x'g 5f8]kl5 

cfxf/f klg klxn]sf] t'ngfdf sd vfG5 . t/ To;sf] nuQ} cyf{t Aofpg' eGbf @ dlxgf 

klxnf ue{sf] afR5f jf afR5L xnSs a9g] x' Fbf km]l/ kf}li6s tTjsf] cfjZostf a9\b} hfG5 

t/ rfFlxbf] dfqfdf vfg eg] ;Qm}g . To;}n] of] cj:yfdf a9L kf}li6s tTjx¿ ePsf] v'/fs 

v'jfpg' cTofjZos / dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . of] cj:yfdf /fd|f];Fu v'jfpFbf AofPkl5 a9L b"w 

lbG5 / v'/fsLsf] sldn] x'g] ældNs lkme/Æ jf æls6f]l;;Æ h:tf /f]uaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 . 

t/ c;fWo} df]6fpg] lsl;dn] eg] v'jfpg' x'Fb}g . j]te/Ldf b"w pTkfbgdf kg] { c;/, cfxf/f 

vfg ;Sg] Ifdtf / zf/Ll/s jhgdf b]Vg ;lsg] kl/jt{gx¿ dflysf] lrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . 

d~h'iff %! 

Aofpg' eGbf @ xKtf cufl8 b]lv g} bfgf v'jfpg z'¿ ug'{ kb{5 . bfgfsf] 

kl/df0f lj:tf/} a9fpb} hfg' kb{5 . o;/L a9fp+bf @ xKtf leqdf AofPkl5 

ufO{n] hlt vfG5 Tolt bfgf vfg ;Sg] agfpg' kb{5 . o;/L lj:tf/} a9fp+b} 

bfgf v'jfPdf ufO{n] cfgf] Ifdtf cg';f/ b"w lbg] / bfgfsf] sf/0faf6 ufO{ 

lj/fdL x'g] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 .

1. b'x'gf cj:yf cg';f/ kz' cfxf/fsf] cfjZostf 

1. 31 

%= lj¿jfsf] cj:yf / kf}li6s tTj 

tnsf] lrqnfO{ lgxfn]/ s]nfPdf s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] slnnf] cj:yfdf csf]z] 3fF; xf]; jf 

sf]z] 3fF; xf]; ltgdf a9L k|f]l6g, sd /]zf / a9L zlQm x'g] x'gfn] To:tf 3fF;x¿ kz' 

j:t'sf] nflu a9L kf}li6s x'G5g\ . ha 3fF;x¿ l5lKkb} hfG5g\ ltgdf k|f]l6gsf] dfqf 36\b} 

hfg] / /]zfbf/ kbfy{ a9\b} hfg] x'gfn] zlQm klg sd x' Fb} hfG5 . t/ k|fo M Pp6} pd]/sf 

sf];] 3fF;df c¿ 3fF;sf] t'ngfdf a9L k|f]l6g t/ sd /]zfbf/ kbfy{ x'G5 . oL s'/f tnsf] 

tflnsfaf6 klg k|i6 x'G5 lrq g+= %%_ . 

lrq g+= %% lj?jfsf] cj:yf / kf]li6s tTj 

Tfflnsf %! 3fF;sf] pd]/ cg';f/ kf]if0f tTjdf x'g] cGt/ 

3fF;sf] pd]/ 

-dlxgf_ 

k|f]l6g Ü 

zlQm 

-d]uf s}nf]/L_ 

/]zfbf/ kbfy{ 

-lsnf] k|ltlsnf]_ 

al;{d cGo 3fF; al;{d cGo 3fF; al;{d cGo 

3fF; 

! @@ !)!^ !=% !=% #& %# 

@ @) *!% !=$ !=#* #( %( 

# !* ^( !=## !=#) $) ^% 

$ !^ %* !=@( !=@$ $% ^^ 

% !$ $& !=@$ !=@ $( ^( 

^ #^ !=!% &)

kl/R5]b^ 

ufO{ e}+;Lsf] bfgf agfpg] ;/n tl/sf / pkof]u 

(Methods of Ration Formulation and use for Cattle & Buffalo) 

tnsf] tflnsfdf bfgfdf k|of]u x'g] d'Vo d'Vo sRrf kbfy{x¿ / tL kbfy{df kfOg] k|f]l6gsf] 

dfqfsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L juL{s/0f ubf{ ;fdfGotf -!_ Go"g k|f]l6g -!# 

k|ltzt eGbf sd k|f]l6g_, -@_ dWod k|f]l6g -!# b]lv @$ k|ltzt k|f]l6g_ / -#_ pRr 

k|f]l6go'Qm -@$ k|ltzt eGbf a9L k|f]l6g_ sRrf kbfy{ u/L auL{s/0f ul/G5 . 

^=! k|f]l6gsf] dfqf cg';f/sf bfgfsf sRrf kbfy{x¿ 

-!_ Go"g k|f]l6gjfnf sRrf kbfy{x¿ -!# k|ltzt eGbf sd k|f]l6g ePsf]_ 

sRrf kbfy{ 

k|f]l6gsf] dfqf -Ü_ 

df]nf;]; -e]nL_ #=! 

ds} *=( 

hf} 

!!=^ 

hO{ 

!!=& 

sf]bf] !!=( 

ux'F 

!@=& 

wfgsf] 9'6f] 

!@=& 

slgsf 

&=( 

h'g]nf] !)=# 

-@_ dWod k|f]l6gjfnf sRrf kbfy{x¿ -!# k|ltzt b]lv @$ k|ltzt;Dd_ 

sRrf kbfy{ 


ux'Fsf] rf]s/ !#=* 

t]n lgsfn]sf] 9'6f] !$=! 

;"o{d'vL km"nsf] aLp 

!&=) 

cfn;sf] aLp !*=) 

s]/fp 

@#=$ 

skf;sf] aLp -ljofF_ 

@$=)

1. ufO{ e}+;Lsf] bfgf agfpg] ;/n tl/sf / pkof]u 

1. 33 

-#_ pRr k|f]l6gjfnf sRrf kbfy{x¿ -@$ k|ltzt eGbf a9L k|f]l6g_ 

sRrf kbfy{ 


cfn;sf] lkgf #^ 

skf;sf] lkgf $! 

abfdsf] lkgf 

$& 

e6df;sf] lkgf $% 

e6df; 

$@ 

tLnsf] lkgf #( 

tf]/Lsf] lkgf #% 

;"o{d'vLsf] lkgf 

#& 

^=@ bfgf slt v'jfpg] 

ufO{nfO{ slt bfgf v'jfpg] eGg] s'/f ufO{n] s:tf] 3fF; vfO/x]sf 5, b"w slt lbO/x]sf] 5 / 

b"wdf 3[tf+z slt 5 eGg] s'/fx¿n] lg0f{o ub{5 . ;fwf/0f hfgsf/Lsf] nflu tnsf] tflnsf 

pkof]uL x'g ;S5 . 

tflnsf ^! b'wsf] pTkfbg cg';f/ bfgf c'jfpg] dfqf 

3fF;sf] lsl;d 

b}lgs pknAw u/fpg' kg] { bfgfsf] 

kl/df0f -lsnf]_ 

g/fd|f] dWod kf]lifnf] 

-/fd|f]_ 

k|ltlbg b"w pTkfbg -ln6/_ 

b"wdf $Ü of6 

5 eg] 

@ %^ !)!@ @=! @=$ 

$ &* !!!$ #=) #=% 

^ (!) !#!^ $=) $=& 

* !!!@ !%!* $=* %=* 

!) !#!$ !&@) %=& &=) 

!@ !%!^ !(@@ ^=^ *=! 

!$ !&!* @!@$ &=% (=# 

b"wdf ^=%Ü 

of6 5 eg] 

gf]6 M 

-!_ dflysf] pbfx/0fdf ufO{sf] jhg #)) b]lv $)) lsnf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . 

-@_ g/fd|f] 3fF; eGgfn] M k/fn, 9f]8 cflb . 

-#_ dWod lsl;dsf] 3fF; eGgfn] M l5lKkPsf] 3fF;, 8fn] 3fF; . 

-$_ /fd|f] lsl;dsf] kf]lifnf] 3fF; eGgfn] M ev{/sf] slnnf] 3fF;, al;{d, h} / a8x/, 

s'6ld/f], ledn h:tf 8fn]3fF; .

1. 34 


dflysf] tflnsf k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf 

;a}eGbf dflysf] nfOg x]g]{ xf] eg] o;n] lgDg s'/f b]vfpF5 . 

!= olb ufO{n] %ln6/ b"w lbO/x]sf] 5 / dWod :t/Lo 3fF; kfO/x]sf] 5 eg] / b"wdf $ 

k|ltzt 3[tf+z 5 eg] @=! lsnf] bfgf lbP k'U5 t/ ^=% k|ltzt 3[tf+z 5 eg] @=$ 

lsnf] bfgf lbg' cfjZos kb{5 . 

@= t/ Tolt g} bfgf -@=! lsnf]_ / g/fd|f] 3fF; kfO/x]sf] 5 eg] Tof] ufO{n] cGbfh @ ln6/ 

dfq b"w lbG5 . 

#= Tolx ufO{n] olb pQd vfnsf] kf]lifnf] 3fF; vfg kfPsf] 5, bfgf @=! lsnf] kfPsf] 5 / 

olb p;sf] j+zf0f'ut Ifdtf a9L b"w lbg] 5 eg] $Ü 3[tf+z ePsf] !)!@ ln6/ b"w 

lbg ;S5 eg]/ cg'dfg klg ug{ ;lsG5 . 

^=# ljleGg lsl;dsf] 3fF;sf] cfwf/df bfgf agfpg] ;/n tl/sf 

kz'j:t'nfO{ s:tf] lsl;dsf] bfgf v'jfpg' kb{5 eGg] s'/f kz'j:t'n] s:tf] 3fF; vfg 

kfO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fdf e/ kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof 3fF; /fd|f] 5 jf g/fd|f] 5 eg]/ 5'6\ofpg 

tL 3fF;df ePsf] k|f]l6gsf] dfqfnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] rng 5 . olb dflysf] tflnsf / tn 

k|:t't ul/Psf] tflnsf k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] ;fwf/0f bfgf tof/ ug{ Tolt ufx|f] kb}{g . dflysf] 

tflnsfn] bfgf tof/ ug{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] sRrf kbfy{x¿nfO{ juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . tnsf] 

tflnsfn] s:tf] lsl;dsf] 3fF; vfg kfPsf] cj:yfdf slt k|ltzt;Dd k|f]l6g ePsf] bfgf 

v'jfpg' cfjZos 5 / To:tf] lsl;dsf] bfgf 3/fo;L lx;fan] s;/L agfpg ;lsG5 eg]/ 

b]vfPsf] 5 . 

pbfx/0fsf] nflu olb kz'j:t'n] !^Ü eGbf a9L k|f]l6g ePsf] 3fF; h:t} slnnf] sf];] 3fF; - 

al;{d_ jf o'l/of dn 5/]sf] slnnf] 3fF; jf ltgsf ;+ld>0f vfg kfO/x]sf] 5 eg] !@ b]lv 

!$Ü ;Dd k|f]l6g ePsf] bfgf v'jfP k'U5 . To:tf] bfgf tof/ ug{ tnsf] tflnsf k|of]u ug{ 

;lsG5 h:tf] *) efu !@Ü eGbf sd k|f]l6g ePsf] sRrf kbfy{, !) efu !@!*Ü k|f]l6g 

ePsf] sRrf kbfy{ / !) efu !( b]lv @*Ü k|f]l6g ePsf] bfgf tof/ x'G5 . ;f] bfgfn] 

dfly pNn]lvt ufO{ e}+;LnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k|f]l6g pknAw u/fpF5 . 

t/ olb kz'j:t'n] !)Ü eGbf sd k|f]l6g ePsf] 3fF; -h:t}M k/fn, gn, l5lKkPsf] 3fF;, 

ds}sf] ;fOn]h cflb_ vfO{/x]sf] 5 eg] !( b]lv @#Ü ;Dd k|f]l6g ePsf] bfgf agfP/ 

v'jfpg' kb{5 . To:tf] bfgf %) efu !@Ü eGbf sd k|f]l6g ePsf] sRrf kbfy{, #) efu !( 

b]lv @*Ü k|f]l6g ePsf] sRrf kbfy{ / @) efu #% b]lv %)Ü ;Dd k|f]l6g ePsf] sRrf 

kbfy{ ld;fP/ tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .


1. 35 

tflnsf g+= ^@ ljleGg lsl;dsf] 3fF;sf] cfwf/df bfgf agfpg] ;/n tl/sf 

!)) lsnf] bfgf agfpg k|of]u ug' { kg]{ sRrf kbfy{sf] 

dfqf * 

!@Ü eGbf sd k|f]l6g 

ePsf] sRrf kbfy{ 

!@-!*Ü 

k|f]l6g 

ePsf] 

sRrf 

kbfy{ 

!(-@*Ü 

k|f]l6g 

ePsf] 

sRrf 

kbfy{ 

#@-%)Ü 

k|f]l6g 

ePsf] 

sRrf 

kbfy{ 

tof/ 

ePsf] 

bfgfdf 

k|f]l6g 

k|ltzt 

!^ % eGbf al9 k|f]l6g ePsf] 3fF; v'jfPsf] cj:yf slnnf] 

sf]z] 3fF;, o'l/of 

dn xfn]sf] 3fF; jf ltgsf ;ld>0f_ 

gd"gf 

*) !) !) ) +/-!@=) ! 

%) %) ) ) +/-!#=) @ 

&) !) @) ) +/-!#=) # 

*) !) ) !) +/-!#=) $ 

^) @) @) ) +/-!$=) % 

&) ) #) ) +/-!$=) ^ 

!!-!%Ü k|f]l6g ePsf] 3fF; v'jfPsf] cj:yf 

gd"gf 

-cln l5lKkPsf] sf]z] 3fF;, slnnf] e'O{ 3fF;, 8fn] 3fF; jf ltgsf 

;ld>0f_ 

^) ! ) !) +/-!%=) ! 

&) @ !) !) +/-!%=@ @ 

*) # ) @) +/-!^=$ # 

&% $ % @) +/-!&=! $ 

^) % #) !) +/-!&=$ % 

^) @) ) @) +/-!&=^ ^ 

!) % eGbf sd k|f]l6g ePsf] 3fF; v'jfPsf] cj:yf 

gd"gf 

-l5lKkPsf] sf]z] 3fF;, k/fn, gn, ds}sf] ;fOn]h cflb_ 

&) ) ) #) +/-!(=^ ! 

%) ) #) @) +/-@)=^ @ 

%) ) @) #) +/-@@=$ # 

^) ) ) $) +/-@@=* $ 

gf]6 M k|f]l6gsf] dfqf cfwf/df bfgfdf k|of]u x'g] sRrf kbfy{x¿sf] juL{s/0f cg';f/ 

:yfgLo txdf kfOg] sRrf kbfy{ 5gf]6 ug' { kb{5 .

1. 36 


&= bfgfsf s]xL gd"gf kmd"{nfx¿ 

o'=P;=P=cfO{=8L= sf] b'Uw Aoj;fo ;xof]u sfo{qmd (ATS Project) n] @)%! df kf]v/f / 

a'6jn sf nflu s]lx kmd{ "nfx? s[ifsx?sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 . 

kf]v/f If]qsf] nflu 

-!_ bfgfsf] kmd"{nfx¿ 

Tfflnsf g+= ^# ljleGg kf]if0f tTj ePsf bfgfsf] kmd" {nf -gd"gf !#_ 

sRrf kbfy{ 

!*Ü k|f]l6g ePsf] bfgfsf] 

gd"gf -lsnf]_ 

!$Ü k|f]l6g ePsf] bfgfsf] 

gd"gf 

-lsnf]_ 

! @ # ! @ # 

ds} @@=@ &%=@ %$=) ^^=^ ^#=( 

e6df; @^=( @(=^ @!=^ @=@ $=@ 

ux'F @@=@ 

sf]bf] %%=( ^*=^ 

uf]ldg ldg/n #=& #=^ #=# #=$ #=@ #=# 

ldS;r/_ 

tf]/Lsf] lkgf &=( !$=^ !^=& !%=& 

9'6f] @@=@ @@=( 

g"g !=% !=% !=% !=% !=% 

hDdf 

-lsnf]_ 

!!)=@ !)(=( !!)=% !!!=) !!)=* 

kf}li6s tTjx¿M 

!=( !=( !=* !=* @)=& !=&% 

vf; zlQm 

d]ufs}nf]/L k|ltlsnf]_ 

k|f]l6g -Ü_ !*=) !*=) !*=) !$=) !=% !$=) 

SoflN;od -Ü_ !=) !=) !=) !=) !!)=( !=) 

km:kmf]/; )=&% )=*$ !=)# )=(# )=*$ 

gf]6M LCC CRSP INPB Nepal Project nfu' ePsf lhNnfx¿ Uf]/vf, tgx'F / o:t} 

xfjfkfgL ePsf / prfO{ ePsf lhNnfx¿sf nflu of] bfgfsf] kmd'{nf k|of]u u/L bfgf 

agfpg ;lsG5 . 

dfly pNn]lvt bfgf dWo] !*Ü k|f]l6gjfnf bfgf Aofpg' eGbf @ dlxgf klxnf b]lv AofPsf] 

$% dlxgf;Dd k|of]u ug'{ j]z x'G5 eg] !$Ü k|f]l6gjfnf bfgf afFsL cj:yfsf] nflu k|of]u 

ug'{ j]z x'G5 . To:t} !*Ü k|f]l6gjfnf bfgf lgGg:t/sf] 3fF; -k/fn, gn, l5lKkPsf] 3fF;


1. 37 

cflb_ v'jfpFbf k|of]u ug' { j]z x'G5 eg] slnnf] kf]lifnf] 3fF; h:t} hO{, al;{d cflb v'jfpFbf 

!$Ü k|f]l6gjfnf bfgf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

-@_ bfgfsf] pkof]u 

:yfgLo :t/df pknAw 3fF; / dfly pNn]lvt bfgfsf] cfwf/df b"w pTkfbg x]/]/ ufO{nfO{ 

v'jfpg' kg]{ ljleGg j:t'sf] dfqf -lsnf]u|fd k|ltlbg_ tflnsf ^# df b]vfOPsf] 5 . 

Tfflnsf ^$ Jofpg] tyf leGg kl/0ffdsf] b"w lbg] ufO{sf] nflu cfxf/f 

vfB kbfy{ -lsnf]_ 

-tfhf dfqf_ 

k/fn 

slnnf] e"O{ 3fF; 

bfgf -!*Ü k|f]l6g_ 

k/fn 

hO{ 3fF; 


k/fn 

hO{ 3fF; 

e]+r 3fF; 


slnnf] e'+O{ 3fF; 


k/fn 

xl/of] ds}sf] 9f]8 


o'l/of dn 

k/fn 

a8x/ 


k/fn 

s'6ld/f] 


k/fn 

a]¿nf] 


k/fn 

r'n]qf 


k/fn 

sfa|f] 


Aofpg] 

#=% 

 

$=% 

#=) 

!%=& 

!=& 

@=) 

!!=% 

!@=( 

!=) 

$)=) 

)=* 

)=$ 

@)=) 

!=# 

&) u|fd 

!=* 

!%=& 

)=* 

!=( 

!!=# 

)=* 

 

&=$ 

)=^ 

)=^ 

@)=) 

)=( 

 

!!=^ 

$=) 

b}lgs b"w pTkfbg -ln6/_ 

$ * !@ 

#=( 

 

%=! 

#=$ @=% !=$ 

!^=! @&=^ #%=) 

@=! #=) $=* 

!=@ 

!%=) 

!&=) 

!=@% 

$)=) 

@=) 

)=( 

@)=) 

!=& 

&) u|fd 

@=) 

!^=* 

!=@ 

!=) 

!$=* 

!=) 

 

!&=@ 

!=^ 

)=^ 

@)=) 

!=* 

 

!@=( 

$=$ 

!=% 

!*=% 

@!=) 

@=) 

$)=) 

$=^ 

@=$ 

@)=) 

@=^ 

!)) u|fd 

@=@ 

!(=) 

@=& 

!=@ 

!*=@ 

!=& 

 

!*=@ 

#=& 

)=( 

@)=) 

$=) 

 

!#=* 

^=& 

!=$ 

!*=@ 

@)=^ 

$=$ 

$)=) 

&=) 

@=$ 

@)=) 

$=( 

!)) u|fd 

@=) 

!*=) 

%=% 

!=@ 

!&=# 

$=% 

 

!&=# 

^=$ 

)=^ 

@)=)# 

^=^

1. 38 


gf]6M 

o'l/of dn v'jfpg] xf] eg] k/fn / xl/of] 3fF;nfO{ 6'qmf kf/]/ w]/}h;f] o'l/of To;df ld;fP/ 

/ yf]/} dfq o'l/of bfgfdf Psbd} /fd|f];Fu ld;fP/ v'jfpg' kb{5 . o'l/ofsf] k"/f dfqf *!) 

lbg nufP/ -lj:tf/} a9fpb} nu]/_ Ps lbgdf klg k6s k6s u/]/ dfq v'jfpg' kb{5 . t/ 

:ynut tflnd k|fKt u/]kl5 dfq o'l/ofsf] k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . 

lrtjg If]qsf] nflu 

kf]v/f If]qnfO{ h:t} lrtjg If]qsf] nflu klg bfgfsf kmd" {nfx¿ tof/ kf/L tn k|:t't 

ul/Psf 5g\ . 

-!_ bfgfsf kmd" {nfx¿ -!*Ü k|f]l6g_ 

tflnsf g+= ^% ljleGg kf]if0f tTj ePsf bfgfsf] kmd"{nfsf] -gd"gf_ 

sRrf kbfy{ 

ds} 

hf} 

9'6f] 

ux' +sf] rf]s/ 

e6df;sf] lkgf 

tf]/Lsf] lkgf 

cfn;sf] lkgf 

uf]ldg -ldg/n 

ldS;r/_ 

gd"gf! 

-lsnf]_ 

#*=) 

 

@)=@ 

!%=) 

!)=) 

!)=) 

$=& 

@=! 

gd"gf@ 

-lsnf]_ 

#@=# 

 

@#=$ 

!%=) 

 

!)=) 

!&=# 

!=(% 

gd"gf# 

-lsnf]_ 

#&=* 

 

@)=) 

!%=) 

!@=% 

!@=) 

 

@=* 

gd"gf$ 

-lsnf]_ 

#@=& 

!)=) 

@)=) 

!)=) 

!!=) 

!#=^ 

 

@=& 

ykg"g !=% !=% !=% !=% 

!=* !=&$ !=&$ !=&$ 

zlQm -d]uf 

Sofnf]/L÷lsnf]_ 

k|f]l6g 

SoflN;od 

km:kmf]/; 

gf]6 M 

 

!*Ü 

)=*Ü 

!=!Ü 

!*Ü 

)=*Ü 

!=!Ü 

!*Ü 

!=)Ü 

!=!%Ü 

!*Ü 

!=)Ü 

!=!Ü 

of] lsl;dsf] bfgf xl/of] sd x' Fbf / Aofpg' eGbf @ xKtf b]lv AofPsf] #$ 

dlxgf;Dd k|of]u ug'{ j]z x'G5 . 

olb bfgfdf hf} /fVg' 5 eg] cfwf lsnf] ds} / cfwf lsnf] ux"+sf] rf]s/ lems]/ ! 

lsnf] hf} ld;fpg ;lsG5 .


@= dWod :t/Lo bfgfsf s]xL gd"gfx¿ -!$=%Ü k|f]l6g_ 

sRrf kbfy{ 

ds} 

hf} 

9'6f] 

ux'+sf] rf]s/ 

tf]/Lsf] lkgf 

cfn;sf] lkgf 

uf]ldg -ldg/n ldS;r/_ 

df]nf;]; -e]nL_ 

Tflnsf ^=^ dWo :t/Lo bfgfsf s]xL gd'gfx? 

gd"gf-! 

-lsnf]_ 

$&=# 

!)=) 

!%=) 

!)=) 

!%=) 

_ 

@=* 

_ 

gd"gf-@ 

-lsnf]_ 

$$=! 

_ 

@%=# 

!%=) 

_ 

!@=% 

#=) 

_ 

gd"gf-# 

-lsnf]_ 

%@=) 

_ 

!%=) 

!%=) 

!@=* 

@=# 

@=** 

_ 

gd"gf-$ 

-lsnf]_ 

@!=( 

_ 

$)=* 

!)=) 

!%=) 

_ 

@=# 

!)=) 

1. 39 

yk-g"g !=% !=% !=% !=% 

zlQm -d]uf Sofnf]/L_ 

k|f]l6g 

SoflN;od 

km:kmf]/; 

!=&% 

!$Ü 

!=)Ü 

!=!Ü 

!=&% 

!$Ü 

!=)Ü 

!=@Ü 

!=&% 

!$Ü 

!=)Ü 

!=!Ü 

!=^% 

!$=)Ü 

!=)Ü 

!=)Ü 

gf]6 M bfgfdf e6\df;sf] lkgf /fVbf bfgf lgs} dx+uf] x'g hfG5 . 

#= :yfgLo :t/df pknAw 3fF; / dfly pNn]lvt bfgfsf] cfwf/df kz'j:t'sf] nflu b"w 

pTkfbg x]/]/ v'jfpg' kg]{ ljleGg j:t'sf] dfqf -lsnf]u|fd k|ltlbg_

1. 40 


Tflnsf ^& b"w oTkfbgsf] cfwf/df s]lx v'/fssf] gd'gfx? 

v'jfpg] kbfy{ 

k/fn, lsnf] 

bfgf -!*% k|f]l6g_, lsnf] 

yk e6\df; , lsnf] 

yk tf]/Lsf] lkgf, lsnf] 

k/fn, lsnf] 

xl/of] ds}sf] 3fF; , lsnf] 



k/fn, lsnf] 

al;{d 3fF; , lsnf] 

bfgf -!*Ü k|f]l6g_, lsnf] 

k/fn, lsnf] 

hO{ 3fF; , lsnf] 



k/fn, lsnf] 

e]r 3fF; -s'l6n sf];f_,lsnf] 


k/fn, lsnf] 

e]r 3fF; , lsnf] 

hO{ 3fF; , lsnf] 


b"w pTkfbg -s]=hL= k|ltlbg_ 

Jofpg] @) @) !% !% !) !) % % 

&=! k/fndfq &=! &=! &=! 

!=) v'jfpFbf olt &=# %=# #=@ 

)=& b'wpTkfbg - - - 

)=% ug{ ;lsGg )=& )=# - 

%=% 

*=* 

- 

!=% 

%=& 

!@=# 

)=& 

%=^ 

!@=( 

)=# 

)=& 

%=& 

!#=! 

)=% 

%=@ 

!#=% 

!#=% 

)=# 

%=% 

*=* 

&=) 

!=& 

%=* 

!@=# 

*=% 

%=^ 

!@=* 

*=# 

)=% 

%=* 

!@=@ 

*=^ 

%=& 

!$=* 

!$=* 

%=( 

&=) 

#=% 

*=! 

- 

%=% 

*=* 

%=) 

!=$ 

%=* 

!@=# 

^=@ 

%=^ 

!@=( 

^=# 

- 

%=& 

!#=! 

^=@ 

%=& 

!$=* 

!$=* 

#=% 

^=^ 

^=# 

- 

- 

%=% 

*=* 

#=! 

!=) 

%=* 

!@=# 

#=* 

%=^ 

!@=& 

$=) 

- 

%=& 

!#=! 

#=* 

%=& 

!$=* 

!$=* 

!=& 

%=% 

*=* 

!=$ 

)=$ 

%=% 

*=* 

@=! 

- 

%=* 

!@=# 

!=% 

%=* 

!@=@ 

!=( 

- 

%=& 

!#=! 

!=% 

%=* 

!@=$ 

!@=$ 

)=( 

k/fn, lsnf] 

g]lko/ 3fF;, lsnf] 



k/fn, lsnf] 

e'+O{ 3fF; , lsnf] 



e'+O{ 3fF; , lsnf] 


%=@ 

!!=* 

- 

!=% 

%=) 

!)=* 

)=( 

!=) 

#^=* 

)=^ 

of] ld>0f 

v'jfP/ olt 

b'w pTkfbg 

ug{ ;lsGg 

of] ld>0f 

v'jfP/ olt 

b'w pTkfbg 

ug{ ;lsGg 

%=@ 

!!=* 

*=$ 

!=! 

%=) 

!)=* 

&=# 

)=! 

#^=* 

^=# 

%=@ 

!!=* 

^=$ 

)=& 

&=% 

@!=^ 

$=^ 

%=@ 

!!=* 

$=$ 

)=# 

%=) 

!)=* 

%=! 

#^=* 

#=( 

%=@ 

!!=* 

@=$ 

- 

%=) 

!)=* 

@=& 

#^=* 

!=^

kl/R5]b& 

kz' kf]if0f ;DaGwL s]xL hfGg} kg] { tYox¿ 

ufO{ e} +;L kfns s[ifsx?n] kz' cfxf/f / pkof]u ;DaGwL s]xL tYox¿ hfGg lgtfGt 

cfjZos 5 h;n] kf]lifnf] t/ sd nfutsf] v'/fs tof/ kfg{ d2t k'¥ofpF5 h;sf] pNn]v 

lgDg tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 -tflnsf &!_ . 

tflnsf &! kz' kf]if0f ;DaGwL s]xL hfGg} kg] { tYox¿ 

ufO{/e} +;Lsf] cfgf] zf/Ll/s jhg / pTkfbg kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df Ps lbgdf :j]R5fn] vfg 

;Sg] clwstd ;'Vvf kbfy{sf] dfqf lgwf{l/t / l;dLt x'G5 . o;nfO{ lgDg ;lds/0faf6 

a'em\g ;lsG5 . 

DMI (Kg/day) = 0.025W + 0.1Y 

;'Vvf kbfy{ ;]jg -s]=hL=/lbg_ = )=)@% zf/Ll/s tf}n + )=! b'w pTkfbg pbfx/0fsf] 

nflu, olb $)) s]=hL= zf/Ll/s tf}n ePsf] ufO{n] !) s]=hL= b'w lbG5 eg] ;f] ufO{n] Ps 

lbgdf vfg ;Sg] clwstd ;'Vvf kbfy{ 

= )=)@% x $)) + )=! x !) = !) + ! = !!=) s]=hL= xf] . 

oxL !!=) s]=hL= ;'Vvf kbfy{af6 p;nfO{ z/L/ wfGg / pTkfbgsf] nflu cfjZos zlQm, 

k|f]l6g, vlgh / le6fldg pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 . ctM al9 pTkfbglzn kz'nfO{ al9 

kf]lifnf] v'/fs cfjZos kb{5 . 

!= ;'Vvf kbfy{sf] cfwf/df ufO{ e} +;LnfO{ cfjZos kg] { hDdf v'/fssf] #% k|ltzt eGbf sd 

v'/fs 3fF; k/fnaf6 pknAw u/fPdf b'wsf] 3[tf+z 36\5 . 

@= al9 bfgf v'jfPdf jf d'Vo v'/fs g} k/fn ePdf km:kmf]/; tTj yk]/ v'jfpg' kb{5 . 

#= bnxg jf sf]z] hftsf 3fF;df -h:t} al;{d, af]8L, d:ofË cflb_ c¿ 3fF;df eGbf al9 

SoflN;od x'G5 . 

$= km:kmf]/;tTj sld ePdf b]lvg] klxnf] nIf0f k|hgg\df sld cfpg' xf] . 

%= 3fF; / cgfh jf bfgfdf -;'Svf kbfy{sf] cfwf/df lgDg s'/fx¿ km/s 5g\ . %= 3fF; / 

cgfh jf bfgfdf -;'Vvf kbfy{sf cfwf/df_ lgDg s'/fx¿ km/s 5g\ M 

3fF; 

bfgf -cgfh_ 

zlQm k|lt lsnf] sd al9 

/]zfsf] dfqf al9 sd 

k|f]l6gsf] dfqf 3fF; = *-!*Ü ;Dd !)-() Ü ;Dd 

sf]z] 3fF; = !%-@#Ü 

k/fn = $Ü eGbf sd 

vlgh kbfy{ al9 sd 

km:kmf]/; sd sd 

le6fldg al9 sd 

kRg ;Sg] ^%Ü eGbf sd *)Ü eGbf al9

1. 42 

1. kz' kf]if0f ufO{ ;DaGwL e}+;Lsf] cfxf/f s]xL hfGg} tof/L kg]{ / pkof]u tYox? 

{ 

Aofpg] ufO{ e}+;LnfO{ Jofpg' eGbf @ xKtf cufl8 b]lv g} bfgf v'jfpg z'¿ ug' { kb{5 . 

bfgfsf] kl/df0f lj:tf/} a9fpb} hfg' kb{5 . o;/L a9fp+bf @ xKtf leqdf AofPkl5 ufO{n] 

hlt vfG5 Tolt bfgf vfg;Sg] agfpg' kb{5 . o;/L lj:tf/} a9fp+b} bfgf v'jfPdf ufO{n] 

cfgf] Ifdtf cg';f/ b'w lbg] / bfgfsf] sf/0faf6 ufO{ lj/fdL x'g] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 . 

pGgt ufO{n] cfgf] zf/Ll/s jhgsf] !=@ b]lv !=@%% ;Dd dfq Pg=8L=Pkm=(Neutral 

detergent fibre) vfg ;Qm5g\ eg] e} +;Ln] !=$ b]lv !=%%;Dd Pg=8L=Pkm= vfg 

;Qm5g\ . k/fndf Pg=8L=Pkm=sf] dfqf lgs} al9 x'G5 . o;}n] e} +;Lsf] t'ngfdf ufO{n] sd 

k/fn vfg ;Qm5g\ . 

Aofpg' eGbf s]xL xKtf klxnf ufO{ e}+;Lsf] cfjZostf eGbf al9 jf sd SoflN;od 

v'jfPdf cyf{t 7Ls dfqfdf SoflN;od gv'jfPdf "ldNs lkme/" x'g] ;Defjgf al9 x'G5 . 

cdl/;f]df km:kmf]/;sf] t'ngfdf lgs} al9 SoflN;od x'g] x'gfn] ;s];Dd dflysf] 

cj:yfdf cdl/;f] 3fF; k|of]u gug'{ j]z x'G5 . cdl/;f] jf 8fn]3fF; v'jfO{ /x]sf] 5 eg] 

bfgfdf SoflN;odsf] dfqf sd ug{ ' kb{5 . 

aGbf, sfpnL / xl/of] tf]/Ldf al9 dfqfdf "gfO6] «6" eGg] of}lus kbfy{ x'g] x'gfn] jfnL 

hfg] ;dodf kz'j:t'nfO{ v'jfPdf jfnL ghfg] ;Defjgf al9 x'G5 . To:t} Snf]e/ 

lsl;ddf vf;u/]/ Trifolium hftsf 3fF;df al9 dfqfdf O:6«f]hg gfds xdf] {g x'g] 

x'gfn] jfnL hfg] ;dodf v'jfpg' x'Gg . 

csf]z] 3fF; eGbf sf]z] 3fF;df k|f]l6gsf] dfqf al9 x'G5 . ctM g]lko/, xl/of] ds}, d'nf6f], 

;]6]l/of h:tf 3fF; Psn¿kdf v'jfpFg'eGbf oL 3fF;df ! ltxfO{;Dd Olkn Olkn, al;{d, 

af]8L jf 8fn]3fF; ld;fP/ v'jfPdf b'w pTkfbg bf]Aa/;Dd a9fpg ;lsG5 . 

kf8L jf afR5L hGd]sf] Ps jif{ leq g} ;f/} df]6f] ePdf sNr} +8f]df b'w pTkfbg ug] 

sf]lifsfsf] a[låsf] ;§fdf af];f] nfUg hfG5 . o;n] ubf{ JofFpbf b'w sd lbG5 . 

ljsf;] ufO{sf] afR5LnfO{ s/Lj @^ dlxgfsf] pd]/df Jofpg] lx;fjn] :ofxf/ k'¥ofpg' 

k5{ . al9 pd]/df AofPdf pTkfbg nfut a95 / sd pd]/df AofPdf Aofpg uf/f] x'g] / 

kl5 k|hgg ;Djlw ;d:of b]vf kg{ ;S5 . 

klxnf] j]t] ufO{ jf e}+;LnfO{ dfp ufO{ jf e}+;Lsf] jufnaf6 cnu /fv]/ :ofxf/ xf/ 

k'¥ofPdf b'w pTkfbg a9L], rfF8} jfnL hfg] / t'lxg] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 .

ufO{sf] cfxf/f 

45 

leGg cj:yfsf ufO{nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ v'/fssf] cnu dfqfg';f/ v'jfpg' k5{ (Reddy, 2001) . 

-!_ klxnf] tLg dlxgf;Ddsf] cfxf/f 

-@_ tLg dlxgfb]lv ! aif{;Ddsf] afR5fafR5L÷sf]/nLsf] cfxf/f 

-#_ jo:s ufO{sf] cfxf/f 

-$_ ule{0fL ufO{sf] cfxf/f 

-%_ JofPsf] ufO{sf] cfxf/f 

-^_ k|hgg\ ;fF9]sf] cfxf/f 

-&_ sfd ug] { uf]?sf] cfxf/f 

!= klxnf] tLg dlxgf;Ddsf] cfxf/f 

ufO{sf] cfxf/f (Cattle Feeding) 

-s_ klxnf] # lbgsf] pd]/;Ddsf] cfxf/f 

hGd]b]lv klxnf] # lbg;Dd ufO{sf] afR5fafR5LnfO{ ljuf}lt b"w v'jfpg' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . 

hGd]sf] @ 306f leqdf ljuf}lt b"w v'jfO{ ;Sg'k5{ . To;kl5 # lbg;Dd lbgsf] @ k6s -ljxfg 

/ j]n'sf_ v'jfpg' k5{ . ljuf}lt b"wnfO{ttfpg' x'b}g . lsgsL o;df k|z:t k|f] l6g kfOg] ePsf]n] 

tftf]n] kmf6\5 . o:tf]kmf6]sf] b"w afR5fafR5LnfO{ v' jfpg' x'b}g . k|foM @ b] lv @=% ln6/ ljuf}tL 

eP ! lbgsf] nflu kof{Kt x'G5 . ljuf}tL tyf b"wsf] cfjZostf afR5fafR5Lsf] zf/Ll/s jhgsf] 

cfwf/df lx;fj ul/G5 . k|foM afR5fafR5Lsf] zf/Ll/s tf}nsf] * k|ltzt -#) s]=hL= tf}n ePsf] 

afR5fafR5LnfO{ @=$ ln6/_ ljuf}tL b"w v'jfPdf k|z:t k'U5 . afR5fafR5Lsf] z/L/sf] tfkqmd 

cg';f/sf] dgtftf] ljuf}tL b"w v'jfPdf /fd|f] x'G5 . 

ljuf}lt b"w v'jfpgfn] x'g] kmfObfx? 

!= ljuf}tL b"wdf nfebfos tTjx? h:t} M Gamma-Globulin kfOG5 . h:n] 

afR5fafR5LnfO{ ;+qmfds /f]uaf6 arfO{ /fV5 . hGdg] ljlQs} afR5fafR5Lsf] /utdf 

Gamma-Globulin sf] dfqf )=(& ldlnu|fd÷PdPn x'G5 . ljuf}tL b"w v'jfPsf] 

!@ 306fdf km]l/ /ut k/LIf0f ubf{ !^=%% ldlnu|fd x'G5 . bf]>f] lbgdf of] tTj 

/utdf a9]/ k|lt Pd=Pn @*=!* ldlnu|fd k'U5 . o;af6 of] k|i6 x'G5 sL ljuf}tL b"w 

v'jfpgfn] Gamma-Globulin h:tf] tTj /utdf k|z:t a9\5 . h:n] /f]u nfUgaf6 

afR5fafR5LnfO{ arfP/ /fV5 . 

@= ljuf}tL b"wdf k|f]l6g ;fwf/0f b"w eGbf k|z:t} -# b]lv % u'0ff a9L_ kfOG5 / o:df sk/ 

, DofUg]l;od, cfO/g, Dofguflgh h:tf cTofjZos vlgh nj0f klg k|z:t kfOG5 . 

#= ljuf}tL b"wdf ;fwf/0f b"w eGbf % b]lv !% u'0ff a9L le6fldg P kfOG5 . ;fy} o;df 

Riboflavin, Choline, Thiamine / Pantothenic acid h:tf clt dxTjk"0f{ 

le6fldg klg k|z:t dfqfdf kfOG5 .

{ 

46 


$= ljuf}tL b"wn] kfrg k|0ffnLnfO{ lrKnf] / nrsbf/ agfpF5 . h:af6 kr]sf] kbfy{ 

;lhn}l;t aflx/ lg:sg ;S5 . 

-v_ tLg lbgb]lv # dlxgfsf] pd]/;Ddsf] cfxf/f 

of] cjlwdf afR5faflR5nfO{ cfxf/fsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . of] cjlwdf jfR5f x'sf{pg ljleGg 

Feeding system ckgfOPsf] kfOG5 . h'g lgDg cg';f/ JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . 

-!_ kof{Kt b"w v'jfpg] (Liberal Milk Feeding) 

-@_ b"wsf] ;§f cGo cfxf/f Milk Replacer sf] k|of]u ug] { (Using Milk Replacer) 

-#_ lgolGqt b"w / ;'Svf sfkm :6f6{/sf] k|of]u (Limited Milk Feeding Plus a Dry 

Calf Starter_ 

-$_ g;{ ufO{ tl/sf (Nurse Cow Methods) 

!= kof{Kt b"w v'jfpg] -Liberal Milk Feeding_ 

afR5fafR5LnfO{ pgLx?n] vfg ;s]hlt k"0f{ b"w (Whole milk) vfg :jtGq 5f]8L lbg'k5{ . 

h:n] /fd|f] zf/Ll/s j[l4 x'g;S5 . of]t/Lsfdf jfR5fsf] zf/Ll/s tf}nsf] cfwf/df lgDg cg';f/ 

b"w v'jfpg' k5{ . 

klxnf] # xKtf;Dd jfR5fsf] tf} +nsf] !÷!) efu 

rf}yf] / kfFrf} xKtf;Dd afR5fsf] tf}nsf] !÷!% efu 

5}+7f}+ xKtf b]lv gf} xKtf;Dd afR5fsf] tf} +n !÷@) efu 

tflnsf ^# df b]vfP h:t} 5}7f} + xKtf b]lv Skim Milk v'jfpg] / bzf}+xKtf b]lv Skim Milk 

qmd};+u 36fpFb} hfg'k5{ . 

o;/L b"w v'jfpbf b"wsf] tfkqmd #@=@ b]lv #&=* ) C ;Dd x'g'k5{ . 

rf}lj; 306fsf] nflu cfjZos kg] { b"wnfO{ j/fj/ dfqfdf efu u/L yf]/} yf]/} dfqfdf 

(h:t}M lbgsf] tLg k6s *÷* 306fsf] km/sdf_ v'jfpg ;s]df clt g} /fd|f] 

x'G5 . o;/L l7Ss dfqfdf lgwf{l/t ;do cGt/fndf v'jfpgfn] afR5fjfR5Ln] 5]g] 

;d:ofaf6 d'lQm kfpF5g . 

olb afR5fjfR5Ln] 5]g{ yfn]df b"wsf] dfqf 36fO{lbg'k5{ / %) ldlnu|fd Terramycin 

jf Aureomycin b"wdf ld;fP/ vfg lbg'k5{ . 

k"0f{ b"w (Whole Milk) df le6fldg P kfOG5 . t/ olb Skim Milk v'jfPsf] 5 

eg] le6fldg P b"wdf yKg' k5{ . h:n] le6fldg P sf] sdL x'g gkfcf];\ . 

@= b"wsf] ;§f ldNs l/Kn];/sf] pkof]u (Using Milk Replacer) 

Joj;flos ?kdf b"w a]Rg] s[ifsx?n] jfR5jfR5LnfO{ b"wsf] ;§f k|foM b"wsf] h:t} sfo{ ug] { 

Ifdtf ePsf Milk Replacer tof/ kf/L v'jfpF5g\ . o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf Milk Replacer


47 

kf]if0ftTjsf b[li6df k"0f{ (Complete) x'g'k5{ . tflnsf g+= ^! df b]vfPsf ;fdu|L pkof]u 

u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] Milk Replacer nfO{ JofPsf % lbg b]lv %) lbg;Dd nuftf/ v'jfpg] 

/ %! lbgb]lv la:tf/} dfqf sd ub}{ ^) lbgsf] lbgdf k"0f{ ?kn] /f]Sg ;lsG5 . 

Milk Replace sf] gd"gf M 

tflnsf ^! jfR5fjfR5Lsf] nflu Milk Replacer -%) s]=hL=_ 

pbfx/0f ! 

vfB ;fdu|Lx? 

kl/df0f -s]=hL=_ 

!= Dried Skim Milk @%=) 

@= Dried Whey %=@% 

#= Distiller Dried Soluble &=) 

$= Oat Flour #=@) 

%= Dried Butter Milk %=) 

^= Dextrose #=$) 

&= Dicalcium Phosphate )=() 

*= Trace Minerals )=@# 

(= Aureomycin @=)) 

!)= Vitamin D #)),))) I.U= 

!@= Vitamin A 

!,)),)),)) I.U. 

gf]6 M IVRI n] ljsf; u/L k|of]udf NofPsf] . 

pbfx/0f @ 

vfB ;fdu|Lx? 

kl/0ffd -s]= hL_ 

!= Dried Skim Milk %)=) 

@= Dried Whey #)=) 

#= Dextrose *=) 

$= Oat Flour %=) 

%= Brewer's Yeast %=) 

^= Irradiated Yeast )=@^ 

&= Trace Minerals )=)$ 

*= Stabilized Vit. A. Supplement !=& 

vfB ;fdu|Lx? 

pbfx/0f # 

kl/df0f -s]=hL=_ 

!= Wheat flour !)=) 

@= Fish Meal !@ =) 

#= Linseed Meal $)=) 

$= Coconut Oil &=) 

%= Linseed Oil #=) 

^= Butyric acid )=#

48 


&= Citric acid !=$ 

*= Molasses !) =) 

(= Mineral Mixture #=) 

!)= Auromicin )=# 

!!= Milk !# =) 

hDdf !))=) 

!@= Rovimix !=% 

gf]6 M pbfx/0f @ / # milk replacer kmd'{nf NDRI Karnal n] ljsf; u/L ;kmntfk"j{s pkof]udf 

NofPsf] . 

#= lgolGqt b"w / ;'Svf sfkm :6f6{/ 

afR5fafR5L !) lbgsf] pd]/ ePkl5 logLx? ;'Svf cfxf/f yfN5g . Joj;flos 8]/L kmfd{df b"w 

a]lrg] ePsf]n] k"0f{ b"wnfO{ lj:tflkt ug{ sfkm :6f6{/ v'jfpg] ul/G5 . jfR5fnfO{ :6f6{/ vfg] 

afgL a;fpg b"w v'jfO{ ;s]kl5 afR5fjfR5Lsf] y't'gf]df clnslt :6f6{/ blnlbg' k5{ . sfkm 

:6f6{/ tof/ ubf{ pkof]udf NofO{g] vfB ;fdu|Lx? / dfqf tflnsf ^@ df b]vfOPsf] 5 . h;sf] 

@# b]lv @^Ü ;Dd CP / &)Ü T.D.N. x'G5 . :yfgLo vfB ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u u/L tflnsf 

^@ df b]vfP cg';f/ sfkm :6f6{/ agfpg ;lsG5 . 

gd'gf sfkm :6f6{/ 

tflnsf ^@ sfk :6f6{/ tof/ ug{ k|of]u x'g] vfB ;fdu|Lx? / dfqf 

l;=g+= vfB ;fdu|Lx? kl/df0f -s]=hL=_ 

!= Crushed Barley %) 

@= Ground Nut Cake #) 

#= Wheat bran * 

$= Fish Meal !) 

%= Mineral Mixture @ 

o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf] !)) s]=hL bfgfdf lgDg cg';f/sf] cGo vfB ;fdu|L, ldg]/n / le6fldg 

ykL /fd|f];+u ld;fpg' k5{ . 

l;=g+= vfB ;fdu|L kl/df0f -s]=hL=_ 

!= Molasses -v'bf]_ %!)% 

@= Rovimix -le6fldg_ !% u|fd÷SjLG6n 

#= Salt -g'g_ )=%% 

$= Auromicin @)) u|fd÷SjLG^n


49 

sfkm :6f6{/df k|of]u x'g] vfB ;fdu|Lx?M 

:yfgLo :t/df pknJw vfB kbfy{sf] pkof]u u/L sfkm :6f6{/ tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . 

!= hf}+ sf] ;§fdf ds}, h}+, h'g]nf], / sf]bf]sf] u]8f k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

@= abfdsf] lkgfsf] ;§fdf tLn s]s, Soybean oil meal, decorticated cotton seed 

cake 

#= wfgsf] 9'6f] (Rice bran_ sf] ;§fdf ux"Fsf] 9'6f] (Wheat bran_ 

$= Fish meal sf] ;§fdf Dried skim milk, meat meal cflb . 

$= wfO{ cfdf tl/sf (Fostering Method) 

ufO{sf jfR5fjfR5LnfO{ l56f] l56f] a9fpg' 5 eg] csf] { b"w lbg] dfpm+df b"w r';fOG5 . 

slxn]sfxL @ jf # afR5fjfR5L ;d]tnfO{ dfpm+sf] b"w r';fOG5 . o;k|sf/ afR5fjfR5Ln] yk 

b"w lkpg] df}sf kfpF5g . o;/L b"w laxfg / a]n'sf r';fOG5 . 

tflnsf ^# hGd]b]lv # dlxgf;Ddsf jfR5jfR5Lsf] cfxf/f 

pd]/ k"0f{ b"w l:sd ldNs sfkm :6f6{/ -u|fd_ /fd|f] æx]Æ -bnxg 

ju{_ u|fd 

!# lbg ljuf}lt * 

@ !÷!) B wt 

$& lbg k"0f{ b"w _ 

!÷!) B wt 

bf]>f] xKtf k"0f{ b"w _ %) @)) 

!÷!) B wt 

t]>f] xKtf k"0f{ b"w _ !)) #%) 

!÷!) B wt 

rf} +yf] xKtf k"0f{ b"w _ @)) $)) 

!÷!% B wt 

kf+rf} xKtf k"0f{ b"w _ #%) %)) 

!÷!% B wt 

56f]= xKtf !÷@) B wt %)) %%) 

;ftf} xKtf !÷@) B wt ^)) ^)) 

cf7f}+ xKtf !÷@) B wt &)) ^%) 

+ 

+ 

gjf} xKtf !÷@) B wt *)) &%) 

bzf}+ xKtf qmd};+u 36fpg] ()) *%) 

Psf/f} xKtf qmd};+u 36fpg] !@)) !!)) 

jfx|f} xKtf qmd};+u 36fpg] !#)) !#)) 

t]x|f} xKtf !^)) !&)) 

gf]6 M ljuf}tL b"w !÷!) B wt eg]sf] !) s]=hL= zf/Ll/s tf}n ePsf] afR5fnfO{ ;f] tf}nsf] ! efu a/fa/ 

sf] b"w v'jfpg] cyf{t #) s]=hL= tf}n ePsf] afR5LnfO{ !÷!) x #) = # ln6/ b"w v'jfpg' k5{ .

50 


@= tLg dlxgf b]lv ! aif{;Ddsf] afR5fafR5L÷sf]/nLsf] cfxf/f 

-Feeding of calves from 3 months to 6 months) 

tflnsf ^$ tLg dlxgfb]lv ! aif{;Ddsf afR5fafR5L÷sf]/nLsf] cfxf/f 

qm=;+= pd]/ /f;gsf] dfq 

bfgf -u|fd_ 3f+;÷k/fn÷5\jfnL 

!= #^ dlxgf 

s_ !)))!%)) xl/of] h}, ds} jf ;fO{n]h !) s]=hL= 

v_ &%)!))) jl;{d = !=%@=% s]=hL= + 

;'Vvf 3f+; = @ s]=hL= 

u_ %))&)) xl/of] jl;{g = # s]=hL= + 

k/fn = !@ s]=hL= 

@= ^!@ dlxgf 

s_ !))) xl/of] h}, jf ds} Ö !)!% s]=hL= 

v_ !))) jl;{d + ;'Vvf 3f +; Ö !%@) + @ s]=hL= 

u_ @))) xl/of] 3f+; + ux'+sf] 5\jfnL Ö $+ @ s]=hL= 

#= !@ dlxg] sf]/nLb]lv jfnL hfg] s_ !%)) xl/of] ds} 3f+; jf h} Ö @%#) s]=hL= 

pd]/;Dd -!#)#)) s]=hL= tf} +n_ 

v_ !))) al;{d ± ;'Svf 3f+; Ö #)±%=% 

u_ @))) k/fn ± xl/of] 3f+; Ö$=% ± % 

tflnsf ^$ df b]vfOP cg';f/ k|To]s pd]/sf nflu tLg lsl;dsf 3f +; pknJwtf cg';f/ 

pbfx/0f k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . Jojxf/df xfd|f] :yfgLo ufO{x?sf] !@$ b]lv @(* s]=hL= 

tf}n;Ddsf 5g\ -tflnsf ^!^_ . dfly tflnsf ^$ df lbO{Psf] vfB kbfy{x? k|ofKt dfqfdf 

k'Ug] x'G5 . 

#= jo:s ufO{sf] cfxf/f (Feeding of Adult Cattle) 

cfxf/f agfpg] lx;fjn] ufO{nfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/G5 . ltgLx?sf] z/Ll/sf] nflu 

ljleGg p2]Zo k"/f ug{ cfjZos vfB tTjx?sf] lx;fa lgsfnL /f;g tof/ kfl/G5 . o;k|sf/ 

/f;g d'Vo @ p2]Zosf nflu lgDg cg';f/ tof/ kfl/G5 . 

!= hLjg wfGgsf] nflu cfjZos /f;g (Maintenance Ration) 

@= pTkfbg /f;g (Production Ration) 

@=! b"w pTkfbgsf] nflu (Milk Production) 

@=@ ue{ wfGgsf] nflu (To Support Pregnancy) 

@=# k|hgg ;f+ 8]sf] nflu (For Breeding Bull) 

@=$ sfdsf] nflu k|of]u x'g] uf]?sf] nflu (For Working Bullock) 

ufO{sf ljleGg cj:yf cg';f/sf] nflu cfjZos kf]if0ftTjx? (Nutrients) tflnsf ^!% df 

lj:t[t b]vfOPsf] 5 . pSt tflnsfnfO{ lgofn]/ x]/]df ufO{sf ljleGg cj:yf h:t} M sf]/nL, 

ule{0fL, uf]? / ljleGg zf/Ll/s tf}n ePsf / ljleGg zf/Ll/s j[l4 b/sf nflu cfjZos vfB 

kbfy{x? h:t} ;'Svf kbfy{ -Dry Matter), sfjf] {xfO8« ]6 Energy ?kdf, k|f]l6g (Protein), 

vlgh nj0f (Minerals) / le6fldg (Vitamin) k|i6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . tflnsf ^!% df


51 

pNn]v ePsf] vfBtTjx? b}lgs cfxf/fdf kof{Kt dfqfdf Go"gtd x'g' clt g} h?/L 5 . oL 

tTjx? cfk"lt{ x'g 3f +; / bfgf b}lgs lg/Gt/ lbg'k5{ . oL ;fdu|Lx? l7Ss cg'kftdf ePdf o:tf 

vfB kbfy{df kfOg] kf]if0f tTj (Nutrient) sf] pkof]u ;xL ?kdf x'G5 h:n] ufO{sf] z/L/nfO{ 

tGb'?:t /fVb} pTkfbg k|z:t lbg;S5 . ufO{sf cfxf/fdf d'Vo?kn] -s_ 3f+;kft, k/fn cflb / 

-v_ bfgf (Concentrate feed) kb{5g\ . bfgfx?df zlQm tyf k|f]l6g a9L x'g], ;lhn};+u 

krfpg ;lsg] / ?d]gdf ePsf hLjf0f'x?nfO{ cfjZos zlQm ;lhn};+u k|bfg ug{;Sg] h:tf 

u'0fx? x'G5g\ . h:n] ubf{ o:sf] k|of]u x'g' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . t/ ufO{sf] cfxf/fdf bfgf a9L 

dfqfdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsGg / obL u/]df -s_ ?d]gdf 3f+;kft kRg ;Sb}g / -v_ cGg dxËf] x'g] 

ePsf]n] b"wsf] pTkfbg nfut a9L x'G5 . t/ xfd|f] b]zdf oL b'j} k|sf/sf cfxf/f h:t} M -s_ 

3f +;kft / -v_ cGg ljleGg y/Ly/Lsf ljleGg df};ddf kfOG5g\, h:n] o:tf ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u 

ug] { ljsNk k|bfg u/]sf] 5 cyf{t :yfg ljz]if pknJw vfB ;fdu|L pkof]u u/L ufO{sf] nflu 

cfjZos vfB tTjsf] ;Gt'lnt lx;fj ug{ ;lsG5 . o:sf nflu :yfg ljz]ifdf pknJw cGgsf 

bfgfdf kfOg] kf]if0ftTj / d"NonfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ s'g s'g bfgf s'g s'g dfqfdf k|of]u ug{ 

;lsG5, h:n] cfxf/fnfO{ ;Gt'lnt klg kf/f]; / ;:tf] klg xf];\, eGg] tYonfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ 

Concentrate Feed tof/ kfg{ h?/L 5 . t;y{ ufO{sf] nflu Concentrate Feed agfpg] 

ljlw pbfx/0f ;d]t tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . 

$= ule{0fL ufO{sf] nflu cfxf/f (Feeding of Pregnant Cattle) 

ue{sf] clGtd @ b]lv # dlxgfsf] ule{0fL ufO{sf] nflu vf; ljz]if cfxf/fsf] Joj:yf 

x'g'k5{ . ule{0fL ufO{sf] nflu cfjZos vfBtTjx? tflnsf ^!% df b]vfOPsf] 5 . hLjg wfGg 

cfjZos bfgfdf Pregnancy allowance sf ?kdf yk bfgf lx;fa u/L v'jfpg' lgtfGt 

cfjZos 5 . cfxf/fdf bfgfsf] dfqf lglZrt ?kdf to x'g'k5{ . ;f] bfgfsf] dfqf lgwf{/0f ubf{ 

bfgfdf kfOg] kf]if0ftTj / ufO{n] k|ltlbg lbg] b"wsf] kl/df0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg' k5{ . b"w 

pTkfbgsf lx;fjn] n}gf ufO{nfO{ b'O{ ;d"xdf ljeflht ul/Psf] 5 . ;d"x -s_ b'x'gf cjlw e/ 

df !))) s]=hL= eGbf a9L b"w pTkfbg ug] { ufO{ o; ;d"xdf kb{5g\ eg] -v_ of] ;d"xdf Ps 

b'x'gf cjlw (Lactation Period) df !))) ln6/ eGbf sd b"w pTkfbg kg]{ n}gf 

kb{5g\ . s[ifsn] cfkm\gf] ufO{ s'g ;d"xdf k5{g elg PsLg u/L kf}li6stTjsf]dfqf lgwf{/0f ug{ 

;S5g\ . olb s'g} ufO{n] b'x'gf cjlwdf hlt b"w pTkfbg ug]{ cGbfh ul/Psf] 5 Tof] b"wsf] 

kl/df0fsf] )=! k|ltztn] lx;fj u/L bfgf v'jfpg k5{ . 

pbfx/0fM Pp6f n}gf] ufO{n] olb b'x"gf cjlwdf @))) s]=hL= b"w pTkfbg u5{ eg] o:tf] n}gf] 

ufO{nfO{ )=!Ü cfjZos bfgfsf] cfwf/df @ s]=hL= bfgf k|ltlbg v'jfpg' kb{5 . hLjg wfGg 

cfjZos bfgfdf yk]/ v'jfpg' k5{ .

52 


%= JofPsf] ufO{sf] nflu cfxf/f (Feeding of Cow after Calving) 

ufO{nfO{ JofPsf] #÷$ lbg;Dd tf]l/sf] lkgf h:tf] j9L k|f]l6g ePsf vfB ;fdu|L k|of]u ePsf 

bfgf v'jfpg' x'b}g . of] cj:yfdf a9L b"w pTkfbg ug{ pQ]lht (Stimulate) ug]{ vfnsf 

cfxf/f v'jfpg' x'b}g . JofPsf] # b]lv % xKtf aLrdf ufO{sf] b"w pTkfbg lgs} a9\5 . of] 

cjlwdf b"w pTkfbgnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lx;fj u/]/ v'jfpg] bfgfdf yk ! b]lv @ s]=hL= ;Dd 

bfgf lbPdf /fd|f] x'G5 . 

;Gt'lnt bfgf jf 8]/L ldS:r/ (Balanced Concentrate or Dairy Mixture) 

s[ifs :t/df ;Gt'lnt bfgf agfpbf #=% b]lv $ s]=hL=sf] ld>0f agfpg' k5{ . h:n] !) ln6/ 

b"w lbg] ufO{sf] nflu kof{Kt xf];\ . l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] dfqf ldnfP/ tn JofVof u/] cg';f/ 

tflnsf ^% cg';f/ :yfgLo :t/df !)) s]=hL= bfgf agfP/ /fVg ;s] a]; x'G5 . o;/L tof/ 

kfl/Psf] bfgf k|lt # ln6/ b"w pTkfbg a9fpg ! s]=hL= bfgf v'jfpg' k5{ . ;Gt' lnt bfgfsf] 

;ld>0f v'jfpg' h?/L 5 . lsgls s'g} Ps jf b'O{ cGgn] ufO{sf] nflu cfjZos ;j} 

kf]if0ftTjx? (Nutrient) k'/f ug{ ;Sb}g . cGg (Cereal) x?df k|f]l6g sd x'G5 eg] e6df; 

jf tf]/Lsf] lkgfdf a9L k|f]l6g kfOG5 . ;fy} cGg (Cereal) x? ;:tf 5g eg] bnxg jf t]nxg 

;fdu|L dxFuf 5g . t;y{ oL b'j} k|sf/sf ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ kf]if0ftTj / d"NonfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ sd 

d"Nosf bfgf agfpg h?/L 5 . 

bfgf tof/L (Preparation of Concentrate Mixture) 

tflnsf ^% df b]vfP cg';f/sf vfB ;fdu|Lx?sf] pkof]u ul/ bfgf ld>0f (Concentrate 

Mixture) sf] tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 (Verma. 1995) . 

tflnsf ^% 8]/L ldS:r/ bfgfsf] tof/L 

qm=;+= vfB ;fdu|Lx? efu 

!= abfdsf] lkg (GN Cake) 

(DCP 42%, TDN 75%, ME 

270 Mcal) 

@= u+x'sf] rf]s/ (Wheat Bran) 

(DCP 8%, TDN 65%, Energy 

234 Mcal) 

#= hf}+ (Oat) 

(DCP 7%, TDN 78%, Energy 

270 Mcal) 

$= rgf (Gram) 

(DCP 11%, TDN 80%, 

Energy 228 Mcal) 

k|fKt x'g] kf]if0f tTj 

DCP TDN ME Mcal 

@) *=$ !%=) %$ 

#) @=$ !(=% &@=@ 

#) @=! @#=$ *$=@ 

@) @=@ !^=( %&=^ 

hDdf !)) !%=! &$=* @^^=)


53 

s'n /f;g (Total Ration) 

b'j} hLjg wfGg tyf pTkfbgsf] nflu cfjZos vfBtTjnfO{ s'n /f;g (Total Ration_ 

elgG5 . n}gf] ufO{sf] nflu cfjZos vfB tTj / ;f] vfB tTj k"lt{sf nflu cfjZos vfB 

;fdu|Lx? lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ . pbfx/0f M $)) s]=hL= tf}+n ePsf] %% of6 ePsf] !) s]=hL= 

b"w pTkfbg ug]{ ufO{nfO{ cfjZos kf]if0ftTj lgDg cg';f/sf] x'g;S5 . 

s_ vfB tTjsf] cfjZostf 

tflnsf ^^ df b]vfP cg';f/ hLjg wfGg / pTkfbgsf] nflu vfB tjsf] cfjZoStf kb{5 . 

tflnsf ^^ vfB tTjsf] cfjZostf 

cfxf/f (Feed) 

hLjg wfGg 

(Maintenance) 

pTkfbg 

(Production) 

DM 

(kg) 

v_ cfxf/fsf] tof/L 

tflnsf ^^ df b]vfOP cg';f/ vfB tTj k|fKt ug{sf] nflu lgDg cg';f/ cfxf/f agfpg 

;lsG5 . 

gd"gf ! xl/of] 3f +; / bfgfsf] ld>0f 

DCP 

(kg) 

TDN 

(kg) 

ME 

(Mcal 

dflysf] tflnsfn] s] k|:6 b]vfp5 eg] Ca / P jfx]s cGo kf]if0ftTj of] cfxf/fn] k"lt{ 

ub{5 . sdL ePsf] SoflN;od / km:kmf]/; k"lt{ ug{ #) u|fd Bone meal yKg' k5{ . 

Ca 

(g) 

P 

(g) 

&=% )=@# #=%% !!=@) @*) @)) 

#=@ )=^@) #=&% !@=*) @( @@ 

s'n !)=& )=*% &=#) @$=)) %&=) $@=) 

qm=;+= cfxf/f (Feed) DM 

(kg) 

!= @% s]=hL= xl/of] 3f+; 

(DM #)%), DCP !%, 

TDN !$%, Energy %) M 

Cal, Ca )=^ / P )=% u|f= 

k|lt s]=hL= 3fF; 

@= $ s]=hL= bfgf ld>0f (DM 

()%, DCP !%%, TDN 

&)% Energy @&) Mcal 

ME, Ca @ u|fd, P )=% k|lt 

s]=hL= bfgf 

DCP 

(kg) 

TDN (kg) 

ME 

(Mcal) 

Ca(g) 

P(g) 

&=% )=@% #=%) !@=@% !%=) !@=@% 

#=^ )=^) #=) !)=*) *=) @)=* 

cfxf/faf6 k|fKt x'g] s'n !!=!) )=*% ^=%) @#=)% @#=)% @@=@% 

ufO{nfO{ rflxg] !)=&) )=*% &=#) @$=) %&=) $@=) 

;Gt'ng (+/-) )=$ )) )=* ))=(% #$ !(=&%

54 


gd"gf @ xl/of] bnxg 3f+ +;, e'; / bfgfsf] ld>0f k|of]u u/L tof/ ePsf] cfxf/f 


!= * s]=hL= af]8L jf n';g{ (DM @) Ü, 

k"0f{ b"w !÷!) B wt eg]sf] !) s]=hL= zf/Ll/s tf}+n ePsf] jfR5fjfR5LnfO{ ;f] tf}+nsf] ! efu j/fj/sf] b"w 

v'jfpg cyf{t #) s]=hL= tf}+n ePsf] jfR5LnfO{ ! × #)Ö# ln6/ b"w v'jfpg k5{ . 

gd"gf # wfgsf] k/fn / bfgfsf] ld>0f k|of]u u/L tof/ ePsf] cfxf/f 


(kg) 

(kg) 

DCP 

(kg) 

TDN 

(kg) 

gf]6 M Ca / P sf] sdL k"lt{ ug{ !)) u|fd Bone Meal yKg' kg]{ . 

ME 

(Mcal) 

Ca(g) 

!= & s]=hL= k/fn (DM ()%, DCP 

)=))%, TDN $)%, ME !$$ 

^=#) )=)) @=* !)=)* !$=) #=% 

MCal, Ca @ u|fd / P )=%÷s]=hL= 

cfxf/f 

@= )=* s]=hL= abfdsf] lkgf (DM 

()%, DCP $)%, TDN &%%, )=&) )=#@ )=&) @=@) !=) )=$) 

ME @&) Mcal , Ca !=^ u|fd, / P 

)=% k|lt s]=hL=cfxf/f 

#= $ s]=hL Concentrate mixture, (DM 

()%, DCP !%%, TDN &%% #=^) )=^) #=)) !)=^) *=) @)=) 

ME @&) M cal Ca ,@ u|fd / P 

% u|fd k|lt s]=hL= cfxf/f 

cfxf/faf6 k|fKt x'g] s'n !)=^) )=(@ ^=%) @@=** @#=) @#=( 

cfjZostf !)=&) )=*% &=#) @$=) %&=) $@=) 

;Gt'ng (+/-) )=!) )=)& )=* !=!@ #$ !*=! 

DCP 

(kg) 

TDN 

(kg) 

ME 

(Mcal) 

Ca(g) 

DCP # Ü, TDN !@ Ü, ME $# 

MCal, Ca # Ü / P 0= & Ü k|lt !=^) )=@$ )=(^ #=%) @$=)=) %=^) 

s]=hL= 3fF; 

@= ^ s]=hL=e';f (DM () Ü, DCP )=) Ü, 

TDN $) Ü ME !$$ Mcal , Ca @ 

u|fd, P )=% k|lt s]=hL=cfxf/f %=$) )=)) @=$) *=^) !@=)) #=)) 

#= $ s]=hL= Concentrate mixture, (DM 

() Ü, DCP !% Ü, TDN &% Ü Ca @ 

u|fd, / P % u|fd k|lt s]=hL= cfxf/f #=^) )=^) #=)) !)=^) *=) @)=) 

cfxf/faf6 k|fKt x'g] s'n !)=^) )=*$ ^=#^ @!=&) $$=) @*=^ 

cfjZostf !)=&) )=*% &=#) @$=) %&=) $@=) 

;Gt'ng (+/-) )=!) )=)! )=($ #=# !#=) !#=$ 

P(g) 

P(g)


55 

^= k|hgg ;f+9]sf] cfxf/f (Feeding of Breeding Bulls) 

jo:s ;fF9]nfO{ z/L/ wfGgsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] kf]if0ftTj k|fKt x'g;Sg] u/L cfxf/f 

v'jfpg k5{ . t/ 3fF;kft u'0f:t/o'Qm, h:df xl/of] / ;'Svf b' j} ;dfj]z x'gk5{, cfxf/f v'jfpg' 

h?/L 5 . bfgf klg cfxf/fdf ;dfj]z x'g h?/L 5 . k|hggdf k|of]u x'g] ;fF9]nfO{ a9L df]6fpg] 

u/L cfxf/f v'jfPdf k|hgg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpF5 . To;}n] a9L df]6fpg] vfnsf] cfxf/f gv'jfO{ 

tflnsf ^!% df pNn]v eP cg';f/ kf]if0ftTj k|fKt x'g ;Sg] ;Gt'lnt cfxf/f tof/ kf/L 

v'jfpg' k5{ . ;fF9]nfO{ lg/Gt/ b}lgs cEof; u/fP/ cfjZostf cg';f/sf] kf]if0ftTj cfk"lt{ x'g] 

cfxf/f v'jfPdf u'0f:t/o'Qm jLo{ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 / sfdf]Q]hgf fKt k| ug{ ;lsG5 . b}lgs cfxf/ 

df @)#)% xl/of] 3fF; ;dfj]z x'g ;s]df ;fF9] km'lt{nf] / k|hgg of]Uo x'g ;S5 . 

&= sfd ug]{ uf]?sf] bfgf (Feeding of Working Bullocks) 

g]kfndf hf]Tg] bf+O{ ug] { / uf8f tfGg] d'Vo zlQmsf] ?kdf uf]?sf] k|of]u ePsf 5g\ . b]zsf] a9L 

efu kxf8 kj{t ePsf]n] ;;fgf kf6f jf af/Ldf 6\ofS6/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsGg / o:tf k|s[ltsf 

hldgdf uf]? jf /f+uf k|of]udf NofOG5 . vf;u/L t/fO{ If]qdf s[lifhGo kbfy{ 9'jfgLdf uf8f 

tfGg klg oL kz' k|of]udf NofOG5 . k|To]s s[ifssf] 3/df uf]j/ UofF; /flvPsf] jt{dfg 

kl/k| ]Iodf oL ju{sf kz'af6 lg/Gt/ b}lgs uf]j/ klg k|fKt x'G5 . o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf 

uf]?x?sf] cfxf/fdf g]kfndf Tolt Wofg lbPsf] kfOGg . h'g oL kz'af6 a9L sfd lng / 

logLx?sf] :jf:Yosf] cj:yf 7Ls /fVg lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . o:tf ljleGg sfdsf nflu 

k|of]udf NofOg] sfdsf] lsl;d cg';f/ cfjZos kf]if0ftTj (Nutrient) tflnsf g+= ^& df 

pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] tTj k" lt{ ug]{ lsl;dn] cfxf/f tof/ kfg'{ lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . sfd ug]{ 

uf]?sf] nflu bfgf tn gd"gf ^& df lbOPsf] 5 . 

pxfx/0f M sfd ug] { $)) s]=hL= tf}n ePsf] uf]?sf] nflu cfxf/f tof/ ug'{ 5 . h:n] k|lt lbg 

^ 306fsf] b/n] ufx|f] sfo{ ub{5 . vfB ;fdu|Ldf wfgsf] k/fn, xl/of] 3fF;, t]nx?sf] lkgf, 

ds}sf] Rof+Vnf, / ux"Fsf] rf]s/ pknJw 5g . 

{ tflnsf ^& sfd ug] uf]?sf] cfxf/f -s]=hL_ 

qm=;+= vfB ;fdu|L sRrf kbfy{ z'Vvf kbfy{ l8=l;=lk= 

(DM) (DCP) 

!= wfgsf] k/fn # @=& ) 

@= xl/of] 3fF; !% #=&% )=@@% 

#= ds}sf] RofVnf )=% )=$% )=)#& 

$= u+x'sf] rf]s/ !=@ !=)* )=!@ 

%= tf]/Lsf] lkgf )=% )=$% )=!( 

s'n @)=@ *=$# )=%&@ 

l6=l8=Pg 

TDN 

!=#@ 

@=@% 

 

)=*!^ 

)=#( 

%=@

56 


o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf] bfgfdf Mineral Mixture #) u|fd / g'g #) u|fd cfxf/fdf ld;fP/ 

-ux"Fsf] rf]s/df_ v'jfpgfn] $)) s]=hL= tf}n ePsf ^ 306f sfd ug]{ uf]?nfO{ cfjZos 

kf]if0ftTj kof{Kt x'G5 . o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf] uf]?sf] ?d]gdf /x]sf ;"Id hLjf0f'x?sf] nflu 

cfjZos vlghnj0f klg kof{Kt x'G5 . o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf] cfxf/fn] ?d]gsf] nflu Propionic 

acid sf] kof{Kt pTkfbg u5{ . h:n] /utdf Un'sf]hsf] :t/nfO{ ;lx dfqf ;Gt'lnt /fVb5 . 

sfd ug] { uf]?sf] nflu gd"gf cfxf/fsf] tof/L (Preparation of Typical Ration) 

qm=;+= cfxf/f kl/df0f 

-s]=hL=_ 

;'Vvf kbfy{ 

-s]=hL=_ 

l8=l;=lk= 

-s]=hL=_ 

l6=l8=Pg= 

-s]=hL=_ 

Pd=O{ 

-M.Cal_ 

/f;g ! 

!= 

af]8L (DM @)%), DCP @=%%_ 

TDN !@% / ME $@) M Cal 

@@=)) $=$ )=%% @=^$ (=% 

@= 

wfgsf] k/fn 

-DM ()%, DCP 0.00%, TDN 

$)% and !$$ Kcal ME_ 

^=) %=$) )=)) @=$) *=$) 

s'n @*=) (=*) )=%% %=)$ !&=( 

cfjZostf !)=) )=%^ $=() !&=^) 

;Gt'ng (+, -) )=@) @)=) )=)! )=!$ )=#) 

/f;g @ 

!= xl/of] h} (DM @)% DCP !%, @%=)) %=)) )=@% #=)) !)=( 

TDN !@% / $@) Mcal ME 

@= uf} +sf] 5\jfnL (DM ()%, DCP 

)=))%, TDN $)% / !$$ K 

cal ME 

#= bfgf ldS;r/ (DM ()%, DCP 

@=) !=*) )=)) )=*) @=*) 

@=) !=*) )=#@ !=$) %=)) 

!^%, TDN &)%, @=% M cal 

ME 

s'n @(=)) *=)) )=%& %=@) !*=&) 

cfjZostf !)=)) )=%^ $=() !&=^) 

;Gt'ng (+, -) @=) )=)! )=#) !=!) 

/f;g # 

!= xl/of] jl;{d 

$)=) ^=) )=^) $=)) !$=$) 

(DM !%%, TDN !)% ME #^) 

K Cal 

@= u+x'sf] k/fn 

@=) !=*) )) )=*) @=*) 

(DM ()%, DCP )=), TDN 

$)%, !$$ K.cal ME 

s'n $@=) &=*) )=^) $=*) !&=@) 

cfjZostf !)=)) )=%^ $=() !&=^) 

;Gt'ng (+, -) @=@) )=$) )=!) )=$) 

dflysf] /f;gn] k|fo xn'sf / ux|f} sfo{sf nflu zlSt k'Ub5 t/ klg *!) s]=hL= jl;{d yk]df 

k|f]l6gsf] cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ x'G5 .


57 

ufO{sf] nflu :yfgLo ;fdu|L k|of]u ul/Psf s]xL gd"gf kmd' {nfx? 

(Model Cattle Feed Formulation using Locally Available Feedstuff) 

g]kfnsf] kxf8 tyf t/fO{ If]qdf pknJw kz' cfxf/fhGo kbfy{x?sf] pkof]u u/L ufO{ e} +;Lsf] 

gd'gf bfgf kmd'{nf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . @)%! ;fnsf] k'if dlxgfdf lj1x?n] ufO{e} +;L kfns 

s[ifsx?sf] k"0f{ ;xeflutfdf ;Gt'lnt cfxf/f tof/ kf/]sf 5g\ -jf6\o' / l;+x !((^ O=;+=_ . 

kxf8L efudf Onfd, / kf]v/f, / t/fO{ If]qdf j'6jn ;dfj]z u/L oL ljleGg tLg 7fp+ df pknJw 

kz' cfxf/fhGo kbfy{sf] pkof]u u/L ufO{sf] nflu kf]lifnf] ;Gt'lnt bfgfsf gd'gf kmd' {nf tof/ 

kf/L o:tf cfxf/fsf] pkof]u ljlwsf] ljifodf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . oL tLg} 7fp+ h:t} s[lif k|0ffnL 

ePsf b]zsf cGo ljleGg 7fp+df oL gd' gfsf] pkof]u u/L ufO{ e}+;Lsf] cfxf/f tof/ kf/L pkof]u 

ug{ ;lsG5 . 

!= kf]v/f If]q 

kf]v/f If]qn] dWo] kxf8 / pkTosfsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . kf]v/f If]q / of] h:t} prfOdf /x]sf 

ljleGg kxf8L lhNnfx?df pkof]u x'g;Sg] lsl;dn] :yfgLo vfB ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u u/L ljleGg 

k|f]l6g k|ltztsf bfgfsf kmd' {nfx? lgDg cg';f/ tflnsf ^* df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . b"w 

pTkfbg IfdtfnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL k|lt lbg k|lt kz' tof/L bfgf v'jfpg] dfqf tflnsf ^ 

* df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . 

tflnsf ^* bfgfsf] kmd'{nfx? -bfgf kmd'{n];g_ 

l;=g+= 

sRrf kbfy{ -s]=hL=_ 

k|fKt x'g] kf}li6s 

tTjx?÷ nfut -?=_ 

!*Ü k|f]l6g ePsf] bfgf -s bfgf_ !$Ü k|f]l6g ePsf] bfgf -v bfgf_ 

gd'gf ! gd'gf @ gd'gf # gd'gf ! gd'gf @ gd'gf # 

-s_ sRrf kbfy{ -s]=hL_ 

!= ds} @@=@ &%=@ %$=) ^^=^ ^#=( 

@= e6df; @^=( @(=^ @!=^ @=@ $=@ 

#= ux'+ @@=@ 

$= sf]bf] %%=( ^*=^ 

%= tf]l/sf] lkgf &=( !$=^ !^=& !%=& 

^= wfgsf] 9'6f] @@=@ @@=( @)=& 

&= ldg/n ldS:r/ #=& #=^ #=# #=$ #=@ #=# 

*= g'g !=% !=% !=% !=% !=% !=% 

hDdf -s]=hL=_ !!)=@ !)(=( !!)=% !!!=) !!)=( !!)=* 

-v_ kf}li6s tTjx? 

!= vf; zlQm 

Mcal/kg bfgf !=( !=( !=* !=* !=&% !=&% 

@= k|f]l6g -Ü_ !*=) !*=) !*=) !$=) !$=) !$=) 

#= SoflN;od !=) !=) !=) !=) !=) !=) 

$= km:kmf]/; )=&% )=*$ !=)# )=(# )=*% )=*% 

-u_ nfut d'No 

-?_÷s]=hL= 

@)%! ;fnsf] &=*( *=)# &=!& %=(( ^=!# ^=^! 

@)^% ;fnsf] !%=&* !^=)^ !$=#$ !!=(* !@=@^ !#=@@ 

gf]6 M != k|f]l6g eGgfn] sRrf k|f]l6g ;Demg' k5{ . 

@= of] bfgf k|of]hgsf] nflu s bfgf eGgfn] !*Ü / v bfgf eGgfn] !$Ü k|f]l6g ;Demg' k5{ .

58 


bfgfsf] pkof]u ljlw 

!= s bfgfsf]" pkof]u -!*Ü k|f]l6g ePsf]_ M tflnsf g+= ^* df pNn]lvt bfgf dWo] s 

bfgf -!* k|ltzt sRrf k|f]l6g ePsf bfgf_ ufO{e} +;L Jofpg' eGbf @ dlxgf cuf8L (Advance 

pregnancy stage) b]lv JofPsf] % dlxgf;Dd (Early to Mid Lactation) v'jfpg' k5{ . 

lsgls of] cj:yfdf -s_ ue]{ AffR5f kf8fsf] zf/Ll/s j[l4sf nflu -ule{0fL cj:yfdf_ . -v_ 

a9L b'Uw pTkfbgsf nflu -n}gf cj:yf_ tyf -u_ ule{0fL cj:yfdf sd x'g uPsf] tf}n k"gM 

k|fKt ug{sf] nflu a9L k|f]l6gsf] cfjZostf k5{ . sd kf]lifnf 3f+ ;x? h:t} k/fn, gn, 

s'gf} +/f], 5\jfnL, l5lKkPsf 3f+ ; cflb v'jfOg] u/]sf] 5 eg] !*Ü k|f]l6g ePsf] bfgf v'jfpg' 

h?/L 5 . 

@= v bfgfsf]" pkof]u -!$Ü k|f]l6g ePsf] bfgf_ M s bfgf pkof]u ePsf] cj:yf jfx]ssf] 

cGo cj:yf h:t} yf/f] cj:yfsf nflu -uf]? /fuf] ;d]t_ v bfgf" v'jfpg' k5{ . o:tf 

cj:yfsf] zf/Ll/s cj:yfdf sRrf k|f]l6gsf] cfjZostf klg sd k5{ . t/ olb slnnf] 

kf]lifnf 3f+ ;x? h:t} M h} +, jl;{d, Snf]e/ h:tf 3f+ ; pknJw 5g eg] æs bfgfÆ v'jfOg] 

cj:yfsf kz'x?nfO{ æv bfgfÆ klg v'jfpg ;lsG5 . 

b"w pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df bfgfsf] pkof]u 

dfly tflnsf ^* df pNn]v eP cg';f/sf] æs bfgfÆ pkof]u u/L :yfgLo :t/df pknJw 

3f+ ;nfO{ ule{0fL / b"w pTkfbgnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lgDg cg';f/ tflnsf ^( df pNn]v eP 

adf]lhd ule{0fL / n} +gf ufO{nfO{ cfxf/f v'jfpg' k5{ . 

tflnsf ^( ule{0fL tyf ljleGg pTkfbg Ifdtf ePsf n}+gf ufO{sf] cfxf/f 

+ 

+ 

+ 

gd'gf v'jfpg] vfB kbfy{ -s]=hL=_ ule{0fL n}gf] -b}lgs b"w pTkfbg_ ln6/ 

-!_ -@_ -#_ $ ln6/ -$_ * ln6/ -%_ !@ ln6/ -^_ 

! != k/fn )=# )=@ )=% )=# 

@= slnnf] e"O{ 3f+; #%=) #%=) #% #%=) 

#= bfgf !*Ü k|f]l6g )=@ !=! #=# ^=) 

@ != k/fn #=) #=$ @=% !=$ 

@= h} 3f+ ; !%=& !^=! @&=^ #%=) 

#= bfgf -!*Ü k|f]l6g_ !=& @=! #=) $=* 

# != k/fn @=) !=@ !=% !=$ 

@= h} 3f+ ; !!=% !%=) !*=% !*=@ 

#= e]r 3f+; !@=( !&=) @!=) @)=^ 

$= bfgf -!*Ü k|f]l6g_ !=) !=@% @=) $=$ 

$ != k/fn !=# !=$ !=# 

@= h} 3f+ ; !*=# @#=) @$=) @$=) 

#= jl;{d 3f+ ; *=$ !!=) !!=) !!=) 

$= bfgf !*Ü k|f]l6g !=! !=$ @=# $=& 

% != slnnf] e"O{ 3f+; $)=) $)=) $)=) $)=) 

@= bfgf !*Ü k|f]l6g )=* @=) $=^ &=)


59 

-!_ -@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ -^_ 

^ != k/fn )=$ )=( @=$ @=$ 

@= xl/of] ds}sf] 9f]8 @)=) @)=) @)=) @)=) 

#= bfgf !*Ü k|f]l6g !=% !=( @=* %=@ 

& != k/fn !=* @=) @=@ @=) 

@= j8x/ !%=& !^=* !(=) !*=) 

#= bfgf !*Ü k|f]l6g )=* !=@ @=& %=% 

* != k/fn !=( !=) !=@ !=@ 

@= s'6ld/f] !!=# !$=* !*=@ !&=# 

#= bfgf )=* !=) !=& $=% 

( != k/fn 

@= j]?nf] &=$ !&=@ !*=@ !&=# 

#= bfgf !*Ü k|f]l6g )=^ !=^ #=& ^=$ 

!) != k/fn )=^ )=^ )=( )=^ 

@= r'n]qf] @)=) @)=) @)=) @)=) 

#= bfgf !*Ü k|f]l6g )=( !=* $=) ^=^ 

!! != k/fn 

@= sfa|f] !!=^ !@=( !#=* 

#= bfgf !*Ü k|f]l6g $=) $=$ ^=& 

@= lrtjg If]q 

kf]v/f If]qnfO{ h:t} a'6jn If]qsf] nflu klg s]xL bfgfsf kmd' {nfx? tof/ u/L ufO{e} +;LnfO{ 

v'jfpg l;kmfl/; ul/G5 . of] If]qn] t/fO{ If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . 

tflnsf ^–!) :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{ k|of]u u/L agfpg] bfgfsf kmd' {nfx? 

l;=g+= 

sRrf kbfy{ -s]=hL=_ 

k|fKt x'g] kf}li6s 

tTjx?÷ nfut -?=_ 

!*Ü k|f]l6g ePsf] bfgf -s bfgf_ 

gd'gf gd'gf gd'gf gd'gf $ 

! @ # 

!$Ü k|f]l6g ePsf] bfgf -v bfgf_ 

gd'gf gd'gf gd'gf gd'gf$ 

! @ # 

-s_ sRrf kbfy{ hL_ -s]= 

!= ds} #*=) #@=# #&=* #@=& $&=# $$=! %@=) @!=( 

@= hf} !)=) !)=) 

#= wfgsf] 9'6f] @)=@ @#=$ @)=) @)=) !%=) @%=# !%=) $)=* 

$= ux'+sf] rf]s/ !%=) !%=) !%=) !)=) !)=) !%=) !%=) !)=) 

%= e6df;sf] lkgf !)=) !@=% !!=) 

^= tf]/Lsf] lkgf !)=) !)=) !@=) !#=^ !%=) !@=* !%=) 

&= cfn;sf] lkgf $=& !&=# !@=% @=# 

*= ldg/n ldS:r/ - @=! !=(% @=* @=& @=* #=) @=** @=# 

uf]ldg_ 

(= df]nf;]; -v'bf]_ !)=) 

!)= g'g !=% !=% !=% !=% !=% !=% !=% !=% 

hDdf s]=hL= !)!=% !)!=$ !)!=^ !)!=% !)!=^ !)!=$ !)!=$ !)!=% 

-v_ k|fKt kf}li6s tTjx? 

!= zlSt -d]uf !=* !=&$ !=&$ !=&$ !=&% !=&% !=&% !=^% 

Sofnf]/L_ 

@= k|f]l6g -Ü_ !*=) !*=) !*=) !*=) !$=) !$=) !$=) !$=) 

#= SoflN;od -Ü_ )=* )=* !=) !=) !=) !=) !=) !=) 

$= km:kmf]/; -Ü_ !=! !=! !=!% !=! !=! !=@ !=! !=) 

-u_ nfut d'No -?= 

s]=hL=@)^$_ % 

!#=*$ !@=$^ !$=%^ !@=%* !#=@$ !#=^) !#=@$ !@=#^

60 

pkof]u ljlw 

ufO{ e} +;Lsf] cfxf/f tof/L / pkof]u 

tflnsf ^!) df pNn]v ePsf] æs bfgfÆ / æv bfgfÆ sf] pkof]u ubf{ kz'sf] zf/Ll/s 

cj:yfdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' k5{ . oL b'j} k|sf/sf bfgf -s bfgf / v bfgf_ sf] pkof]u kf]v/f 

If]qsf] bfgf k]=g+= *@ df pNn]v eP cg';f/ g} ug' {k5{ . bfgfsf ljleGg gd'gfx?nfO{ cfkm';+ u 

pknJw 3f; k/fnsf ;fy v'jfpFbf b"w pTkfbgsf] Ifdtf x]/L tflnsf ^!! df b]vfOPsf] 

ljleGg gd'gfx?sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

tflnsf ^–!! ule{0fL tyf ljleGg b"w pTkfbg Ifdtf ePsf n}gf ufO{sf] cfxf/f 

gd"gf v'jfO{g] vfB kbfy{ -s]=hL=_ ule{0fL n}gf] -b}lgs b"w pTkfbg_ ln6/ 

% !) !% @) 

!= k/fn %=% %=% %=% %=% %=% 

! @= xl/of] ds} *=* *=* *=* *=* *=* 

#= bfgf -!*Ü bfgf_ !=$ #=! %=) &=) 

$= yk tf]/Lsf] lkgf !=% )=$ !=) !=$ !=& 

!= k/fn %=* %=* %=* %=* %=* 

@ @= jl;{d 3f+; !@=# !@=# !@=# !@=# !@=# 

#= bfgf !*Ü k|f]l6g )=& !=% #=* ^=@ *=% 

!= k/fn %=^ %=* %=^ %=^ %=^ 

# @= h} 3f+; !@=( !@=@ !@=& !@=( !@=* 

#= bfgf !*Ü k|f]l6g )=# !=( $=) ^=# *=# 

$= yk tf]/Lsf] lkgf )=& )=% 

!= k/fn %=& %=& %=& %=& %=* 

$ @= e]r -s'l6n sf];f_ !#=! !#=! !#=! !#=! !@=@ 

#= bfgf !*Ü k|f]l6g )=% !=% #=* ^=@ *=^ 

!= k/fn %=@ %=* %=& %=& %=& 

% @= e]r 3f+; !#=% !@=$ !$=* !$=* !$=* 

#= h}+ 3f+; !#=% !@=$ !$=* !$=* !$=* 

$= bfgf !*Ü k|f]l6g )=# )=( !=& #=% %=( 

!= k/fn %=@ %=@ %=@ %=@ %=@ 

^ @= g]lko/ 3f+; !!=* !!=* !!=* !!=* !!=* 

#= bfgf !*Ü k|f]l6g @=$ $=$ ^=$ *=$ 

$= yk tf]/Lsf] lkgf !=% )=# )=& !=! 

#= Onfd If]q 

OnfdnfO{ kxf8L If]qsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . kf]v/f / j'6jndf h:t} Onfddf klg ToxfF pknJw 

x'g;Sg] ljleGg vfB kbfy{sf] cfwf/df s[ifssf] k|of]usf] nflu bfgf / k"0f{ cfxf/f tof/ u/L oxfF 

k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . bfgfsf] tof/L tyf cfxf/sfsf] pkof]u tflnsf g+= ^!@ / ^!# df 

b]vfOPsf] 5 .

62 


+ 

+ 

+ 

-!_ -@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ -^_ 

-s_ cfxf/f -s]=hL=_ 

@ != e'OF 3f+; $) $) $) $) 

@= bfgf -!*Ü k|f]l6g_ )=( #=) %=) 

-v_ pknJw vlgh nj0f -u|fd_ 

!= SofLn;od $* %# ^@ &@ 

@= km:kmf]/; @$ #! $^ ^) 


# != k/fn @=) @=) @=) @=) 

@= h} 3f+; @#=) @*=) @*=) @*=$ 

#= bfgf -!*Ü k|f]l6g_ @=) $=) 


!= SoflN;od #! $$ $@ %& 

@= km:kmf]/; !@ !& @^ $$ 


$ != k/fn @=) @=) @=) @=) 

@= ds}sf] 9f]8 -xl/of]_ &=$ &=$ &=$ &=$ 

#= bfgf -!*Ü k|f]l6g_ @=! #=# %=* *=# 

$= tf]/Lsf] lkgf )=& 


!= SoflN;od @^=) @&=) $@=) %&=) 

@= km:kmf]/; #)=) #@=) %!=) &@=) 


% != k/fn @=) @=) @=) @=) 

@= h} 3f+; !$=^ !$=^ !$=^ !$=^ 

#= bfgf -!*Ü k|f]l6g_ !=$ @=# $=$ ^=$ 

$= ldg/n ldS:r/ -uf]leg_ !)=) @)=) $)=) 

-u|fd_ 


!= SoflN;od @)=) @&=) $@=) %& 

@= km:kmf]/; !%=) @#=) $)=) %& 


^ != k/fn @=@ @=^ @=) @=) 

@= h} 3f+; !!=# !)=@ !*=* !*=* 

#= e]r -s'l6n sf];f_ !)=) (=) !^=* !^=* 

$= bfgf !*Ü k|f]l6g !=@ !=@ #=# 

%= vlgh nj0f -uf]leg_ @)=) 


!= SoflN;od #&=) #$=) ^@=) ^!=) 

@= km:kmf]/; !@=) !&=) @&=) #&=) 


& != k/fn @=) @=) @=) @=) 

@= g]lko/ 3f+; !*=* @$=& @$=& @$=& 

#= bfgf !*Ü k|f]l6g !=@ !=$ $=) ^=^ 

$= tf]/Lsf] lkgf )=$


63 

;ft s]=hL= eGbf a9L k/fn xfn]/ lx;fj ubf{ oxfFsf ufO{n] cfgf] jhgsf] !=$Ü Pg=8L=Pkm 

-3f+ ;sf] /];f_ vfg ;S5g eg]/ cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . t/ pGgt ufOn] cfgf] zf/Ll/s tf}nsf] 

!=@ b]lv !=@%Ü ;Dd dfq Pg=8L=Pkm= vfg ;S5g eg] e} +;Ln] !=$ b]lv !=% Ü ;Dd 

Pg=8L=Pkm vfg ;S5g . 

cld|;f] ;dfj]z ul/Psf] cfxf/fsf] gd'gf 

Onfd / cf;kf;sf If]qdf cld|;f] 3f+ ;sf] k|of]u a9L dfqfdf x'G5 . cfhef]nL t/fO{, kxf8 / 

tNnf] kj{tLo If]qdf cld|;f] 3f+ ; v]tLn] Jofkstf kfPsf] 5 . ljut !) jif{df kz' ;]jf ljefun] 

cfgf] lhNnf l:yt sfof{no dfk{mt 3f+; pTkfbg sfo{df u/]sf] Jofkstfdf cld|;f] ]n] klg 

k|fyldstf kfPsf]n] of] 3f+ ;sf] ljsf;n] cj;/ kfPsf] xf] . 

cld|;f] ;dfj]z ul/Psf] cfxf/fdf s'g 3f+ ; slt dfqfdf /fvL ljleGg zf/Ll/s cj:yf ePsf 

ufO{nfO{ s:tf] ;Gt'lnt cfxf/f tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 eGg] x]t'n] s]xL Jojxfl/s gd'gfx? tflnsf 

^!$ df b]vfOPsf] 5 . Onfd If]qsf ufO{sf] zf/Ll/s tf}n @%) b]lv #)) s]=hL= ;Ddsf 

x'G5g . tflnsf ^!$= df b]vfO{Psf] gd'gf cfxf/f #)) s]=hL= sf] nflu xf] . 

tflnsf ^!$ ljleGg pTkfbg Ifdtf ePsf Onfd If]qsf ufO{nfO{ v'jfpg ;lsg] cfxf/f 

gd"gf v'jfO{g] vfB kbfy{ -s]=hL=_ ule{0fL n}gf] js]{gf] -b}lgs b"w pTkfbg_ 

ln6/ 

% !) !% 


! != k/fn of] cfxf/f #=* @=* @=# 

@= cld|;f] ule{0fLnfO{ #=) #=) #=) 

#= sfnf] af+; v'jfpg' x'Gg . $=( !!=# !@=% 

$= bfgf -!*Ü k|f]l6g_ !=# @=! #=* 

-v_ k|fKt vlgh nj0f -u|fd_ 

!= SoflN;od &$=) !!% !%^ 

@= km:kmf]/; !&=) @& $) 


@ != k/fn ,, #=* @=* 

@= cld|;f] #=) #=) ^=! 

#= dfn af+; #=* *=* (=& 

$= bfgf -!*Ü k|f]l6g_ !=# @=! #=! 

-v_ k|fKt vlgh nj0f -u|fd_ 

!= SofLn;od &$=) !!% !%^ 

@= km:kmf]/; !&=) @& #^ 

# -s_ cfxf/f -s]=hL=_ 

!= k/fn ,, $=^ @=& !=% 

@= cld|;f] #=) ^=& !)=# 

#= uf]u'g $=) $=) $=) 

$= bfgf -!*Ü k|f]l6g_ !=^ #=& %=^ 

-!_ -@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ -^_

66 


-!_ 

-@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ -^_ -&_ -*_ -(_ -!)_ -!!_ 

1=00 10=2 2=3 24=67 6=8 952 565 29 26 20 

1=10 10=2 2=3 25=99 7=2 975 586 30 27 20 

1=20 10=2 2=3 27=31 7=6 998 608 31 28 20 

1=30 10=0 2=2 28=62 7=9 1018 630 32 29 20 

500 0=0 7=4 1=5 12=50 3=4 567 302 15 15 15 

0=25 8=9 1=8 16=10 4=4 727 403 19 18 17 

0=50 10=3 2=1 19=70 5=4 831 457 23 21 19 

0=75 10=8 2=2 23=20 6=4 938 512 27 24 21 

1=00 11=0 2=2 26=80 7=4 975 566 30 27 23 

1=10 11=1 2=2 28=24 7=8 1005 588 30 27 23 

1=20 11=0 2=2 29=67 8=2 1026 610 31 28 23 

1=30 10=9 2=2 31=10 8=6 1048 632 32 28 23 

1=40 10=6 2=1 32=53 9=0 1063 654 33 29 23 

sf]/nLx? hLjg wfGg / zfl//Ls a[l$sf nflu 

100 0=0 2=4 2=4 3=81 1=1 178 93 4 4 5 

0=25 2=9 2=9 4=90 1=3 321 206 13 10 6 

0=50 3=1 3=1 5=99 1=7 391 262 14 11 6 

0=75 3=2 3=2 7=09 2=0 460 319 20 14 6 

1=00 3=3 3=3 8=18 2=3 527 375 26 18 7 

tflnsf ^!% ufO{sf] nflu b}lgs cfjZos vfBtTjx? qmdzM 

Body Gain (or cfjZos z"Vvf 

zlQm 

k|f]l^g Ca (g) P (g) le6fldg A 

Minerals 

wt.(kg) loss) (g) 

kbfy{ 

(1000 

(kg) % of ME TDN a Total b 

IU) 

Digestible 

(g)-*_ -(_ -!)_ -!!_ 

Ca (g) P (g) 

-!_ -@_ -#_ Live Wt. -$_ (Mcal)-%_ (kg) -^_ (g) -&_ 

sf]/nL ufO{ hLjg wfGg / zf/Ll/s j[l$sf nflu -sf]/]nL_ 

150 0=0 3=3 2=2 5=25 1=6 234 127 5 5 6 

0=25 4=0 2=7 6=76 1=9 414 258 13 11 8 

0=50 4=2 2=8 8=26 2=3 513 315 14 12 9 

0=75 4=4 2=9 9=76 2=7 552 368 19 15 9 

1=00 4=5 3=0 11=26 3=1 623 428 25 18 9 

200 0=0 4=0 2=0 6=49 1=8 299 157 6 6 8 

0=25 4=9 2=4 8=34 2=3 492 302 10 10 13 

0=50 5=6 2=8 10=20 2=8 577 358 14 13 13 

0=75 5=5 2=7 12=05 3=3 639 415 19 16 13 

1=00 5=6 2=8 13=92 3=8 707 472 23 18 13 

250 0=0 4=8 1=9 7=62 2=1 264 185 7 7 9 

0=25 5=8 2=3 9=81 2=7 486 340 12 12 14 

0=50 6=2 2=5 11=99 3=3 564 395 13 13 14 

0=75 6=5 2=6 14=19 3=9 644 451 18 15 14 

1=00 6=6 2=6 16=32 4=5 724 507 23 18 14 

1=10 6=6 2=6 17=18 4=8 757 530 25 20 14 

300 0=0 5=5 1=8 8=76 2=4 303 212 9 9 10 

0=25 6=7 2=2 11=23 3=1 526 368 13 13 16 

0=50 7=1 2=4 13=80 3=8 604 423 14 14 16 

0=75 7=4 2=5 16=27 4=5 717 502 17 15 16 

1=00 7=6 2=5 18=78 5=2 764 535 21 18 16 

1=10 7=3 2=4 22=11 6=1 797 558 24 20 16


67 

-!_ 

-@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ -^_ -&_ -*_ -(_ -!)_ -!!_ 

350 0=0 6=1 1=7 9=78 2=7 340 238 10 10 12 

0=25 7=4 2=1 12=59 3=5 557 390 15 15 18 

0=50 8=0 2=3 15=39 4=3 637 446 15 15 18 

0=75 8=3 2=4 18=19 5=0 717 502 15 15 18 

1=00 8=5 2=4 20=99 5=8 797 558 18 18 18 

1=10 8=5 2=4 22=11 6=1 829 580 20 19 18 

1=20 8=4 2=4 23=24 6=4 860 602 21 20 18 

400 0=0 6=8 1=7 10=92 3=0 377 264 11 11 13 

0=25 8=3 2=1 14=04 3=9 579 405 15 15 19 

0=50 8=8 2=2 17=16 4=7 357 460 15 15 19 

0=75 9=2 2=3 20=28 5=6 739 517 16 16 19 

1=00 9=4 2=4 23=42 6=5 819 573 18 18 19 

1=10 9=4 2=4 24=67 6=8 850 595 19 19 19 

1=20 9=2 2=3 25=27 7=0 883 618 20 19 19 

tflnsf M ^!% ufO{sf] nflu b}lgs cfjZos vfBtTjx? qmdzM 

Body Gain (or cfjZos z"Vvf 

zlQm 

k|f]l^g Ca (g) P (g) le^fldg 

wt.(kg) loss) (g) 

kbfy{ 

A (1000 

(kg) % -$_ of ME TDN Total(g) Digestible 

(g)-*_ -(_ -!)_ -!!_ 

IU) 

-!_ -@_ -#_ Live Wt. (Mcal)-%_ (kg) -^_ -&_ 

hLjg wfGg / z f/Ll/s j[l$sf nflu 

450 0=0 7=4 1=6 11=85 3=3 411 288 12 12 14 

0=25 9=0 2=0 15=23 4=2 590 413 16 16 19 

0=50 9=6 2=1 18=62 5=1 671 470 17 17 20 

0=75 10=6 2=2 22=01 6=1 750 525 18 18 20 

1=00 10=2 2=3 25=41 7=0 831 582 19 19 20 

1=10 10=2 2=3 26=77 7=4 857 600 20 20 20 

sf]/nL ufO{ M ue{sf] clGtd 3 dlxgfdf 

250 0=6 6=5 2=6 12=5 3=4 579 405 18 18 22 

300 0=6 7=4 2=5 14=2 3=9 614 430 18 18 23 

350 0=6 8=3 2=4 16=1 4=4 650 455 19 19 25 

400 0=6 9=2 2=3 17=8 4=9 671 470 19 19 27 

450 0=6 10=0 2=2 19=4 5=3 679 475 19 19 29 

jo:s ufO{ ue{sf] clGtd 3 dlxgf 

300 0=4 6=9 2=3 12=4 3=4 409 286 11 11 17 

350 0=4 7=7 2=2 13=9 3=8 444 311 12 12 19 

400 0=4 8=5 2=1 15=4 4=2 480 336 14 14 21 

450 0=4 9=3 2=1 16=8 4=6 514 360 15 15 23 

500 0=4 10=1 2=0 18=2 5=0 546 382 15 15 24 

550 0=4 10=8 2=0 19=5 5=3 579 405 16 16 26 

600 0=4 11=5 1=9 20=8 5=7 629 440 17 17 27 

jo:s n}gf] ufO{ -klxnf] 12 xKtfsf] b"x"gf_ 

250 - 6=4 2=5 14=0 3=8 650 455 22 22 16 

300 - 7=3 2=4 15=2 4=2 686 480 23 23 17 

350 - 8=1 2=3 16=4 4=5 721 505 24 24 19 

400 - 8=9 2=2 17=5 4=8 557 530 25 25 21 

450 - 9=6 2=1 18=6 5=1 793 555 26 26 23 

500 - 10=3 2=1 19=7 5=4 821 575 27 27 24 

550 - 11=0 2=0 20=7 5=7 857 600 28 28 26

68 


-!_ 

-@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ -^_ -&_ -*_ -(_ -!)_ -!!_ 

600 - 11=7 2=0 21=7 5=9 886 620 28 28 27 

sfd ug]{ uf]? 

dem]pnf demf}nf sfd -$ 306f÷lbg_ 

#)) - ^=& @=@ !!=! #=! $^) @@& !) !) !) 

#%) - &=% @=! !@=( #=^ %!% @%$ !@ !@ !@ 

$)) - *=$ @=! !$=$ $=) %&# @*# !# !# !# 

$%) - (=! @=) !%=* $=$ ^@# #)& !$ !$ !$ 

ux|f}+ sfd -* 306f÷ lbg_ 

#)) - ^=& @=@ !$=! #=( $*# @$! !) !) !) 

#%) - &=( @=# !^=# $=% %%# @&& !@ !@ !@ 

$)) - *=$ @=! !$=$ $=) %&# @*# !# !# !# 

$%) - (=! @=) !%=* $=$ ^@# #)& !$ !$ !$ 

k|hgg\ ;fF8]sf] 9] nflu b}lgs cfjZos vfBtTjx? 

$)) ) *=) @ !#=) #=% #*) !* !# !^ 

$%) ) (=) @ !$=% $=) $!% !( !$ !*=% 

%)) ) !)=) @ !^=@ $=% $%) @) !% @! 

%%) ) !!=) @ !&=* $=( $() @! !^ @#=% 

^)) ) !@=) @ !(=$ %=$ %#) @@ !& @^ 

gf]6 M TDN = 3.62 Mcal ME = 1 kg TDN Total Protein digestible protein sf] cfwf/df 

lx;fj lgsflnPsf] 5 .tflnsfdf pNn]lvt kf]if0ftTjsf] lx;fj ubf{ !)Ü safety margin /flvPsf] 5 . 

g]kfndf kflnPsf ufO{x?sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf (Production Perfomence of Cattle in Nepal) 

g]kfndf kflnPsf ufO{x?sf] cfxf/fsf] lx;fj lgsfNg ;lhnf] xf];\ eGg] x]t'n] logLx?sf] hft 

zf/Ll/s tf}n, klxnf] k6s Jofpg] pd]/, b"w pTkfbg Ifdtf h:tf ljj/0f tflnsf ^!^ df 

pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . tflnsf g+= ^!% df pNn]v ePsf kf]if0ftTjsf] ljj/0f k|of]u u/L ljleGg 

zf/Ll/s tf}n, pd]/ tyf pTkfbg Ifdtf ePsf ufO{, afR5falR5, uf]?sf nflu b}lgs cfxf/fsf] 

lx;fj lgsfNg ;lsG5 . 

tflnsf ^!^ cfxf/fsf] lx;fj ubf{ cfjZos kg] { ufO{sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf tyf k|hgg\ 

;DaGwL ljj/0f ->f]tM g]= s[= c=k= @)%$_ . 

qm=;+= ufO{sf] 

hftx? 

jo:s tf}n 

-s]=hL=_ 

-!_ -@_ -#_ 

-s_ 

klxnf] k6s 

jfnL hfg] 

pd]/ -dlxgf_ 

-$_ 

klxnf] 

Jofpg] pd]/ 

-dlxgf_ 

k6s Jofofg b"w pTkfbg b"w lbg] 

cGt/ -ln=÷lbg_ cjlw -lbg_ 

-%_ -dlxgf_ -^_ -&_ -*_ 

:yflgo 

n'n' !@$=&± !=* $@-#^%^_ %@-$^%*_ !*-!@@$_ !=^ 

-)%#=%_ 

c5fdL !@$=!±$^ $*-#^^)_ ^)-$*&@_ !&-!@@$_ !=% 

-!$_ 

l;/L @*^=%±&=% $)-#^$*_ %)-$@&)_ !(=^ ±)=( $=% 

-@=^


69 

-!_ -@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ -^_ -&_ -*_ 

v}nf @(*±!=! $%-$)^)_ %%-%)^%_ !*=) @=% 

-@#_ 

ofs !(@=(±@=! $%=#±)^ %^=^±)=&% @!=#±)=&^ )=* 

-)=%@_ 

t/fO{ @!)±!=% #(=$)=% $(=(±)=$^ !^=# ±)=@# @=! 

-@#_ 

kxf8 L !^%=^±!=* $*-$)%%_ %)=!±!=! !&=^±!=(* !=! 

-!!=%_ 

-v_ ljsf;] %)% 

xf]nl:6g 604 @* !* %=%# #)% 

h;L{ 323 #@ !$ $=&@ #)% 

a|fpg l:j? ; 382 #% !^ $=&) #)% 

cg';'rL ^! ufO{sf] cfxf/f lx;fj ug{ cfjZos ljj/0f 

l;=g+= ljj/0f ufO{ 

-s_ :yfgLo ufO{ (Local Cattle) 

!= prfO{ -;]=dL=_ **=$^ ±)=^* 

@= tf}n -s]=hL=_ !!^ ufO{ 

#= klxnf] k6s jfnL hfg] pd]/ -dlxgf_ #)=$* 

$= klxnf] k6s Jofpg] pd]/ -jif{_ #=%% 

%= b"w pTkfbg -ln=_ )=%!=@% 

^= Jofpg] cGt/ -lbg_ @%)$*) 

-v_ j0f{ z+s/ ufO{ (Crossbreed Cattle) 

!= prfO{ -;]=dL_ !!&=^ ± !#=#^ 

@= jo:s tf}n -s]=hL=_ #@! 

#= hGd tf}n -s]=hL=_ !^ 

$= klxnf] k6s Jofpg] -dlxgf_ #*=! 

%= Jofpg] cGt/ -lbg_ $%) 

^= b"w pTkfbg -ln6/÷lbg_ %=#* 

&= b"w pTkfbg -ln=÷ j]t_ !^#! 

ufO{ ;DaGwL 5f]6s/L ljj/0f lbg] s|ddf pbfx/0fsf] nflu -s_ :yfgLo ufO{ / -v_ %)Ü j0f{ 

z+s/ ufO{sf] pbfx/0f lbO{Psf] 5 . of] ljj/0fn] ufO{sf] b}lgs cfxf/f lx;fj ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .

70 


;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? 

Kearl, L. C. 1982. Nutrient Requirements of Ruminants in Developing 

Countries. Pub. International Feed stuffs Institute, Utah State University, 

Logan Utah. pp 71-87 

Reddy, D.V.2001. Applied Nutrition, Livestock Poultry Human, Pet, Rabbit and 

Laboratory Animal Nutrition. Pub. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co.Pvt. Ltd. New 

Delhli pp 52-104 . 

Verma, D.N. 1995. A Text Book of Animal Nutrition Pub. Kalyani Publishers 

Ludhiyana. pp 312-341. 

s[lif 8fo/L, @)&) g]kfnsf] s[lif tYofÍ, k|sfzs g]kfn ;/sf/, k]h g+= ( 

jf6\o', ldz]n, ;"o{ axfb'/ l;+x !((^, ufO{ e};Lsf] v'/fs -s]xL Jojxfl/s kIfx?_ k|sfzs >L 

% sf] ;/sf/, o'= P;= P= cfO{= 8L÷P=6L= P;=kL . 

g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb @)%$, ufO{ kfng k|ljlw k|sfzg ;+rf/ k|sfzg tyf clen]v 

dxfzfvf v'dn6f/, nlntk'/ k]=g+= !# . 

pk| ]tL, r]t/fh, ;'hof pk]|tL @)&), g]kfndf kz'kG5L tyf df5fsf] cfxf/f -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f_, 

k|sflzsf >Ldlt jflnsf pk|]tL .

e}+;Lsf] cfxf/f 

73 

ljleGg pd]/ tyf zf/Ll/s cj:yf cg';f/ e} +;Lsf] cfxf/f 

(Feeding Based on Age Physiological Stage of Buffalo) 

kf]if0f Joj:yfkg sf] cfwf/df e} +;LnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ ljleGg zf/Ll/s cj:yfdf afF8L cfxf/f 

lbg'k5{ . 

!= j9fn' e} +;Lsf] cfxf/f (Feeding of Growing Buffalo) 

@=yf/f] jf ;'Svf cj:yfsf] e}+;Lsf] cfxf/f (Feeding of Dry Buffalo) 

#= ule{0fL e}+;Lsf] cfxf/f (Feeding of Pregnat Buffalo) 

$= n}gf} e}+;Lsf] cfxf/f (Fedding of Lactating Buffalo) 

%= k|hgg\sf] /f+ uf]sf] cfxf/f (Feeding of Breeding Bulls) 

^= sfddf k|of]u x'g] /f+ ufsf] cfxf/f (Feeding of Working Bulls) 

e}+;Ldf cfxf/f Joj:yfkg ubf{ oL dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ljleGg cj:yf cg';f/ cfxf/f pknJw 

u/fpg' k5{ . lsgsL oL cj:yfdf kf]if0f tTjsf] cfjZos cnu cnu x'G5 . 

!= j9fn' e} +;Lsf] cfxf/f (Feeding of Growing Buffalo) 

!=!= kf8fkf8Lsf] cfxf/f (Feeding of Calves) 

kf8f kf8LnfO{ /fd|f] Joj:yfkgdf kf]if0fo'St cfxf/f v'jfpg'sf] d'Vo p4] ]Zo rf+ 8f] tGg]/L x'b} 

cfkmgf] pTkfbg Ifdtf k|blz{t u/fpg' xf] . ue]{ kf8fkf8Lsf] z/L/ j[l4b/n] hGd kl5sf] 

j[l4b/df w]/} k|efj kf5{ . To;}n] olb kf8fkf8Lsf] /fd|f] j[l4 lng' 5 eg] ] e}+;L ule{0fL x' Fbfsf] 

clGtd tLg dlxgfdf e}+;LnfO{ cfjZos vfBtTj kof{Kt pknJw u/fpg' k5{ . 

ev{/ hGd]sf kf8fkf8Lsf] k]6sf] Rumen / Reticulum /fd|f];+u ljsf; ePsf] x'b}g . 

h:sf] Ifdtf dfq @ nL6/sf] x'G5 . of] efun]sfd u/]sf] x' Fb}g . g/d 3f +; / bfgf -!% lbg kl5_ 

vfg] cfbt a;fpb} uPdf Rumen / Reticulum sf] rf +8f] rf+ 8f] ljsf; x'G5 . oxfF x'g] 

;'Id hLjf0f'sf] klg ljsf; x'G5 . h;af6 3f +;kft klg kRg yfN5g / B le6fldg klg aGg] 

sfo{ x'G5 . kf8fkf8Lsf] k]6sf] ljsf;sf] ljifodf kl/R5]b @ / kfrglqmof jf/]df kl/R5]b # df 

jofg ul/Psf] 5 . 

kf8fkf8LnfO{ d'Vo ?kn] @ lsl;dn] kflnG5 h'g lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ . 

-s_ cfdfsf] b"w r';fP/ (Suckling the Dam) 

of] tl/sf d'Vo u/L u|fdL0f Onfsfdf ;fgf s[ifsb]lv dWod ju{sf s[ifs ;d]tn] -h:t} Psb]lv 

bz uf]6f;Dd e}+;L kfn]sf 5g_ ckgfpF5g\ .

74 


-v_ b"w 5'6fP/ kfNg] (Weaning System) 

of] k2lt ;/sf/L kmfd{x? jf Joj;flos ?kdf b'Uw Joj;fo rnfpg] 7"nf s[ifsn] ckgfpF5g\ . 

ljleGg pd]/ cg';f/sf] cfxf/f (Feeding According to Age of Buffalo) 

!= hGd]b]lv # dlxgf;Ddsf] cfxf/f 

(Feeding from Birth to three Month of Age) 

ljuf}tL b"w v'jfpg' (Feeding Colostrum) 

kf8fkf8L hGd]sf] @ 306f leqdf lju} +tL b"w v'jfpg' clt g} h?/L 5 . ljuf} +tL b"w nuftf/ $ 

lbg;Dd v'jfpg' k5{ . ljuf} +tL b"w v'jfpgfn] kf8fkf8Ldf x'g] kmfObf ufO{sf] cfxf/f cGtu{t 

afR5faflR5sf] cfxf/fdf JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . kf8fkf8Ldf klg ;f]xL l;4fGt nfu' x'G5 . 

tflnsf ^!& kf8f kf8Ldf b"wsf] pkof]u 

pd]/ 

! b]lv # 

lbg 

$ b]lv & 

lbg 

bf]>f] xKtf 

t]>f] xKtf 

rf}+yf] xKtf 

kf+rf} xKtf 

5}7f}+ xKtf 

k"0f{ b"w 

:sLd ldNs 

sfkm :6f6{/ 

(Calf 

/fd|f] g/d 

x] 

v'jfpg] k6s 

-@$ 

-Whole Milk_ (Skim Milk) 

-!_ -@_ Starter) 

(Soft 

-#_ -$_ Hay) 

306fleqdf_ 

-%_ -^_ 

ljuf}+tL 

!÷!) zf/Ll/s 

tf}nsf] 

!÷!) zf/Ll/s 

tf}nsf] 

!÷!) zf/Ll/s 

tf}nsf] 

!÷!) zf/Ll/s 

tf}nsf] 

!÷!% zf/Ll/s 

tf}nsf] 

!÷!% zf/Ll/s 

tf}nsf] 

_ 

;ftf} + xKtf _ 

cf7f}+ xKtf 

_ 

!÷@) 

zf/Ll/s 

tf}nsf] 

!÷@) 

zf/Ll/s 

tf}nsf] 

!÷@) 

zf/Ll/s 

tf}nsf] 

_ _ _ # k6s 

_ _ _ # k6s 

_ %) u|fd @%) u|fd @ k6s 

_ !)) u|fd #%) u|fd @ k6s 

_ #)) u|fd %)) u|fd @ k6s 

_ $)) u|fd %%) u|fd @ k6s 

^)) u|fd ^)) u|fd @ k6s 

&)) u|fd &)) u|fd @ k6s 

*)) u|fd *)) u|fd @ k6s


75 

-!_ -@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ -^_ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

!÷@) 

gjf} xKtf _ zf/Ll/s ! s]=hL= ! s]=hL= @ k6s 

tf}nsf] 

bzf} xKtf !@)) u|fd !!)) u|fd @ k6s 

P3f/f} xKtf _ _ !#)) u|fd 

!@)) 

u|fd 

@ k6s 

afx|f} xKtf _ _ !$)) u|fd 

!$)) 

u|fd 

@ k6s 

t]x|f}+ xKtf _ _ !&)) u|fd 

!()) 

u|fd 

@ k6s 

gf]6 M !÷!) zf/Ll/s tf}n eGgfn]zf/Ll/s tf}+n !) s]=hL= j/fj/ ! s]=hL b"w v'jfpg' kg]{ a'lemG5 o:t} 

M !÷@) zl//sf] tf} +n eGgfn] @) s]=hL= zf/Ll/s tf} +n j/fj/ ! s]=hL= b"w v'jfpg] a'em\g' k5{ . 

tflnsf ^!& df b]vfP h:t} hGd]b]lv # lbg;Dd ljuf} +tL b"w v'jfpg' k5{ . klxnf] xKtfdf 

kf8fkf8Lsf] z/L/sf] tf} +nsf] !÷!) efu k"0f{ b"w v'jfpg' k5{ . oxf+ !÷!) eGgfn] #) s]=hL= 

hGd tf}+n ePsf kf8fkf8LnfO{ # nL6/ b"w v'jfpg] a'em\g' k5{ . lauf}tL # efudf jf+ 8]/ @$ 

306fdf v'jfpg' k5{ . tflnsf ^!& df b]vfP em} kf8fkf8Lsf] pd]/ a9b} uP kl5 k"0f{ b"wsf] 

;§f Skim Milk v'jfOG5 . Calf Starter / g/d /fd|f] vfnsf] æx]Æ sf] dfqf a9fpb} 

uOG5 . kf8fkf8L hGd]sf] ! xKtf;Dd ljuf}+tL b"w lbgsf] # k6s v'jfOG5 eg] To; kl5 k|lt 

lbg b'O{ k6s dfq v'jfP k'U5 . kf8fkf8L b'O{ dlxgfsf] pd]/sf] eP kl5 b"w v'jfpg k"0f{ ?kn] 

/f]lsG5 . 

ldNs l/Kn];/ v'jfpg' -Feeding of Milk Replacer ) 

Jofkfl/s b[li6df kflnPsf e}+;Lx?sf kf8fkf8LnfO{ !) lbgsf] pd]/ b]lvg} b"wsf] ;§fdf cGo 

cfxf/f, h:t} Milk Replacer v'jfpg ;lsG5 . o;/L kf8fkf8LnfO{ b"w v'jfpg'sf] ;§f 

Milk Replacer v'jfOG5 . kf8fkf8LnfO{ v'jfpg] b"w jhf/df a]Rg] ul/G5 . of] cj:yfsf 

kf8fkf8Ln] xl/of] 3f+; jf æx]Æ krfpg g;Sg] ePsf]n] ldNs l/Kn];/ v'jfpg' lgtfGt 

cfjZos 5 . kf8fkf8LnfO{ v'jfpg tof/ kfl/Psf] Milk Replacer sf] Chemical 

Composition k|fo e} +;Lsf] b"wsf] h:t} x'g'k5{ . ldNs l/Kn];/ tof/ kfbf{ Fiber sd ePsf 

vfB ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u x'g'k5{ . ldNs l/Kn];/df Butyric Acid, Citric Acid / s]xL Feed 

Additives sf] ?kdf Antibiotic ;d]t k|of]u x'g h?/L 5 . b"wsf] ;§fdf ldNs l/Kn];/ 

k|of]u ubf{ qmd};+u b"w 36fpb} ldNs l/Kn];/ j9fpb} hfg' /fd|f] x'G5 . -tflnsf ^!(_ ldNs 

l/Kn];/ s;/L s'g s'g ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L agfOG5 eGg] s'/f lgDg cg';f/sf tflnsf ^!* 

df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

76 


tflnsf ^!* Milk Replace sf] agfj6 

;fdu|L 

gd'gf ! gd'gf @ 

ux'+sf] lk7f] -Wheat flour) (=&% !)=) 

df5fsf] w'nf] -Fish meal_ !)=)) !@=)) 

cfn;sf] lkgf (Linseed meal) $)=) $)=)) 

b"w (Milk) !#=) !#=)) 

gl/jnsf] t]n (Coconut oil) !$=) !)=)) 

j'6fO{l/s Pl;8 (Butyric acid) )=$$ )=#) 

;fO{l6«s Pl;8 (Citric acid) !=%) !=%) 

v' +bf] (Molasses) * !)=)) 

vlgh nj0f (Mineral Mixture_ #=) #=)) 

cf}+/f] ofs (Aurofac) )=#) )=@) 

/f]ld ldS; (g/100 kg) !%=)) !%=)) 

Nutritive value 

DCP (%) !&=%) @!=@) 

TDN (%) **=)) **=&) 

ME (M cal/kg) #=#$ #=#& 

Milk Replacer (100 kg) 

o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf] Milk Replacer nfO{ pdflnPsf] kfgL 1M4 -o:sf] cy{ ! efu Milk 

Repalacer / $ efu pdfn]/ lr:ofPsf] dgtftf] kfgL tn tflnsf ^!( df b]vfPsf] 

dfqfdf kf8fkf8LnfO{ v'jfpg' k5{ . b'O{ xKtf b]lv Milk Replacer v'jfpg ;lsG5 . 

tflnsf ^!( Milk Replacer v'jfpg] dfqf 

pd]/ - zf/Ll/s tf}+n ljuf}tL ljuf}+tL b"w ldNs l/Kn];/ 

lbg_ -s]=hL=_ 

-u|fd_ 

!% !÷!) zf/Ll/s 

tf}n 

- 

^( !÷!) zf/Ll/s tf}n - 

!)!# !÷!) zf/Ll/s tf}n %) 

!$!& !÷!) zf/Ll/s tf}n !)) 

!*@! !÷@ s]=hL= b"w 36fpg] 

ab !&% 

@@@% ! s]=hL= b"w 36fpg] @%) 

@^@( !=% s]=hL= b"w 36fpg] #@% 

#)## ## @ s]=hL= b"w 36fpg] #&% 

#$#^ $) @=% s]=hL= b"w 36fpg] $%) 

- $) !=% s]=hL= b"w $%) 

- $) !=% s]=hL= b"w %@% 

- %) !=% s]=hL= b"w] ^)) 

-!_ -@_ -#_ -$_ -%_

e} +;Lsf] cfxf/f 

77 

-!_ -@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ 

- %) !=% s]=hL= b"w] ^)) 

- %% ! s]=hL= b"w *)) 

- ^) ! s]=hL= b"w ()) 

- ^% ! s]=hL= b"w (%) 

- &) ! s]=hL= b"w !))) 

>f]t Verma, 1995 

gf]6M a. hj kf8f kf8L !=% dlxgfsf x'G5g tj b"w ! s]=hLdf 36fpg' k5{ . 

b. !& cf}+ lbgsf] nflu cfjZos b"w qmd};+u 36fpb} hfg] . 

sfkm :6f6{/ (Calf starter) 

kf8fkf8LnfO{ b"wsf] ;fydf k"/s cfxf/fsf] (Supplement Feed) ?kdf v'jfOg] bfgfsf] 

;ld>0f (Concentrate) nfO{ Calf Starter elgG5 . 

lgolGqt dfqfsf] b"w v'jfP/ kflnPsf kf8fkf8Lsf] ha pd]/ / tf}n a9b} hfG5 ltgLx?nfO{ 

kf]if0ftTjsf] cfjZostf klg a9\b} hfG5 . To; sf/0f k"/s cfxf/f v'jfpg' lgtfGt cfjZos 

x'G5 . ;fgf pd]/sf kf8fkf8Lx?n] v;|f /];fbf/ (Roughage) cfxf/f krfpg ;Sg] ?d]g 

/]6's'nsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] x'b}g . ltgLx?sf] k]6 kof{Kt 3f+; c6fpg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf x'b}gg . 

To;}n] a9L dfqfdf Energy / Protein lbg] vfnsf bfgfsf] h?/t kb{5 . o:tf ;Gt'lnt 

bfgfx?nfO{ kf8fkf8Lsf] pd]/ @ xKtfsf] ePkl5 g/d 3f+;df ld;fP/ v'jfOG5 . sfkm :6f6{/nfO{ 

k"/s cfxf/fsf] ?kdf k|of]u x'G5 . o;sf] k|of]usf] dfqf tflnsf g+= ^!( df b]vfOPsf] 5 . 

sfkm :6f6{/df lgDg cg';f/sf c;n u'0f x'g' k5{ 

tfhf ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 ag]sf] x'g' k5{ . 

s'g} cGGo cvfB ;fdu|Lsf] ld;fj6 x'g' x'b}g . 

o:tf] cfxf/fdf &% b]lv *) k|ltzt TDN x'g' k5{ (DM sf] cfwf/df_ 

of] g/d / kf8f kf8Ln] ?rfpg] vfnsf] x'g' k5{ . 

o:tf] cfxf/fdf Non-Protein Nitrogen h:t} o'l/of dn gld;fOPsf] x'g' 

k5{ . 

Tannin a9L ePsf vfB ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u x'g' x'b}g . 

cfxf/f dl;gf];+u lk;]sf] x'g' k5{ . 

Trypsin inhibitors ePsf k|f]l6g o'St cfxf/fnfO{ k|of]u eGbf klxn] pkrf/ 

ul/Psf] x'g' k5{ . 

olb g/d vfnsf b'O{ bnLo au{sf 3f +; -Leguminous Feed_ k|of]u ePsf] 5 

eg] Calf Starter df k|f]l6gsf] dfqf 36fpg' k5{ .


79 

-!_ sf]/nLsf] jhg (Weight of Heifer) 

-@_ sf]/nLsf] pd]/ (Age of Heifer) 

-#_ k|f]l6g >f]t (Source of Protein) 

-$_ 3f +;kftsf] lsl;d (Forage type) 

j9L k/fn, 5\jfnL, 9f]8 jf vf]:6f cfxf/f ;fdu|Lsf] ?kdf k|of]u ePsf] 5 eg] 

yk bfgfsf] cfjZos k5{ . 

j9L b'O{ bnLo ju{sf 3f +;kft ePdf Energy feed yKg'k5{ . 

/fd|f] vfnsf] bnxg x] ePdf Concentrate bfgf glbP klg x'G5 . 

sf]/nLsf] pd]/nfO{ hDdf # r/0fdf ljefhg u/L ;f] cg';f/ bfgf v'jfP /fd|f] x'G5 . 

tflnsf ^@! sf]/nLsf] nflu /f;g (Verma. 1995) 

#^ 

pd]/ 

-dlxgfdf_ 

^!@ 

! jif{b]lv 

ue{wf/0f x'g] 

pd]/ 

kfgLsf] cfjZostf (Need of water) 

gd'gf bfgf -s]=hL=_ 3f +;kft 

! !=@ b]lv !=% 

xl/of] h}, xl/of] ds}, ;fO{n]h !)!@ 

s]=hL= 

@ )=(!=% 

3f +; @ s]=hL= 

xl/of] jl;{d, n';g{ !%@) s]=hL=± ;'Svf 

# !=$@=) xl/of] 3f +; !) s]=hL= ± k/fn @ s]=hL= 

! !=@ xl/of] h} jf xl/of] ds}, @)@% s]=hL= 

@ !=)) 

xl/of] jl;{d jf xl/of] n';g{ @%#) 

s]=hL=± ;'Svf 3f +; @ s]=hL= 

! @=)) xl/of] h} jf ds}, #)#% s]=hL= 

@ !)) 

xl/of] jl;{d jf n';g{ #) s]=hL= ±+ k/fn # 

s]=hL= 

sf]/nLnfO{ b}lgs slt kfgL lbg'k5{ eGg] s'/f s:tf] 3f +;kft v'jfOPsf] 5, jftfj/0fsf] tfkqmd 

s:tf] 5, cfxf/fdf g'gsf] dfqf slt 5 eGg] s'/fdf e/ k5{ . O{ b' dlxgfsf] kf8fkf8LnfO{ lxp+bsf] 

;dodf ^ ln6/ / jiff{sf] ;dodf * b]lv ( ln6/ lkpg] kfgL k|lt s]=hL= ;'Svf 3f +;sf b/n] 

cfjZostf k5{ . 

;Gt'lnt cfxf/f (Balance diet) tof/ ubf{ ! s]=hL= bfgfn] @=% s]=hL b"w (Fat Rich 

Milk) pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] lsl;dn] tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;fwf/0ftof @=% ln6/ b"wsf nflu ! 

s]=hL= tof/L bfgf v'jfpg' k5{ . t/ of] bfgfsf] dfqf Toltv]/ 7Ls x'G5 hj e}+;LnfO{ hLjg 

wfGgsf nflu kof{Kt /fd|f] u'0f:t/sf] 3f+; v'jfPsf] xf]; . o;k|sf/ olb hLjg wfGgsf] nflu 

kof{Kt 3f +; lbOPsf] 5 eg] !) ln6/ b"w pTkfbgsf] nflu $ s]=hL= ;Gt'lnt bfgf lbP 

k'U5 .

80 


cfxf/f v'jfpg] k4lt (Feeding system) 

e}+;LnfO{ cfxf/f lb+bf -!_ hLjg wfGg / -@_ pTkfbgsf] nflu cnu cnu lx;fj u/]/ v'jfpg' 

k5{ eGg] ljifodf dfly g} rrf{ eO;s] sf] 5 . n}gf e}+;Lsf] nflu cfxf/fsf] s]xL pbfx/0fx? lgDg 

cg';f/ b]vfOPsf] 5 . 

pbfx/0f M b}lgs !) ln6/ b"w pTkfbg ug] { & k|ltzt of6 o'St, %)) s]=hL tf} +n ePsf] b'x'gf 

e}+;Lsf] nflu cfxf/f tof/ ug' { 5 . 

cfxf/fsf] tof/ (Feed Formulation) 

cfxf/fsf] tof/ ubf{ of] %)) s]=hL=tf}n ePsf e} +;Lsf] nflu hLjg wfGg / b"w pTkfbg ug{ s] 

slt s] s] kf]if0ftTj rflxG5 ;f] sf] Plsg x'g'k5{ . pknJw cfxf/f hGo kbfy{df s] slt 

kf]if0ftTjx? kfOG5 ;f] sf] cfwf/df /f;gsf] lx;fj ug' {k5{ . cfxf/fsf] tof/L lgDg cg';f/ 

pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . 

tflnsf ^@@ e}+;Lsf] nflu bfgf (Concentrate Feed) sf] tof/L (Verma 1995) 

vfB ;fdu|L (Ingredient) efu (Parts) 

pknJw kf]if0f tTj 

DCP (%) TDN (%) 

pbfx/0f ! 

ds} !&=) !=!( !#=^) 

ds}sf] Un'6]g !)=) $=%) &=%) 

hf} !%=) !=)* !!=@% 

jbfdaf6 jg]sf] cfxf/f !)=) #=%) &=%) 

skf;sf] ljof+af6 jg]sf] cfxf/f !)=) !=^) &=%) 

tf]/Lsf] lkgf !)=) @%=) &=%) 

v'bf] %=) @=&% 

ux'+sf] rf]s/ @)=) @)=) !#=)) 

vlgh nj0f @)=) @=) 

g'g !=) 

s'n !))=) !^=#& &)=^) 

pbfx/0f @ 

ds} -lkw]sf]_ $) @=*) #@=)) 

ux'+sf] rf]s/ $) $=*) @^=)) 

jbfdsf] lkgf !* *=) !%=)) 

vlgh nj0f 

@ 

g'g ! 

s'n !))=) !%=^) &#=)) 

pbfx/0f # 

lkg]sf] hf}+ #) @=!) @@=%) 

ux'+sf] rf]s/ ## $=@) @@=&% 

tf]/Lsf] lkgf #% (=*) @^=@% 

vlgh nj0f 

@ 

g'g ! 

s'n !))=)) !^=!) &!=%)


-s_ kf]if0ftTjsf] cfjZostf 

tflnsf ^@# zf/Ll/s tf}n %)) s]=hL= ePsf] n}gf e}+;Lsf] nflu -@%) u|f= zf/Ll/s 

j[l4÷lbg_ kf]if0f tTj 

cfjZostf 

kf]if0f tTj 

DM(kg) DCP(kg) TDN(kg) ME(M cal) Ca(g) P(g) 

hLjg wfGg !)=! )=#&$ $=^( !^=(^ !$=) !^=) 

b"w pTkfbg )=^)) %=^ @)=@ ##=)) @%=) 

s'n !)=! )=(&$ !)=@( #&=!^ $&=) $!=) 

gf]6 M DM = Dry Matter, DCP= Digestible Crude Protein, TDN = Total Digestible Nutrient, 

ME = Metabolite Energy, Ca = Calcium, P= Phosphorus. 

-v_ cfxf/sf] tof/L (Feed Formulation) 

dfly pNn]lvt kf]if0ftTjsf] k"lt{ xfd| f] :yfgLo :t/df pknJw lgDg cg';f/sf cfxf/faf6 k|fKt 

ug{ ;lsG5 . h;sf] tof/L / k|fKt x'g] kf]if0ftTj tflnsf ^@$ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . 

!= xl/of] 3f +; 

@= xl/of] 3f+; + ux' +sf] 5\jfnL 

#= xl/of] 3f +; + ux'+sf] 5\jfnL + bfgfsf] ;ld>0f 

$= ux'+sf] 5\jfnL + bfgfsf] ld>0f 

tflnsf ^@$ n}gf] e}+;Lsf] cfxf/fsf gd"gfx? 

cfxf/f 

kl/df0f DM DCP TDN ME(M C (g) P (g) 

-!_ -s]=hL=_ -@_ (kg) -#_ (kg) -$_ (kg) -%_ cal) -^_ -&_ -*_ 

!= gd'gf 

xl/of] jl;{d 3f+; *%=) !@=&% !=@^ !)=@ #$=) #)=) $% 

(DM= !%%, DCP 

!=%%, TDN !@% ME 

$)) K cal) 

s'n *%=) !@=&% !=@^ !)=@ #$=) #)=) $% 

@= gd'gf 

xl/of] jl;{d 3f+; ^)=) (=) )=() &=@) @$=$& @^=$ #!=&^ 

(DM= !%%, DCP 

!=%%, TDN !@% ME 

400 K cal) 

ux' +sf] 5\jfnL %=%) $=(% )=)) @=@) &=&) !)=)) @=% 

(DM= ()%, DCP 

)=)%, TDN $)% ME 

!=$% (M cal) 

s'n ^%=%) !#=(% )=() (=$ #@=!& #^=$ #$=@^ 

81

82 


' -!_ -@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ -^_ -&_ -*_ 

#= gd'gf 

xl/of] h} 3f+; @)=)) %=)) )=#@ #=#$ !@=@) &)=)) !)=%) 

DM= @%%, DCP 

!=^%, TDN !^=&)% 

ME )=^!% (M cal) 

bfgf ld>0f 

DM= ()%, DCP !%%, 

$=)) #=^) )=^) @=(@ !)=$) *=)) @)=)) 

TDN &#% ME 

(M cal) 

@=^)% 

ux'+sf] 5\jfnL 

DM= ()%, DCP 

)=)%, TDN $)% ME 

!=$% (M cal) 

%=)) $=%) )=)) @=)) &=)) !)=)) @=%) 

s'n @(=)) !#=!) )=(@ *=@^ @(=^) **=)) ##=)) 

$= gd'gf 

ux'+sf] 5\jfnL 

(DM= ()%, DCP 

)=)%, TDN $)% ME 

!=$% (M cal) 

*=)) &=@) )=)) #=@) !!=@) !^=)) $=)) 

bfgf ld>0f 

&=)) ^=#) !=)% %=!) !*=@) !$=)) #=%) 

DM= ()%, DCP 

!%%, TDN &#% ME 

@=^)% (M cal) 

s'n !%=)) !#=%) !=)% *=#) @(=$) #)=)) &=%) 

dfly gd'gf ! b]lv # ;Ddsf cfxf/f ;Gt'lnt 5g\ t/ gd'gf tLgdf km:kmf]/; s] xL dfqfdf yk 

lbg'k5{ . gd'gf $ sf] cfxf/fsf] pkof]u ubf{ le6fldg P sf] sdL x'G5 . o;sf] nflu xl/of] 3f+; 

k|of]u x'g h?/L 5 . l;Gy]l6s le6fldg P @%,))) I.U. cfxf/fdf yk lbg'k5{ . !)) u|fd 

xf8sf] w'nf] jf 8fO{SoflN;od km:km]6 lbg'k5{ . 

oxf+ k|:t't ul/Psf $ gd'gf cfxf/fn] e} +;LnfO{ cfjZos tTj k"lt{ u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] 

s'/f kf]if0ftTjsf] cfjZostf tflnsf ^@# lbPsf] ljj/0f;+u t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 . tflnsf ^ 

@# / ^@$ df pNn]v eP cg';f/ cfjZostf / cfk"lt{ x]bf{ s'g} kf]if0ftTjdf cfjZostf eGbf 

a9L / s'g} s]xL sd b]lvG5 . cfxf/fsf] tof/L ubf{ ;se/ cfjZostf k"lt{ x'g ;Sg] u/L /f;g 

tof/ ug' {k5{ . 

@= yf/f] cj:yfsf] e} +;Lsf] nflu cfxf/f -Feeding of Dry Buffalo_ 

s]xL cjlwsf nflu e}+;L ;'Svf cj:yfdf /xG5g\ . h'ga]nfdf e}+;Laf6 b"w b'lxGg / Jofpg] ePsf] 

klg x'Gg . o:tf] cj:yfdf e}+;LnfO{ hLjg wfGg (Maintenace Ration) dfq cfxf/f lbP 

k'U5 . 

pbfx/0f M %)) s]=hL zf/Ll/s tf} +n ePsf ;'Svf cj:yfdf /x]sf (Dry Stage) e}+;LnfO{ lgDg 

cg';f/sf] kf]if0ftTjsf] cfjZostf k5{ .


83 

DCP -s]=hL=_ = @=@^ 

TDN -s]=hL=_ = #=^ 

Energy (M cal ME) = !#=@ 

Calcium -u|f_ = @) 

Phosphores -u|f_ = !% 

lgDg cg';f/ bfgf agfP/ v'jfPdf ;'Svf cj:yfsf e}+;LnfO{ kof{Kt x'G5 . 

cfxf/fhGo kbfy{ 

xl/of] ds} 3fF; 

wfgsf] k/fn jf ds}sf] 9f]8 

jbfdsf] lkgf jf tf]/Lsf] lkgf 

#= ule{0fL e}+;Lsf] cfxf/f (Feeding of Pregnant Buffalo) 

e}+;L Jofpg' eGbf @ dlxgf cuf8Lb]lv b"w b'x"g /f]lsG5 . ue{sf] clGtd @ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf 

e}+;LnfO{ kf]if0ftTjsf] cfjZostf a9L dfqfdf h?/t kb{5 . lsgsL of] cjlwdf ue{sf] 

kf8fkf8Lsf] tf} +n &% k|ltztn] a9\g] ub{5 . of] cjlwdf b"w ;'sfPdf b"w pTkfbgsf nflu vr{ 

x'g] zlQm ue{ ljsf;sf] nflu pkof]u x'G5 . of] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ !b]lv !=% s]=hL= bfgf 

lbPdf kof{Kt x'G5 . ue{sf] clGtd cj:yfdf zlQm j9L lbg] vfnsf cfxf/f (Concentrate 

Feed) v'jfpg lgDg cg';f/sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ h?/L 5 . 

ue{sf] cfsf/ 7"nf] x'g] ePsf]n] ;f] sf] bafan] k]6nfO{ v'DrfP/ ;f+ u'/f] agfp5 / 

;fy} b| 't ultdf x'g] kf8fkf8Lsf] zf/Ll/s a[l4sf] nflu zlStsf] cfjZostf j9L 

kb5{ . t;y{zlQm a9L ePsf / k]6df 7fpFsd lng]vfnsf cfxf/f (Concentrate) 

v'jfpg' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . 

$= n}gf e} +;Lsf] cfxf/f (Feeding of Milk Production) 

cfxf/fsf] tf}n -s]=hL=_ 

#) s]=hL 

&* s]=hL 

&%) u|fd 

sd u'0f:t/sf, c? gpu|fpg] kz'af6 pkof]u x'g g;Sg] kz', cfxf/f hGo kbfy{nfO{ clt pQd 

b"wsf] ?kdf kl/0ft ug{ ;Sg] d]l;gsf] ?kdf e} +;LnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . 

3f +;kftaf6 dfq ljleGg zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf e} +;LnfO{ b}lgs cfjZos kf]if0ftTj k'Ub}g . olb 

k'Ug] ePdf klg To:tf]vfBtTjx?af6 e} +;Lsf] ?d]gdf ePsf ;" Id hLjf0f'nfO{ cfjZos ;lhn};+u 

pknJw x'g;Sg] zlQm (Readily Available Energy) pknJw x'g ;Sb}g . kmn:j?k ?d]gdf 

cfjZos Go"gtd hLjf0f'sf] ;+Vofdf sdL x'G5 . ?d]gdf hLjf0f'sf] ;+Vof j9L ePdf 

/]zfbf/ 3f +; /fd|f];+u kR5 . o; ;DaGwdf lj:t[t ljj/0f kl/R5]b @ / # df pNn]v ul/Psf] 

5 . o;sf nflu e}+;Lsf] cfxf/fdf bfgf (Concentrate Feed) lg/Gt/ ;dfj]z x'g h?/L 

5 . o:tf bfgf e}+;Lsf] b}lgs cfxf/fdf k"/s cfxf/f -Feed Supplement) sf] ?kdf k|of]u

84 


x'G5g . o:tf bfgfx? :yfgLo :t/df pknJw bfgf kbfy{ / o:sf pkpTkfbgx?sf] s'g} vf; 

dfqfsf] k|of]u u/L ;:tf] d"Nodf tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . :yfgLo vfB ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u u/L tof/ 

kfg{ ;lsg] Concentrate Mixture sf] pbfx/0f tflnsf ^@@ df b]vfO{Psf] 5 . 

%= k|hggsf] /f +ufsf] cfxf/f (Feeding of Breeding Bulls) 

k|hgg sfo{df k|of]udf cfPsf] /f+ uf]nfO{ zf/Ll/s cj:yf 7LSs /xg] u/L cfxf/f v'jfpg' k5{ . 

w]/} df]6f] ePdf k|hgg Ifdtfdf sdL cfpg ;S5 . jl;{d / h} h:tf 3f+; v'jfOPsf] 5 eg] yk 

bfgfsf] h?/t kb}{g . 

pbfx/0f M Pp6f %)) s]=hL= zf/Ll/s tf}+n ePsf] k|hgg of]u /f+ufsf] nflu cfjZos 

cfxf/f / To;af6 /f+ufnfO{ pknJw x'g ;Sg] kf]if0ftTj lgDg cg';f/ 5 . 

tflnsf ^@% k|hggsf] /f+ ufsf] cfxf/f 

/f;gsf] gd'gf 

kf]if0f tTjsf] cfjZostf 

DM -s]hL=_ DCP -s]=hL=_ TDN -s]=hL=_ 

-s_ cfjZostf (Requiment) !)=) )=$% $=% 

-v_ /f;g (Ration) 

gd'gf ! 

al;{d #=$) )=#) !=*& 

hf} #=$) )=!$ !=*& 

bfgf !=)) )=!^ )=&) 

s'n &=*) )=^) $=$$ 

gd'gf@ 

jl;{d #=$) )=#) !=*& 

ux'+sf] 5\jfnL @=() )=)) !=!^ 

bfgf !=%) )=@$ !=)% 

s'n &=*) )=%$ $=)* 

gd'gf # 

xl/of] jl;{d %=@% )=%# $=@) 

ux'+sf] 5\jfnL @=*) )=)) !=!@ 

s'n *=)% )=%# %=#@ 

gf]6 M DCP / TDN cfjZostf eGbf s]xL a9L k"lt{ ePsf]n] DM sd -*=)%_ eP klg s]xL 

km/s kb} {g . 

o;/L tof/ kf/]/ v'jfPsf] cfxf/fdf vlgh nj0f ;dfj]z x'g h?/L 5 . xl/of] 3f+; pknJw 

ePsf]n] le6fldg A 5'§} lbg' kb} {g . t/ xl/of] 3f +; gv'jfPdf le6fldg A 5'§} lbg' k5{ gq 

jLo{sf] u'0f:t/ sd x'G5 .


85 

^= sfddf k|of]u x'g] /f+uf]sf] cfxf/f (Feeding of Working Bulls) 

g]kfnsf] s[lif k|0ffnLdf v]t jf/L hf]Tg, dfn;fdfg cf];f/k;f/ ug{, bf+O{ ug{, sf]n k]Ng, e" ldut 

kfgL tfGg, ef/L af]Sg cflb h:tf sfo{sf] nflu /f +uf]sf] k|of]u x'G5 . o:tf a9L zlQm vr{ x'g] 

vfnsf] sfd ubf{ /f +ufx?nfO{ yk cfxf/fsf] h?/t k5{ . olb sfdsf] k|s[lt cg' ;f/ -xn' +uf] / ux|f}+ 

sfo{_ cfxf/fsf] yk cfk"lt{ gePdf /f +ufx? b'Jnfpb} hfg] ePsf]n] yk cfxf/fsf] Joj:yf x'g' 

lgtfGt cfjZos b]lvG5 . 

sfddf k|of]u x'g] /f+ufnfO{ cfjZos kf]if0ftTj / of] kf]if0ftTj cfk"lt{ x'g :yfgLo :t/df 

-g]kfnsf] ljleGg efudf_ kfOg] 3f +;kft / cGgsf] pkof]u s] slt dfqfdf cfjZos k5{ eGg] 

s'/f tn tflnsf ^@^ df b]vfOPsf] 5 . 

tflnsf ^@^ /f+ ufsf] cfxf/f -$)) s]=hL= tf}n ePsf]_ 

kf]if)f tTjsf] cfjZostf / 

cfxf/fsf] gd"gf 

kl/df)f -s]=hL_ 

(Quantity) 

gf]6 M oL gd"gf kmd"{nfdf DCP s]xL a9L b]lvG5 t/ TDN rfx] cg';f/ ePsf]n] a9L DCP ePsf] 

/fd| } x'G5 . t;y{ of] gd'gf cfxf/f ;Gt'lnt 5 . 

df;'sf] nflu kflng] kf8f / e} +;Lsf] cfxf/f 

(Feeding of Calves and Culled Buffalo for Meat Production) 

DM -s]=hL=_ DCP -s]=hL=_ TDN -s]=hL=_ 

-s_ cfjZostf (Requirement) 9=00 0=39 5=2 

-v_ /f;g 1 

xl/of] al;{d 15 3=00 0=30 2 

xl/of] h}+÷h"g]nf 20=00 5=00 0=20 2=40 

bfgf ld>)f 1=0 0=90 0=12 0=60 

s"n 36=0 8=90 0=620 5=50 

/f;g 2 

xl/of] af]*L 22=00 4=40 0=55 2=64 

wfgsf] k/fn 6=00 5=40 0=00 2=40 

s"n 28=00 9=80 0=55 5=04 

/f;g 3 

xl/of] h} 25=00 5=00 0=25 3=00 

bfgf ld>)f 2=00 1=80 0=32 1=40 

ux"+sf] %\jfnL 2=00 1=80 0=00 0=80 

s"n 29=0 8=60 0=57 5=20 

/f;g 4 

xl/of] jl;{d 40=0 6=0 0=60 4=00 

ux"+sf] %\jfnL 2=0 1=80 0=00 0=80 

s"n 42=00 7=80 0=60 4=80 

g]kfnL s[ifsx?n] k|foM ! b]lv $ uf]6f;Dd e} +;L / ! b]lv # kf8fkf8L Ps} ;dodf kfNg' kg] { x'g 

;S5 . ljBdfg k4ltnfO{ x]bf{ klxnf] @ b]lv $ xKtf;Dd kf8fkf8LnfO{ Ps y'gsf] b"w k'/} r':g 

lbOG5 . klxn] b"w kufg{ / b"w b'x]kl5 b"w lgvfg{ kf8fkf8L dfpmdf 5f]l8G5 . ljxfg / a]n'sL

{ 

86 


b'j} 5fs o;/L kf8fkf8LnfO{ b"w r';fOG5 . bf]>f] dlxgfdf of] k|foM cfwf ul/G5 . To;kl5 

kf8fkf8L b"w kufg{ dfq 5fl8G5 . pd]/ tLg xKtfsf] ePkl5sf] cj:yfdf b"w r';]kl5 ;fgf] 

d'7Le/sf] lk7f]sf] 8Nnf] kf8fkf8LnfO{ v'jfOG5 . o;f] ugf{n] 3f+ ;kftsf] pkof]udf 7"nf] ;xof]u 

k'Ub5 . xfnsf] cj:yf lgDg cg';f/sf] 5 . 

-s_ g]kfnsf] klZrdL kxf8L If]qdf e}+;L Jofpg] lalQs} kf8f]nfO{ af]/f leq /fvL kmflng] rng 

5 . kf8Laf6 jo:s ePkl5 b"w lng ;lsg] t/ kf8f] pkof]udf gcfpg] -t/fO{df h:tf] 

hf]Tg / uf8f tfGg k|of]udf gcfpg]_ ePsf]n] kf8f] kmfNg] rng 5 . o;/L kf8f] kmfln 

lbgfn] p;n] vfg] b"w j]r]/ k};f sdfpg ;lsg] wf/0ff s[ifsx?sf] 5 . t/ o;/L kmfNg'sf] 

;§fdf logLx?nfO{ ljz]if cfxf/f lbO{ df]6f] agfP/ 5f]6f] cjlwdf g} df;'sf] nflu tof/ 

kf/L cfly{s nfe lng ;lsG5 eGg] tYo NARC af6 u/]sf] cg';Gwfgn] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . 

-v_ a'9f /f+ uf, yf/f tyf a'9L e} +;L df;'sf nflu laqmL ug]{ rng 5 . e} +;Lsf] df;' k|foM ;a} 

wdf{jnDjLx?n] vfg] / e]+8f afv| fsf] df;' eGbf ;:tf] x'g] ePsf]n] j9\bf] zx/Ls/0fn] o:tf] 

df;'n] 7"nf] jhf/ kfPsf] 5 . t/ of] cj:yfsf e} +;L /f+ ufx? b'Jnf x'g] ePsf]n] df;' sd kg] 

/ /fd|f] u'0f:t/sf] gx'g] ;d:ofn] ubf{ df;' Joj;foL tyf pkef]Stfx? dsf{df k/]sf 

5g . 

dfly pNn]lvt xfnsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ df;' pTkfbgdf /f+ uf] tyf e}+;Lsf] pkof]u u/L df;'df 

cfTd lge{/ x'g ;Sg] k|z:t ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . t;y{ lgDg cg';f/ df;' pTkfbgsf nflu b'O{ 

;d"xdf df;'sf nflu e}+;L kfng u/L kmfObf lng ;lsG5 / ;f] sf] nflu cfxf/f lgDg cg';f/ 

5 . 

-s_ n}gf] tyf j9fn' kf8fsf] x'sf{pg] cfxf/f Joj:yfkg (Feeding of Growing 

Calves) 

-v_ 56'jf e} +;L tyf /f+ uf]sf] cfxf/f Joj:yfkg (Feeding of Culled Buffalo) 

-s_ n}gf tyf a9fn' kf8fsf] x'sf{pg] cfxf/f Joj:yfkg 

(Feeding of Growing Calves) 

kf8fnfO{ kmfNgaf6 arfO{ /fd|f] vfglkgdf x'sf{Pdf sl/a !=% jif{sf] pd]/df j]r]/ k|z:t kmfObf 

lng ;lsG5 . o;} kl/R5]bsf] tflnsf g+= ^@*, ^@(, ^#) df pNn]v ul/P cg';f/sf] 

cfxf/f tof/ kf/L ;f]xL tflnsfdf b]vfOP cg';f/ v'jfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ . o:tf ;d"xsf 

kf8fdf ldNs l/Kn];/ / sfkm :6f6{/sf] pkof]udf hf]8 lbP/ b"wsf] pkof]u 36fpg' k5{ . 

g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\af6 ;+rflnt cg';Gwfgsf] glthf oxf+ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . of] 

cg';Gwfgsf] glthfn] df;'sf] nflu kf8f x'sf{O{ Joj;fo ug{ rfxg] s[ifsnfO{ ufO8nfO{gsf] sfo{


89 

hDdf cfxf/f vkt -s]=hL÷lbg_ ^=!% ^=$% ^=) 

k|lt s]=hL= zf/Ll/s tf}nsf] j[l4df DM 

vkt -s]=hL=_ (=%# *=*% *=)^ 

k|lt kf8f÷k|lt lbg cfxf/f vr{ -?=_ #@=)% #(=@& $)=) 

k|lt s]=hL= zf/Ll/s tf}n 

pTkfbg ubf{ nfUg] cfxf/f vr{ -?=_ $(=^* %%=^@ %%=( 

k/LIf0f cuf8L k|lt kf8fsf] d"No -?=_ !%))=) !%))=) !%))=) 

k|lt kf8f df;' pTkfbgdf nfUg] vr{ -?=_ 

-HofdL ;d]t_ ((##=$@ !!&)&=) !!&%%=!$ 

k|lt kf8f df;' pTkfbg -*) ?k}+of k|lt !%(^@=$ !&%#^=* !&**%=^ 

s]=hL= sf b/n]_ 

k|lt kf8faf6 x'g] v'b gfkmf $%@*=$@ $##)=* $^#)=$^ 

>f]t M emf / cfrfo{ @)%( 

tflnsf ^#@ /f+ uf] Fattening sf nflu cfjZos kf]if0ftTj / cfxf/f 

kf]if0f tTjsf] cfjZostf / 

/f;gsf] gd"gf 

-s_ cfjZostf 

(Requirements) 

-v_ /f;g 1 

xl/of] jl;{d 

(DM= 20%, DCP 3%, TDN 

12%, Ca 3% / P 7%) 

xl/of] h} 

(DM= 25%, DCP 3%, TDN 

14%, Ca 6% / P.05%) 

/f;g 2 

/f;g 3 

-!_ 

kl/df0f 

-s]=hL=_ 

kf]if0ftTj (Nutrients) 

DM DCP TDN 

-s]=hL=_ -s]=hL=_ -s]=hL=_ 

Ca 

-u|fd_ 

P 

-u|fd_ 

- 2=90 0=24 1=80 14 11 

10=0 2=0 0=30 1=20 30=0 7=0 

4=0 1=0 0=04 0=56 2=4 2=0 

s"n 14=0 3=0 0=34 1=73 

32=4 

0 

9=00 

xl/of] jl;{d 5=0 1=0 0=15 0=60 15=0 3=5 

bfgf ld>)f 1=0 0=9 0=15 0=70 2=0 5=0 

ux"+sf] %\jfnL 1=0 0=9 0=00 0=40 2=0 0=2 

s"n 7=0 2=80 0=30 1=70 19=0 8=70 

xl/of] ds} 

(DM= 25%, DCP 1%, TDN 

14%, Ca6% / P.05%) 

af]*L 

(20% DM, 3% DCP, 13 % 

TDN, 13 u|fd, Ca / 7 u|fd P) 

5=0 1=25 0=05 0=70 3=0 2=60 

8=0 1=60 0=24 1=04 24 5=6 

s"n 13=0 2=85 0=29 1=74 26=0 8=1 

-@_ 

-#_ 

-$_

90 


dfly pNn]lvt tflnsfdf b]vfPsf] -s_ sf] cfjZostfnfO{ k'/f ug{ -v_ /f;gx?sf] gd'gf 

cg';f/ tof/ kf/L df;'sf] nflu kflnPsf kf8fx?nfO{ v'jfpg ;lsG5 tflnsf ^#@ . o:t} 

gd"gfx?nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL :yfgLo 3f+;x?sf] kf]if0ftTjnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ /f;g tof/ ug{ 

;lsG5 . g]kfndf kfOg] ljleGg kz' cfxf/f hGo vfB kbfy{df kfOg] ljleGg kf]if0ftTjx? o;} 

k':tssf] clGtddf kl/R5]b !# df lbOPsf] 5 . 

-v_ 56'jf e}+ ;L tyf /f+ uf]sf] cfxf/f Joj:yfkg (Fattening of Culled Buffalo) 

g]kfndf df;'sf] nflu e }+;LnfO{ h'g;'s} pd]/df sfl6g] rng 5 . yf/f e} +;L, sfd ug{ g;Sg] 

cj:yfsf hf]Tg k|of]udf gcfPsf /f+ uf / k|hgg\df k|of]u gx'g] /f+ uf]x? sf6]/ df;'sf] ?kdf k|of]u 

ul/G5 . oL ljleGg pd]/ / cj:yfsf e} +;LnfO{ df;'sf] nflu j]Rg' eGbf klxn] s]xL dlxgf s'g} 

vf; u'0f ePsf] cfxf/f (Special diet) tof/kf/L v'jfPdf df;'af6 kmfObf lng ;lsg] s'/f 

xfn;fn} gfs{sf] cg';Gwfgn] b]vfPsf] 5 . oL 56'jf e}+;L jf /fFuf]nfO{ tflnsf ^#@ df pNn]v 

eP cg';f/ b}lgs cfxf/f lbg' k5{ . o:tf e} +;LnfO{ cfjZos kf]if0ftTj tflnsf ^@* df 

pnn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ul/Psf] cfxf/fsf] lx;fj ^@( df b]vfOPsf] 5 . 

tflnsf ^## df;'sf nflu kflnPsf kf8fx?sf] nflu cfjZos kf]if0f tTj 

zf/Ll/s 

tf} +n 

-s]=hL=_ 

a[l4 b/ 

-s]=hL=_ 

DM 

-s]hL=_ 

3f+ ;% 

DCP 

-s]=hL=_ 

b}lgs zf/Ll/s j[l4 b/ / jhgsf] cfwf/df cfjZos kf]if0ftTjx? /f +uf]n] kfpg ;Sg] u/L 

cfxf/f tof/ kf/L v'jfpg' k5{ . 

ufO{ e}+;Ldf o'l/of df]nf;]; ldg/n Jns (UMMB) sf] pkof]u 

(Use of UMMB in Dairy Cattle & Buffalo) 

TDN 

-s]=hL=_ 

Ca 

-u|f=_ 

P 

-u|fd_ 

le6fldg A 

(1000 I.U) 

100 0=5 2=8 70-80 0=254 2=47 14 11 6 

150 0=75 3=9 70-80 0=378 3=55 17 15 9 

200 075 5=1 60-70 0=40 3=91 19 17 13 

250 0=75 6=1 55-65 0=433 4=24 19 17 14 

300 0=75 70 55-65 0=461 5=04 21 19 15 

350 0=75 7=8 45-55 0=475 5=28 20 18 17 

400 0=75 8=7 45-55 0=487 5=78 20 19 18 

450 0=75 9=5 45-55 0=482 6=26 18 18 18 

500 0=75 10=2 45-55 0=492 6=76 18 18 20 

af]6 lj?jfdf k|of]u x'g] gfO6«f]hgtTj /x]sf] o'l/of dn -$^Ü gfO6«f]hg_, v'bf], vlgh nj0f / 

wfgsf] 9'6f] s'g} vf; dfqfdf ld;fO{ cfw'lgs d]l;gdf /fvL lyr]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] O{6 cfsf/sf], 

vfBkbfy{ h'g pu|fpg] jo:s kz'nfO{ r6fpg], cfxf/f hGo ;fdu|LnfO{ æo'l/of df]nf;]; 

ldg/n Jns (UMMB)Æ elgG5 . 3f +;sf] cefj /x]sf] ;dodf -lxp +b dlxgfdf_ pd]/ k'u]sf


91 

pu|fpg] kz'x? h:t}M ufO{, e} +;L, e]+8f tyf afv|fnfO{ k/fn, 5\jfnL, gn tyf 9f]8 v'jfpg] 

ul/G5 . o:tf cfxf/fdf kf]if0ftTjsf] sdL x'g] tyf lnugLg h:tf ckfRo j:t' a9L x'g] 

ePsf]n] oL ;fdu|Lsf] kf]if0ftTj tyf kfrsTjdf a[l4 Nofpg UMMB r6fpg] ul/G5 . 

pu|fpg] kz'x?df 3f +;kft krfpg ;Sg] ljz]if Ifdtf ePsf] rf/v08] k]6 x'G5 . h'g c? kz'df 

x'b}g . oL kz'x?n] /]zfbf/ :6«Sr/n sfaf]{xfO8«]6 ;lhn};+u krfpg ;Sb5g\ . o;sf] cnjf gg\ 

k|f]l6g vfB ;fdu|L h:t} o'l/of klg krfpg ;S5g\ . pu|fpg] kz'x?sf] k]6df c/jf} +sf] ;+Vofdf 

nfebfos hLjf0f' -h:t} JofS6]/Lof tyf kmGhfO{_ kfOG5g\, h;n] k]6df k'u]sf 3f+;kftnfO{ 

kmd] {G6 u/fP/ krfp5g\ . pu|fpg] kz'x?sf] 3f +; krfpg] Ifdtf log} hLjf0f'x?sf] ;+Vofdf e/ 

kb{5 . oL hLjf0f'x?sf] l56f] l56f] j[l4 x'g phf{, k|f]l6g / vlgh nj0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . 

/]zfbf/ 3f +;kftn] To:tf cfjZos tTjx?sf] cfk"lt{ ug{ ;Sb}g . t;y{ hLjf0f'sf] nflu cfjZos 

tTj cGo >f]taf6 k"lt{ x'g h?/L 5 . zlQm, vlgh nj0f, k|f]l6g / k|f]l6gsf cGo >f]tx?sf] 

?kdf o'l/of df]nf;]; ldg/n Ans (UMMB) tof/ kf/L pu|fpg] kz'nfO{ r6fpg] k|ljlwsf] 

ljsf; gfs{af6 eO{ pkof]udf NofOPsf] 5 . vf; u/L lxpFbsf] ;dodf -kf}+ifb]lv h]i7;Dd_ xl/ 

of] 3f +;sf] cefj x'g] ePsf]n] k/fn, gn, 9f]8, s'gf}/f] cflbsf] k|of]u a9L x'G5 . oL cfxf/f 

krfpgsf] nflu hLjf0f'sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . h;n] cfxf/f krfpg] OGhfOd pTkfbg u5{g\ . oL 

hLjf0f'x?sf] ; +Vofdf a[l4 Nofpg UMMB n] 7"nf] d2t k'¥ofpF5 . 

UMMB af6 x'g] kmfObf (Benefit of UMMB) 

pu|fpg] kz'x?sf] k]6df /x]sf] hLjf0f'x?sf] nflu zlQm, k|f]l6g / vlgh nj0f UMMB n] 

k|bfg u5{ h;sf] kmn:j?k oL hLjf0f'x?sf] ;+Vofdf Jofks j[l4 x'G5 . oL hLjf0f'x?n] 

/]zfbf/ 3f+;kft krfpg] OGhfOd (Urease) pTkfbg u5{g . h;n] 3f+;nfO{ krfpF5 / 

kmn:j?k kz' pTkfbg h:t} b"w, df;' a9\5 . 

s'g} vf; ;do kl5 rf/ v08] k]6df ePsf hLjf0f'x? d5{g / tNnf] k]6 -cfGb|f_ df 

k'U5g\ / oxf+ oL hLjf0f' kr]/ kz'nfO{ k|f]l6g tyf ldg/n pknJw x'G5 . 

UMMB sf] k|of]un] kz'sf] k]6af6 lg:sg] ldy]g Uof; @%% Go"g u5{ . 

UMMB tof/ kfg] { ljlw (Methods of UMMB Preparation) 

UMMB tof/ kfg{ cfjZos ;fdu|LnfO{ ;kmf ef8f]df d'5]/ 8Nnf] agfpg] . UMMB tof/ 

ug{ tflnsf ^#$ df lbP cg';f/sf] ;fdu|L tflnsfdf lbP cg';f/sf] dfqfdf ld;fpg' k5{ .

92 


tflnsf ^#$ UMMB tof/ kfg{ k|of]u x'g] vfB ;fdu|L / logLx?sf] dfqf . 

l;= 

g+ 

vfB kbfy{ v fB ;fdu|L % 

UMMB gd"gf 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

1= o"l/of (Urea) 12 12 12 10 10 10 10 

2= v "bf] (Molasses) 40 40 40 30 30 30 38 

3= 

vlgh nj)f ldS:r/ (Mineral 

Mixture) 

6 6 6 6 6 6 - 

4= g"g (Salt) 5 5 5 2 2 2 1 

5= j]G^f]gfO^ (Bentonite) 4 4 4 4 4 4 - 

6= 

SoflN;od cS;fO{* (Calcium 

Oxide) 

8 8 8 8 8 8 - 

7= wfgsf] ("^f] (Rice bran) 15 15 25 20 - 40 38 

8= skf;sf] aLofF (Cotton seed cake) 10 - - - 20 - - 

9= tf]l/sf] lkgf (Oil seed cake) - 10 - 20 20 - - 

10 

= 

11 

= 

l;d]G^ (Cement) - - - - - - 10 

*fO{ SoflN;od km:km]^ 

(Dicalcium Phosphate) 

dfly pNn]lvt & uf]6f gd'gf dWo] cfkm'; +u pknJw bfgf ;fdu|LnfO{ pkof]u ub}{ UMMB 

tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . h:t}M gd'gf g+= ! skf;sf] laofF pknJw x'g] 7fp +df !) k|ltzt 

skf;sf] laofF k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o:t} gd'gf ^ df pNn]v eP h:t} wfgsf] 9'6f] $) k|ltzt 

/fvL Ans agfpg ;lsG5 . 

Ans agfpg] ljlw (Method of UMMB Preparation) 

tflnsf g+= ^#$ df pNn]v ePsf ;fdfu|Lx?nfO{ ;f]xL tflnsfdf pNn]lvt v'bf]df 

/fd|f]; +u ld;fP/ d'5\g] . 

ljz]if lsl;dn] tof/ kf/]sf] UMMB agfpg] pks/0fsf] ef8f]df -lrq g+= ^!_ 

Ans agfpg d'5]/ tof/ kf/]sf] ;fdu|L /fVg] / @ ldg]6;Dd lyRg] . Ps k6sdf O{6 

;fO{hsf] sl/a b'O{ lsnf] tf}n ePsf] tLg uf]6f Jns tof/ x'G5 . 

pks/0fdf tof/ ePsf] AnsnfO{ xfjf /fd|f]; +u rNg] v'Nnf sf]7fdf Ps xKtf /fv] kl5 

Ans v'jfpg tof/ x'G5 . 

pkof]u ljlw (Method of Use) M 

- - - - - - 3 

hDdf 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 

lgDg cg';f/sf] cfxf/f lgDg cg';f/ pu|fpg] kz' j:t'nfO{ v'jfpg ;lsG5 . 

!_ k/fn vfg ;s] hlt 

@_ xl/of] 3f +; cfjZos ;'Svf kbfy{sf] Ps rf}yfO efu 

#_ bfgf cfjZos ;'Vvf kbfy{sf] Ps ltxfO efu


$_ UMMB rf6\g ;s] hlt -sl/a #%) u|fd_ k|lt kz' k|ltlbg 

%_ kfgL k|z:t vfg lbg'k5{ . 

gf]6M z'?df UMMB kz'n] jl9g} vfG5 t/ lj:tf/ rf6\g] -b'O{ jf tL lbg kl5_ aflg a:b5 . kf8f, af5f, 

kf7fkf7L, j+u'/, v/fof], 3f]8f, uwf / kG5Lx?nfO{ UMMB slxNo} v'jfpg' x'Gg . 

dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/sf] n}gf] ufO{sf] cfxf/fdf UMMB r6fpbf Ans gr6fpbfsf] t'ngfdf 

lgDg cg';f/sf] b"w k|ltlbg cf};t j[l4 x'g cfpF5 . 

!_ wfgsf] 9'6f]df cfwfl/t Ans r6fpFbf M @=!% s]=hL= b"w a[l4 ePsf] . 

@_ skf;sf] jL+ ofdf cfwfl/t Ans r6fpFbf M !=!# s]=hL= b"w j[l4 ePsf] . 

#_ tf]/Lsf] lkgfdf cfwfl/t Ans r6fpFbf M )=&) s]=hL= b"w a[l4 ePsf] . 

Ans agfpbfsf] vr{ / b"waf6 x'g] cfDbfgL 

b'O{ s]=hL= tf}n ePsf] Ps Ans tof/ ubf{ sl/a ?= *)÷ vr{ nfU5 / a9]sf] b"waf6 ?=$). 

cfDbfgL x'G5 . k|ltlbg @)) u|fd UMMB vfPdf ?= !% Ansdf vr{ nfU5 / v'b gfkmf 

k|ltlbg k|lt ufO{ ?= @%=) x'G5 . 

93 

ufO{n] UMMB rf6\b} u/]sf] UMMB Ans UMMB agfpg] Ans/ 

lrq g+= ^! UMMB sf] tof/L tyf ufO{df pkof]u 

tflnsf ^#% e} +;Lsf] nflu b}lgs cfjZos vfBtTjx? (Kearl, 1982) 

cfjZos z'Svf 

Gain 

zlQm k|f]l6g vlgh nj0f 

kbfy{ 

le6fldg 

Body (or 

% of 

Digest 

wt. (kg) loss) 

A (1000 

ME TDN Total 

Ca P 

(kg) (kg) Live 

i-ble 

IU) 

-!_ -@_ -#_ (Mcal) (kg) (g) 

(g) (g) 

Wt. -$_ -%_ -^_ -&_ (g) -*_ -(_ -!)_ -!!_ 

hLjg wfGg / zf/Ll/s j[l4sf] nflu 

!)) )=) @=$ @=$ #=(% !=)( !^# *) $ $ % 

)=@% #=) #=) ^=$% !=&* #!@ !(% ( * ^ 

)=%) @=* @=* *=(% @=$& #&# @%$ !$ !! ^ 

)=&% @=* @=* !!=$% #=!^ $#( #!# @) !$ ^ 

!%) )=) #=# @=@ )=#^ !=$* @@# !)( % % ^ 

)=@% #=( @=^ &=*^ @=!& #(# @$@ !) ( (

94 


-!_ 

-@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ -^_ -&_ -*_ -(_ -!)_ -!!_ 

)=&% #=( @=^ !@=$^ #=%% %$* #&* !& !% ( 

!=)) #=( @=^ !%=#^ $=@$ ^)( $#& @! !& ( 

@)) )=) $=! @=) ^=^% !=*$ @** !#% ^ ^ * 

)=@% $=* @=$ (=!% @=%# $^% @*! !) ( !) 

)=%) %=! @=^ !!=^% #=@@ %%# #$! !$ !# !@ 

)=&% %=! @=^ !$=!% #=(! ^!) $)) !( !& !# 

!=)) $=* @=$ !^=^% $=^) ^*@ $&! @# @) !# 

@%) )=) $=* !=( &=$^ @=!& #@& !^) * * ( 

)=@% %=% @=@ !)=#^ @=*^ %@% #!% !@ ( !) 

)=%) %=( @=$ !@=$^ #=%% ^)$ #&$ !% !@ !@ 

)=&% ^=! @=$ !%=#^ $=@$ ^&& $## !( !& !$ 

!=)) %=^ @=@ !&=$^ $=(# &#@ $(# @@ !( !$ 

#)) )=) %=^ !=( (=)! @=$( #&& !*# ( ( !) 

)=@% ^=@ @=! !!=&^ #=@% %&( #$# !# !@ !! 

)=%) &=* @=# !$=%& $=)! ^^# $)@ !& !^ !# 

)=&% &=) @=# !*=@^ %=)$ &#^ $^! @! !( !% 

!=)) ^=% @=@ @)=)! %=%@ &() %@! @^ @# !^ 

#%) )=) ^=$ !=* !)=!! @=&( $@^ @)% !) !) !@ 

)=@% &=! @=) !#=!! #=^@ ^@) #%& !# !@ !# 

)=%) &=^ @=@ !^=!! $=$% &)# $!^ !& !% !% 

)=&% &=* @=@ !(=!! %=@* &&^ $&% @) !* !& 

!=)) &=@ @=! @@=!! ^=!! *@^ %#% @# @! !* 

$)) )=) &=) !=* !!=!& #=)( $^( @@& !! !! !# 

)=@% &=& !=( !$=$@ #=(* ^%# #^( !$ !# !$ 

)=%) *=$ @=! !&=^& $=** &$) $@* !& !^ !^ 

)=&% *=& @=@ @)=(@ %=&* *!* $*& @) !( !* 

!=)) *=# @=! @$=!& ^=^* *&$ %$& @# @! !( 

$%) )=) &=& !=& !@=@! #=#& %!% @$* !@ !@ !$ 

)=@% *=^ !=( !%=&! $=#$ ^&% #^% !$ !$ !% 

)=%) (=! @=) !(=@! %=#! &%* $@$ !^ !^ !& 

)=&% (=% @=! @@=&! ^=@& *#^ $*@ !* !* !* 

!=)) (=@ @=) @^=@! &=@$ *(^ %$@ @) @) @) 

!=!) *=* @=) @&=^! &=^@ (!! %^^ @! @! @) 

%)) )=) *=# !=& !#=@! #=^% %%^ @^* !# !# !$ 

)=@% (=! !=* !^=(^ $=^( &)! #&$ !% !$ !^ 

)=%) (=& @=( @)=&! %=&@ &*^ $## !^ !^ !* 

)=&% !)=@ @=) @$=$^ ^=&^ *^( $(@ !* !* @) 

!=)) !)$ @=! @*=@! &=&( (## %%@ @) @) @# 

!=!) (=& !=) @(=&@ *=@! (&! %&^ @! @! @# 

sf]/nL ue{sf] cGtLd # dlxgf 

#)) )=% ^=& @=@ !$=! #=( %#* @($ !^ !$ @% 

#%) )=% &=$ @=! !%=! $=@ %(@ #@$ @! !^ @& 

$)) )=% *=! @=) !^=@ $=% ^$& #%$ @# !* #) 

$%) )=% *=* @=) !&=@ $=* &@^ $)% @^ @) #$


95 

-!_ -@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ -^_ -&_ -*_ -(_ -!)_ -!!_ 

%)) )=% (+$ !=( !*=@ %=) &&( $#% @* @@ #* 

jo:s ue{sf] clGtd # dlxgf 

$)) )=$ *=) @=) !%=@ $=@ ^$$ #%$ @# !* #) 

$%) )=$ *=^ !=( !^=@ $=% &@) $)% @^ @) #$ 

%)) )=$ (=# !=( !&=@ $=* &&^ $#% @( @@ #* 

%%) )=$ (=* !=* !*=@ %=) *#@ $&) #! @$ $@ 

^)) )=$ !)=$ !=& !(=@ %=# **( %)^ #$ @^ $^ 

^%) )=$ !!=) !=& @)=@ %=& ($$ %#& #^ @* %) 

&)) )=$ !!=& !=& @!=@ %=( ((@ %%& #( #) %# 

&%) )=$ !@=@ !=^ @@=@ ^=! !)^$ ^)& $@ #@ %& 

*)) )=$ !@=& !=^ @#=@ ^=$ !!^ ^#* $$ #$ ^! 

n}gf] e}+;L 

#%) )=) *=$ @=$ !^=* $=^ *^% %#& @& @! !( 

$)) )=) (=$ @=# !*=) %=) ()* %%( #) @# @! 

$%) )=) (=^ @=! !(=! %=# (%) %*) #! @$ @# 

%)) )=) !)=! @=) @)=@ %=^ (** ^)) ## @% @% 

%%) )=) !)=& !=( @!=# %=( !)@* ^@) #$ @^ @& 

^)) )=) !!=@ !=( @@=$ ^=@ !)^$ ^#* #% @& #) 

^%) )=) !!=& !=* @#=$ ^=% !)(* #%( #^ @* #@ 

&)) )=) !@=@ !=& @$=$ ^=& !!$$ ^&* #* @( #$ 

&%) )=) !@=^ !=& @%=$ &=) !!&* ^(^ #( #) #^ 

*)) )=) !#=@ !=^ @^=$ &=# !@!$ &!$ $) #! #* 

-jo:s b"w glbg]_ e}+;L hLjg wfGg 

#%) )=) ^=# !=* !)=! @=* $@# @)% !$ !! !% 

$)) )=) &=) !=* !!=@ #=! $^( @@& !& !# !& 

$%) )=) &=^ !=& !@=@ #=$ %!@ @$* !* !$ !( 

%)) )=) *=@ !=^ !#=@ #=^ %%# @^* @) !% @! 

%%) )=) *=( !=^ !$=@ #=( %(& @** @! !^ @# 

^)) )=) (=% !=^ !%=@ $=@ ^## #)% @@ !& @^ 

^%) )=) !)=# !=^ !^=! $=$ ^*# #@& @# !* @* 

&)) )=) !)=^ !=% !&=) $=& &!$ #$^ @% !( #) 

&%) )=) !!=) !=% !&=( $=( &%@ #^$ @^ @) #@ 

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96 


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Content 

(%) 

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k|f]l6g 

ME (Mcal) TDN (kg) Total (g) Digestible (g) Ca (g) P (g) 

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97 

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? 

Kearl, L.C. 1982. Nutrient Requirement of Ruminant in Developing Countries, 

Pub. International Feedstuff Institute, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Utah State University, Logon Utah. USA. pp 89-113. 

Verma, D.N. 1995. A Text Book of Animal Nutrition. Pub. Kalyani Publishers 

Ludhiyana PP342-365 

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k|ljlw . k|sfzs NARC, s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb| n'Dn] sf:sL, g]kfn k]h g+= !$@% . 

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k|sflzsf >Ldlt jflnsf pk|]tL .

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