chapter 2 stance adverbs qualifying a standpoint - LOT publications

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50 TABLE 2 STANCE ADVERBS FOR QUALIFYING A STANDPOINT COMMENT ABOUT THE PROPOSITIONAL CONTENT EVALUATIVE WAY OF EPISTEMIC WAY OF QUALIFYING QUALIFYING ADVERBS COMMENTING ON THE ADVERBS COMMENTING ON THE COMMITMENT EVALUATION MODAL ADVERBS arguably, assuredly, certainly*, clearly*, conceivably, definitely, doubtless, evidently, for certain, improbably, incontestably, incontrovertibly, maybe, no doubt, perhaps, possibly, presumably, probably, surely*, undoubtedly EVIDENTIAL ADVERBS allegedly, apparently, manifestly, obviously*, ostensibly, patently, purportedly, reportedly, reputedly, seemingly, supposedly, visibly DOMAIN ADVERBS aesthetically, architecturally, biologically, chemically, commercially, culturally, ecologically, economically, emotionally, environmental, ethically, financially, formally, ideally, ideologically, intellectually, linguistically, logically, materially, mechanically, mentally, morally, officially, physically, politically, practically, privately, psychologically, racially, realistically, scientifically, sexually, socially, spiritually, statistically, superficially, technically, technologically, theoretically, unofficially (EVENT-ORIENTED/ CLAUSE ORIENTED) EVALUATIVE ADVERBS bizarrely, commendably, conveniently, curiously, disappointingly, fortunately, funnily, happily, hopefully, illogically, interestingly, ironically, justifiably, justly, luckily, oddly, paradoxically, preferably, regretfully, regrettably, sadly, significantly, strangely, surprisingly, tragically, unaccountably, unfortunately, unhappily unreasonably COMMENT ABOUT THE ACT ILLOCUTIONARY WAY OF QUALIFYING ADVERBS COMMENTING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE WHOLE ACT ILLOCUTIONARY ADVERBS a) MANNER-OF-SPEAKING bluntly, candidly, confidentially, frankly, honestly, really, seriously, truly, truthfully b) METALINGUISTIC basically, briefly, broadly, figuratively, generally, hypothetically, literally, metaphorically, objectively, personally, roughly, simply, strictly EXPECTATION MARKERS actually, admittedly, avowedly, factually, in effect, in fact, in reality, indeed, naturally, of course, really certainly*, clearly*, obviously*, surely*
STANCE ADVERBS QUALIFYING A STANDPOINT 51 2.3.1 Stance adverbs commenting on the commitment to the propositional content The adverbs that may be used as the linguistic realisation of the epistemic way of qualifying standpoints belong to what are traditionally identified as modal or epistemic adverbs (certainly, clearly, perhaps, possibly, probably, surely) and evidential or hearsay adverbs (allegedly, apparently, obviously, reportedly, seemingly), as well as domain adverbs (emotionally, ideally, logically, officially, technically, theoretically). 29 As the discussion of the literature in 2.3.1.1 shows, there is disagreement about the labels used and the adverbs that fall under each. When it comes to argumentative discourse and to the analysis of these adverbs as qualifiers of the standpoint, the degree of commitment or the source of evidence do not play a role in understanding the discourse effect that their use may have. As I argue in section 2.3.1.2, the use of any of these adverbs has the discourse effect of emphasising the quality of the evidence that the protagonist is ready to forward in support of the standpoint. 2.3.1.1 Modal, evidential and domain adverbs The adverbs that appear in the first column of Table 2 (as the linguistic realisation of the way of qualifying standpoints by commenting on the commitment to the propositional content) are treated in the literature under a variety of names such as „modal‟, „epistemic‟, „evidential‟, „hearsay‟, and „domain‟ adverbs. The discussion of the relevant literature in this section illustrates that there is disagreement not only about the names but also about the items that fall under each label, something which allows space for considering these adverbs under one broad group of epistemic stance adverbs. Both Greenbaum (1969) and Quirk et al. (1985) identify a group of adverbs that express a „comment about the truth-value of what is said‟ and divide it further into three sub-groups. However, each of these authors applies a different criterion for the proposed subdivision. Two of the sub-groups that Greenbaum distinguishes are adverbs that „merely express shades of doubt or certainty‟, and adverbs that „in addition refer to the observation or perception of a state of affairs‟. On the other hand, Quirk et al. distinguish between adverbs that „express conviction‟, and adverbs that „express some degree of doubt‟. 30 Biber and Finegan (1988, 1989) follow Quirk et al.‟s distinction and identify „surely-adverbials‟ on the one hand and „maybe-adverbials‟ on the other. Biber et al. (1999), however, treat all these adverbs under one group of epistemic stance adverbs conveying doubt or certainty. Similarly, Fraser (1996) and Huddleston and Pullum (2002) place the adverbs in question under one group called „evidential markers‟ (Fraser) or „modal clause-adjuncts‟ 29 For a detailed list, see the first column in Table 2. 30 For the third sub-group, which includes adverbs that convey „the sense in which the speaker judges what he says to be true‟, see the paragraph about domain adverbs on page 53.
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