II - National Criminal Justice Reference Service

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TABLE 9FCONTENTS 

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INTRODUOTION 

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" Th,ls vC)lume IS t~ secOnd ann~aI s~ppl~U"8nt to Pllb/leationsat the Nationa//n;titute of 

JI!.t/cs*, a ,comprehen$IVe blbIlogr~y pUbll$t1ed in 1~7e to provide criminal justice 

prof",nals .W.1th a ,key to researct)" $PQnsored and publlahedby' the National Institute 

d, urlog Its,' fI, rat, dec,',' ,ada. Thlt suppktrnen, t .contai,n";\;1l8,··-)iQ!",~ for docu~ents publlshid In, 19, 79 

"JlJ1ddlstributed prlrnarlly through the U.S, Gove'nm~t, Printing 'Offi~or ttle National 

Criml"aI Justice Reference Service. A small number of/such documents published prior to 

\",~~}: 1979 are alao cited. 

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T~ .cIt8tions Bfa IIsteCt In Part I In alphabetical ort,jer by title. A complete bibliographic 

cltation!Jlyallablli!Ylnfo[llp.!!Cm, @n~~~.@,tr@9!,-",prQvJflfJd fg' each publication. Subject and 

_uthOr Ind~~es are apperKJed. , " , 

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Part II contains listings of several specialized types of publications: 

• Program Models and Prescriptive Packages --- Compilations of the most successful 

approaches being used to address particular criminal justice problems. 

• Test Designs - Detailed sPecifications for field testing program strategies In varied 

·settlngs to assess effectlvelless and transfBrabllity. . II' 

• Exemplary Projects-Ou18tandlng loc.lcrin'llm~I'justlce projects suitable ,for adaptation 

In Qther communities. 'II 

• National Evaluation Program - Pr.-ctlcallnformatlon on the effectiveness, cost, and 

problems of certain wldfJly I.l~ criminal justice programs. 

• Selected BibliOgraPhies - TC)pIcal bibliographies that reflect current Interests and 

developments In law enforcement and criminal justice. 

Infatmatlon 00 how to obt81n the documents cited may be found on the folloy/lng page . 

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• PubNc.tIoIJ. of the N.tIonal In.tltut.o' l.,IIw Entorc,,,,,ntand Crimln.' Justlc~: A Comprehensive Bibliography 

(HCJ 48700): ~ Publlc.tIons of~. N.tI()II" In.tltUteof LAlw Enforc.",.nt and Crimln.' Justice: A Oomprehenlive 

BlbIJo~,.phy-1878 Sl!pple/ne~t (NCJ 57981). A limited number of copl.s of ",.~ document. are available 

wIthoUt charge from NCJRS. CopIes may alOC) be purch.18d from the Glov.mment Printing Office. 

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. INTRODUCTION 

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This volume Is ttj~ second annual supplement to Publications of the Natlomj./lnstltute of 

Justice *. a comprehensive bibliography .. published in ~ ..97e to provide criminal justice 

profeeslonals with a key to .re$8arch spgnsored and publis.hed bY the Natj(malln~tltute 

during Ita first de.cade. fhl' supplement contalnscit~tioi1sfor d9Cuments publi$hec;t in 1979 

, and dlltrlbu,ed primarily through ~he U.S. ~.O'lernment Printing Office or ,the National 

.Crlmlnal Justice Reference Servi~8~"A small number of such documents published prior to 

1979 are also clted~ C' 

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The clt,~ions are listed In Part I in alphabetipal ord~r by)itle. A co.rhplete bibliographic 

clt4ltlon: availability Info,rmatlon, and abstract are Ptovide~"lor e~ch pul,)licatlon. Subje~t and 

v author Indexes are apPended. 

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. Part II contains listings of several specialized types of publications: , 

". PrOQram Models and Prescriptive Packages..,.,. Compil4ltions 9f .themost successful 

approaches being used to address particular criminal justice problems. " 

II T,8t Deslpns -:- Det~U,d specifications for field testing program strategies in varied 

settings to assess,effectlvene-M anc;t transferability. 

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II Exemplary Projects-Outstanding locill{:riminal justice proj~ts suitable for adaptation 

In other cQmm",nitles." . c.. ,,'" 

411 National Evaluation Program .;....Practical information on.the effectiveness, cost, and 

.problems of certain widely used criminal justic~ programs. . 

.Select~ Blbliographle§ - Topical bibliographies that reflect current int,erests and 

davelopmentsin law enforcement and criminal ,justice. 

Inforr~atlon on how to obtain the doc~ments cited may be found on the following page. 

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• Publication. of the fo/at/.pniilln.tJtute of Law Enforceiftent and Criminal Justice: A Co,mprehenslve Bibliography 

(Nc.J 4~700): and Put,llcatlolJlJ of the Nationalln,tJtute of Law Enforcement ,and Orimlmll Justice: A Cpmprehen 

" .We Blbllopraphy-1979'Supplement (NCJ ~7987):':'>" II",lted number of copies of the,. ~()Cum,n'e area\(~lIable' 

(\ wlthol.lt charge from NcJF'S. CopIes may also:be purc~ from the Govemment Prlntlnlll OffIce. , 

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PUBLICATIONS OF THENIJ 

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1. AFFIRMAnve ACTION IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM. 

NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERVICE, BOX 

6000, ROCKVILLE MD 20850. 1(; p. 1979. HCH11~' 

tHE RELATIONSHIP OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYMENT 

LAWS TO THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IS DISCUSSED, IN· 

CLUDING AFFIRMATIVE ACTION PROGRAMS, BARRIERS TO 

CHAlroE, AND ESTABLISHM/:NT OF GOALS AND GRIEVANCE 

PROCEDURES. THE EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY 

ACT OF 1972 MAY BE THE MOST .IMPORTANT LAW AFFECT· 

ING JOB DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE IT SPECIFIES THAT 

RACE, COLOR, RELIGION, SEX, AND NATIONAL ORIGIN 

CANNOT BE FACTORS IN EMPLOYMENT. FOR CRIMINAL JUS 

TICE AGENCIES, HOWEVER, ADDITIONAL PROHIBITIONS BAR· 

RING DISCRIMINATION WERE WRITTEN INTO THE 1973 OMNI· 

BUS CRIME CONTROL· AND SAFE STREETS Ar:i.BASED ON 

THIS ACT, THE LElIA EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY 

PROGRAMS REQUIRE THAT THE MAKEUP OF THE POPULA· 

TION SERVED MUST BE REFI.ECTED 'IN THE EQUAL-EMPLOY· 

MENT OPPORTUNITY EFFORTS OF A GRANTEE.IMPLEMEN. 

TATION. DIFFICULTIES ARE lilGHLIGHTED BY EXCERPTS 

FROM SEVERAL NEWS STORIES. BARRIERS TO AFFIRMATIVE 

AOTION PROGRAMS FALL INTO THREE GROUPS: ORGANIZA· 

TIONAL BARRIERS WITHIN THE AGENCY, MANAGERIAL BAR· 

RIERS WITHIN INDIVIDUAL MANAGERS, AND INTRAPER· 

SONAL BARRIERS, I.E., BARRIERS WITHIN MINORITIES AND 

WqMEN THEMSELVES. IDEAS FOR OVERCOMING EACH TYPE 

OF BARRIER ARE LISTED. SUGGESTIONS FOR DESIGNING 

AND IMP~EMENTING AN AFFIRMATIVE ACTION PLAN IN· 

ClUDE 1'~E FOLLOWING ,STEPS: DEVELOP OR REAFFIRM 

THE POLICY TO ELIMINATE DISCRIMINATORY SYSTEMS, DIS· 

SEMINATe THI;-~LICY WITHIN THE ORGANIZATION AND TO 

OUTSIDE ORtiA"NIZAi1\>.NS, ASSIGN RESPONSIBILITY TO 1M· 

PLEMENT TH~ POLICY 70 THE C~OEF EXECUTIVE AND AN AF· 

FIRMATIVE ACTION OFFICER, PEFOtiM A"l.mLIZATION ANAL· 

YSIS, IDENTIFY PROBI£M AREAS, ESTM,LlSH GOALS AND TI· 

METABLES, PERFORM AN INTERNAL A~OIT, ORGANIZE ARE· 

PORTING SYSTEM,ANO PFtOVIDE EMrlLOYEES WITH GRIEV· 

ANCE PROCEDURES, GRAPHS AND t, LIST OF RESOURCE 

AGf;NCIES ARE INCLUDED. 

~ Not..: GENERAL INFORMATION PAMPHLET. 

IIpoMorfnfI ~: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTiCe LEM NA· 

TIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL 

JUSTICE,833 INDIANA AVENUE 1fN, WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 

AvlIIIaibIIIty: GPO Siock Order No. 0270000.()()849-6: NCJRS 

MICROFICHE PROGRAM, NCJRS.' 

1 

2. ALTERNATIVES TO ItmlTUTIONAUZATIOH-A DEFINITIVE 

BlILIOGRAPHY. J. A. BRANTLEY end M. KRAVITZ, Eda. 

NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERVICE, BO)( 

8000, RockvILLE MD 20850, 253 p, 1979. MCJ.5I51. 

ALL OF THE LITEHATURE IN THE NATIONAL CRIMltML JUS 

TICE REF.ERENCE SERVICE DATA BASE (OVER 2,~100 EN· 

TRIES) CONCERNING THE BROAD SUBJECT OF AL:TERNA· 

TIVES TO INSTITUTIONALIZATION ARE CITED IN THIIS BIB· 

LIOGRAPHY. THE BIBLIOGRAPHV,IN FACT, DOCUMENl'S THE 

DIVERSE NATURE Of. ALTE~NA1iiII!S TO 

INSTITUTIONALIZATION, ,ALL DESIGNED TO VOID, MINIMize, 

HALT, OR SUSPEND PENETRATION INTO T' "ClIMINAL ':.IS- 

TICE SYSTEM. THE MATERIALS FRESENTELt ',,':' _.:FINI· 

TIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY PERTAIN TO JUVENILt. TRAINING 

SCHOOLS, PRERELEASE CF.NTERS, HALr'"WAY HOUSES, 

WORK·RELEASE PROGRAMS, RESTITUTION, WEEKEND SEN· 

TENCING, COMMUNITY SERVICE ORDERS, GROU? AND 

FOSTER HOMES, AND PROBATION AND PAROLE. BAIL AND 

F,JELEASE ON RECOGNIZANCE ARE INCLUDED WHEN THEY 

ARE USED AS A MEANS FO::' AVOIDING INCARCEF:ATION. 

THE CIT~TIONS ARE ANNOTATEUAND PRESENTED IN AL· 

PHABETICAL ORDER BY TITLE. PUBLICATION OATES RANGE 

PRIMARILY FROM 1972 TO 1978. THE INTRODUCTION SUM· 

MARIZES THE :-tISTORICAL SEARCH FOR SUITABLE ALTER· 

NATIVES TO INSTITUTIONALIZATION. AUTHOR AND SUBJECT 

INDEXES ARE APPENDED AND INFORMATION ABOUT SALES 

SOURCES AND MICROFICHE AVAILABILITY IS PROVIDED. 

8ponIoriI1g Agencv: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA· 


JUSTICE, 833 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 

AVailability: GPO Slotk Order No. 027·000'()o820-8: NCJRS 

MICROFICHE PROGRAM. NCJRS. 

3. ANTICORRUPTION 8TRA11l0Y FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS. 

Iy T. FLETCHER, P. GORDON, and S. HE~LL SRI IN· 

TERNATIONAL, 333 RAVENSWOOD AVENUE~ MF.NLO PARK CA 

94025.67 p. 1970. HCJ·fil524 

THIS REPORT DESCRIBES A COUNTERCORRUPTION STRAT· 

EGY THAT CAN~~ IMPLEMENTED BY CITY ADMINISTRATORS 

TO MONITOR THE:'p,ERF'ORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES AND TO 

INCREASE UNDERSr~'~DING OF WHAT CONSTITUTES COR· 

RUPTION AND HOW TO>~VOID IT. THE PROGRAM SUGGEST· 

ED HERE IS BASED ol"htH.~FO~LOWING HYPOTHESES: (1) 

THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF'AN OPPORTUNITY FOR CORRUP· 

TION IS INVERSELV PROPORtiONAL TO ITS VISIBILITY: (2) 

THE ATTAACTIVENESS·OF AN Or?ORTUNITY FOR CORRUp· 

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ARSON 

PUBLICATIONS 

OF THE NIJ 

CATALOG 

, 

TION IS LIKELY TO DROP AS MORE dFFICIALS BECOME AC. 

TUALLY OR POTENTIALLY INVOLVEDj AND (3) THE OPPORTU. 

NITY FOR AN OFFICIAL TO ENGAGE IN A CORRUPT ACT WILL 

BE INCREASED BY STRUCTURES THAT INCREASE AUTON. 

OMY, PROVIDE VAGUE DECISION RULES, OR POSE MINIMAL 

RISKS (LIMITED DETECTION CAPABILITIES OR LIGHT SANC. 

TION POLICIES). THE APPROACH PROPOSED USES MANAGE. 

MENT CONTROL, AUDIT PROCEDURES, TRAINING, AND IN. 

VESTIGATION, WITH A MANAGEMENT TEAM TO SEE THAT 

ALL THESE FUNCTIONS WORK TOGETHER AND WORK PROP. 

ERLY. THE COMBINATION IS CALLED AIMS, FOR 

ACCOI,INTAI3!LlTY.INTEGRITY.MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. THE 

PROPOSEDSYSrEM CAN BE USED FOR ALL OF THOSE IN 

THE PUBLIC EMPLOY, BUT IS AIMED PARTICULARLY AT 

THOSE IN STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (WHETHER 

ELECTED, APPOINTED, OR HIRED) AND WHETHER THEY 

WISH "0 ADOPT 'THE PROGRAM FROM THE TOP OF THE OR. 

GANIZATION OR AT MIDLEVEL THE PURPOSE OF THE 

SYSTEM IS TO ENSURE ACCOUNTABILITY (RESPONSIBILITY 

FOR CONDUCT AND OBLIGATIONS) AND INTEGRITY (TRUST. 

WORTHINESS AND PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY). THE ETHICAL 

BASIS FOR THE HANDBOOK IS PRESENTED, ALONG WITH 

INSTRUCTIONS ON HOW TO INSTALL AN AIMS SYSTEM, HOW 

TO ESTABLISH MANAGEMENT CONTROL, AN AUDIT CON. 

TROL, TRAINING, AND AN INVESTIGATIVE ARM. POTENTIAL 

OBSTACLES ARE IDENTIFIED At'::J SUGGESTIONS ARE GIVEN 

ON HOW TO DEAL WITH THEM. AN APPENDIX PROVIDES A 

CHART OF THE RANGE OF CONCERNS ENCOMPASSED BY 

'ETHICS AND THE PUBLIC SERVICE.' REFERENCES ARE IN. 

CLUDED. 

~ Acency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA. 


JIJ.§JICE, 833 INDIANA AVENuE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 

, '"AVIiIiab!I!ty: GPO Siock Order No. 027.()()()~j NCJRS 

MICROFICHE PROGRAM. 

4. ARSOH-A 8lLECTED 81BUOORAAAY. J. T. DUNCAN, M. 

CAPLAN, and M. KRAVITZ, Eda. NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUS 

TICE REFERENCE SERVICE, BOX 6000, ROCKVILLE MD 20850. 

69 p. 1979. NCJ.5I3GCI 

ARSON-THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM, 

PROACTIVE MEASURES AND CONTROLS TO PREVENT 

ARSON, AND ReACTJVE MEASURES AND CONTROLS ON 

ARsoN CRIMES-IS THE ',zOOUS OF THIS BIBLlOGAAPHY 

WITH ABSTRACTS. ARSON, ',THE WILLFUL ANC, MALICIOUS 

BURNING OF PROPERTY, HAS INCREASED DRAMATICALLY IN 

RECENT YEARS. DATA PUBLISHED FOR THE YEARS 

1965·1975 REFLECT AN INCREASE IN INCENDIARY BUILDING 

FIRES OF 326 PERCENT. ARSON IS A DIFFICULT CRIME TO 

COMBAT. AN INVESTIGATION M'UST BE CONDUCTED EVEN 

BEFORE THE FACT CAN BE ESTABLISHED THAT ARSON WAS 

COMMITTED. ARSON CASES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY THE 

,LACK OF WITNESSES AND THE DEVASTATION OF THE CRIME 

SCENE AND VALUABLE EVIDENCE. MOTIVES FOR ~RSON 

ARE VARIED--oFTEN'REVENGE, SPITE, JEALOUSY, INTIMIDA. 

TION, AND CRIME CONCEALMENT-BUT MORE AND MORE, 

ARSON IS BEING COMMITTED BY PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS 

FOR PROFIT. THE COST (S1.4 BILLION IN 1975) IS BORNE PRI. 

MARILY BY INSURANCE COMPANIES, BUT INDIRECTLY BY 

THE PUBLIC THAOUGH INCREASED INOURANCE RATES AND 

""XES. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS COMBATING ARSON 

WITH A VARIETY OF ACTIONS, ONE OF THE MOST NOTABLE 

BEING THE ADOITION OF ARSON TO THE SEVEN SERIOUS 

OFFENSES REPORTED IN THE FBI UNIFORM CF,lIME RE. 

PORTS IN,DEX. THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY FOCUSES ON ARSON 

AND PROVIDES LAW ENFORCEMENT PROFESSIONALS WITH 

A ,RESOURCE THAT HIGHLIGHTS THE METHODS USED TO 

PREVENT AND INVESTIGATE ARSON. THE 89 CITATIONS ARE 

,DIVIDED INTO THREE SECTIONS: (1) THE IMPACT OF ARSON 

.. AND STUDIES OF THE CHARACTERISTICS AND PSYC'HOLOGI. 

CAL PROFILES OF ARSONISTS; (2) ATTEMPTS TO PREVENT 

AND CONTROL ,f.RSON THROUGH SUCH STRATEGIES AS 

SPECIAL TASK FORCES, PATTERN ANALYSIS, AND INTER. 

AGENCY COOPERATION: AND (3) STUDIES OF ARSON INVES. 

TIGATIVE PROCEDURES AND FIRE SCENE ANALYSIS. ALL 

THE DOCUMENTS ARE SELECTED FROM THE NATIONAL 

CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERVICE DATA BASE WITH 

PUBLICATION DATES BETWEEN 1975 AND 1979. INFORMA. 

TION ABOUT SALES SOURCES AND MICROFICHE AVAILABIL. 

ITY IS PROVIDED. 

Sponeortng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA. 


JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGl'ON, DC 20531. 

Av.lI.IbIIIty: GPO Stock Order No. 027.()()().()(l822 ....: . NCJRS 


' 

5. 8AWSTIC RESIITAHCE OF POLICE DOOY ARMOR-HILECJ 

(NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CAIMI. 

NAL JUSTICE) STANDARD. US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 

I.EAA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND 

CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, 

DC 20531. 17 p. 1978. NCJ.474H 

THIS LAW ENFORCEMENT EQUIPMENT STANDARD, AP. 

PROVED AND ISSUED ,BY THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW 

ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE, CONSISTS OF PER. 

FORMANCE AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS AS WELL AS A DE. 

SCRIPTION OF TI:STING METHODS. POLICE BODY ARMOR 

WHICH CAN MEET THE REQUIREMENTS SET FORTH IN THE 

DOCUMENT Is CONSIDERED TO BE OF SUPERIOR QUALITY 

AND SUITED TO THE NEEDS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGEN. 

CIES. PURCHASERS CAN USE THE TEST METHODS DE. 

SCRIBED IN THIS STANDARD TO DETERMINE FIRSTHAND 

WHETHER A PARTICULAR EQUIPMENT ITEM MEETS THE RE. 

QUIREMENTS OF THE STANDARD, OR THEY MAY HAVE THE 

TEST CONDUCTED ON THEIR BEHALF BY A QUALIFIED TEST. 

ING LABORATORY. THE DOCUMENT IS OF A TECHNICAL 

NATURE, AND ITS SPECIAL FOCUS IS AS Ii PROCUREMENT 

AID. THUS, IT IS OF LIMITED USE TO THOSE WHO SEEK GEN. 

ERAL GUIDANCE CONCERNING BOOV ARMOR. THE CLASSIFI. 

CATION OF BODY ARMOR ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE OF 

PROTECTION OFFERED IS EXPLAINED, AND .TECHNICAL 

TERMS USED IN THE DOCUMENT ARE DEFINED. GENERAL 

REQUIREMENTS Few! TEST SAMPLES, WORKMANSHIP, LA. 

BELING, ETC., ARE OUTLINED, AND SPECIFIC TEST METHODS 

.AND PROCEDURES FOR THE VARIOUS CLASSIFICATIONS OF 

BODY ARMOR ARE PRESENTED. DIAGRAMS AND TABLES 

ARE PROVIDED TO ILLUSTRATE AND SUMMARIZE THE MATE. 

RIAL PRESENTED. 

lupp/ement.l Notn: LAW ENFORCEMENT STANDARDS PRO. 

GRAM SUPERSEDES NILECJ.STD.o101.00. 

Avlillllblllty: GPO Stock Order No. 027.()()().()(l729.6: NCJRS, 


I. BATON ROUGE (LA)-STOP f,t,APE Cfllill CENTER. By D. 

WHITCOMB, D. A. DAY, and L R. 8TUDEN. ABT ASSO 

CIATES, INC, 55 WHEELER STREET, CAMBRIDGEMA 02138. 

90 p. 1Ino. NCJ.I04. 

AN AID FOR IMPROVING RAPE ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS, 

THIS MANUAL DESCRIBES THE SERVICES AND ACHIEVE. 

MENTS OF THE STOP RAPE CRISIS CENTER (SRCC) IN 

BATON ROUGE, LA., EST~BLISHED IN 1975 WITH A GRANT 

FROM LEM. TO LINK CRIMINAL JUSTICE GOALS (INCREASE 

THE REPORTING OF RAPE AND THE NUMBER OF ARRESTS 

AND CONVICTIONS) WITH VICTIM SUPPORT GOALS (INVOLVE 

THE COMMUNITY IN PROGRAM SERVICES AND REDUCE VIC. 

TIMS' TRAUMA), THE BATON ROUGE DISTRICT ATTORNEY'S 

OFFICE CREATED THE SROC AS ONE OF 10 SPECIAL SERVo 

ICE PROGRAMS. THIS AFFILIATION GREATLY ENHANCES THE 

CENTER'S CREDIBILITY ,IN DEALING WITH OTHER CRIMINAL 

JUSTICE PERSONNEL, COMMUNITY AGENCIES, THE PUBLIC, 

AND POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL RAPE VICTIMS. IN ADDITION, 

THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY'S ACTIVE SPONSORSHIP OF THE 

RAPE PROGRAM HAS GUARANTEED THAT RAPE CASES WILL 

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RECEIVE PRIORITY ATTENTION FROM PROSECUTORS, AND 

IT HAS ENHANCED COORDINATION AMONG PARTICIPATING 

AGENCIES. ONE OF THE SRGe'S MOST IMPRE~IVE 

ACHIEVEMENTS IS ITS CAPABILITY 0F GIVING FREE EMER· 

GENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT TO RAPE VICTIMS. TWO HOS 

PITALS SUPPLY PRIVATE TREATMENT ROOMS FOR RAPE 

VICTIMS, AND TwELVE PHYS,ICIANS VOLUNTEER THEIR TIME 

TO GIVE TREATMENT. IN ADDITION, PUBLIC SUPPORT 

COMES IN THE FORM OF SERVICES FURNISHED BY 60 

WOMEN VOLUNTEERS AND FREE PUBLIC SERVICE AN· 

NOUNCEMENTS ON RADIO AND LOCAL TELEVISION. THE 

SRCC APPROflCH TO RAPE CRISIS ASSISTANCE IS DETAILED 

IN THIS REPORT WHICH FOCUSES ON THE 24·HOUR HOT· 

LINE, THE SPECIAL PROCEDURES USED BY tAW ENFORCE· 

MENT TI-IE SERVICES OF A TRAINED ESCORT COUNSELOR, .. 

AND PIJ'J'SICIAN'S USE OF A RAPE EVIDENCE KIT. PROJECT 

COSTS AND LEelSLATIVE ISSUES ARE DISCUSSED, AS ARE 

PROJf'CT SUCCESSES. RESULTS OF A CUENT SURVEY 

POINT TO A HIGH RATE OF SATISFACTION-86 PERCENT 

RATED SRCC'S SERVICES 'EXCELLENT' AND 14 PERCENT DE· 

SCRIBED THEM AS 'GOOD.' THE ARREST RATE FOR REPORT· 

ED RAPES CLIMBED FROM 38 TO 69 PERCENT, AND THE 

CONVICTION RATE JUMPED FROM 3 TO 88 PERCENT. TABU· 

LAR DATA ARE PROVIDED, AND SEVERAL CENTER PLANNING 

AND OPERATING DOCUMENTS WHICH MAY BE OF USE IN 

PLANNING AND OPERATING A SIMILAR PROJECT ARE AP· 

PENDED. 

~ NotH: AN EXEMPLARY PROJECT. 

SponIOI'Ing Agency' US DEPARTMENT OR.;JUSTICE LEAA NA· 

TIONAL INSTITUTE 'OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL 


Availability: GPO Stock Order No. 027.000-00868·2: NCJRS 


7 BODY.WoRN FM (FREQUENCY MODULATIOM) TRANSMIT· 

• TERS By R H JONES, L F. SAULSDERY, and J. L WORK· 

MAN' US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NATIONAL INSTI· 

TUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 633 

INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 26 p. 

1978 ~7371 

A STANDARD IS PRESENTED ESTABLISHING PERFORMANCE 

REQUIREMENTS AND METHODS .OF TESTING ADEQUACY OF 

BODY·WORN FREQUENCY·MODULATED (FM) TRANSMITTERS, 

OF THREE WATTS OR LESS, USED BY LAW ENFORCEMENT 

AGENCIES. INFORMATION PERTAINS TO THREE CLASSIFICA· 

TIONS OF FM TRANSMITTERSj THOSE OPERATING IN THE 

0400 TO 512 MHZ BAND, IN THE 150 TO 174 MHZ BAND, AND 

IN THE 25 TO 50 MHZ BAND. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED 

IN THE EQUIPMENT STANDARDS ARE PRESENTED. REQUIRE· 

MENTS FOR THE FOLLOWING ARE GIVEN: TRANSMITTER 

PERFOAMANC::::, TRANSMITTER, BATTERY, RADIO FREQUEN· 

CY CARRIER CHARACTERISTICS, OUTPUT POWER, FREQUEN· 

CY STABILITY, AMPLITUDE MODULATION, (AM) HUM AND 

NOISt:: LEVEL TRANSMITTER EFFICIENCY, AUDIOFRE. 

QUENcY RESPDNSE, :FREQUENCY DEVIATION, MODULATION 

LIMITING, E"ECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY CHARACTER· 

ISTICS RAPIATED SPURIOUS EMISSIONS, SIDEBAND SPEC· 

TRUM 'ANO BATTERY SERVICE LIFE. TEST CONDITIONS ARE 

SPECIFIED AND METHODS FOR TESTING EACH OF THE 

ABOVE REQUIREMENTS ARE DELINEATED. ,.APPENDIXES IN· 

ClIJOE REFERENCES, MINIMUM PERFORMANCE REQUIRE· 

MENTS FOR THE THREE CLASSIFICATIONS OF TRANSMIT· 

TERS, AND DIAGRAMS FOR A NUMBER OF TEST MEASURE· 

MENTS. 

SUpplemenbl! NotH: LAW ENFORCEMENT STANDARDS PRO· 

GRAM. 

Av.llllblllty: NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM. 

CARGO SECURITY FIELD TEST PROGRAM-TASK CLa- 

I. 8EOUT RE..aRT, DECEMBER Jlt,-EQUIPMENT SYSTEMS, 

IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM. AEROSPACE CORPORATION, 

955 L'ENFANT PLAZA, SW, WASHINGTON',pc 20024. 27 p. 

1978. NCJ·S3731 

TO AID INDUSTRY IN REDUCING CARGO THEFT LOSSES, A 

TRUCK ANTIHIJACKING PROJECT WAS INITIATED IN 1973. 

THIS REPORT COVERS THE FINAL FIELD TEST OF A SECU· 

RITY SYSTEM FOR A TOTAL OF 40 TRUCK·YEARS OF qPER. 

ATION. THE ANTIHIJACKING PROJECT WAS S~NSORED BY 

THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCeMENT AND 

CRIMINAL JUSTICE. THE INITIAL PHASES OF THE PROJECT 

IDENTIFIED THE MOST VULNERABLE POINTS OF CARGO 

SHIPPING AND DEMONSTRATED THE FEASIBILITY OF AN 

AUTOMATIC VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON AM 

(AMPLITUDE MODUW'ION) BROADCAST SIGNALS. THIS 

FIELD TEST INVOLVED 40 TRUCK RPUTES BELONGING TO 2 

COMMERCIAL TRUCKING COMPANIES IN THE LOS ANGELES, 

CALIF AREA WITH CONTROL DATA SUPPLIED BY 2 ADDI· 

TIONAL COOPERATING FIRMS. TOTAL AOUTE·MILES FOR 

BOTH TEST AND CONTAOL GROUPS WF.RE ABOUT 400 

SQUARE MILES. THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE FIELD TRIAL 

METHODOLOGY AND GIVES A NONTECHNICAL DESCRIPTION 

OF THE AUTOMATIC TRUCK MONITORING SYSTE~. DURING 

THE EARLY PHASES OF THE TEST THE SYSTEM ENCOUN· 

TERED COMMUNICATIONS INTERFERENCE WITH OTHER 

LOCAL USERS, RESULTING IN A DECISION TO CEASE TEST· 

ING. HOWEVER, THE FIELD TRIAL DID PROV~ THE FEASIBIL· 

ITY OF A WIDE·AREA MONITORING SYSTEM CAPABLE OF 

BEING SHARED BY MULTIPLE USERS WITHOUT COMPRO· 

MISE OF INDIVIDUAL DATA INTEGRITY. DESIGN MODIFICA· 

TIONS TO ELIMINATE THE INTERFERENCE PROBLEM ARE 

IDENTIFIED. FURTHER TESTING IS URGED. AN APPENDIX 

CONTAINS DOCUMENTATION AND A LIST OF HARDWARE 

PRODUCED FOR THE PROJECT. 

SponIOring Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA· 

TIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT "',NO CRIMINAL 

JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASH!NGTON, DC 20531. 

Av.lIabIIIty: NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM. 

CATALOG OF RCIJRITY EQUIPMENT. By J. V. FECHTER 

I. _net E. M. ROBERTSON. US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS LAW ENFORCEMENT 

STANDARDS LASORA'CORY, WASHINGTON DC 20234. 53 p. 

1978 NCJ·5U74 

THE' SECURITY EQUIPMENT CATALOG PUBLlSH~D BY THE 

LAW ENFORCEMENT STANDARDS LABORATORY FOR NILECJ 

ACQUAINTS THE GENERAL PUBLIC WITH THE TYPES OF 

EQUIPMENT THAT' ARE AVi LABLE TO PROTECT RESI· 

DENCES AND BUSINESSES. THE CATALOG IS CONCERNED 

PRIMARILV WITH SECURITY EQUIPMENT FOR PREVENTING 

CRIMES OF OPPORTUNITY: I.E .. TARGET HARDENING, THE 

EQUIPMENT IS CLASSIFIED INTO.,;OUR FUNCTIONA~ AREAS: 

PHYSICAL SECURITY, ACCESS CONTROL, ALARM S ISTEMS, 

AND BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY EQUIPMENT. WITHIN EACH 

AREA ITEMS ARE IDENTIFIED AND DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF 

THEIR COST RANGE, USUAL APPLICATIONS, AND CON· 

STRUCTION. DISTRIBUTORS OF THE ITEMS ARE LISTED AL· 

PHABETICALLY BY PRODUCT AT THE END OF EACH SEC· 

TION. ADDRESSES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS OF DISTRIBU· 

TORS ARE PROVIDED AT THE END OF THE CATALOG. EXAM· 

PLES OF EQUIPMENT IN EACH OF THE FOUR FUNCTIONAL 

AREAS FOLLOW: (1) PHYSICAL SECURITY··SWINGING ,DOOR 

LOCKS SUCH AS BARRICADE BOLTS OR STRAIGHT BOLTS 

AND DEAD BOLT LOCKS, SLIDING GLASS DOOR AND 

WINDOW LOCKS INCLUDING BAR AND CHANNEL LOCKS, AND 

GLASS PROTECTION ITEMS SUCH AS IMPACT·RESISTANT 

GLAZING AND SCREENS: (2) ACCESS CONTROL··CARD 

READER LOCKING MECHANISMS, GUARD BOOTHS, AND IN· 

TERCOMS: (3) ALARM SYSTEMS •• PHOTO~LECTRIC CON· 

TROLS AND DETECTORS FOR SENSORY POINT AND AREA 

PROTECTION INFRARED MOTION DETECTORS FOR VOLUME 

PROTECTION: AND BELLS, BUZZERS, HORNS, AND SIRENSj 

,AND (4) BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY EQUIPMENT··CARGO 

SEALS AND THEFT-TRACKING SYSTEMS, CHECK·WRITER 

AND CIJMMY CAMERA~, AND OPTICAL SURVEILLANCE SYS· 

2 

3 


, 

'""" 

• '" I, 

." 

< 

/ 

I

f', t I' 

, 

,'f,~~f 

), .. 

CIVIL 

PUBLICATIONS 

, 

TEMS. A Sua/ECT INDEX AND A USERS' GUIDE TO THE 

CATALOG ARE INCLUDED. 

luppllmen"'" HolM: LIMITED NUMBER OF COPIES AVAILA. 

.BLE FROM NBS. 

~ ~US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE lEM NA. 

TIONAl INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND C'RIMINAl 

JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON,DC 20531. 

Avt'Sblltr: GPO Stock Order NOI. 003.()(l3'()197().4: SP 

480-35: US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL 

BUREAU OF STANDARDS LAW ENFORCEMENT STANDARDS 

LABORATORY, WASHINGTON DC 20234. 

10. CIVIL "RVICE SYSTEMS-THEIR IMPACT ON POLICE AD 

MINISTRATION. By O. W. OREIIINGER, J ... SLOVAk, lind 

J. J. MOLKUP. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SERVICE, 1n6 

. MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE. NW, WASIiINGTON DC 20036. 

238 p. 1979. NCJ.51H4 

PosiTIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF CIVil SERVICE REGU. 

LATIONS ON URBAN POLICE SYSTEMS IS THE FOCUS OF 

THIS RESEARCH PROJECT CONDUCTED r"OVER APPROXI. 

MATElY A 2·YEAR PERIOD BF.GINNING IN NOVEMBER 1976. 

DATA FROM THE STUDY WERE COLLECTED FROM 42 

RANDOMlY·SELEcteD AMERICAN CITIES, RANGING IN SIZE 

FROM 50.000 TO 750,000 PERSONS. IN EACH STUDY SITE, 

CURRENT CIVil SERVICE LAWS AND PoLICE UNION CON. 

TRACTS WERE COLLECTED, INTERVIEWS WERE CONDUCTED 

WITH THE MOST KNOWLEDGEABLE MUNICIPAL OFFICIALS 

AND ORGANIZATION REPRESENTATIVES, AND POLICE DE. 

PARTMENTS PROVIDED INFORMATION ON PROGRAMS AND 

POLICIES 'N A POLICE DEPARTMENTAL QUESTIONNAIRE. 

SUPPLEMEllTAl DATA WERE PROVIDED BY THE POLICE 

FOUNDATION, THE NATIONAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION, AND 

THE FBI. THE ABSENCE OF AN OVERAll CIVil SERVICE 

SYSTEM WHICH GOVERNS POLICE PERSONNEL AFFAI~S IN 

AMERICA IS NOTED. CIVIl. SERVICE COMMISSIONS DIFFER 

FROM CITY TO CIT~ IN THE ROLES THEY PLAY IN POLICE 

PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION AND, AS A RESULT, IN THE 

IMPACTS THEY HAVE ON lOCAL OFFICIALS, ON POLICE DE. 

PARTMENTAl PROGRAMS AND PRACTICES. AND ON THE 

GENERAL QUALITY OF LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT."WHllE 

SOME COMMISSIONS POSE SIGNIFICANT CONSTRAINTS ON 

THE ABILITIES OF LOCAL OFFICIALS TO PROMOTE INNOVA. 

TIVE POLICE PROGRAMS, OTHERS WORK TO-fRDMOTE DE. 

PART.MENTAl INNOVATION .AND MORE EFFICIEN'f':C."!!~Al 

APPREHENSION PROCEDURES. THE ,STUDY EXAMINES'\~ 

NUMBER OF ISSUES, AMONG THEM lHE STATUTORY SUP,I 

PORTS FOR lOCAL CIVil SERVICE COMMISSIONS AND TH~ 

IMPACT OF COMMUNITY POLITICS AND POLICE UNIONISM ON 

lOCAL POLICE PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION. PROPOSALS 

FOR CIVil SERVICE REFORMS IN THE URBAN POLICE CoN. 

TEXT SHOULD BE TAilORED TO LOCAL CIRCUMSTANCES 

AND TO MEANINGFUL VARIATIONI;; IN CIVil SERVICE ROLES. 

NUMEROUS CHARTS. FOOTNOTES, A BIBLIOGRAPHY, AND 

DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE TEXT. APPENDIXES INCLUDE 

CONTENT ANALYSIS CHECKl.ISTS FOR POLICE BARGAINING 

CONTRACTS AND PERSONNEL SYSTEMS, A POuce QUES. 

TIONNAIRE, AN INTERVIEW SCHEDULE, AND A lEm:R TO 

URBAN EXECUTIVES. 

~ Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA. 

TIONAl INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL 


Avllleblllty: GPO Slock Order No. 027.()()().()()857.7: NOJRS 


11. COLI.OOUIUM ON THE CORRELATES ell: CRIME AND ,\... 

DETERMINANTS OF CRIMINAL IEHAVIOfI-MOcEEDfNG.';: 

L omN, Ed. MITRE CORPORATION, POBOX 208, BE[); . 

FORO MA 01730. 191 p. 1978. NCJ.U414 

THIS ANTHOLOGY OF PAPERS BY CRIMINAL JUSTICE EX. 

PERTS, SOCIOLOGISTS, AND PSYCHoLOGISTS CONCERNING 

CAIMINAl BEHAVIOR DETERMINANTS CONSIDERS PSYCHO. 

PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS, DRUG AND ALCOHol USE, AND 

BIOSOCIAl INFLUENCES. THE FIRST GROUP OF PAPERS DISeUSSES 

STUDIES WHICH INDICAl'E AN APPARENT SMALL 

GENETIC CONTRIBUTION TO THE ETIOLOGY OF CRIMINAL 

BEHAVIOR AND A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NERVOUS SYS 

TEMS IN CRIMINALS AND NONCRIMINALS THAT COULD HELP 

PREDICT DEVIANT BEHAVIOR, THE NE!:D FOR STRINGENTLY 

DEFINING THE PERSONALITY TYPE 'PSYCHOPATH' FOR DE. 

SCRIBING PERSONS WHO HAVE COMMON BIOLOGICAL 

TRAITS SUCH A..'] A SLOWER 

SKIN.CQt4DUCTANCE.RESPONSE RECOVERY, AND A GENER. 

Al MODEL OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR CONSISTING OF SPE. 

CIAl NEURAL MECHANISMS WHICH CAN RESULT IN AGGRES. 

SIVE BEHAVIOR WHEN FIRED IN THE PRESENCe OF A RELe. 

VANT TARGET. A TWo.DIMENSIONAl CLASSIFICATION OF 

CRIMINALS IS ALSO PRF.SENTED: IT IS BASED ON A DYSCON. 

TROl SCALE AND ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ABNORMALITIES 

PRODUCING EPILEPTOIDS, HYSTEROIDS, INADEQUATE PSY. 

CHOPATHS, AND PURE PSYCHOPATHS. PAPERS ON DRUG 

ANn ALCOHOL CONSIDER THE PROCESS OF DRUG USE AND 

CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR AS II MEANS OF SELF.EXPRESSION, 

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRUG AND ALCOHOL USE 

AND DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR AS THESE FACTORS RELATE 

TO LOW EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT, AND DEVIANT BEHAV. 

lOR AMONG VETERANS AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. THE 

FINAL SECTION FOCUSES ON BIOSOCIAl DETERMINANTS. A 

DISCUSSION ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL EF. 

FECTS OF PRISON ENVIRONMENTS CONSIDERS PHYSIO. 

LOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF THE PRISON ENVI. 

RONMENT AND CROWDING ON BLOOD PRESSURE OF ANI. 

MALS AND HUMANS. RESEARCH ON CONFLICT-MOTIVATED 

CRIME IN FAMILIES IS REVIEWED, AND THE EFFECTS OF 

SENSORY DEPRIVATION ON ANIMAL AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 

ARE OUTLINED TO SUPPORT A THEORY OF 

ISOLATION.AGGRESSION. TABULAR DATA AND TOPIC DIS 

CUSSION ARE PROVIDED. 

8p0ns0r' .... AgImcy: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE lEAA NA. 

TIONAl INS'rITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL 


Aveltsblllty: MITRE CORPORATION WASHINGTON OPER. 

ATIONS. 1820 DOLLEY MADISON BOULEVARD, MCLEAN VA 

22101 Stock Order No. M78-81: NCJRS MICROFICHE PRO. 

GRAM. 

12. COMMERCIAL SECURITY TESTD£IION. US DEPARTMENT 

OF JUSTICE LEM NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCE. 

MENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, 

WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 37 p. 1979. NCJ.H015 

A DESCRIPTION OF THE COMMERCIAL SECURITY PROGRAM 

SPONSORED BY THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW EN. 

FORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE (NllECJ) IS PRESENT. 

ED. THE BASIS FOR THE FIELD TEST IS A TEST DESIGN, A 

DOCUMENT WITH DETAilED SPECIFICATION OF SELECTED 

PROGRAM ELEMENTS. THE GOAL OF EACH FIELD TEST IS 

TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A PARTICULAR 

PROGRAM STRATEGY]! IN VARIOUS SETTINGS AND TO 

ASSESS ITS TRANSFERABILITY TO OTHER JURISDICTIONS. 

THE COMMERCIAL SECURITY PROGRAM IS DESIGNED TO 

REDUCE 'THE VULNERABiliTY OF SMALL COMMERCIAL ES. 

TABLISHMENTS TO BURGLARY, ROBBERY, AND LARCENY 

THROUGH 

THE COOPERATION OF BUSiNESSMEN AND 

POLICE IN THE CONDUCT OF CRIME PREVENTION SURVEYS 

AND SUBSEQUENT IMPLEMENTATION OF SURVEY RECOM. 

MENDATIONS. THE PROGRAM WILL BE TESTED IN THREE 

CITIES HAVING POPULATIONS OVER 250,000 AND EVALU',T. 

EO BY NILECJ. BOTH THE PROCESS OF IMPLEMENT~TION 

AND ITS OUTCOMES WILL BE EVALUATED. THE FIELD TEST 

HAS TWO OBJECTIVES: (i) TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF THIS 

CRIME PREVENTION Pf'lOGRAM ON COMMERCIAL CRIME 

AND ITS ASSOCIATED EFFECTS, AND (2) .,.0 DETERMINE IF 

THE PROGRA~1 MERITS WIDESPREAD REPLICATION IN 

OTHEA JUR'S~:'P'TONS. THE REPORT DISCUSSES THE COST 

OF THE NIJ 

OF COMMERCIAL C~'~E AND EXAMINES THE TYPES OF 

CRIME THAT ARE coMMITTED AGAINST COMMERCIAL ES 

TABLISHMENTS CRIME PRI:VENTION STRATEGIES ARE COM. 

PARED. THE PURPOSES A~4Q OBJECTIVES OF THE CRIME 

COMMERCIAL SECURITY TEST'AflE THEN OUTLINED, AND ITS 

PROGRAMMATIC PARTS ARE E)(~~INED. THESE PROGRAM 

COMPONENTS ARE COMMUNITY IfSV.t:?lVEMENT STRUCTURE 

AND BUSINESS AND POLICE COOPERATION. SUBCOMPON. 

ENTS OF THE PROGRAM INCLUDE ADMlNI~JRATION BY A 

CITYWIDE AGENCY AND CRIME PREVENTION, ,~U,~VEYS. 

SURVEY INSTRUMENTS, TARGET AREA SATURATfCNhl'~D '" ,... 

SURVEY COMPLIANCE ARE EXAMINED IN THIS REGA D. 

PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION IS DISCUSSED AS IS TESTING 

OF THE PROGRAM WHICH Will INVOLVE A COMPARISON OF 

CRIME RATES AND OTHER MEASURES OVER TIME IN COM· 

MERCIAl AREAS WHICH HAVE BEEN THNEa~~Sw~c~U~~~~ 

SATURATION EFFORTS WITH THOSE I " 

NOT IT IS STATED THAT THE EVALUATION OF THE COMME~. 

CIAL SECURITY FIELD TEST PROGRAM IS THE ,RESPONSIBll • 

TY OF NllECJ AND WILL BE CONDUCTED UNDER A GRANT 

OR COOPERATIVE AGRIEEMENT. TABULAR DATA, AN APPEN· 

DIX AND A SElECTEtD BIBLIOGRAPHY ARE INCLUDED. 

=B:: ~sog~~~~~MENT OF JUSTICE lEM ~ti. 

1~~~~ci'E~:~IJ~JI~~~ A~~U~~r~~~r:G:~Z, ~1~531. 

Avlllllblllty: NCJAS MICROFICHEj~ROGRAM. 

13. COMMUNIC::E~ ~~M~~I8:' NA~~A~B~eru t':; 

~~AZg~~~S LAW ENFORCE~NT STANDARDS LABORA· 

TORY, WASHINGTON DC 20234. 38 p. ~55S35 

THIS 'LAW ENFORCEMENT EQUIPMENT GUIDE DeVElOPE~ 

LAW ENFORCEMENT STANDARDS LABORATORY I 

~~ST~~ED TO INFORM AND AID AGENC'ES IN SELECTING 

COMMUNICATIONS SUBSYSTEMS. MAJOR INNOVATIONS IN 

SYSTEMS ARE AFFECTING LAW ENFORCEMENT CONTROL, 

COMMAND AND COMMUNICATION, OPERATIONS AND COM· 

PUTER AND DIGITAL EQUIPMENT ARE BECOMN~Gp:~~~~~ 

FOR INCREASED COMMUNITY SERVICE A 

SAFETY THIS MANUAL DESCRIBES THE ADVANTAGES AND 

DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER·AIDED DISPATCH CENTERS, 

COMPUTER.CQNTROLlED COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND 

INFORMATION FilES, PUBLlc.c~1 liNG AND EMERGENCY 

MEDIOAl SERVICC SYSTEMS, DIGI: l SYSTEMS, AUTOMATIC 

VEHICULAR lOCATION SYSTEMS, VOICE PRIVACY SYSTEMS, 

REPEATER AND VOTING RECEIVER SYST~S, SCA~N~~~:::; 

CEIVER SYSTEMS, AND PUBLIC TRANSP'OR~~~WER COM. 

CHANNELS THE PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS 

MUNICATIONS SUBSYSTEMS ,ARE IDENTIFIED. AND DE· 

SCRIBED. THESE INCLUDE TRANSCEIVERS, ANTENNAS AND 

BINERS CONTROL CONSGlES, POWER SOURCES, 

~NDARD AND TELEPHONE INTERFACES, LlGH~~: p~~. 

~~~~'~~T~E~;l E~DM~~~A~~~~~~V~R~ REQUIRED 

TI: EFFECTIVELY AtlY OF THESE COMMUNICATION 

~eB~~~~MS AND NEW PUBLIC BUilDINGS AND FACiliTIES 

SHOULD 'SE' PLANNED WITH ADEQUATE CONDUITS TO 

ALLOW FUTURE DEPLOYMENT OF COMMUN~~AT~0:6~T~V;T 

TEMS. COST ~~~~EE~:~~::N~I~P~~'ST OF BUYERS' 

~~Iri:~N ';~LUDED fOR GENERAL ELECTRONIC PROD •. 

UCTS AND TELECOMMUIIIICATIONS SYSTEMS. 

NA 

... Agency' US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE lEM • 

E1t!~ll~J,~~~A~~U~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~I~~:t 

' 

US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONA 

~~=F STANDARDS LAW ENFORCEMENT STA:AR~S 

NBS-SP·480·12: 

LABORATORY, WAGSPOHINGST\OOCNk og:r:r'2~o 

• 

NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM. 

S~~~~~2~'2.g: 

COMMUNITY 

14. COMMuNITY ~ARifiTRAT:Nc :":t::;::N~~':.':.~':: 

=''r'~:iJf.',~c, 61 WHEELER $TREeT, C=:~ 

MA 02138. 93 p. 1979. . , N ANNE 

THE COMMUNiTY ARBITRATION PROJECT, (CAP) I 

ARUNDEL COUNTY, MO., A VOLUNTARY DIVERSION PRO· 

GRAM FOR JUVENilES, IS DESCRIBED, WITH EMPHASIS O~ 

~,~M~~~~~1~l~:" ~;T~AC::;:~~~~~ T~5 ~~~C~ 

THE 'BURDEN ON THE COURTS CREATED BY UNMAN~GEA· 

BLE CASElOADS AND TO ASSIGN JUVENILES TO TAS; 

THAT PROVIDE MEANINGFUL SERVICES. ESSENTIAL E • 

MENTS OF THE CAp INCLUDE PROMPT CASE PROCESSING 

ITHIN 7 WORKING DAYS), 11 smlNG SUGGESTIVE OF A 

~URTROOM FCRTHE ARBITRATION HEARING, INVOL.VE· 

MENi OF VICTIMS IN THE HEARING, ASSURANCE OF DUE 

PROCESS use OF COMMUNITY RESOURCES TO PROVIDE A 

POSiTIVE WORK EXPERIENCE, AND CONSTRUCTIVE DISPOSI· 

TION (I.E., RESTITUTION, COUNSELING, AND SPECIAL EDUCA· 

TION PROGRAMS). OF THE 1,137 YOUTHS WHQ WERE AS 

SIGNED THROUGH CAP TO COMMUNITY SERVICE OR AN· 

OTHER ALTERNATIVE IN THE PROJECT'S FIRST 2 YEARS OF 

OPERATION 85 PERCENT SUC;CESSFUllY COMPLETED 

THEIR AssiGNMENTS WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED 9O-CAY 

PERIOD OF MOST IMPORTANCE, CAP CLIENTS DEMON· 

STRATED SIGNIFICANilY lOWER RATES OF REPEA~~ 

f'ENSES THAN COMPARABLE YOUTH WHO WERE 

ESSED TRADITIONALLY, ACCORDIN,~ TO A COMPARISON 

STUDY OF THESE TWO GROUPS COUNTY YOUTHS PRQC. 

ESSED' BV CAP IN 1975 HAD A 4.6 PERCENT LOWER RECIDI· 

VISM RATE AND 37 PERCENT FEWER REARRESTS PER 

CLIENT WITHIN 1 YEAR AFTERINTAKE/ARBITRATION. MORE· 

. . ONLY 8 PERCENT OF ARBITRATED;CASES WE~E 

~~~~ED OVER FOR PROSECUTION, FREEING THE STATE S 

ORNEV'S OFFICE FRoM CONCENTRATING ON MINOA JU· 

C~ILE OFFENSES AS WELL AS SAVING THE POLICE MUCH 

TIME AND PAPERWORK INVOLVED IN CHARGING AN OF· 

FENDER AND TESTIFYING IN COURT. COSTS OF CAP :~ 

SOLELY FOR SALARIES: 90 PERCENT OF 

ALMO~~UDGET IN 3 YEARS OF FeDERAL FUNDING WAS FOR 

~~~~'3AL~RIES OF 7 STAFF MEMBERS. AN ANNE ARUNDEL 

COUNTY JUVENilE CITATION FORM AND NOTICE AND 

ADVICE OF RIGHTS (FOR ARBITRATION HEARINGS) ARE AP· 

. PENDED. FOOTNOTES, FLOW CHARTS. PHOTOGRAPHS, AND 

TABULAR DATA ARE PR.OVIDED. 

.................. NotMl AN EXEMPLARY PROJECT. 

...,....... ....... ")S DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OFFICE 

~MM~TeSTING AND DISSEMINATION, 633 INDI· 

ANA AVENUE, WASHINGTON DC 20531. 

• 

AvAlleblllty: GPO Stock Order No. 027-()()()~5·3, NCJfl;S 


I::: 

. CONCERN POUCE USE OF DEADLV FORCE. 

15. CO:-:::ER and M. KRAVIlZ, Eda. NATIONAL CRIMINA!. 

~USiICE REFERENCE SERVICE, BOX 6000, ROCK~i7:~ 

20850 111 p. 1979. 

PAPERS GIVEN AT THE NATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF BLACK 

LAW ENFORCEMENT EXECUTIVES (NOBLE) WORKSHOP ON 

POLICE USE OF DEADLY FORCE AflE PRESENTED, AS WElLl 

AS STATEMENTS BY JUSTICE DEPARTMENT OFFICIALS AND 

RATURE REVIeW. THE WORKSHOP, SPONSORED BY 

~H~IT~MUNITY RELATIONS SERVICE OF THE DEPART. 

MENT OF JUSTICE,BEGINS WITH A DESCRIPTION OF NOBLE 

AND WITH PRESENTA1:IONS OF 11 RESOLUTIONS CONCERN· 

ING THE RESTRICTIO(;( A~" CON. TROl OF POLICE AG;~CY 

POLICY ON THE USE di: o£'ADLY FORCE. THE PAP~F!S, ..,OM 

. THE NOBLE CONFEA~NC,ti' DISCIJSSeD .THE ISSUE FROM 

SEVERAl PERSPECTiveS. THE NATIONAL DIRECTOR OF THE 

N TIONA"r. CONFERENCE OF BLACK LAWYERS MAINTAINS 

T~AT POLICE LAWLESSNESS IS WIDESPREAD AND FALLS 

PARTICULARLY ON BLACK CITIZENS {THIS INCLUDES BEAT· 

, , 

.\ 

5 

; 

fl. 

'. " 

I

1- 

, 

D'UBLICATIONS 

OFTHENIJ 

CORRUPTION 

INGS. ILLEGAL SEARCHES. HARASSMENT. AND MURDER ON 

. THE. STREET); HE PROPOSESSTP.ATEGIES FOR INVOLVING 

CITIZENS IN POLICE DISCIPLINARY AND REVIEW BOARD 

MECHANISMS, A CLERGYMA~ 

DISCUSSES HOW FEAR OF 

~IME IN THE WHITE .COMMUNITY IN THE U.S. CREATES 

WHITE SUPpPRT FOR MINIMAL REGULATION OF POLICE USE 

OF DEADJ.Y FORCE AND INcREASES THE EXISTING STRAINS 

IN BLACK·WHITE REtATiONS. A POLICE CHIEF FROM WASH. 

INGTON STATE LINKS POlice POLICY ON DEADI.Y FORCE TO 

OLD ENGLISH CQMMON LAW. RECOMMENDS REVISION OF 

SUCH POLICIES. '!NO CALLS FOR A CHANGE IN POLICE AU. 

THORITARIAN ATirITUDES. BEGINNIN:3 WITH TOP MANAGE. 

MENT. TWO ADDITIONAL PAPERS ADDRESS THE NEED FOR 

~"'~' UNAMBIGUOUS POLICE POLICY WHICH SETS SPECIF. 

IC MINIMUM LIMITS ON THE USE OF DEADLY FORCE A FINA' 

PAPER REVIEWS STUDI/SS CONDUCTeD IN THE 1970'S WHICH 

REFUTE THE BELIEF THAT LAW ENFORCEMENT .IS AN EX. 

TREMELYPERILOUS OCCUPATION AND SHoW THAT BLACKS 

.. ARE MORE LIKELY THAN WHITES TO BE KILLED BY POLICE 

THE CONCERNS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ARE 

HIGHLIGHTED IN STATEMENTS BY THE ASSISTANT ATTOR. 

NEY GEN.ERAL AND TWO OTHER OFFICIALS \y'HO DISCUSS 

DEADLY fQRCE AND CITE RESEARCH PRIORITI.rdS. THE FINAL 

SECTION ISA LITERATURE REVIEW BY POLICE FOUNDATION 

STAFF THAT SUMMARIZES 15 MAJOR RESEARCH STUDIES 

THE STUDIES C~UR THAT BLACKS AND HISPANICS ARE 

FATAL VICTI~~ OJ, POLICE SHqOTINGS IN EXCESS OF THEIR 

PROPORTION OF l'HE P.~LATION. THE STUDIES FOUND 

T/:IAT LEGAL ACTION IS USUALLV NOT TAKEN AGAINST 

POLICE IN SHOOTlt4G INCIDENTS AND RESTRICTIVE POll. 

CIES ACCOMPANIED BY SmONG ENFORCEMENT ARE EF. 

FECTlVE IN REDUClNG THE NUMBER OF POLlCt; SHOOTINGS 

REFERENCES' AND AN .ANNOTATED BIEILIOGRAPHV ON 

POLICE USE OF DEADLY FORCE ARE PROVIDED. . 

~1ICHtng ~ US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA. 

J~.'=~~NC:=A~~U~%v~=~:6W ~'~~~L 

AV'IIIIItI.tr- G~~. Slock Order No. 027 -000.00e07.'. • 

1 •• fO~~:~~u:-. :ll' WHITCOIIII. 

INC. 65 WHEELER STREET. CAMBRIDGE MA 0'fSOO138 IA7TE9 S. 

1979. . . NCHoJ' 

THE CONNECTICUT ECONOMIC CRIME UNIT (ECU,. ONE c:: 

TWO OON8U,MER FRAUD-ORIEN'rED PROJECTS GRANTED 

exeMPLARV STATUS BY LEM. IS Df;SCRIBED IN DETAIL. THE 

~NVCU CONSISTS OF THREE PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. FIVE 

ESTIGATORS. AND SUPPORT STAFF WHO WORk OUT OF 

rHE CHIEF STATE'S ATTORNEY'S OFFIce. THE UN!T'S OB. 

. JECTIVES Af,'E TO INVESTIGATE AND PROSECUTE CONSUM. 

ER FRAUD CASEs AND TO PROMOTE AWARENESS OF ECO. 

NOMIC CRIME AMONG THE PUBLIC AND AMONG LAW EN 

FORCEMENT AND REGULATORY AGENCY PERSONNEL THE 

UNIT'S PREVENTION COMPONENTS INCLUDE AN INTER. 

AGENCY ECONOMIC. CRIME COUNCIL. NEWSPAPER ADVER. 

TlSING r.tONITORING. CONSUMER ALERTS AND LECTURE 

SERVICES. DURING ITS FIRST 3 YEARS OF oPeRATION THE 

ECU RECEIVED 32.316 INQUIRIES AND CONDUCTED 78e IN 

VESTIGATIONS. ARRESTS WERE MADE IN EVERY COUNTY IN 

THE STATE. THE 117 INDKm.tENTS BROUGHT DURING THE 

3'YEAR PERIOD RESULTED IN 84 GUILTY PLEAS AND ONLY:2 

ACQUITTALS. THE ECU'S TOTAL OPERATING COST WAS 

1474,n8. THE UNIT RETURNED 1723.810 IN RESTITUTION TO 

VICTIMS OF ECONOMIC CRIMES AND 120.832 TO THE STATE 

IN FINES. THE REPORT PROVIDES A DETAII.£O DEsr"RIP'fION 

OF THE ECl,I'S DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANIZATION (iNcLUD. 

ING PROBLEMS AND PRIORITIES,. OPERATIONS (CASE RE. 

FERRAI."SCREENING. INVESTIGATION. DATA MANAGEMENT) 

PREVENTION STRAtEGIES. PUBLIC RELATIONS AND TRAIN: 

II«i PRoGRAMS. RESULTS, AND OPERATING COSTS 

THROUGHOUT THE.REPORT.ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED BY 

8 

THOSE PLANNING SIMILAR PROJECTS ArtE HIGHLIGHTED 

APPENDED MATERIALS INCLUDE SAMPLE COPIES OF ECU 

FORMS. AN OUTLINE OF CONSUMER FRAUD LAW ENFORCE. 

MENT STRATEGIES. SUGGESTED DATA ELEMENTS FOR MAN. 

AGEMENT AND EVALUATION INFORMATION.GATHERING 

AND A SAMPLE COSTING PLAN. 

• 

SUppIemonbi/ NoI..: AN EXEMPLARY PROJECT. 

~ Aeenc:r- US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA. 


JUSTICE. 833 INDIANA AVENUrf,NW. WASHINGTON. DC 20531. 

AYIIfIIbIIIty: GPO Slock Order No. 027-000-00830.5' NCJRS 


• 

17. COI.tIUMER FRAUD-AN EMPIRICAL PERlHCTlVE-SUII 

MARY. Ir J. 0. ICHURRT. R. Eo KRUO lind A M ItOII 

NATIONAL CONSUMER LAW CENTER 11 'BEAcoN STREET 

BOSTON MA 02108;, AMERICAN INSTITUTES FOR RE: 

~EARCH. 1055 THOMAS JEFFERSON STREET. NW. WASHING. 

ON DC 20007. 78 p.1970. HCJ.52171 

THE OBJECTIVES OF A CONSUMER FRAUD STUDY ,\RE SUM. 

MARIZED. ALONG WITH THE RESULTING GOVERNMENT IN. 

TERVENTION STRATEGIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR 

THEIR IMPLEMENTA'tlON. THE GENERAL PLAN FOR THE 

lEM·SPONSORED CONSUMER FRAUD .PROJECT CONSISTED 

OF THREE PHASES. THE PURPOSE OF tHE FIRST PHASE 

WAS TO DESCRIBE THE NATURE. SCOPE, AND CHARACTf.r.. 

ISTICS OF CONSUMER FRAUD AND THE LAWS AND REGULA. 

TIONS INTENDED FOR ITS CONTROL. THE PURPOSE OF'i THE 

SECOND PHASE WAS TO EXPAND ON 'iHE FIRST BY COL. 

LE~.!'NG A LARGi:R AND MORE FOCUSED SET OF CONSUM.' 

ER1'RAUO EVENTS AND BY EXAMINING THE EFFECTIVENESS 

OF EXISTING CONTROL MECHANISMS IN ORDER TO DETER. 

MINE THE REQUIREMENTS OF NEW OR MODIFIED PREVEN. 

TION AND CONTROL SCHEMES.' THE PRODUCT OF THE 

THIRD PHASE WOULD THeN BE A sEr OF RECOMMENDED 

~PPR()ACHES OR STRATEGIES TO PROTECT CONSUMERS 

FROM FRAUD. IN THE COURSE OF THE FIRST TWO PHASES 

CASE HISTORIES OF CONsUMER FRAUD EVENTS WERE COL: 

.LECTED. AND I.;UANTITATIVE PROFILES OF VARIOUS PAT. 

TERNS OF CONSUMER FRAUD WERE DEVELOPED. WORKING 

FROM THESE DATA. SOME 18 APPROACHES TO COMBATING 

CONSUMER FRAUD WERE PRt;>POSEiJ AND ORGANIZED INTO 

THE FOLLOWING SIX GROUPS: (1) (! PAYMENt 

PLA~&NING-INVOLVING THE RESTRUCTURING OF PAYMENT· 

PROCEDURES TO ALLOW CONSUMEflS MORE fLEXIBILITY IN 

THE . FACE OF POSSIBLE FRAUD; (2,.:cPOSTAALE 

ALTERNATIVE8-OPTIONS GIVING CONSUMERS THE OProR. 

TUNITY TO EXERCISE AUTOMATIC CANCELLATION RIGHTS' 

:~ ~PLAINT MEOIATION··GOVERNMENT AID IN NEGOTIAT~ 

CONSUMER SATISFACTION: (4, PRIVATE 

REMEDIES-OPTIONS ALLOWING CONSUMERS TO INITIATE 

AGAINST FRAUDULENT MERCHANTS WITH. 

P~ooeEDlNGS 

CUT INVOLVING A THIRD PARTY; (S, COVERAGE' FOR CON. 

SUMERLOSS-PRO"'DING RESTITUTION TO VICTIMS OF 

CONSUMER FRAUD BY REQVIRING BONDING, INSURANCE 

AND PREFERENTIAL TREAT~e~ FOR CONSUMERS DURING 

BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS' AND 

SIMPLIFICATION .. REQUlRINq A 'BALANCE J~ INF~~!i~: 

BETWEEN THE MERCHANT ANO THr: CONSUMER IN ALL 

TRANSACTIONS WHI=RE PRINT MEDIA ARE INVOLVED REO 

OMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION WERE THEN DeVEL: 

~:~g~;D A~~£ DISCUSSED WITH REGARD TO PRIORITY 

SUGGESTED ACTIONS BY THE PRIVATE 

SECTOR AND AT THE FEDERAL. STATE. LOC~L. AND LEM 

,> LEVELS. TABULAR DATA AND THREE APPENDIXES ARE AT· 

::;- ~jI TAcH ED. "" 

19oMOr',n; Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LAW EN· 

FORCEMENT ASSISTANCE ADMINISTRAT,ION CRIMINAL CON· 

SPIRAClES DIVISION. 833 INDIANA AVe(.JUE. NW. WASHING· 

TON. DC 20531. 

AvaIIIbIIIty: GPO Siock Order No. 027~24·1; AMERI· 

, CAN INSTITUTES FOR RESEARCH. 10E5 7'HoMAS JEFFERSON 

STREET. NW, WASHINGTON DC 20001 Slock Order No. 

AIR·58000-111711-: NCJRS M~OFICHE PROGRAM. 

1.. COIHtt!CTIONAL CUCATION PftOGftAill FOfIINIIATU NA· 

TIONAL IVAl.UATIc)N I'IIaGIWI-PHAIE 1 1tIPOfn'. 

II. -u.. E. COHMD. T. WRY. J. G. .LUTZ, P. V. MILLER. C. 

lIMON, lind A. E.ITAkELOH. LEHIGH UNIVERSITY. 131 p. 

1979. .. . . NC ...... ,71 

,QUESTIoNNAIRES AND SITE VISITS WERE USED TO EVALU· 

ATE 183 CORRECTIONAL· EDUCATION PROGRAMS. THE 

SURVEY COVERED" FUNDING. ADMINISTRATION. RE· 

SOURCES. MATERIALS. PROGRAM DESIGN AND EVALUA· 

TION. AND RELATION TO WORK PROGRAMS. THE SURVEY. 

CONDUCTED IN 1977. COVERED A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE 

OF STATE CORREcr,ONAL INSTITUTIONS WITH MORE' THAN 

100 INMATES IN 48 STATES (ALASKA AND HAWAII WERE EX· 

CLUDED). ON THE BASIS OF DATA COLLECTED. CONCLU· 

SIONS ARE PRESeNTED AND REcoMMENDATIONS ARE 

MADE 'FOR EACH AREA STUDIED. A SPECIAL STUDY ON ;t:HE 

EFFECT OF THE NATURE OF THE INSTITUTION ON'7'HE 

INMATE EDUCATION PROGRAM FOUND THAtlN SOME INSTI· 

tUTIONS THE cONFLICT BETWEEN CUSToDIAL AND TREAT· 

MENT FUNCTIONS IS SUFFICIENT TO NEGATIVELY INFLU· 

ENCE, THE WORK OF THE CORRECTIONS EDUCATOR. THE 

IMPORTANCe OF EDUCATION TO REHABILITATION MUST BE 

EMPHASIZED BY THE PRISON ADMINISTRATOR AND FULL 

cooPERATION SHOULD BE SECURED FROM ALL EMPLOY· 

EES. THERELATiON.,C)HIP HETWEEN WORK AND EDUCATION· 

AL PROGRAMS NEEDS TO BE ClARIFIED AND E)(ISTING CON· 

FLICTS RESOlVED. ON THE WHOLE. THE GENERAL STATE 

OF EDUCATION IN CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS HAS 1M· 

PROVED. A/,..AJOR PROBLEM IS LACK OF FUNDING. WHICH 

IS REFLECTED IN THE QI,lALlTY OF ADMINISTRATION. LACK 

OF RE~RCES. AND INABILITY TO OFFER MEANINGFUL 

PROGRAMS ON A CONTINUING BASIS. S,INCE FUNDING IS 

OFTEN FROM FEDERAL SOURCES OR VARIOUS 'SOFT' 

SOURCES. CONTINl,IlTY ,OF OPERATION IS A PROBLEM. THE 

PRESSURE OF CONSTANTLY REAPPLYING FOR GRANT 

MONEY DIVERTS TIME AND ;RESOURCES FROM THE MAIN 

PURPOSE OF THE INMATE EDUCATION PROGRAMS. A. 

SEI;t.'~S OF 20 PROB~EMS IS IDENTIFIED; RECOMMENDAr 

lIONS ARE OFFERED FOR EACH. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT 

THE AVERAGE PRiSONEn SPENDS 3 YEARS IN A CORREC 

TIONAL INSTITUTION AND THAT PROGRAMS SHOULD USE 

THESE" YEARS EFFECTIVELY TO GIVE. THE INMATE THE 

SKILLS NECESSARY FOR SURVIVAL IN SOCIETY. AT PA~S 

ENT. 40 PERCENT OF THE INMATES ATTEND SOME FORM OF 

EOUCATIONAL PROGRMt. AND THE SURVEYED INSTITU· 

TlCN$ SPEND 8.7 PERCENT OF THEIR BUDGET ON EDUCA· 

TION. EVALUATION OF PROGRAM RESULTS IS LIMITED. THIS 

AREA ~EEDS TO BE IMPROVED. SURVEV DATA ARE PRE· 

SENTED IN CHART. GRAf'I17 AND TABULAR FORM. THE CHAR· 

AOTERISTICSOF THE 183 INSTITUTIONS AND METHODOLO· 

GY ARE DETAILED. A BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ActfART SHOW· 

ING INMATE FLOW THROIJGH A GENERALIZEDEDUQATION 

PROGRAM ARE APPENDED. SURVEY QUESTIONS ARE NOT 

INCLUDED. 

"", ........ HolM: SERIES A.NUMBER 22. 

IptonHrtnIJ AfInOY: US DEPARTMENT of JUSTICE LEM NA· 

TioNAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL, 

JUstICE, 833 INDlAN~ AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 

AYln • .,.: GPO StOck Order No. 02NIOO.()()7I1H; NCJRS 

MICROFICHE PROGRAM.' 

Ir 

7 

11. coRriUPTfON IN LAND UR AND IlUILDING REGULATION, V 

1 .". tNT!GllATiD REJIOIIIT OFCONC/..UIIOtW;, ~ J. A. 

GMDIHEft,T. R. LYMAN, lind S. A. WALDHORN. SRI INTER· 

NATIONAl, 333 RAVENSWOOD AVENUE. MENLO PARK CA 

9-4025. 120 p. 1979. NCJ.47143 

TO PROVIDE A DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF LOCAL GOV· 

ERNMENT CORRUPTION IN LAND USE AND BUILDING REGU· 

LATIONS. A 2·YEAR STUDY WAS CONDUCTED WITH LITERA· 

TURE SEARCHES, ANALYZED CASES. AND STUDIES COMMIS 

SIONED BV EXPERTS IN THE FIELD. THIS VOLUME. THE 

FIRST IN A SIX·VOLUME SERIES. INTEGRATES THE FINDINGS 

AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE .c:~URVEY. IT PRESENTS A~ 

OVERVIEW .OF THE PROBLEM. DEF!I'iES C')RRUPTION. AND. 

PROVIDES AN ESTIMATE'OF ITS EXTENT. IT CONCLUDES 

THAT THE PROBLEM IS WlOESPR·OO AND THAT THE PRES. 

ENCE OR ABSE~,OF cORRUPTION IS. IN PART. A REFLEC 

TION OF THE W~YS iN WHICH A COMMUNITY REsPONDS TO 

COARUPTIONAS IT OCCURS. A BASIC INTRODUCTION TO 

THE LAND USE AND BUILDING REGULATION SYSTEM IS PRE· 

~NTEI;). AND DESCRIPTIONS ARE ~PROVIDED OF TME MECH· 

ANISMS FeR PLANNING, ZONING. AND Et~FORCING BUILDING 

AND HOUSING CODES. AN ANALYSIS IS ATTEMPTED OF HOW 

AND WHY (X)RRUPTION OCCI,JRS. WITH ATTENTION TO THE 

OPPORTUNITIES .AND INCENTIVES FOR CORRUPTION. THESE 

INCENTIVES ARE EXAMINED FROM THE STANDPOINT OF 

BOTH THE ZONING OR LAND USE APPLICANT AND THE OFFI· 

CIAL IN CONTROL OF THE REGULATORY PROCESS. POSSI· 

BLE REMEDIES FOR CORRUPTIoN ARE ALSO PRESENTED. 

BASIC PRINCIPLES WHICH CAN HELP IDENTIFY POTENTIAL 

CORRUPTION PROBLEMS AND FORMULATE STRATEGY TO 

CONTROL THEM ARE OFFERED. THE ROLES OF REGULA. 

TOA"'~EFORM. IMPROVED MANAGEMEtfT SYSTEMS. LEGIS. 

LATION. AND CITIZEN INVOLVEMENT INFIGHTING CORRUP· 

TloN ARE ALSO EXAMINED. EACH CHAPTER CONTAINS AN 

EXTENSIVE LIST OF REFERENCES. TABULAR INFORMATION 

IS PRESENTED. INcLUDING CITIZENS' ESTIMATES OF THE 

EXTENT OF BRIBERY AND OTHER ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES 

(BASED ON DATA COLLEerED AS PART OF THE URBAt

i 

CRIME 

PUBLICATIONS. 

OF THE NIJ 

CRITICAL 

, (i 

., 

'. 

, i 

;. 

• 

, ~j 

OFFICIALS ANQ CITIZI;NS IN EACH"COMMUNITY. THE AC. 

COUNTS ARE IllUSTRATIVE RATHER THAN DEFINITIVE. THE 

CITIES WEREo SELECTED BECAVSE THEY IllUSTRATED 

PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES, AND BECAUSE OF THE 

AVAILABILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY OF INFORMATION ON THE 

CORRUPTION·INTEGRITY ISSUE. CITIES WITH SIMILAR PROB. 

lEMSARE LIKELY TO BE FOUND THROUGHOUT THE UNITED 

STATES: EVERV ATIEMPT WAS MA;)E TO COVER THE SAME 

PERIOD OF TIME. 1976 TO 1977, FOR EACH COMMUNITY, 

AND TO UNDERS,'AND ;iHECONDITIONS AS THEY EXISTED 

DURING THI; PERIOD OF STUDY AND DURING THE YEARS 1M. 

MEDIATELY PRECEDING IT. THE FIRST CASE STUDIES DEAL 

WITH CORRUPTI()N':'IN INSPECTION PROGRAMS: IN NEW 

YORK CiTY, CORRUPTION INVOLVED HOUSING AND DEMOLI. 

TION INSPECTORS; IN CINCINNATI, OHIO, INSPECTORS RE. 

VIEWING FEDERALLY FINANCED REHABILITATION I>RO. 

GR~~S vtgl'iE TAKING PAYOfFS FROM CONTRACTORS; IN 

BRqwl\MI) COUNTY, FLA., THE CORRUPTION WAS AMONG 

INSPECTO~S SUPERVISING HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS; IN 

OKLAHOMA CITY. CORRUPTION IN THE LICENSING OF ELEC 

TRICAL INSPECTORS AND, THEIR SUBSEQUENT' DEALINGS 

WITH BUILDERS WAS UNCOVERED. THE 'NEXT FOUR CASES 

FOCUS ON LAND USE DECISIONS: THE AWARDING OF 

ZONING VARIANCES IN EAST PROVIDENCE, R.I., USE PER. 

MITS IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY, CALIF., AND ZONING APPLICA. 

TIONS IN SANTA' CLARA, CALIF., AND HOFFMAN ESTATES, 

,ILL CORRUPTION AND REFORM ARE STUDIED IN FAIRFAX 

COUNTY, VA. THE FINAL C?ASE STUDY, ARLlN~TON HEIGHTS, 

ILL, DIFFERS FROM THE OTHERS,9ECAUSE THE COMMUNI. 

TY DID NOT EXPERIENCE ANY OF THE CoRRUPTION THAT 

WAS COMMON IN NEIGHBORING TOWNS; THE FOCUS OF 

THE CASE STUpy IS ON WHY THIS PATrERNOFINTEGR'ITY 

DEVELOPED AS.lT DID. FOR RELATED INFORMATION; SEE 

NCJ-47s.43. ; 

8p0ne0rtng;Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA. 

TIONAL INSTITUTE OF 'LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL 

JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 205a1. 

AV8IIabIIIty: GPO Stock Order No. 027.()()Q.(J()833-O; ~CJRS 

MICROFICHE PRqGRAM. '" 

21. CRIME AND Dl8RIJf'1'ION IN SCHOOLS-A SELECTED lIB 

I.IOORAPHY. R. RUBEL, R. N. BRENNER, C: JONES, .nd M. 

KRAVITZ, EcIa. NATIONAL CRIMI,NAL ~USnCE REFERENCE 

SERVICE, BOX 6OOO,ROCKVILI,E MD 20850. 102 p. 1979, 

NCJ·58&11 

'C' 

OITING MATERIAls COMPilED FROM ACADEMIC, PROFES. 

SIONAL, AND GOVERNMENT SOURCES, THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY / 

WITH ABSTRACTS COVEnS LITERATURE AVAILABLE WITHIN 

THE ,NCJRS DATA BA~ ON THE PROBLEM OF 

SCHool·BASED CRIME AND DISRUPTION. PUBLISHED BE. 

"tWEEN 1969 AND 1978, THE ARTICLES, REPORTS, AND 

OTHER MATERIALS A8E ARRANGED ALPHABETICAllY BY 

AUTHOR OR TITLE UNDER FOUR TOPIC HEADINGS. THE 

FIRST SECTION PROVID.ESo~~ OVERVIEW OF THE 'NATURE 

AND EXTENT OF tHE' PROBLEM AND INCLUDES STUDIES 

AND CONGRESSIQN~L REP,oRTS DESCRI~ING THE COST OF 

SCHOOL CAlMES-PRIMARilY ARSON AND VANDAlISM •• BOTH 

'iN FISCAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS. THE NEXT SECTION 

FOCUSE~cPN, THE STUDENTS THeMSELVES, MISBEHAVIOR, 

AND THE ROLE QF TRADITIONAL DISCIPLINE. THE CAUSES 

ANDMANIFEljITATIONS OF STUDENT MISBEHAVIOR ARE EX. 

A~I~ED; AI.QNG WITH THE EFFECT OF CORpORAL PUNISH. 

MENT AND SUSPr;N~1ON AND THE ISSUE OF STUDENTS' 

F\IGHT~ •. DISCUSSIONS OF MULTIPLE SCHOol,BASED PRO 

GRMfS :FOLLo.W, ~PLlNGC!JRRICUlUM CHANGES, 

TEACHING METHOQS, STUDENT·BASED DISCIPLINE, ALTER. 

NATIVJ: SCHOOLS, PROGRAMS FOR HANDLING KNOWN OF. 

FI:,NDEF.tS;AN9 OTHER. STRATEGIES ~HOOlSHAVE DEVEl. 

, OPED TO REDiJcE CRIME AND DISRUPTION. THE REMAINING 

$ELECTION ~lS WITH THE' PHYSiCAL SeCURITY OF 

~L Bl,Il!-DIN~S; THE USE, 9f PO~ICE AND SECURITY 

o 

GUARDS ·IS DESCRIBED, TOGETHER WITH A VAf,lIETY OF 

ANTI·INTRUDER DEVICES AND SYSTEMS. APPENDED MATE. 

RIALS INCLUDE A LIST OF DOCUMENT SOURCI;:S, THE AD. 

DRESSES OF RESOURCE AGENCIES, AND AN EXECUTIVE 

SUMMARY OF A REPORT TO COf,jGRESS OF SCHOOL VIO. 

lENCE AND SAFETY. " 

SponlOllng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA. 


JUST/CE. 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON; DC 20531. 

Av .... bIIIty: GPO. Stock Order No. 027·000·00862·3. NCJRS. 

23. CRIMINAL JUSTICE PERIODICALS-A SELECTED IIBUOQ. 

RAPHY. 8. S. LAPERLA, D. M. HORTON, 8nd M.KRAVITZ 

Ede. NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERVICE: 

BOX 6000, ROCKVILLE MD 20850. 69 p. 1979. 

, NC./·57188 

THIS ANNOTATED, SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SERIAL 

PUBLICATIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE IS INTENDED FOR L1. 

BRARIANS AS WELL AS CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACADEMICIANS, 

STUDENTS, AND PRACTITIONERS. THE BIBLIOGRAPHY IDEN. 

TIFIES ~'l':3 SERIAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE PUBliCATIONS THAT 

HAVE BEiENJ1ECEIVED BY THE NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE 

REFEF\!;;Nt.\lil SERVICE AND ARE THE MOST DIRECTLY AC. 

CE~IBLE'AND USEFUL TO CONSUMERS OF CRIMINAL JUS. 

TICE INFORMATION. THE SELECTIONS ARE ORGANIZED INTO 

. EIGHT THEMATIC AREAS: CORRECTIONS AND PENOLOGY, 

COURTS, CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, CRIMINAL LAW, CRIMI. 

NOlOGY, FORENSICS, JUVENILE JUSTICE, AND LAW EN. 

FORCEMENT. TITLES ARE ENTERED A~PHABETICAll Y 

WITHIN SUBJECT CATEGORIES. IN ADDITION TO THE ANNO. 

TATION DESCRIBING THE GENERAL THRUST, CONTENT, AND' 

INTENDED AUDIENCE OF EACH PUBLICATION, THE FOllOW. 

ING INFORMATION IS SUPPLIED: THE INTERNATIONAL 

STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER, THE FREQUENCY OF PUBLICA. 

Q 

TION, THE FOUNDING .DATEAND F.,ORMER TIT~ IF APPLlCA· 

BLE THE PRICE THE SUBSCRIPTION ADDRESS, THE TITLES. 

OF iNDEXING ~D ABSTRACTING SERVICES IN WHICH THE 

ARTICLES FROM EACH SERIAL PUBLICATION CAN BE FOUND, 

AND THE SPoNsoRING AGENCY. LAW JOURNALS FOR THE 

MOST PART, ARE EXCLUDED. SUBJECT AND TITLE INDEXES, 

AND INDEXES TO SPONSOR AND FOREIGN PUBLlCA7I0NS 

ARE PROVIDED. .. . 

Iponeor' ..,. Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA· • 

TiONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL 

JUSTICE 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW. WASHINGTON, DC 20531~ 

AvaIIIIbIIitr. GPO Stock Order No. 027..()()()..()()815-1; NCJRS'~,> 

MICROFICHE PROGRAM. NPJRS.,. 

Z.. CRIMINAL JUSTICE PLANNING. FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS. 

By n. C •. CUSHMANInd .I. M. WYNNE JR; AST ASSOCIATES, 

INC, 55 WHEELER STREET, CAMBRIDGE .MA 02138. 122 p. 

1879. ~7 

STATE-OF.THE.ART INFORMATION AND GUIDELINES. ON 

CRIMINAL JUSTICE PLANNING. AT THE LOCAL LEVEL ARE 

PRESENTED IN A REPORT DIRECTED TO LOCAL GOVERN· 

MENT OFFICIALS. BASED ON A REVIEW OF FlESEARCH AND ! 

PROGRAM LITERATURE AND ON VISlrS TO .SIX PLANNING 

JURISDICTIONS, THE REPORT PROVIDES, lOCAL OFFICIALS 

WITH COMPREHENSIVE INFORMATION ON THE OBJECTIVES, 

STRATEGIES, AND TECHNIQUES OF lOCAL CRIMINAL JUs. 

TICE PLANNING AT THREE LEVELS: CRIMINAL JUSTICE 

AGENCY PLANNING, CITY OR COUNTY CRIMINAL JUSTICE 

PLANNING AND COMPREHENSIVE INTERAGENCY AND 1M· 

TERGOVERNMENTAL PLANNING FOR THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE 

SYSTEM AS A WHOLE. THE IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING IS 

DISCUSSED, AND TH~ LOCAL PLANNING CONTEXT IS DE· 

SCRIBED. A BRIEF HISTORY QF THE DEVELOPMEN!, OF 

PLANNING CONCEPTS AND THE EVOLUTION QF lOCAL 

CRIMINAL JUSTICE PLANNING IS PROVIDED. THE TYPES OF 

ACTIVITIES LOCAL PLANNING UNIT~ ARE UNDERTAKING AS 

THEY MOVE AWAY FROM FEDERAL GRANT MANAGEMENT 

TOWARD AN EMPH~SIS ON TOTAL FlESOURCE PLANNING 

ARE NOTED. OTHER ASPECTS COVERED ARE GOALS, OB· 

JECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PLAN· 

NINGPROcESS; RELATIONSHIPS AMONG POLICY PLANNING, 

PROGRAM PLANNING, AND OPERATIONAL.PLANNlf'lG; AND A 

STEP.BY.STEP PLANNING PROCESS WITH REFERENCE TO 

EXAMPLES FROM LOCAL JURISDICTIONS IN WHICH 'AD· 

VANCED PLANNING PRACTICES .ARE EMPLOYED. AlTERNA· 

TIVE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES FOR lOCAL PLANNING 

ARE DESCRIBED AND ASSESSED. THI; ROl.ES OF THE SUo 

PERVISORY BOARD AND PLANNING STAFF AND THE P.ELA· 

TIONSHIPS OF THESE ENTITIES TO EACH OTHER AND TO 

OTHER PLANNING STRUCTURES ARE CONSIDERED .. GUIDE· 

LINES FOR ESTABLISHING AND OPERATING A LOCAL PLAN· 

NING UNIT, INCLUDING iNITIAL PLANNING PRIORITIES, ARE 

OFFERED. PROCEDURES, CRITERIA, AND MEASURES, FOR 

EVALUATING THE. PLANNING PROCESS ARE OUTLINED. 

Supplemenlal Not ..: PROGRAM MODEL. 

IpoMorIng Agency· US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE lEAA NA· 

TloNAl INSTITUTE' OFt.AW ENFOROEMENT AND CRIMINAL 


Anl/lllllitty: NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM. 

22. CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND THE ELDERLY-A SELECTED BIB 

UOORAPHY. O. BOSTON, R. NITZBERG, 8nd M. KRAVITZ, 

Edt. NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERllICE, 

BOX 8000, ROCKVillE MD 20850. ,:,101 p. 1979. ,... ,', 

NCJ·55187 

THIS ANNo.TATED BIBLIOGRAPHY CITES MATERIALS INCLUD. 

ED IN THE NCJRS COllECTION ON ELDERLY VULNERABILITY 

TO CRIME AND THE ROLE OF ELDERLY PERSONS AS ACTIVE 

PARTICIPANTS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM. PUB. 

L1SHED BETWEEN 1971 AND 1978, THE CITATIONS ARE AR. 

RANGED ALPHABETICALLY BY AUTHOR, TITLE, OR JOURNAL 

SOURCE WIT.HIN SEVEN SECTIONS, EACH DEALING WITH A 

SELECTED ASPECT OF SENIOR CITIZEN INTERACTION WITH 

CRIME OR THE CRIMINAL ~USTICE COMMUNITY. THE FIRST 

" SECTION PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE VULNERABILITY 

OF OLDER. PEOPLE TO CRIME AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND 

DESCRIBES THE GENERAL NATURE OF CRIMES AGAINST 

THE ELDERLY. THE FOllOWING SECTION DEALS WITH THE 

IMPACT OF CRIME ON THE ELDERLY, INCLUDING STUDIES 

ON FEAR OF CRIME AND THE RESULTANT PSYCHOLOGICAL 

DAMAGE AND CHANGES IN THE LIVING PATIERNS OF MANY 

SENIOR ADULTS, SUBSEQUENT SECTIONS cOVER THE rAT. 

TERNS AND RATES OF CRIME AGAINST THE ELDERLY, THE 

PROBLEM OF CONSUMER FRAUD SCHEMES AIMED AT 

SENIOR CITIZENS, VICTIM ASSISTANCE AND RESTITUTION 

PROGRAMS PROVIDING ELDERLY CRIME VICTIMS WITH EMO. 

TION~L AND FINANCI~L ~tQ, COMMUNITY PROGRAMS DE. 

SIGNED TO FULFill CRIME PREVENTION AND OTHER SOCIAL 

SERVICE NEEDS, AND THE CHANGING IMAGE OF SENIOR 

CITIZENS IN TERMS OF THEIR ROLE IN THE CRIMINAL JUs. 

TICE SYSTEM. INFORMATiON o.N HOW TO OBTAIN CITED 

DOCUMENTS IS PROVIDED, ALONG WITH LISTS OF SOURCES 

AND RESOURCE AGENCIES. 

SponIOIIng A~: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA. 


JUSTICE,.833 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 

Avllll8blttty: NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM. NCJRS. 

25 CRITICAL·I88UES IN ADULT PROBATION-INTERNATIONAL 

• ASSEISMENT OF THE USE OF ADULT PROBATION. ~y P. 

C FRIDAY OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY PROGRAM FOR THE 

sTuDY OF' CRIME AND DELINQUENCY, 1314 KINNE~~.~~~P~ 

COlUMBUSOH 43212 •.. 11~p. .1e79,'-"'·_·'"",,·"IVIr 

THIS REVIEW OF ~OULT PROBATION MATERIAL FROM 150 

DOCUMENTS FROM VARIOUS COUNTRIES DESCRIBES PRO· 

BATION AND SUSPENDE:O SENTENCING SYSTEMS, AND 

THEIR USE AND EFFECTIVENESS. PROBATION, INITIAllY 

USED IN AMERICA, NOW EXISTS IN 25 COUNTRIES. ITS OB· 

JECTIVES ARE ,to HE!,P AND TREAT AS WELL AS CONTROL 

OFFENDERS, A DUAL )\ND SOMETIMES CONFLICTING eUR· 

poSE. WHICH CAN POSE PROBLEMS FOR OFFICERS. PROBA· 

TION SERVICES, AND STRUCTURES VARY FROM A FUllY 

PROFESSIONAL STATE OJ;Ij3ANIZATION (E.G., ~REAT BRITAIN 

ANO~!NDIA). TO· A CENTRAI,IZED BUT MIXEDJ SYSTEM EM· 

PLOYING1 BOTH PROFESSIONALS AND VOL.. _ NTEEAS . (E.G., 

JAPAN 4\"10 ~WEDEN). A THIRD STRUCTURE INVOLVES A JU· 

DIC!~Mll'TEE (E.G., BELGIUM AND" FRANCE) WHERE A 

CLEAR DIVISION OF LABoR EXISTS BETWE.EN THE JUDGE, 

CONTROL AGENTS, SOCIAL ASljIISTANTS, AND VOLUNTEERS. 

SOME COUNTRIES USE A SYSTEM OF DEFERRED OR SUS· 

PENDED SENTENCING (E.G., FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF WEST 

GERMANY, 'SOVIET ~J.jION,.AI'!D AUSTRIAt~HICH ENABLES 

THE SENTENCING DECISION TO BE POSTPONED PENDING 

SOME CHANGE OR ACTION ON THE DEFENDANT'S PART. 

USUAllY SOME RESTRICTION OR CONDITIONS ARE IN· 

VOlVED. THIS DOCUMENT peSCRlliES THE VARIOUS AP· 

PROACHES TO PROBAtiON, THE ATTITUDES TOWARD PRO· 

BATION, THE THRUST OF PROBATION. PROGRAMS IN THE 

VARIOUS.coUNTRIES, EFFI;CTIVENE$S OF THE USE OF PRO· 

BATioN .AND SPECIAL AND INNOV,ATIVE MOPES IN PROBA· 

'TION IT ALSO' EXAMINES LEGAL" AND HISTORICAL CON· 

TExtS OF USE OF PUSPENDED SENTE;NCE PROVISIONS, 

VARIATIONS IN ELlGI~!L1TY CRITERIA FOR SUSPENDED SEN~ 

TENCES, AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS AND USE. PROBATION 

SERVICES APPEAR TO. BE MOVING TOWARD t.tORE 

CLIENT -CENTERED ACTIVITY ON AN INTERNATIONAL LEVEL, 

AND THE USE OF PROBATION AND ITS APPROACH TEND TO 

PARALLEL SOCIAL AND eCONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. W~EN 

PROBATION FAilS. IT IS GENERALLY DUE TO POOR SOCIAL 

SKILLS, LACK OF EDUCATION OR VOCATIONAL TRAINING, 

AND OTHER SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEPRIVATIONS OF 

BOTH STAFF AND OFFENDERS. REFERENCES ARE PRO· 

VIDEO.' '0.. ; 

8ponIOI'Ing Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE lEAA NA· 



Av8ll8blllty: GPO Stock Order No. 027.ooo.()()84~-O; .NCJRS 

MICROFICHE PROGRAM. , 

21 CRITICAL ISSUES IN ADULT PROBATION-ISSUES IN PRc)' 

• IATtON MANAGEMENT. ByE. W. CARLSON. OHIO STAT!? 

UNIVERSITY PROGRAM,FOR THE STUDY OF CRIME AND uG!' 

L1NQUENCY, 1314 KINNEAR ROAD,COlUMBUS OH 43212. 

502 p. 1979. NCJ·571187 

THIS LITERATURE REVIEW EXAMINES ISSUES IN PROBATION 

'MANAGEMENT INCLUDING TECHNIQUES IN PROBATION AND 

ADMINISTRATION, APPRO~CHES AND EMPHASES, AND THE 

EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS TECH· 

NIQUES. SEVERAL MAJOR ISSUES IN . PROBATION WERE 

IDENTIFIED IN THE .ReVIEW. 5qME MAIN CONCERNS IN MAN· 

AGEMENT ARE THE ISSUES OF CENTRALIZATION OR DECEN· 

TRALIZATION OF ADMINISTRATION (CENTRALIZED, 

STATE.ADMINISTERED AGENCIES ARE FREE OF lOCAL POll· 

TICS AND CAN DELIVER MORE UNIFORM AND EVENLY DIVID· 

ED SERVICES AND ,RESOURCES, BUT DECENTRALIZED 

'. AGENCIES CAN SOLICIT MORE COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION); 

,_ ........ THE PROPER ROLE OF PROBATION OFFICERS (PUNITIVE, OR 

PASSIVE)' AND THE PROVISION OF PROBATION SERVICES, 

PARTICULARLY CASEWORK WHICH FOCUSES ON SERVICE 

PROVISION, AND BROKERAGE WHICH EMPHASIZES ASSESS· 

ING CLIENT NEEDS AND LINKING AVAILABLE COMMUNITY 

SERVICES WITH THOSE NEEDS. THE USE OF BOTH PARA· 

PROFESSIONALS AND VOLUNTEERS IS A CENTRAL CON·. 

·--Ct:ANRES~8~H INDICATES TH~T USE OF THE ~ORMERI~ 

" EFFECTIVE PARTiGU~RtY"iNeASESJN~Q~~IN.~. ~~ (~ISK 

CLIENTS AND THAT USE OF THE LATTER CAN'tlc",U~Tl!'t.,._ 

LARGE CoST' SAVINGS. CASE lOAD MANAGEMENl' ISSUES 

ARE ALSO CRITICAL, BUT INSUFFICIENT RESEI,I;lCH MAKES 

IT DIFFICULT TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVEN~SS OF; VARIOUS 

ASSIGNMENT TECHNIQUES,lEVElS OF ~SUPERVISION, AND 

GENERALIZED VERSUS SPECIALIZED CASE lOADS. FURTHER· 

MORE, THE LITERATURE REVIEWflEVeAlS THAT (1) MOST 

\ ,. 

! 

/' 

! 

, . . ~

.c~~. 

. . 

< - ~,,~, 

" ' 

~~ ____ ._~,.,_, 

o 

., , 

,I 

t 

t') 

I 

,1 

1 

CRITICAL 

PUBLICATION$ 

',0; FUTURE RESEA~CH EFFORTS. THiS FIRST OF NINE, VOL· ORSKEEPING ACTIVITIES OF MoST LOCAL· AGENCIES ARE 

.it,:; VMES PROVIDES AN OVERView OF THE SUBJECT-OF ADULT" NOT AO(PUATE FORAN EVALUATION SYSTE¥: (8) STAFFING 

.' .I'j'" PROBATION, WITH ATTENTION '11'0 THE CoNcePTUAL PROB· PRc;>BLEMS; LACK ,OF PRODUCTION COMMIT~ENT, AND DIS. 

/i" LEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE .QFTE~ CONFLICTING DEFINI· INTERESTED M~NAGE~EI'fT CAN RESULTI~ SYSTEM FAIL. 

y/" TIONS OF PROBATION, THE LEGAL AND STATUTORY DEVEL· VRE (~S IN THE PENNSYLVANIA MEP); AN~ (9) ESTABLISH. 

.\ ,/./ ' OPMENT OF PROBATION, ITS ~AJOR OBJECTIVES AND MENTOF A COMMITT~EOF LOCAL CRIMII)/ALJUSTJQEI3t;~~ 

1/:~' TASKS, AND ITS EFFECTIVENE~. SOME OF THE CRITICAL ,R,E,SI;f'f("J!ve.S;.~TDc.F-OLlOW"THE STUDY CAN 'BE HELPFUL 

. #.,,(; 

..:J.;J ' AREAS ADDRESSED 'NCLUDE T/iELQCUSOF-PAOBATION'c-,-' (AS-PROV~NIN T!;IE AbAMEDA STUDY); F,bRFINDIN~S AND 

/; ; ADMINISJ;~£JPN;_~THE'ROlES-cOF PROBATION QFFICERS, , RE~.MENDATIONS SEE NcJ·55682. , ./ /~ ~ .' 

r .CASf;LOAQ MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES, STRATEGIES FOR "', ...... AgeIICy: US DEPARTMENT OF ~JUSTICE LAW EN. 

;v' L TH~PROVt~IOOOF SERYI~S, THE USE .OF PARAPROFES,.-i '. ,FORCEMENTMS!STANCE·ADli.1ll1/iSTRATlON. 

J S'9NALSAND V()LU!)ITI;EAS,EDUCATIQNAND TRAININ~FOR 'AY~ GPo .. Stock Order No. 02MOO-Q0797·0; NCJRS 

J 

~OBATIQN OfFICERS, Tt~E STI)QIES IN P~OBATION; .MAN· MICROFICHE'P.BOGRAM. / 

; ,~~ENT INFORMATION SYST,EMS, ~TANA~YSES, AND _.' 'DEVe'OPING BENTE" Nel' .... GUlDE"UNEs-a 

;:,1,'1; .......... LSTANDARDS FOR PROBATION. ALSO f.xAMINEDARE .... 15.. ...... .. 

_ ISSUES IN THE PI3ODUCTtON A~jD IMPACT OFPRESEtiiTENCE ~IIANUAL By A. .. • ."GELIIAH, J." M. 

"NVt:STIGATIONRE~TS, ISSUES IN.VO. LVED.,,,IN'iHE p. ROVI: ··CALPIN. us DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE "'".',,,.. AP 

- - OPM~NT, TESTING AND 

,~,SION OF .PROBATION TREATMENT, INNOVATIONS IN PROBA· 

AV. ENUE, WM ... S,!,!ING.TQN .. ,DC 

~rION STRUCTURE ANQ PROGRAMMING, TRENDS IN INTER.' ~ = . 

NATIONAL PROBATIONAPP[ICABi.e' TO THE U,SI, AND THE 

. -, ~ STATF. OF .RESEAR9HINAQULT' PROaATION, .. PARTICUL,ARLY ifiiS IS 'A WORKING ~~~~~Ts~~~~~:~1 TO ASSI$T 

" THOSE POLiCYMAKElRSf; FOR DEVELOPING A 

ITS STAENG~'ANQQl;FICla;:NCIE~. REfEReNCE SOURCE 

SENTENCING ' CQOIN(,1 MANUAL 

NOTE$ ARFyPROVlDED.FOR IN.DIVIDUAL CHAPTERS. A BIB· ' 

IMPLEMENTA· 

LloGA~Y I~ INCl.!JDEQ. FoFf THE OTHER VOLllMES' OF, 

THI$~ALUATION,~E 57667·57674. . '. , ,. 

THE ' 

DESCRIBED ARE 

DEVELOP!=D DURING PILOT PROJECTS 

/8poi'Iiof1ntl.AgIncy:,U~tDEPAATMENTQF JUSTICE LEAA NA· 

liHI'CA(30,!ILL, NEWARK, N.J., PHOENIX, 

TIONAL ,INsTIlUrE OF LAW ENFOf:lCEMENT AND CRIMINAL 

, JU$TICE.633 INDIANA AveNUE NW;WASliINGTON,DC 20531. 

PA. VARiOUS ASPECT$ OF G!JlDE'- 

A~GPO' .Stock ordtr No; 027~1;' Nc.lRS 

. . ARE PISCUSSED,INCLUbiNG DETER. 

M~Pf'ICHEPROGFJMt; • '. . 

. THE It-IFQRMA1;ION ~E FI»R .SENTENCINGPECI. 

Q. ,;DE8C.iPJlo,utO~ASIE .. .,m OF THEIIOCEL c" ..... u,'~., 

~ ~ ~C1'I. .., D. M. ICEIIP,~. D.'''~II.IoC''{1 

J.W~ANLON, ,: G. NA~y,.MId C. ~R. "u RB~IN~II\1· 

,~!~WTE,·21()() IiA $'fREET, .NW; ~WASHINGT9N "",,'_ •• '.' 

"''''''~''P''' ,iiJ79,c, . " ' 

•. ,EIGHT:Ri:scRIPhvj: REPORT~ ~RE,·D gl:!l:lI:MrC~' 

I!I£J'~P'MOQELEYALl,ItlTION '..' SUPPORTED 

BY· NIl:~GI ~F!ArlrS~T,?,STAn;MNSAMPLE: USING STATISTICAl ANALYSIS TO:; " 

s.POr FL,AW$IN THe Ql;SIGN, QJ:VELOPING. ~L to DE. 

TER~I~E WHICH 9.QMBINATICN OF, F~CTQRS BEST P6E• 

~D!CT$ SENTENCING OlITCOMES, VALlQATIONOF THE 

SAMPLE, PRESENTING THE GUIDE!.INES SYSTEM TO THE JU·," 

DlCIAfjy"AND, JMP,LEJ.,tENTIN9' THE: SYSTEM. ,,' THE /:IUMAN 

FACTORS MITIGATING AGAINST CHA~GEARE'\LSOE~M. 

" 

-, .,;. 

"DIRraCTORJ, 

J/ 

'INED. AN· OFFENSE iNF.6RMA. TION ..' cARD 

,ABLE, AND; ILLUSTRATIVE MASTER LIST ITEMS ARE INCLUD."/ ATION APPROACH~S. PROGRAM OBJECTIV~", WERE TO EN 

ED •. THE BULK OF THE VOLUME, CONSISTS OF. APPENDE[V COURAGE STATE AND LOCAL P~~NNING' AGENCIES TO G~t 

MATERIAL. EXAMPLES, OF' A COHsJRUff!ON SAf,;!ptEERATE AND USE EV~LUATION, INFORMATION AND T ST 

CODING!' MANUAL; ACONS]RUCJI9N ~PLE q'AlING WAYS'IN Wt;!JCH EFFECTIVj: USE .. 9F EVALUATION INF,ORMA: 

SHEET, AND ERROR STATE~ENTS Ai;lE PROVIDED~,Qi=FENSE TION CAN HELP." THESE AGENCIeS TO ACHIEVE THEIR OB 

~ " RANKI~G' INSTRUCTIQf'AS'FOR JUDG ...• ES ARE I.~LUDED. ' AS. 

JEC. TIVeS •. THIS ~APER .REPO. R.I. :S'ON LESSON~ L. ~RNED 

ARc/ExAMPLES OF INSTRUCTIONAL BOOKLETS FOR THE;FROM THE MEP S, WAYS.:r0 MEASURE ~EP SUCCESS" 

CALCULATlbNOFGUIDELINE SENTENCESAHESE INCLUDE MEJHODS FqR BUILDING "N EVALUATION C~~BIIJTY, ANt;>' 

" '~~BboKLETS FOR GENERAL CRIMES AS,,\f4ELLAS;8QOJ(~§ PR9BI,EMS,.T0 BE',If-XPt;CTEQ IN IMPLEM;;NTINGAND OI?~R. 

FOR,VIOLENT CRIMES, PROPERTYCRlMES;.ANO DRUG OF· . , AllNG EVALUATIQt!/,SYSTEMS, IT WA~,DETERMINEP THAT 

~FENSr:S; ~L TeSTIN~ ~~tEf,lIAIs; INCi.UI)ING"!~ gaM." ' ,EVALUATION SYSTEMS (1) CANNOT ~E EXPECT':'p TO HAVE 

"PUTER Pf\OGRAM ANDSUPPLEMENTA,LINSTRUQ!JO.NS, ARE 

Ii. MEASURABLE .IMPA,CT ON THEj;!ERFQI:'IMA~CI: OF STArE 

.. i .. A. ~MPLE VARI·, ",;:»-'PLANNING AGENCIE~TO DEVELOP AND 1M. P~M~NrEVALU: 

ALSO APPENDED, AS IS ~ .. eXAMPLE OF A HANDBOOK FOR 

COMPUTER 'I~PLEMENTAilON:PF GUI9ELlNE DATA. ESTI· 

PVlt;lNI~G AG,~NCIES AND RWrO~L PLANNING Ut;I'TS, 

StNCE THESE "GENCIES, pO ,tro T .- HAVE PRIM~RY~8BJEe- 

MATED DEVElOPME.NTjt'lD MAINTENA~oCOSTS ARE PRE· TIVES THAT ARE\BOTH VE~IFIABLE ~D REA~IS~'C~.,(2) AR~ . 

SENTED SELEC-..eo.REFERENCES ARE PROVIDED. ALSO SEE NOT .LIKELY TO BE U~rUL TO THE PLANNIN§.AGENCl' 

NCJ-4739s;F6fI PARTICIPANT'S HANDBOOK FoR WORKSHOP . 

~TAFF UNL,ESS THE A~ENCY ,IS BEU·tG DIRECTElt "TOWARD 

ON seNTENCING GUIDELINES DEVELOPMENT. '~E MISSION.RELAJ~D O~ECTIVE, AND (3) CAN INCREASE " 

~ ntaI Note8: SENTENCING GUloELiNES-STRUCTUR· THEIR CHARQES 9F"iJ!J;)VIDING I,ISEfUL INFORM ATI0 t4 BY 

, ,/'~'Ai. DISCREJ~. .'. '., .'. SERVING ,USERliS'EX,ISTlfiG INFORMAtiON NEEO~ AND. AL· 

'.~// ' . M NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM 

A~. ".' '. ... . - !..0WING USER,s'iO CONTRQL THE STUDY. EVALUATION SY8- 

,-',TEM'$ OF VAL.UE TO POTENTIAL. USERS CAN BESET UP 

DEVELOPING SENTEHCIHG OUIDEUNES..;,TRAINER'S H~~/// . ONLYIF;rAE'USER IS JNVOLVEDIN EVALUATION ACTiVITY. 

30. IIOOK •..'.,..... KREll, J.C. CALPIN, A. M. GE~IJ",., R ,GIVENJf;iEOPPQRTUNIT't"; PLANNING AGENCIES W,lLL Sf'! 

.u.c:iW1l, .. £. DORWOR'I'H, end O. A. SPAID. ,.>UNWERSITY 

UP "flVALlIATION SYSTEMS. WHICH DIFFER IN PRODUC1, 

RESEAf\CH CORPORATION, 5530 WI!?99NI3IN/ AVENUE, O9$T, AND OPERATIONS, ANOfTHESE SYST.EMS W,I.LL NOT 

WA,SjiiNGTQt.I pc. 182 p. 19n., /// . ,. '1tC.-.. 54147 .' AlE SUCCESSFUL 'IN LOCAL ,GRi~III/AL JUSTICE .AGENCIES. 

:PA.'trOF LEM'S E)(ECUTIV!:~TAAiNINGPROGRAM I~ .AD: y"PERSONS SETTING UP EVAtUATION SYSTEMS CAN EXPECT 

NANCED CRIMINAL Jysric:( PA~CTICES, THIS 'T~INER'S J.::"f' '1." STAFF TURNOVER CAUSING DELAYS AND DISRUPTIONS, 

/'MANUAL OUTLI~eS'A WQRKSHOP DESIGN~I) TO. PROVIDE ",,7 RELUCTANCE FROM PROJE~T ,PERSONNEL T~ RELINQUISH 

Y JUDG.. ES. AN .. D/OTH.ER OFF. . ICIALS INF.ORM ... A.1'1ON .. ~911...:..I,J§I.!'i~! • DATA, AND PRO. B. LE. M. s-", ..!ffl'.;11' ClVItSERVICE RULES, COM· 

/ SENTENCING GUiDeLINES, STRESSING THE~ USE '~~.'.,.~ PUTER PROCE~J~~;"A~D'poNTRACTING. SI,JCCESS OF'THE 

.' TI:NcING GUIDELINES AS AIDS IN MA!

c' 

o 

PUBLICATION$ , 

OF THE NN 

. ,", 

EVALU~TION 

1!,' 0# .~ 

. Ii 

'n 

j ---, 

• ,. A i .- ':J. ~ . .', (? '! '. 

, ED BY GOVERNMI;:NT AGi:~,ICIES AND "BY NONPROFIT AND SET OF SIMULTANEOUS" EQUATIONS, AND THE POLITICAL 

jI SOCIAL, SE~YICE QRGANI?ATIONS ARE, INCLUDE;O. EACH ,ARRANGEMENT$ T!;IAT LEAD TO AGGRESSlttE PATROL 

,LI~lTI~GIDENT!FIES THE ORGANllATION, 'PROGRAM TITLE STRATEGIES ARE 0 S S " 

ADDRESSAN,D, TE;~EP,',HONE' NUM"B'-ER, SPONSORING' '" ";,'" I CUS ED. SEVERP.VPRE,YlOt}S STUDIES 

,; ,,' ,,' , THAT HAVE DEALT WITH POLICE EFFECTS ON CAIME;HAVE 

AGE~Cy, PROGRAM GO?,tLSANDOBJECTIVES, SERVICES, BEEN CRIT)PIZED FOR VARIOUS REASONS INCLUDING THE ' 

FiES9U.R~"~~, .. ~~D· ~U~~'CATlqN$ F9R THE PROFESSIONAL ~EASU~f-g USED AND THE E~:rIMATfON PROCEDURES EM .. 'I, ~' 

AND'FOR T.HE.GENERA,l. PUBLIC. THE ENTRIES ARE CUR· PLOY~D. DATA PRESENTED IN THIS STUDY ARE CONSIST. 

RENT ,AS OF APflIL·MAY ~978. ACCOMPANYING THE DIREC- N ~ 

TORY ARE .AN It.jTROD_JJCTOlfyC ARTICLE ON THE CONCEPT 

E. T' WITH THE VIEW THAT POLICE PATROL STRATEGIES 

, a:' ," ,HAvE AN EFFECT ON THE RATE OF ROBBERIES COMMrITED, 

"OFCOM~~I ,ltVt~PAE¥ENTION;AN,PVERVIEW OF THE ,/'THAT THIS EFfECT IS A CAUSAL ONE AND NOT THE RESULT 

• LEAA ~g"... " M\lli!:TY CI1IME PREVE,NTION (INCLUDING /' OF A SPURIOUS STATISTICAL CORREi:.ATION AND THAT THE 

¢P A J!SI1J~GPF ReLEV~!ll' LEAA GRANTS); A LIST OF ORGANV'''' EXISTENCE OF A ' 

f:'? " ZATIONS'THAI P"t,-lPROVIDE'INFORMATION, TECHNICAL, AS- 

'GIVEN PATROL STRATEGY is AFFECTED BY 

" SISTANce, FUN91NGj AND TRAINING MATERIALS; A gLOSsA. BUREAUCRATlg DECISIOt.jS AS WELL AS BY LEVELS OF RE~ 

RY; Afll? AN~ANNOrATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF COMMUNITY SOURC£,S;THE MEASURES OF POLICE RESOURCES (PATROL 

CRIME PREVENTION C " ciUNITS ON THE STREET) ANO PPLiCE ,AClIVITY ON THE 

TION: ......':, ' M~TERIALl:! FR~M TH~,~GJRS COLLE

~j 

( 

" 

'" 

,'. 

,. ..... 

() 

, 

EXEilPLARY 

PUBLICATIONS 

OF THE NIJ 

FORCIBLE 

I 

I 

/ 

-'c' 

.~ ~. 

I~JP .• 

() 

J 

",,1 

, , 

1 

'1 

i I 

!~ 

., 

I 

HAVE BEEN DETAINED TIll THE DISPOSITION Of THEIR 

CASES. PROGRAM STAFF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SUPER. 

VISED RElEASE OF OFFENDERS WERE IMPLEMENTED 

flI.E.NLY FOR ECONOMICALLY ADVANTAGED AND DlSAOVAN. 

TAGr:D PERSONS AT AlL THREE SITES. FURTHER FINDINGS 

AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE PRESENTED. . 

Spo .. eo( ... A1*ICr! US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA. 

~ INSTITUTE,.Of LAW ENFORCEMENT AND ~IMINAL 

JUSTK:E; e33 INW.NA AVENUE nw. WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 

Aw ....,. NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM. 

31. EX£WLARy PAO.IECTS-A PAOGfWI OF THE NATIONAL 

INS11TUTE OF LAW ENFOfICbIEJrr AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE 

US DEPARTMENT OF Jl.lSTJCE OFFICE OF DEVELOPMENT' 

~~ t!ID DISSEMINATION. 633 INDIANA AVENUE, WASH: 

un """ 20531. 33 p. 1978. NCJ.53H2 

REVIEWS ARE PP,oVlDED OF 2S LOCAl. INITIATIVES SELECT. 

ED FOR THE EXEMPLARY PROJECTS PROGRAM OF LEM'S 

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF I.AW ENFORCEMENT AND ~IMINAL 

JUSTICE. THE E~...::"'1.AAY PROJECTS PROGRAM IS A SYS 

TEMA11C METHOD OF IDEN11FY!~ OUTSTANDING ~IMINAL 

Jl.lSTJCE PROGRAMS 1HROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. VERIFY. 

I~ THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS, AND PUBLICIZING THEM WIDELY 

IN ORDER TO FrNCOURAGE THE WIDESPFIEAD USE OF AD 

VANCED CRIMII\IAL JUSTICE PRACTICES. THE 29 PROJECI'S 

CITED ANO DlSCUsseo DEAl WITH COMMUNITY INVOLVE. 

MENT~ I.A.' ENFORCEMENT. PROseCUTION, ADJUDICATION 

AND DEFENSE. CORRECTIONS. JlMi:NILE DIVERSION AND 

TREATMENT, AND ALTERNATIVE SERVICE DEUVERY. THEY 

INCWDE A RAPE PREVENTION CENTER IN LOUISIANA, COM. 

MUNiTY CRIME PREVENTION AND HIDDEN CAMERA PRC). 

JECT~\ IN WASHINGTON STATE. A RAPElSEXUAL ASSAULT 

CARE CENTER AND A COMMUNITY·BASED CORRECTIONS 

PROGRAM IN IOWA. A VOLUNTEER PRoe.~TION COUNSELING 

PROGRAM AND A RURAL LEGAL INFORMATION CENTER IN 

NEBRASKA. STREET CRIME\ AND MAJOR OFFENSE UNITS IN 

NEW YORK CITY, CONSOUDATED POUCE RADIO DISPATCH 

SERVICES AND A ONE DAY/ONE TRIAL JURY SYSTEM IN 

MICHIGAN ARE INClUDED. A POUCE LEGAL UAlSON IN 

TEXAS. AND ECONOMIC CRIME PROSECUTION UNIT IN CON. 

NECTICUT. THE PROSECUTOR MANAGEMENT INFORMATION 

SYSTEM (PROMIS) AND PUBUC DEFENDER SERVICES IN THE 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ARE DE5CrIIBED. AN ADMINISTRA. 

TIVE ADJUDICATION BUREAU FOR TRAFFIC OFFENSES IN 

NEW YORK STATE. WORK RELEASE AND JUVENILE ARBITRA. 

TION PROJECTS IN MARYLAND, PAROLE, OFFICER AIDE AND 

ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROGRAMS IN OHIO 

FRAUD PROSECUTION IN CAUFORNlA, MENTAL PENNSYLVA: 

NIA. AND JUVENILE DIVERSION. TREATMENT. EDUCATION. 

AND CORRECTIONS PROGRAMS IN CAUFORNIA, COLORADO 

MISSOURI, AND PENNSYLVANIA ARE GIVEN. BRIEF OUTLINES 

OF EACH PROGRAM ARE PROVIDt:D. ALONG WITH PHOTO. 

GRAPHS AND TABULAR DATA. 

A\I8IIatMIIty: NCJRS MI~OFICHE PROGRAM. 

40. FEOEIW. LAW ON CONSUIIEA DECEPTION-AM AGENCY 

BY AGEHCY ANALYSIS. By G. J. ZWEIBE1.. AMERICAN IN. 

STITUTES FOR RESEARCH. 1055 THOMAS JEFFERSON 

STREET,IN/, WASHINGTON DC 20007; NATIONAL CON. 

SUMER L~W CENTER, 11 BEACON STREET, BOSTON MA 

02106. 21.l1 p. 1979. NCJ.5I132 

CONSUMER' DECEPTION STATUTES AND REGULATIONS AD. 

MINISTERED BY FEDERAL GOVERNM~NT AGENCIES ARE 

ANALYZED ''''~ THIS REPORT. IT IS A REFERENCE TOOL AND 

PROVIDES Of:TAILED CITATIONS TO THE AUTHORITY RE:. 

SPONSIBLE FOR EACH LAW. THIRTY FEDERAL AGENCIES 

ARE INCLUDED IN THE REPORT; AN ADDITIONAL CHAPTER 

CONTAINS MiSCeLLANEOUS FEDERAL PROHIBITIONS NOT 

ASSOCIATED WITH PARTICULAR AGENCIES AND THE APPEN. 

DIX SUMMARIZES THE CONSUMER PROTECTION RESPONSI. 

BI~lTIES OF AN ADDmONAL NINE FEDERAL AGENCIES. THE 

MATERIAL IS ORGANIZED BY AGENCY, AND STATUTES EN. 

FC'-lCED BY MORE THAN ONE AGENCY ARE 

CROSS·REFERENCED TO THE AGENCY MOST ASSOCIATED 

WITH THE SPECIFIC LAW OR LISTED UNDER EACH AGENCY. 

EACH CHAP,TER INCLUDES A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE 

AGENCY (E.G" DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, CIVIL AERc)' 

NAUTICS BOARD, CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMIS 

SION, DEPARTMENTS OF DEFENSE, ENERGY, AND HOUSING 

AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT, AND THE NATIONAL CREDIT 

UNION ADMINISTRATION), THE YEAR IT COMMENCED OPER. 

ATION, AND A SUMMARY OF PROHIBITED TRADE PRACTICES 

AND AVAILABLE REMEDIES ASSOCIATED WITH THAT 

AGENCY. A DETAILED LISTING OF ALL DECEPTIVE TRADE 

PRACTICES PROHIBITED BY EACH AGENCY'S ENABUNG LeG. 

ISLATION, REGULATIONS, OR OTHER SOURCES OF LEGAL 

AUTHORITY ARE ALSO PRESENTED, REMEDIES ARE CATE 

GORIZED AS ADMINISTRATIVE, CIVIL. CRIMINAL, PRIVATE 

AND OTHER. THE INDEX IS ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY BY 

SUBJECT AREA, ALLOWING ACCESS TO SPECIFIC SECTIONS 

OF INDIVIDUAL AGENCY CHAPTERS. FOOTNOTES ARE PRO 

VIDED. (AUTHOR ABSTRo'\CT MODIFIED) 

SponlOrlng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA. 


JUSTICE, 6.'13 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 

AYI'IIb1l1ty: GPO Stock Order No, 027..()()().()()825-9· NCJRS 


' 

41. FEMALE OFFENDER-A SELECTED BIBUOGRAPHY D M 

HORTON Ind M. KRAVITZ, Ed.. NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUS: 

TICE REFERENCE SERI!ICE, BOX 6000. ROCKVILLE MD 20850. 

58 p. 1979. NCJ.55e37 

THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY REPRESENTING SELECTED LITERATURE 

ON . ADULT FEMALE OFFENDERS EMBRACES THREE 

THEMES-IDEOLOGY, IMPLICATIONS, LEGAL AND PROCEDUA. 

AL MATIERS, AND MANAGEMENT AND DISCHARGE OF 

FEMALE INMATES. THE L1TERATUAE WAS INCLUDED ON THE 

BASIS OF IMPORTANCE OF THE CONCEPT TREATED, GENER. 

AL CLARITY OF PRESENTATION, QUALITY OF RESEARCH 

AND DOCUMENTATION, AND AVAILABILITY. FOCUSING ON 

LITERATURE FR?M 1965 TO 1978, THE BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH 

ABSTRACTS TREATS SUCH ISSUES AS THE HISTORICAL DE. 

VELOPMENT OF FEMALE·SPECIFIC CRIMINOLOGY CURRENT 

STATISTICAL RESEARCH ON THE NATURE, EXTENT, AND ETI. 

OLOGY OF FEMALE CRIMINALITY, THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL 

FORCES AND ATiiTUDINAL CHANGES ON WOMEN IN SOCI • 

ETY. SEX·BASED TREATMENT AND PROCESSING DIFFEREN. 

TIATIONS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND THEIR 

QUESTIONED CONSTITUTIONALITY IN LIGHT OF THE 14TH 

AMENDMENT, DEVELOPING PRISON LAW, TH~ PROPOSED 

EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT. SEX DISCRIMINATION PRAC. 

TICES IN THE AREAS OF ARREST, BAIL COURT DEFENSE. 

SENTENCING, PROBATION, PAROLE, AND WORK RELEASE 

OPPORTUNITIES, CITATIONS ALSO REPRESENT SUBJECTS 

SUCH AS THE MANAGEMENT AND DISCIPLINE OF FEMALE 

OFFENDERS, THE CONCEPT OF FEMALE PRISONIZATION 

THE UNIQUE CONDITIONS AND PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED 

WITH INC~RCERATED WOMEN, THE INMATE CULTURE AND 

SOCIAL SIRUCTURE OF SEXUALLY SEGREGATED AS WELL 

AS COED, PRISON ENVIRONMENTS,AND THE EDUCATIONAL 

AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING CURRICULUMS AVAILABLE TO 

FEMALE INMATES, THE ENTRIES ARE ARRANGED ALPHA. 

BETICALLY BY AUTHOR, AND THE LITERATURE IS SELECTED 

FROM THE NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERV 

ICE DATA BASE. 

• 

SponlOrlng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA 

I~~~~E.'~~J'r~~~N~A~~u~NJ~,~~~~~1:~~ ~I~~:,~ 

Avlllllblllty: NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM, 

42. :~gsR': R::~-A MANUAL FOR FILING AND TRIAL PROS- 

~toV~i~~~~~~~TT~~' :~6UJ~~T~CE ~~u~lcg~!~~: 

, SEATTLE WA 98105. 75 p. 1978. 

NCJ.43521 

TESTS AND WITNESSES NECESSARY FOR RAPE CHARGES 

TO BE FILED, PRE·TRIAL PREPARATION, PLEA BARGAINING 

STANDARDS, JURY SELECTION, TRIAL STRATEGY, SENTENC· 

ING. AND COUNSELING FOR THE VICTIM ARE EXAMINED IN 

DETAIL. INTERVIEWS WITH 40 EXPERIENCED PROSECUTORS 

INDICATED THAT EVEN IN MAJOR CITIES AN AVERAGE OF 

ONLY 4.5 RAPE CASES PER PROSECUTOR ACTUALLY PRO· 

CEEDS TO TRIAL, WHILE 2,5 RESULT iN A CONVICTION. 

SINCE THE HANDLING OF RAPE CASES IS OFTEN AN UNFA 

MILIAR TASK, THIS MANUAL HAS BEEN DESIGNED AS A REF· 

ERENCE WORK. IT DISCUSSES THE HISTORICAL PREJUDICES 

PROSECUTORS, JUDGES, AND JURIES HAVE HAD TOWARD 

RAPE VICTIMS. ALTHOUGH THE VICTIM IS OFTEN THOUGHT 

TO BE CONTRIBUTORY TO THE OFFENSE, A STUDY OF RE· 

PORTS FROM FIVE MAJOR POLICE DEPARTMENTS FOUND 

THAT SUBSTANTIAL THREATS AGAINST THE VICTIM'S LIFE 

WERE MADE IN 60 PERCENT' OF CASES AND STRONG·ARM 

FORCE WAS USED IN 75 peRCENT. MOST ATTACKS TOOK 

PLACE IN THE VICTIM'S HOME OR ON THE STREET. MEDICAL 

TESTS WHICH SHOULD BE CONDUCTED IMMEO:ATEL Y 

AFTER REPORT OF THE ATTACK, MEDICAL TESTS WHICH 

SHOULD BE CONDUCTED AT INTERVALS OF TIME AFTER THE 

ATTACK, AND QUESTIONS WHICH SHOULD BE ASKED AT THE 

TIME ARE DETAILED. FORENSIC EVIDENCE WHICH SHOULD 

BE GATHERED IS DISCUSSED. THE PROCESS OF PLEA BAR· 

GAINING AND 'rHE POPULAR CONCEPT OF THE 'DEGREE OF 

SERIOUSNESS' OF RAPE ARE CONSIDERED TO AID THE 

PROSECUTOR WHO MUST DETERMINE HIS CHANCES OF 

WINNING THE CASE. BECAUSE OF POPULAR PREJUDICES, 

THE RAPE CASE MUST BE ESPECIALI.Y WELL PREPARED. 

EVIDENCE, WITNESSES, AND TRIAL 'TACTICS ARE DIS· 

CUSSED. METHODS OF DISCOVERING POSSIBLE JUROR BIAS 

ARE DETAILED. INCLUDED ARE CHECKLISTS, SAMPLE 

FORMS FOR MEDICAL AND FORENSIC EXAMINATIONS, BIB· 

.. LIOGRAPHIES, AND A DESCRIPTION OF RAPE VICilM SERVo 

ICES IN VARIOUS CITIES. 

Sponaortng AlJItncy: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA· 


JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531, 

Avllllblllty: GPO Stock Order No. 027.()()().()()618·3: NCJRS 


43. FORCIBLE HAPE-A MANUAL FOR PAmOL OFFICERS 

POLICE VOLUME 2. By F. J. ALBI. BATIELLE MEMORIAL 

LAW AND JUSTiCE STUDY CENTER, 4000 NE 41ST STREET, 

SEATTLE WA 98105. 52 p, 1978, NCJ043522 

SINCE THE INITIAL POLICE CONTACT IS THE MOST IMPOR· 

TANT SOURCE OF EVIDENCE IN A RAPE CASE, THIS MANUAL 

HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO , 10 POLICE OFFICERS WITH IN· 

TERVIEWS, EVIDENCE GATHt., 'II/G, AND SUSPECT APPRE· 

HENSION. MOST OF THE, EVIDENCE NECESSARY FOR SUC· 

CESSFUL PROSECUTION OF A RAPE CASE IS AVAILABLE 

ONLY AT TIME OF PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION: THIS PUTS 

A SPECIAL BURDEN ON THE PATROL OFFICER RESPONDING 

TO THE CALL. THE MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE OF INFORMA· 

TION WILL BE THE INTERVIEW WITH THE VICTIM. TECH· 

NIQUES FOR EVALUATING THE RELIABILITY OF THE TESTI· 

MONY, PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS PECULIAR TO RAPE IN· 

VESTIGATIONS, AND METHOOS FOR ESTABLISHING RAP· 

PORT ,4,RE DISCUSSED. SPEOIAL TECHNIQUES ARE GIVEN 

FOR INTERVIEWING TW:: ELDERLY, ADOLESCENTS, AND 

CHILDREN BECAUSE NEARLY HALF OF ALL VICTIMS ARE 

UNDER AGE 20, LEGAL PROBLEMS ARISE WITH MEDICAL EX· 

AMINATIONS OF VICTIMS AND NOTIFICATION OF PARENTS, 

ESPECIALLY PARENTS OF ADOLESCENTS, FOR VERY YOUNG 

CHILDREN, IT IS OFTEN WISE TO l,JSE Sf'ECIALL Y TRAINED 

INTERVIEWERS. RAPE CRISIS CENTERS AND HOSPITALS CAN 

ALSO HELP WITH INTERVIEWING BY FILLING IN MISSING BITS 

OF EVIDENCE, CLOSE COOPERATION BElWEEN POLICE AND 

SUCH AGENCIES IS URGED. SEARCH TECHNIQUES AND 

METHODS OF GENERATING A POOL OF SUSPECTS ARE DIS· 

CUSSED, INCLUDING THE USE OF HELICOPTERS, RADIO. AND 

TRACKING DOGS. RAPE BRINGS SPECIAL POLICE PROB· 

LEMS. BECAUSE NEWS MEDIA ARE USUALL V VERY INTER· 

ESTED IN RAPE CASES, POLICIES HAVE TO BE DEVELOPED 

FOR DEALING WITH REPORTERS. IN ADDITION, MANY COM· 

MUNITY GROUPS WANT POLICE SPEAKERS ON THE SUB· 

JECT. RAPE CASES ALSO REQUIRE UNUSUALLY CLOSE c0- 

OPERATION WITH THE PROSECUTING ATIORNEY. THE 

PATROL OFFICER SHOULD NOT ONLY FOLLOW ESTAB· 

LlSHED GUIDELINES, HE ALSO SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED TO 

SUGGEST WAYS TO IMPROVE HANDLING OF RAPE CASES, 

SponeorIng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA· 


JUSTICE. 833 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 

Avllllblllty: GPO Stock Order No. 027·000·00619·1: NCJRS 


44. FORCIBLE RAPE-AN ANALYSIS OF LEGAL ISSUES. By C. 

E. U;~D. J. A. REICH. Irod D. CHAPPELL. BATTELLE 

MEMORIAl.IAW AND JUSTICE STUDY CENTER. 4000 NE 4iST 

STREET, SEATILE WA 98105, 106 p. 1978. 

NCJ.43520 

PAST ATTITUDES TOWARDS RAPE. CURRENT LAWS, MOVE· 

MENTS TOWARD REFORM, AND PROBLEMS OF ENFORCE· 

MENT OF RAPE LAW ARE SUMMARIZED. A STATE·BY·STATE 

TABLE GIVES CURRENT PROPOSED AND PASSED LEGISLA· 

TION. TRADITIONALLY RAPE HAS BEEN DEFINED AS 'CARNAL 

KNOWLEDGE OF A WOMAN BY FO~CE AND AGAINST HER 

WILL.' THE TEST OF FORCE HAS BEEN CRUCIAL TO THE 

CASE ANO CONSENT HAS BEEN DEDUCED FROM THE CIR· 

CUMSTANCES. HISTORICALLY. VICTIMS WERE ASSUMED TO 

BE CONSENTING PARTIES TO THE RAPE UNLESS CRIMINAL 

CIRCUMSTANCES COULD BE PROVED BEYOND DOUBT. IN 

ADDITION, VICTIMS WERE OFTEN SUBJECT TO QUESTIONS 

ABOUT PAS- SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND EMBARRASSED BY 

POLICE AND IXlURT HANDLING OF THE CASE. CURRENT 

REFORM EFFORTS HAVE ATTEMPTED A REDEFINITION OF 

RAPE TO CONSIDER TYPES OF RESISTANCE, DEGREES OF 

RAPE, ANDFLE),;lBLE PENALTY STRUCTURES DEPENDING 

UPON CIRCUMSTANCES, AND TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE 

SPECIAL ISSUES OF CHILD SEXUAL MOLESTATION, RAPE 

WITKIN MARRIAGE, AND RAPE IN WHICH A MALE IS THE 

VICTI~4. REFORM GROUPS HAVE FOUND JURIES UNWILLING 

TO,CONVICT FOR RAPE IN SITUATIONS RESEMBLING SEDUC· 

TION BECAUSE PENALTY STRUCTURES ARE CURRENTLY 

TOO SEVERE. PRIVACY FOR RAPE VICTIMS, VICTIM ADVO· 

CATE PROGRAMS, VICTIM SERVICE PROGRAMS, AND RAPE 

PREVENTION AND SELF·DEFENSE PROGRAMS ARE DIS· 

CUSSED, THE MICHIGAN AND WASHINGTON STATE LAWS 

ARE DISCUSSED AS PATIERNS OF SUCCESSFUL CHANGE. 

A~'PEND1XES GIVE: A TABLE SUMMARIZING LEGISLATION IN 

EACH STATE, A NARRATIVE SUMMARY OF STATE LEGISLA· 

TION, '(H~ MODEL PENAL CODE, THE MICHIGAN, MINNESO· 

TA, WASHINGTON, AND WISCONSIN STATE STATUTES, A SE· 

LECTED BIBliOGRAPHY, AND SEVERAL SAMPLE DEFINITIONS 

OF RAPE, 

SponlOl'lng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA· 


JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON. DC 20531. 

Av .... bIIIty: GPO Stock Order No. 027·000·00627·2: NCJRS 


45. FORCIBLE RAPE-FINAl. PROJECT REPORT.. By D. D. 

SCHRAM. BATIELLE MEMORIAL LAW AND JUSTICE STUDY 

CENTER, 4000 NE 41ST STREET, SEATILE WA 98105. 93 p. 

1978, NCJ·435:!4 

FINDINGS ARE GIVEN OF A 2·YEAR PROJECT WHICH SUR· 

VEYED A NATIONWIDE SAMPLE OF POLICE AND PROSECUT· 

ING AGENCIES, INTERVIEWED RAPE VICTIMS, ANI) GATH· 

ERED STATISTICS. THIS PROJECT FOUND THAT RAPE. IS THE 

MOST UNDERREPORTED CRIME IN THE UNITED STATES. 

ONLY A FRACTION OF THr: RAPES COMMITTED ARE RE· 

'. 

, 

14 

15 

' .... 

,"I

, 

FO~CIBLE 

PUBLICATIONS 

OF THE NIJ 

HEALTH 

. ',lit 

" 

i 

I 

. 

PORTED, MOSTLY BECAUSE THE VICTIM FEARS THE TREAT. 

MENT SHE WILL RECEIVE FROM THE POLICE AND PROSECU. 

TORS. OF REPORTED CRIMES, ONLY 5 PERCENT LEAD TO 

APPREHENSION OF A SUSPECT AND LESS THAN 3 PERCENT 

TO A CONVICTION. RAPISTS ARE LARGELY INDISTINGUISH. 

ABLE FROM THE REST OF THE POPULATION. THE VICTIM IS 

GENERALLY AGE 20 OR YOUNGER: THE RAPIST AGE 30 OR 

YOUNGER. MOST ATTACKS, INVOLVE STRANGERS OR 

SLIGHT ACQUAINTANCES. MOST RAPES TAKE PLACE IN THE 

VICTIM'S HOME OR ON THE STREET. SEVERE FORCE IS 

USED IN 60 PERCENT OF ATTACKS: 'STRONG·ARM' FORCE IN 

75 PERCENT. MOST INJURIES ARE MINOR, BUT THE PSYCHO. 

LOGICAL AFTEREFFECTS ARE MAJOR. (RAPE.HOMICIDES 

WERE SPECIFICALI. Y EXCLUDED FROM THIS S'rUDY.) THE 

STUDY FOUND THAT THE AVERAGE POLICE OFFICER IS 

GIVEN LITTLE TRAINING IN THE SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF 

RAPE INVESTIGATION, YET THE INITIAL CONTACT IS THE 

MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE OF EVIDENCE, FOR PROSECU. 

TION. TRAINING FOR POLICE AND INVESTIGATORS IS SUG. 

G~SiED. ;.. SERiES OF TRAiNING MANUALS IS BEING ISSUED 

AS PARi OF THIS PROJECT. APPENDIXES PRESENT TABLES 

ANALYZING DATA FROM POLl~~E REPORTS IN SEATTLE, 

WASH., DETROIT, MICH., KANSAS CITY, MO., NEW ORLEANS, 

LA., AND PHOENIX, ARIZ. GIVEN ARE NUMBER OF VICTIMS, 

AGE, RACE, WITNESSES, LOCATION OF OFFENSE, WEAPONS 

USED, TYPES OF RESISTANCE, INJURIES SUSTAINED. AND 

AN ANALYSIS OF FOLLOWUP INVESTIGATION. 

Sponlorlng AgInCy: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA. 



AnIIIbIIIty: GPO Stock Order No. 027'()()()-00625-6: NCJRS 

MICROFICHE PROORAM. 

4fi. i=OMCilLE RAPE-POLICE ADMINISTRATIVE AND POLICY 

ISSUES-POLICE VOLUME.e. By C. ULIERO. BATTELLE 

MEMORIAL LAW AND JUSTICE STUDY CENTER, "000 NE "1ST 

STREET, SEATTLE WA 98105. 43 p. 1978. NCJ

HEALTH 

PUIJLlCATIONS 

-- 

, 

i 

, - 

-., I 

i .... ~.'. 

I 

I 

~ 

I 

! 

~ 

1 

f 

I 

SIVE FOOTNOTED REFERENCES AND SMALLER BIBLIOGRA 

PHIES. 

SUpplerMntal Nots.: NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE EXECU. 

TIVE TRAINING PROGRAM. 

~ Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OFFICE 

OF DEVELOPMENT, TESTiNG AND DISSEMINATION, 633 INDI. 


Avlllleblllty: NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGR.~M. 

61. HEALTH CARE IN CORAECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS-PARTICI. 

PANT'S HANDBOOk. Iy N. I. OLUCkSTEAN, M. NEUSE, J. 

HARNEss, R. PACKAAD, lind C. PATMOH. UNIVERSITY RE. 

SEARCH CORPORATION, 5530 WISCONSIN AVENUE, WASH. 

INGTON DC. 130 p. 1977. HCJ.473t13 

THIS HANDBOOK TRACES SESSION·BY.SESSION A WORK. ' 

SHOP FOR THE TOP 60 STATE AND LOCAL POLICYMAKERS 

RESPONSI.~LE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTA. 

TION OF Hi:ALTH CARE STANDARDS FOR CORRECTIONAL IN. 

STITUTIONS. THE WORKSHOP CONSISTS OF 10 SESSIONS 

CONDUCTED OVER A a.DAY .PERIOD. THE FIRST THREE SES 

SIONS DEA~ WITH AN OVERVIEW OF WORKSHOP GOALS, A 

NEEDS ASSESSMENT FOR HEALTH CARE DELIVERY IN COR. 

RECTIONS. AN EXA~AINATION OF HEALTH CARE DELIVERY 

SYSTEMS WITHIN CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS, AND A DISCUS. 

SION OF THE USE AND ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH CARE 

STANDARDS REGARDING THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH 

SERVICES DELIVERY WITHIN "HE CORRECTIONAL SETTING. 

BOTH HEALTH CARE SERVICE AND SERVICES RESOURCE 

CHECKLISTS ARE PROVIDED. AS ARE TWO CASE STUDIES 

OF STANDARDS FOR HEALTH EDUCATION. THE NEXT FOUR 

SESSIONS DISCUSS SUPPORT SERVICES NEEDED FOR EF. 

FECTIVE HEALTH CARE SERVICE, MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH 

CARE DELIVERY IN CORRECTIONS. AND IMPLEMENTING 

CHANGE WITHIN THE ENVIRONMENT OF CORRECTIONAL IN. 

STITUTIONS. A REVIEW IS ALSO PROVIDED OF THE HEALTH 

CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM RELATIVE TO CHANGES AND OP. 

TIONS IN SERVICE DELIVERY AND MANAGEMENT. THE FINAL 

THREE SESSIONS ARE DEVOTED TO IDENTIFYING AND IN. 

FLUENCING EXTERNAL. AGENCIES AND ATTITUDES WHICH 

AFFECT HEALTH CARE DELIVERY, DEVELOPING ACTION 

PLANS FOR EFFECTING CHANGE WITHIN SPECIFIC HEALTH 

CARE DELIVERY SYSTEMS, AND DISCUSSING FUTURE TRAIN. 

ING POSSIBILITIES. WORKSHEETS, OBSERVER FORMS, SAM. 

PLES OF CORRESPONDENCE, AND OTHER SUPPORTING MA. 

TERIALS ARE PROVIDED FOR EACH SESSION. APPENDIXES 

PROVIDE WORKSHOP LOGISTICS, A BIBLIOGRAPHY. AND A 

GLOSSARY OF TERMS OFTEN ENCOUNTERED IN DISCUS 

SIONS OF HEALTH CARE SERVICE DELIVERY WITHIN COR. 

RECTIONAL SETTINGS. 

Ic.IppIemenI8l NotM: EXECUTIVE TRAINING p,ROGRAM IN AD- 

VANCED CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRACTICES. • ~ 

8poMortng AIency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTiCE OFFICE 

OF DEVELOPMENT, TESTING AND DISSEMINATION, 633 INDI. 


Avllllblllty: NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM. 

, 62. HEALTH CARE IN CORRECTIONAL IHiTITUTIOH8-TRAIN 

EA'8 HAH~. IV N. I. GLUCkmRN, M. NEUSE, J. 

HARNESS, R. PACkARD, lind C. PATMOH. UNIVERSITY RE. 

SEARCH CORPORATION, 5530 WISCONSIN AVENUE, WASH. 

INGTON DC. 218 p. 1977. .HCJ.54f41 

THIS TRAINER'S MANUAL TRACES SESSION·BY.SESSION A 

WORKSHOP FOR ST".lE AND LOCAL POLICYMAKERS RE. 

SPONSIBLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION 

OF HEALTH CARE STANDARDS FOR CORRECTIONAL INSTI. 

TUTIONS. PARr OF lEM'S EXECUTIVE TRAlr~ING PROGRAM 

IN ADVANcED CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRACTICES, THE MANUAL 

OUTLINES THE INSTRUCTOR'S ROLE IN A WORKSHOP CON. 

SISTING OF 10 SESSIONS OV!:A A 3·DAY peRIOD. THE 

GOALS OF EACH SESSION ARE OUTLINED, ALONG WITH RA. 

TIONALE, INSTRUCTIONAL METHOD, AND MATERIALS/lOG IS. 

TICS PRIMARY TO THE SESSION'S SELECTED TOPIC. THE 

18 

FIRST THREE SESSIONS DEAL WITH AN OVERVIEW OF THE 

WORKSHOP GOALS, A NEEDS ASSESSMENT FOR HEALTH 

CARE DELlVEA'1J IN CORRECTIONS, AN EXAMINATION OF 

HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEMS WITHIN CORRECTIONAL 

SETIINGS, AND A DISCUSSION OF THE USE AND ASSESS. 

MENT OF HEALTH CARE STANDARDS !N TERMS OF THEIR 

IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH SERVICE. THE REMAINI~JG .SES 

SIONS COVER SUPPORT SEAVICES NEEDED FOR EFFECTIVE 

HEALTH CARE DEliVeRY, IMPLICATIONS OF USING STAND. 

ARDS FOR PERSONNEL, MANAGING HEALTH CARE DELIV. 

ERY IN CORRECTIONS, IMPLEMENTING CHANGE IN CORREC 

TiONAL INSTITUTIONS, CONTROLLING EXTERNAL INFLU. 

ENCES,.AND DEVELOPING ACTION PLA.~S FOR INSTITUTING 

CHANGES WITHIN THE CORRECTIONAL SETTING. SAMPLE 

FORMS ARE INCLUDED. AN EXERCISE IN DEVELOPING A 

COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK AMOI~G PRISON PERSoNNEL 

AND DECISION MAKERS IS APPENDED. SEE ALSO NCJ 47392 

AND 47393, 

' 

8uppilmenUi Hotea: FROM THE EXECUTIVE TRAINING PRO. 

GRAM IN ADVANCED CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRACTICES. 

Sponaorl,'1II Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OFFICE 



Ava!llblllty: NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM. 

63. HIGH SPEED PATROL CAA TIRES-A GUIDE. BV A. C. 

LEWIS end Eo LEWIS JA. US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS LAW ENFORCEMENT 

STANDARDS LABORATORY, WASHINGTON DC 20234: 42 p. 

1979. ~5t72t 

THIS GUIDE PROVIDES TECHNICAL INFORMATION FOR SE. 

lECTING TIRES TO SUIT THE NEEDS OF HIGH SPEED POLICE 

PURSUIT CARS, AND FOR MAINTENANCE OF THE TIRES FOR 

MAXIMUM SAFETY, TIRE LIFE, AND PERFORMANCE. THE 

COMPARATIVE DATA ON TIRE CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION, 

AND MAINTENANCE PRI:SENTED WERE COLLECTED FROM 

TESTS DONE TO EVALUATE COMPARATIVE TRACTION AND 

PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS BRANDS AND SIZES OF HIGH 

SPEED PURSUIT TIRES. BASED ON INFORMATION COllECT. 

ED FROM A SURVEY OF POLICE DEPARTMENTS THROUGH. 

OUT THE COUNTRY BY THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION 

OF CHIEFS OF POLICE. USES FOR H!GH SPEED PURSUIT 

TIRES ARE DISCUSSED; I.E., TYPES OF ROADS DRIVEN, PUR. 

SUIT DRIVING, TIRE MAINTENANCE, HAZARD EXPOSURE, 

TYPES OF TIRES USED, TIRE MILEAGE, SNOW TIRE USAGE, 

ANt) ASPECTS OF RADIALS VERSUS SNOW TIRES. TECHNI. 

CAL FACTORS EXAMINED INCLUDE CONSTRUCTION, TIRE 

MARKINGS, TIRE MATERIALS, USE OF CHAINS, AND THE 

GASoLINE MIlEAGE OF CERTAIN TIRES. COST FACTORS, 

PRINCIPLES OF SELECTION, AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 

ARE DETAILED. OPERATIONAL ASPECTS SUCH AS INSTAlLA. 

TION, BREAKING IN THE TIRES, ROAD CONDITIONS, INFLA. 

TION CHECKS, ROTATION, REPAIRS, AND SERVICING ARE 

COVERED AS ESSENTIAL TO OPTIMAL TIRE SELECTION AND 

USE. {lIAGRAMS, GRAPHS, TABLES, AND PHOTOGRAPHS AC 

COMPANY THE TEXT. THE FEDERAL QUALIFIED PRODUCTS 

lIST, A CHART FOR TIRE INTIERCHANGEABILlTY AND lOAD 

AND INFLATION DATA, AND A TIRE MIXING GUIDE ARE Ap. 

PENDED. 

IUppllmen'" HolM: A LIMITED NUMBER OF COPIES ARE 

AVAILABLE FROM NBS. 

~ Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE lEM NA. 


JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531- 

AVIIIIbiIIty: GPO Stock Order No. 003-OO3.()2073.7· US DE. 

PARTMENT OF· COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STAND. 

ARDS LAW ENFORCEMENT STANDARDS LABORATORY 

WASHINGTON DC 20234 Stock Order No. NBS SP 480.33: 


' 

OF THE NIJ 

~, ILLEGAL CORPORATE IEHAVIOR. Iy. M. I. CUNARD, P. C. 

YEAGEA, J. IRIIIETTE, D. PETRAlHEK, 8I1d E. HARRIES, 

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY, 

MADISON WI 53706. 348 p. 1979. NCJ.57n3 

FOCUSING ON SEVERAL HUNDRED MAJOR CORPOrIATIONS, 

THis STUDY REPRESENTS THE FIRST LAR,GE·SCAlE, COM· 

PREHENSIVE INVESTIGATION OF CORPORATIONS FOR AC 

TIONS THAT VIOLATE THE LAW. ALTHOUGH THE EMPIRICAL 

INVESTIGATiON CONCENTRATED ON 582 OF THE LARGEST 

PUBl!CLY OWNED CORPORATIONS IN.THE U.S., THE MAJOR 

FOCUS WAS ONMANUrACTURING FIRMS WHOSE ANNUAL 

SALES (1875, RANGED FROM $300 MILLION TO MORE THAN 

$45 BILLION, WITH AN AVERAGE SALES VOLUME OF $1.7 BIL· 

liON. THE STUDY DATA COVERED ALL ENFORCEMENT AC 

TIONS OBTAINABLE, ACTIONS INITIATED OR IMPOSED BY 24 

FEDERAL AGENCIES DURING 1975 AND 11176. THE DATA 

REVEAL A WIDE RANGE OF CORPORATE VIOLATIONS, AS 

WEll AS AorlON INITIATED AND IMPOSED BY GOVERNMENT 

AGENCIES. PREDICTIONS OF VIOLATIONS ARE ATlCMPTED 

THROUGH ANALYSES OFTEN USED TO COMPARE 

INDUSTRY·lEVEl AND ECONOMY·LEVEL DATA. THESE DATA 

SHOW THAT UNFAVORABLE TRENDS IN SALES, PROFITS, 

EARNINGS. AND PRODUCT DIVERSIFICATION AREl ASSOCIAT 

ED WITli VIOLATIONS. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IS PRE· 

SENTED OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THOSE CORPORA· 

TIONS AGAINST WHICH LIMITED ACTIONS HAVE BEEN INITI· 

ATED AND THOSE "GAINST WHICH ACTIONS HAVE BEEN EX· 

TENSIVE. TO TEST THE VIEW THAT PRESSURES FROM 

PARENT CORPORATIONS TO INCREASE PROFITS CONTRIB· 

UTE TO THE GREATER VIOLATIONS BY SUBSIDIARIES, AC 

TIONS AGAINST PARENT CORPORATIONS ARE COMPARED 

WITH ACTIONS AGAINST THEIR 101 LARGEST SUBSIDIARIES, 

WHOSE 1978 SALES RANGED FROM $300 MILLION TO $7.8 

BilLION. AN ANALYSIS IS PROVIDED OF THE METHODOLOG· 

ICAL PROBLEMS IN STUDYING CORPORATE CRIME AND THE 

INADEQUACY OF FEDERAL STATUTES ON CORPORATE 

CRIME. OTHER TOPICS DISCUSSED ARE CORPORATE ORGA· 

NI1.ATION AND CORPORATE CRIME, REGULATORY AGENCIES 

ANO ,FEDERAL AND STATE RELATIONS IN CONTROLLING 

CORpQR~TE CRIME, CORPORATE ANTITRUST AND ILLEGAL 

PAYMENTS VIOLATIONS, CORPORATE EXECUTIVES AND 

CRIMINAL LIABILITY, AND THE CONTROL OF CORPORATE 

CRIME. TABULAR DATA AND REFERENCES ARE PROVIDED. 

(AUTHOR ABSTRACT MODIFIED) 

SponIorIng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA· 

TIONAL INSTITUTE OF· LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL 

JUSTICE, 633 iNDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 

Av8llablllty: GPO Stock Order No. 02NlOO.()()843·7; NCJRS 


65. IMPACT OF AFFIRMAnVE ACTION AND CIVIl. SERVICE ON 

AMERICAN POUCE PEASONNEL SYSTEMS. Iy H. O. 

LOCKE. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SERVICE, 1778 MASSA· 

CHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON DC 20038. 19 p. 

1979. HCJ·H2116 

THE IMPACT OF CIVIL SERVICE AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION 

PROGRAMS ON MINORITY EMPLOYMENT IN THE LAW EN· 

FORCEMENT SETTING IS ADDRESSED IN THIS MONOGRAPH. 

EACH STAGE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT'S PROGRAM 

TO INSURE EQUALEMPl0YMENT OPPORTUNITY FROM NON· 

DISCRIMINATION THROUGH AFFIRMATIVE ACTION HAS BEEN 

ACCOMPANIED BY ACRIMONIOUS PUBLIC DEBATE, FOCUS· 

ING PARTICULARLY ON AFrJRMATIVE ACTION WHICH IS DE· 

SIGNED TO DEVELOP GUIDELINES, TIMETABLES, AND OTHER 

MEASURABLE INDICES BY WHICH EMPLOYERS CAN BE HELD 

ACCOUNTABLE FOR THEIR P~OGRESS, OR LACK OF IT, IN 

IMPLEMENTING NATIONAL POLICY. THE PRINCIPAL BURDEN 

OF FINDING ANSWERS TO THE COMPLEX ISSUES SUR· 

ROUNDING MINORITY EMPLOYMENT HAS FALLEN TO THE 

COURTS. NUMEROUS JUDICIAL DECISIONS, WITH ENOR· 

MOUS IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICE AGENCiES, HAVE BEEN 

IMPROVING 

TRANSLATED INTO PROCEDURAL REGULATIONS COVERING 

THE MEASURES, TECHNIQUES, CRITERIA, AND 'PROCESSES 

THAT MAY BE USED FOR EMPLQYMENT DECISIONS AND EM· 

PlOYMENT SELECTION. ~VERAL EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES 

WHICH MAY CREATE PROBLEMS IN THE AREA OF EMPLOY· 

MENT DISCRIMINATION ARE INCLUDED. WHETHER DUE TO 

ENLIGHTENED POLICE I.EADERSHIP, COMMUNITY PRES 

SURES, POLITICAL CIRCUMSTANCES, CIVil SERVICE INTER· 

'JENTION, OR A COMBINATION OF ALL l1iESE FACTORS, THE 

RACIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AMERICAN?OLlCING HAVE 

BeGUN TO CHANGE SUBSTANTIALLY OVER THE PAST 

DECADE. TEN YEARS AGO, APPROXIMATELY 4 PERCENT OF 

THE SWORN POLICE PERSONNEL IN THE NATION WERE 

RACIAL MINORITIES: TODAY. THAT FIGURE HAS RISEN TO 10 

PERCENT. FINDINGS OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE ADMINISTRA· 

TION SHOW THAT ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS 

IN CHANGING THE NATURE .AND QUALITY OF POLICING IS 

THE COURAGE AND COMMITMENT OF POLICE LEADERSHIP. 

TO THE EXTENT THAT INCREASING MINORITY AND FEMALE 

PARTICIPATION IN THE RANKS OF SWORN POLICE OFFICERS 

IS A CRUCIAL i'ART OF! THIS CHANGE PROCESS; THERE IS 

THE ACOED FINDING 1HAT SUCH EFFORTS ARE NOT EN· 

HANCED BY A RELIANCE ON THE REGULATORY ROLE OF 

CIVIL SERVICE. SEVERAL SUGGESTIONS FOR INSTITUTIONA· 

L1ZING THIS CHANGE PROCESS ARE NOTED. REFERENCE 

NOTES ARE APPENDED. 

IpoMorIng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE lEM NA· 

TIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMI~JAL 


Avllllblllty: GPO Stock Order No. 027-()()0'()08~.9; NCJRS 

MICROFICHE FROGRAM. 

/ • ' 

/1 

H. IMPROVING THE CRIMIHAL PROCElSlHO.QF MIIDEMEAH 

ANTI-THE IMPROVED LOWEA COUAT/CASE HAHDUNQ 

PROGRAM-kALAMAZOO (kALAMAZOO COUNTY), MICHI 

GAN-NATIONAL EVALUATION FINAL AEPORr. By E. 

CHEi.lMSlCY, M. FISCHEL, lind J. 1ASfY. MITRE CORPORA· 

TION WASHINGTON OPERATIONS, 1820 DOllEY MADISON 

BOULEVARD MCLEAN VA 22101. 112 p; 1978. 

, HCJ-4''J'" 

THE IMPROVED lOWER COURT CASS HANDLING (lLCCli) 

PROGRAM IN KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICH., WAS EVALUATED 

AS PART OF A LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE ADMINIS· 

TAlmON EFFORT TO IMPROVE THE CASE IPROCESSING OF 

MISDEMEANANTS. EIGHT PROGRAM COMPONENTS WERE 

DESIGNED TO IMPROVE THE PROCESSING OF MISDEMEAN· 

ANT OFFENDERS. FOUR COMPONENTS OFFERED LAW EN· 

FORCEMENT AND JUDICIAL PERSONNEL lESS DRASTIC 

METHODS FOR HANDLING MISDEMEANANTS: POLICE CITA· 

TIONS, COURT SUMMONS, PRETRIAL RELEASE, AND SELECT 

OFFENDER PROBATION. THREE 'COMPONENTS WERE DE· 

SIGNED TO PROVIDE CONSISTENCY AND EFFICIENCY IN 

HANDLING MISDEMEANOR CASES: CASE SCREENING, 

PROMIS, AND SHORT FORM PRESENTENCE INVESTIGATION 

REPORTS. THE EIGHTH COMPONENT KNOWN AS THE MASS 

CASE COORDINATOR WAS DESIGNED TO FOSTER COOPERA· 

TICN AMONG PROGRAM COMPONENTS AND ACROSS CRIMI· 

NAL JUSTICE AGENCIES. THE ILCCH PROGRAM iN KALAMA· 

ZOO WAS UNIQUE IN MAINTAINING AN ACTIVE COORDINAT· 

ING COUNCil COMPOSED OF REPRESENTATIVES FROM 

CRIMINAL JUSTICE AGENCIES THROUGHOUT THE COUNTY. A 

UNIFORM CITATION FORM WAS DEVELOPED AND ADOPTED 

BY ALL POLICE AGENCIES. EFFORTS TO IMPLEMENT COURT 

SUMMONS FOR USE IN HANDLING CRIMINAL COMPLAINTS 

FAilED. A MISDEMEANOR PRETRIAL RELEASE PROGRAM 

WAS DEVELOPED TO EXTEND INTERVIEW/RECOMMENDA· 

TION SERVICES AVAILABLE TO FELONS TO MISDEMEAN· 

ANTS. SCREENING WAS CONDUCTED BY All. PROSECU· 

TIONAl AGENCIES IN THE COUNTY, so THE SCRI;EN!NG 

COMPONENT WAS DIRECTED TOWARD PROBLEMS ASSOCI· 

ATED WITH THE CONSISTENCY OF SCREENING AND CHARG· 

ING PRACTICES. A SEMIAUTOMATED INFOR,MATION SYSTEM 

; 

. \ 

18 

" 

I 

. " 

.'" 

.~ 

I

IMPROVING 

PUBLICATIONS 

OF THE NIJ 

JAIL 

\ 

., I 

.. 

~,," flit 

-., 

WAS IMPLEMENTED THAT POSSESSED MANY FEATURES OF 

THEPAOMIS MODEL AND A WORD PROCESSING CAPABILITY. 

A COUNTYWIDE SHOAT FORM PRESENTENCE INVESTIGA· 

TION REPORT WAS NOT ADOPTED ElY PROBATION AGENCIES 

BECAUSE CONSENSUS ON THE NATURE OF THE FORM WAS 

NEVER REACHED. THE SELECT OFFENDER PROBATION COM· 

PONENT OPERATED AS AN ADJUNCT TO THE EXISTING PRO· 

BATION AGENCY IN KALAMAZOO; IT SERVED 33 CLIENTS SE· 

LECTED AS HIGH~RISK MISDEMEANANTS ACCORDING TO A 

SET OF FORMAL CRITERIA. THE COORDINATING COUNCIL, 

MORE THAN ANY PROGRAM COMPONENT, BROUGHT iN· 

CREASED VISIBILITY TO MISDEMEANANT PROCESSING AND 

DEMONSTRATED THAT AN INTERAGENCY APPROACH TO 

CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROBLEMS CAN RESULT IN COORDINAT· 

ED SOLUTIONS TO SYSTEM PROBLEMS. A DESCRIPTION OF 

THE CRIMINAL JUSTICi': SYSTEM IN KALAMAZOO COUNTY 

AND ,A WARRANT REQUEST AND DISPOSITION FORM ARE 

APPENDEO. .;, . 

AVIIIIIbIIIIy: M!TRE CORPORATION WASHINGTON OPER. 

ATIONS, 1820 DOLLEY MADISON BOULEVARD, MCLEAN \fA 

" 221Q.1 Stock Order No. MTR·7682, VOL 2; NCJRS MICRO· 

FICHE PROGRAM. 

57. IMPFlOViNG THE CRIMINAL PROCESSING OF MISOEMEAH. 

ANTS-THE 'MPROVED LOWER COURT CASE H»IDUNa 

PROOMM-LAS VEGAS (CLARK COUNTY), NEVADA-HA. 

TtOHAL EVALUATION-fiNAL REPORT. Iy E. CHEUMSKY 

&\lid J. SA9FY. MITRE CORPORATION WASHINGTON OPER· 

ATIONS, 1820 DOLLEY MADISON .BOULEVARD, MCLEAN VA 

22101. 85 p. 1978. NCJ.4I41IS 

THE IMPROVED LOWER COURT CASE HANDLING (ILCCH) 

PROGRAM IN CLARK COUNTY, NEV., WAS EVALUATED AS 

PART OF A LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE ADMINISTRA. 

TION EFFORT TO IMPROVE THE CASE PROCESSING OF MIS. 

DEMEANANTS. THE ILCCH PROGRAM WAS INTENDED TO 1M. 

PROVE THE PROCESSING OF MISDEMEANANT OFFENDERS 

THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION OF EIGHT 

PROGRAM COMPONENTS. FOUR OF THESE COMPONENTS 

OFFERED LAW ENFORCEMENT AND JUDICIAL PERSONNEL 

LESS DRASTIC METHQDS FOR HANDLING MISDEMEANANTS: 

POLICE CITATIONS, COURT SUMMONS, PRETRIAL RELEASE, 

AND SELECT OFFENDER PROBATION. THREE COMPONENTS 

WERE DESIGNED TO PROVIDE CONSISTENCY AND EFFICIEN. 

CY IN HANDLlN(1MISDEMEANOR CASES: CASE SCREENING, 

PROMIS, AND SHORT FORM PRESENTENCE INVESTIGATION 

REPORTS. THE EIGHTH COMPONENT kNOWN AS THE MASS 

CASE COORDINATOR WAS DESIGNED TO FOSTER COORDI. 

NATION AMONG T~E OTHER PROGRAM COMPONENTS AND 

ACROSS CRIMINAL'JUSTICE AGENCIES TO BETTER MANAGE 

CASE FLOW. 'A UNIFORM CITATION TICKET WAS DEVISED 

FOR USE BY ALL POLICE AGENCIES IN THE COUNTY, AND A 

UNIFORM SUMMONS WAS DEVELOPED FOR ALL PROSECU. 

TORIAL AGENCIES. PLANS TO DEVELOP FORMAL GUIDE. 

LINES FOR THE ISSUANCE OF THE UNIFORM SUMMONS 

FAILED BECAUSE JUDGES DID NOT WANl'TO REDUCE THEIR 

DISCRETION IN THE USE OF SUMMONS. A PRETRIAL RE. 

LEASE PROGRAM, OPERATED. BY A PRIVATE NONPROFIT OR. 

GANIZATION, WAS PART OF THE ILecH PROGRAM FOR 13 

MONTHS. PROCEDURAL CHANGES WERE INSTITUTED IN 

CASE SCREENING TO GIVE A SCREENING UNIT, RATHER 

THAN POLlC!:, RESPONSIBILITY FOR FILING CHARGES IN 

MISDEMEANOR CASES. ILCCH PROGRAM FUNDS WERE 

USED TO ,CONTINUE THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MANAGE. 

MENT INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE DISTRICT ATTOR. 

NEY'S OFFICE. MISDEMEANANT PftOBATION IS NOT A LEGAL 

.OPTION IN NEV1IDA, SO PROBATION AND PRESENTENCE IN. 

'~,Si:IGATION COMPONENTS'W~Rr; IMPLEMENTED ~S PART 

~ ,OF THE COURT COUNSELlr:!q.PR{)G~. THE ILCCH PRO. 

GRAM, IN GENERAL, WAS PLANNED ~ND EVOLVED COMPO. 

NENT BY COMPONENT. ANO'rHE MASS CASE COORDINATOR 

ROLE NEVER DEVELOPED THE ACTIVE 

COORDINATIVE'MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS ENVISIONED BY 

20 

THE PROGRAM. NO MECHANISMS WERE DEVISED TO ANA· 

LVZE MISDEMEANANT PROCESSING PROBLEMS OR TO PRO· 

POSE CI.:>oRDINATED SOLUTIONS. THE ILCCH PROGRAM RE· 

SULTED IN SOME LOCALIZED IMPROVEMENTS, PRIMARILY 

PRETRIAL RELEASE AND COURT COUNSELING ELEMENTS. 

PROCEDURAL CHANGES AELAT,ED TO POLICE CITATIONS, 

COUR'r SUMMONS, AND CASE SCREENlf,oIG WERE INSTITU· 

TIONALIZED, AND A PROMIS SYSTEM NEARED COMPLETION. 

THE '':;RIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN CLARK COUNTY IS DE· 

SCRIBED IN AN APPENDIX. 

~ Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LAW EN· 

FORCEMENT ASSISTANCE ADMINISTRATION. 

~~libIIIty: MITRE CORPORATION WASHINGTON OPER· 

AT10NS, 1820 DOLLEY MADISON BOULEVARD. MCLEAN VA 

22101 Stock Order No. MTR·7682, VOL 3i NCJRS MICRO· 


sa. ' .. .PROVING THE CRIMINAL PROCESSING OF IlIIDEIIEAN 

AIm-THE IMPROVED LOWER COURT CASE HANDLING 

PROGRAM-RICHLAND COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA-NA 

TIONAL EVALUATION-FINAL REPORT. Iy E. CHEUIIIKY, 

L OnEH. lind J. IAIFY. MITRE CORPORATION WASHING· 

TON OPERATIONS, 1820 DOLLEY MADISON BOULEVARD, 

MCLEAN VA 22101. 98 p. 1978. NCJ.414113 

THE IMPROVED LOWER COURT CASE HANDLING (ILCCH) 

PROGRAM IN RICHLAND COUNTY, S.C., REPRESENTED A 

LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE ADMINISTRATION EFFORT 

TO IMPROVE THE CASE PROCESSING OF MISDEMEANANTS. 

THE ILecH PROGRAM WAS DESIGNED TO IMPROVE THE 

PROCESSING OF MISDEMEANANT OFFENDERS THROUGH 

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EIGHT COMPONENTS. FOUR OF 

THE COMPONENTS OFFERED LAW ENFORCEMENT AND JU. 

DICIAL PERSONNEL LESS DRASTIC METHO[)'S FOR HAN. 

DLiNG MISDEMEANANTS: POLICE CITATIONS, COURT SUM. 

MONS, PRETRIAL RELEASE, AND SELECT OFFENDER PROBA. 

TION. THREE COMPONENTS WERE DESIGNED TO PROVIDE 

CONSISTENCY AND EFFICIENCY IN HANDLING MISDEMEAN. 

OR CASES: CASE SCREENING, PROMIS, AND SHORT FORM 

PRESENTENCE INVESTIGATION REPORTS. THE EIGHTH COM. 

PONENT KNOWN AS THE MASS CASE COORDINATOR WAS 

DESIGNED TO FOSTER COOPERATION AMONG PROGRAM 

COMPONENTS AND ACROSS CRIMINAL JUSTICE AGENCIES. 

NEITHER POLICE CITATION NOR COURT SUMMONS ALTER. 

NATIVES COULD BE IMPLEMENTED IN THE COUNTY BE. 

CAUSE STATE LAW DOES NOT ALLOW THEIR USE. THE PRE. 

TRIAL RE~EASE COMPONENT OP.ERATED AS A DISCRETION. 

ARY MECHANISM TO EFFECT RELEASE OF DEFENDANTS 

BASED ON A SET OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL CRITERIA. THE 

CASE SCREENING COMPONENT OPERATED TO IMPROVE 

THE TRANSMITTAL OF OFFENSE INFORMATION, AND AP. 

PROXIMATELY 33 PERCENT OF ~LL CASES WERE EVENTUAL. 

LY DISMISSED VIA SCREENING. PRIOR TO THE ILCCH PRO. 

GRAM, NO CASES HAD BEEN DISMISSED. ALTHOUGH THE 

ORIGINAL INTENT WAS TO DEVELOP A 

CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEM ALONG THE 

LINES OF THE MANUAL PROMIS, THE COUNTY EVENTUALLY 

IMPLEMENTED A SIMPLIFIED CARD SYSTEM. JUDGES WERE 

NOT PARTICULARLY DISPOSED TOWARD THE USE OF PRE. 

SENTENCE INVESTIGATIONS, AND FEW PRESENTENCE IN. 

VESTIGATIONS WERE CONDUCTED. THE SELECT OFFENDER 

PROBATION COMPONENT WAS TERMINATED AS PART OF 

PROGRAM RESTRUCTURING. IT SUPERVISED 63 CLIENTS 

BUT SUFFERED BECAUSE IT FAILED TO INFORM JUDGES IN 

AN EFFECTIVE MANNER ABOUT THE ILCCH PROGRAM, TO 

DEVELOP A PROPOSED VOLUNTEER PROGRAM, AND TO IN. 

VOLVE THE LOCAL PROBATION DEPARTMENT. THE ILCCH 

PROGAAM IN RICHLAND COUNTY, IN GENERAL, FAILED TO 

MOVE BEYOND LIMITED IMPLEMENTATION, OPERATIONS 

AND INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF COMPONENTS ."ND DID NOT 

DEVELOP INTERAGENCY COORDINATION DUE TO INAD. 

EQUATE MANAGEMENT, LACK OF ANALYSIS AND PLANNING 

IN THE EARLY STAGES OF THE PROGRAM, AND LACK OF IN. 

TEREST BV AGENCIES IN COMPONENT C{)NCEPTS. A' DE· 

SCRIPl'lCN OF THE COUNTY'S CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IS 

APPENDED.. 

.0;';>. 

AvllllMlllty: MITRE CORPORATION WASHINGTON OPER· 4~'" 

ATIONS 1820 DOLLEY MADISON BOULEVARD, MCLEAN VA 

22101 'Stock Order No. MTR·7692. VOL1i NCJRS MICRO· 


P. INCARCERATION AND ITS ALTUNATlVElIH 2O'1'H CENTURY 

AMERICA:" Iy D. J. ROTHMAN. 80. p. 1979. 

NCJ·5H14 

THIS REPORT SURVEYS CONCEPTS AND TREATMENT OF 

THE DEVIANT IN THE U.S. FROM 187o.11MO. THE ORIGINS OF 

THE PROGRESSIVE REFORM MOVEM~NT IN THE CRIMINAL 

"USTICE AND MENTAL HEALTH FIELDS ARE ANALYZED. 

\iROM 1Il00 TO 1829 REFORMERS DEVOTED UNPRECEDENT· 

ED ATTENTION TO ALTERNATIVES TO INCARCeRATION. PRO· 

BATION, PAROLE, AND JUVENILE COURT PROCEDURES 

GAlt~ED ACCEPTANCE IN CRIMINAL ,IUSTICE, WHILE MENTAL 

HEALTH INNOVATIONS INCLUDED {)UTPATIENT CARE, AF· 

TERCARE, AND THE DESIGN OF AN ENTIRELY NEW TYPE OF 

FACILITY, THE PSYCHOPATHIC HOSPITAL T/:'IE PROGRAM 

THAT PROGRESSIVe REFORMERS peSIGNED IN THIS 

PERIOD REMAINED THE ESSENTIAL ,PROGRAM OF THE 

MIDDLE 1118O'S WHEN FUNOAMENTALr,CHALLENGES TO THE 

CONCEPTS OF PROGRESSIVE REFORM BEGAN TO DEVELOP. 

THIS REPORT CONTENDS THAT TO UNDERSTAND THESE 

CHALLENGES AN UNDERSTANDING OF' THE IDEOLOGICAL 

PREMISES OF THE OLDER PROGRA.MOF PROGRESSIVE 

REFORM IS .REQUIRED. THE REPORT ALSO FOCUSES ON 

THE RESULTS OF THE REFORM .EFFORT AND CONCLUDES 

THAT NONE OF THESE PROGRAMS WERE FULFILLED AS 

THEIR DESIGNERS HAD PLANNED. THUS, THE HISTORICAL 

REOORD IS RELEVANT TO THOSE WHO WOULD INNOVATE IN 

THESE FIELDS TODAY. THE LEGACY OF THE 1800'S IN 

REGARD TO INCARCERATION ".~,PRISONS AND INSANE ASY· 

LUMS IS DISCUSSED FOLLOW~D BY AN ANALYSIS OF THE 

ORIGINS AND REALITIES OF P~OB"TION AND PAROLE. THE 

PROGREsSIVE PRISON, THE ,CREATION OF THE JUVENILE 

COURT AND THE DISPENSING OF JUVENILE JUSTICE ARE 

CONSiDeRED, ALONG WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE FUTURE 

OF THE MENTAL HYGIENE MOVEMENT. FROM THIS ANALY· 

SIS, THAN: LINES OF THOUGHT EMERGE. FIRST, THIS RE· 

BEARel: IMPLIES THAT THE UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS OF 

THE l.ONGER APPEAA VALID. TODAY, EFFORTS FOCUS ON 

THE OVERT 'ACT', NOT THE 'STATE OF MIND', OF THE OF· 

FENDER. SECOND, THIS ANALYSIS SHOWS THAT ALTERNA· 

TIVES TO INSTITUTIONS CANNOT COEXIST EASILY WITH IN· 

STITUTIONS. A COMMITMENT TO ALTeRNATIVES TO INCAR· 

CERATION WILL DEMAND A THOROVGHGOING REVERSAL IN 

THE SOCIAL POLICY OF GIVING PRIORITY TO THE INCARCER· 

ATION OF OFFENDERS. FINALLY, THE HISTORICAL RECORD 

STRONGLY SUGGESTS THE DrFFICUL TY OF ADMINISTERING 

A PROGRAM THAT IS BOTH cUSTODIAL AND REHABILlTA· 

TIVE. NEVERTHELESS, IT IS coNTENDED THAT THE HISTORI· 

(,.AL APPROACH SHOULD HELP TO CREATE A CLIMATE OF IN· 

NOVATION IN FINDING NEW RESOLUTIONS TO INCARCER· 

ATION. A NOTE ON SOURCES IS APPENDED. 

1ponIot'1I Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA· 

TiONAlfNSTITUTE • OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL 

JUSTICE,833 INDIANA AVEN!,IE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 

AWl ....., GPO Stock Qrder No. 027.()OO.(10885-8i NCJRS 


, 

10. INTIfINAnOiw.lUllllARlEI-A COLLECTION OF IEU!CT 

. ED TJIANILATIONI IN LAW ENfORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL 

JUIT/CIE, y~ I. NATIONAL CRIMINAL J,USTICC REFER· 

ENCE SERVICE BOX 8000, ROCKVILLE MD, 20850.' 171 p. 

1879.' , .. NCJ-57117 

TERRORISM IS THE THEME OF THIS THI~D VOLUME OF 

NCJRS INTERNATIONAL SUMMARIE;S. THE '9,~UMMARIES 

WERE SELECTED TO PROVIDE A WIDE RANGEPF INTERNA· 

21 

TIONAL OPINION AND DISCUSSION ON TERRORISM AND ITS 

MANIFESTATIONS. A GRAPHIC, DAY·BY·DAY ACCOUNT OF 

THE KIDNAPPING OF GERMAN INDUSTRALiST HANS MARTIN 

SCHLEYER AND THE SUBSEtlUENT HIJACKING OF A LUFTH· 

ANSA JET IS THE VOLUME'S LEAD ARTiCLE. ADAPTED FROM 

A RELEASE OF THE PRESS AND INFORMATION OFFICE OF 

THE WEST GERMAN GOVERNMENT, THIS CASE HISTORY RE· 

VIEWS THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT'S DELAY STRATEGY IN· 

TENDED TO GAIN MORE' TIME TO SEARCH AND .AVOID 

GRANTING THE TERRORISTS' DEMANDS. THE SECOND SEC 

TION IS DEVOTED TO SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF TERRORISM IN 

VARIOUS AREAS OF THE WORLD. IN ADDITION TO DISCUS· 

SIONS OF THE HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF TERRORISM IN 

LATIN AMERICA AND NORTHERN IRELAND, A DETAILED EX· 

AMINATION OF PALESTINIAN TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS IS 

PRESENTED THAT FOCUSES ON THEIR ORIGINS, PHILOS· 

OPHIES, AND CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER GROUPS. A 

STUDY OF THE BACKGROUND AND IDEOLOGY OF WEST 

GERMAN TERRORISTS, THE REACTION OF THE GERMAN 

PEOPLE, AND GOVERNMENTAL ANTITERRORISM MEASURrES 

IS ALSO PROVIDED. THE FEMALE TERRORIST IS CONSID· 

ERED IN A PAIR OF WEST GERMAN ESSAYS THAT RELATE 

THE BEHAVIOR OF THE FEMALE TERRORIST TO HER WITH· 

DRAWAL FROM PRODUCTIVE SOCIETY, EXAMINF- HER LACK 

OF EMANCIPATION, AND DISCUSS HER PSYCHOLtJGlCAL DE· 

VELOPMENT AND REHABILITATION. THE NEXT GROUP OF 

ARTICLES RANGES FROM THEORETICAL STUDIES OF TER· 

RORIST DOCTRINE AND PRACTICE TO SPECIFIC COMMEN· 

TARIES ON WAYS TO COMBAT TERRORISM AND NEGOTIATE 

WITH TEARORISTS TO OBTAIN RELEASE OF HOSTAGES. A 

CRIMINOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF TERRORIST BEHAVIOR IS 

INCLUDED IN THIS SECTION, ALONG WITH A PERSPEC!'VE 

OF TERRORISM FROM AN EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRY, YU· 

GOSLAVIA. LEGAL ASPECTS OF TERRORISM AND ANTITER· 

RORISM ARE DISCUSSED IN SELECTIONS THAT REVIEW BEL· 

GIAN, ITALIAH, AND WEST GERMAN LEGISLAT~ON AND 

PENAL CODES DEAl,ING WITH TERRORISTS AND TERRORIST 

ACTS. THE SUMMARIES CONCLUDE WITH TWO PAPERS ON 

INTERNATIONAL ANTITERRORISM EFFORTS BY THE UNITED 

NATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL ANTITERRORIST "GRElE: 

MENTS FROM THE 1937 GENEVA CONVENTION TO THE 191'.' 

COUNCIL OF EUROPE CONVENTION. 

1IpoMor'1I Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA· 

TIONALiNSTITUTE'OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL 

JUSTICE 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 

AV......itr. NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM. NCJRS. 

Ii JAIL lASED INMATE PROQRAMS-A SELECTED IIIUOGRA· 

• PHY. M. LEVINE lind M. KRAVITZ, Ecia. NATIONAL CRIMI· 

NAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERVICE, BOX 6000, ROCKVILLE 

MD 20850. 28 p. 1979. HCHC331 

THIS ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR CORRECTIONS rER· 

SONNEL INCLUDES SECTIONS ON JAIL MANAGEMENT AND 

MINIMUM STANDARDS, BROAD-BASED PROGRAM DESIGNS, 

AND HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WORK·RELEASE PROGRAMS. 

CURRENT AVAILABLE EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT 36 PERCENT 

OF ALL INOIVIDUALS INCARCERATED IN THE UNITED STATES 

ARE HELD IN LOCAL JAILS. TO EFFECTIVELY TREAT IN· 

MATES, THESE JAILs SHOULD HAVE PROGRAMS OF SUFFI· 

CIENT LENGTH AND C.ONTINUITY. Al.THOUGH NOT ALL COM· 

MUNITIES VIEW THE JAIL AS A P~CE FOR TREATMENT, SEV· 

ERAL INNOVATIVE PROGRAM DESIGNS HAVE BEEN DEVEL· 

OPED THAT SERVE AS A BRIDGE BETWEEN CONFINEMENT 

AND FREEDOM. THiS BIBLIOGRAPHY HAS BEEN COMPILED 

TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF WHAT HAS BEEN ATTEMPTED 

AND ACCOMPLISHED IN THE FIELD. CITATIONS ARE AR· 

RANGED BY TOPIC AND COVER PRINCIPLES AND STAND· 

ARDS FOR EFFECTIVE JAIL OPERATIONS, DESCRIPTIOi"S OF 

PROGRAMS WITH MULTITREATMENT ELEMENTS, I'CCOUNTS 

OF PROGRAMS DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY FOR FEMALE OF· 

FENDERS, ANALYSES OF THE NEED FOR HEALTH AND MEDI· 

, 

.,

~UROR 

PUBUCATIONS 

OF THE NIJ 

NATIONAL 

• 

CAL. PROGRAMS, MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR NUTRITION, 

SUBSTANCE ABUSE; AND MEDICAL CARE, DESCRIPTIONS OF 

ACADEMIC, VOCATIONAl: SKIl:l:, WORK RELEASE, AND JOB 

PLACE.MJ:NT PROGRAMS. STATE·OF·THE·ART DOCUMENTS 

~,EGARDING AMERICAN JAIL SYSTEMS, AND SUGGESTIONS 

FOR CHANGE, INCLUDiNG ALTERNATIVES TO INCARCER. 

ATION. ,ALL DOCUME~TS CITED IN THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY HAVE 

BEEN SELECTED FROM THE NCJRS DATA BASE. EACH C/TA. 

TION INCLUDES AN ABSTRACT; INFORMATION IS INCLUDED 

ON OBTAINING THESE DOCUMENTS, AND AN AUTHOR INDEX 

IS APPENCE/? 

Ii 

s,a"... A88fICY: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA. 

T/ONAl INSTlrUTE OF LAW ENFORCEM1;NT AND CRIMINAL 

JU$TICE, 633 INDIANA AVl;ff;)E NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531- 

~VIIIIIIbIIIty: GPO. Stock Or~ No. 027.()()O.{)088.C-4. NCJRS. 

'2. JUROR RESPONsE TO PRER£CORD£D "'D£OTAP£ TRIAlS. 

IJJ E. II. ROII£RTSoN. US DEPAFlTMENT OF COMMERCE 

• NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS LAW ENFORCEMENT 

STANDARDS LABORATORY, WASHINGTON DC 20234. 30 p. 

1979. NCJ.5t301 

AN ANALYSIS IS "ROVIDED OF RESPONSES TO AN ATTITU. 

DlNlJ, OUESTIONNAIRE RETURNED BY 278 JURORS WHO 

PARTICIPATED IN PRERECORDED VIDEOTAPED (PAVTT) CIvil 

TAIALS CONDUCTED IN OHIO IN 1975 AND 1978. OHIO WAS 

THE FIRST STATE TO EXTEND THE USE OF VIDEOTAPE 

BEYOND THE RECORDING OF DEPOSITIONS. THE FIRST 'OF 

.MANY PAVTT'S WAs HELD IN THE SANOUSKY, OHIO, COURT 

OF COMMON PLEAS ON NOVEMBER 18, 1971. THE TRIALS TO 

WHICH THIS APPROACH WAS APPLIED DIFFERED FROM 00. 

DiNARY TRIALS IN TWO MAJOR RESPECTS: (1) THE WIT. 

NESSES' TESTIMONY HAD BEEN PRERECORDED FOR TRIAL 

PRESENTATION. TO EVALUATE JUROR ACCEPTANCE, A 

"·PAGE F~M CONTAINING 24 QUESTIONS (APPENDED) WAS 

MAILED TO EACH MEMBER 0.

OF THENIJ 

f,f-- ;-~ 

-~;.-¥/ 

"EIGHeORHQOP 

I, 

IC TERM 'PROPERTY CRIMES'; AND (4) SI;VERAL COLLATER· '1. NATIONAL INSTITIJTI: HOST', PROC.JRAM~SHARINQ ADo, 

ALLY Ri:LATED TERMS, INCLUDING 'FIRE DETECTION' AND YANCED CRIMINAL JUSTICE ImACTlCE8." PUBLIC 'TECH." 

'INCENDIAFI'( DEVICES.' AN EXPLANATION OF HOW TO USE NOLOGY, INC. 1140 CONNECTICUToAVENUE, NW, WASHING. 

THE Tt1ESAURUS IS PROVIDED.' TON 0020036. 12p. 1978. • ' HCJ.41031 

~..Agency: US DEP~RTMENTOF JUSTICE LEAA NA"' 

TlONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT At-ID CRIMINAL 

JUSTICE. 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW. WASHINGTON;'llC 20531. 

THE NATIONAl,. INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND 

CRIMINAL JUSTICE (NILECJ) HOST PROGRAM IS DeSIGNED 

TO FACILITATE TRANSFER OF INf:ORMATION ABOUT,EXEM. 

A"~ Nr9JRS ~1,cRbFICHE PROGRAM. ' c' PLARY CRIMINAL JUSTICEcPROJECTS THROUGH ONSrrE oa. 

') , SERVATION AND PARTICIPATION. HOST SITES AA~ CHOSEN 

fSI. NA~ EVALUATION PR9QRAM-PHASE " POLICE JU. , , O~ THE BASIS OF DEMONSTRATE[.I, EFFECTiVENESS IN RE. 

¥ENILE ,UNITS' STUDY-FINAL REPORT. By R. 19)IJCING""C~IM=~OB",>IMPBOVING THE ' , 

RQY~-PlECZENI". US DEPAFlTMENT OF~US'TlCE LEAASYSTEM. COST.EFFECTI~.lENEss.L~AND' ","'''.'~T'''''" 

f ,NATIONAL INSTITUTE OHAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL ~ OTHER JURISDICTIONS. TO DATE, ONLY PRI;'I~~~~~~~~'~'" 

" ': UUST.,ICE, cf!3~ lNot~NAAVENl!E' NW'WAS'iiINGTON DC 20531 PASSED THE INTENSIVE ScREENING 

' '1J:i' DL

,.~ ".."~..,_ ~."",'.~-,,. ~,L'."·· 

. 

",·::;C_="-co 

r ,NS 

. B,)' THE ARE PROVIDl:O. 

8DcNIMiIIna 

OF JUSTI.CE LeM NA. 

. 

ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL 

AVENUE NW, WAS~,INGTON, DC 20531. 

NCJRS 

~~EG:oi=~~~~Order No. 027~-00839·9i 

~ .~. 

78. POLICE ioDY AR.-oR TESTING AND SUIIIIMY OF PER. 

FORIIANC£ TESTING DATA.. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCI. 

~~~U~ ~~'EFS OF ",POLICE, 11 FIRSTFIELD ROAD, GAITH. 

.~ :P..",:;.120760f-l"l 32 p. H)78. ,P-53tIl 

" POLI~9(jjjy ~~MOR Is TESTED AT THE EQUIPMENT 

CENTER IN GAf1'l1EASBURG, MD., AND RESULTS ARE 'RE. 

PORTED BY!,J)iE INTERNATIOt-,'AL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS 

. OF POUCj5 UACP). THIS IS THE FIRST OF MANY CONSUMER 

Pfl9D~ REPORTS ON LAW ENFORCEMENT eQUIPMENT ,.,' 

ISSUE." A~ A GUIDE FOR .QUALITY. PERFORMANCE AND .' 

E~MY. THE CONSUMER GUIDE .IS INTENDE.R'F6e,~, ~~""- 

~..!9E AQMINISTRATORS AND OFFICER~,.wt!O;;AAe>'CON" 

, ...,. .... ~P~TING ~IJRCH~E. ~)30DY'·AR..MOR;;AS RETESTING 

~', P BUSHED. TESTING 'I~F(JNOED BY, THE NATIONAL INSTI. 

:i.~UTE OF LAW .~,NFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL J.USTICE OF 

~2~L_~~_--:-JI!li~I~~~~~~I~~~J~·~~~~~~~rn~~ 

28 

>_I-E.M AND IS CONDUCTED AT TI;1E LAW ENFORCEMENT =, 

$TANDARDS LABORAT~Y AT THE NATIONAL BUREAU· .oF 

ST~NRARDS IN GAITHERSBURG,MD. INFORM~TION AS TO 

THE TEST CENTER IT~LF, ITS ADVISORYCO~MlriEE AND 

. THE TESTING PROGRAM' ALONG WITH ,A CHART OF T!~E 

=RA~ IS/GIVEN IN THIS FJEPORT •.. ITIS EXPLAINED riAT 

. "BODY ARMOR WASDEVELOP.ED IN RESPONSE Ta THE 

,.,... ALARMING INCREASE IN ASSAULTS, SERIOUS INJURIES' AND .. 

g~THS INFLICTED ON LAW ENFOR~"'E~T PERSONNEL ON 

TV. MANY.ASSAULTS OCCUR IN FAMILY QUARRF.j,.INTER. . 

\ 

A , 

OF THENIJ 

'-> 

Ii 

II " 

./ 

{ 

POLleE 

VENTION. JHE I3qQY ARMOR TE,STINGPROJECT BEGAN· IN MOD~S OF OPERATION UNITS, CORRUPTION, OISCRETION !N 

1976 WITH THE DEVELOP~ENT OF PERFORMANCE CRITE}!IA DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT, THE' POLITICS OF DRlI.G LAW 

BY ,THE NAT~ONALI3UAEAU OF, STANDAR[)S, AND TESTS ENFORCEM~NT, AND MEASURING THE EFFECTS 'OF ,fN'· 

WERE PERFORMED BY· THE H.P: WHITE LABORATORY IN . FOACEMEf4T. TI-!E B!BLlOGRAPI-!Y CITES 2a5 SCHOLAR.!,ti ~F!~~< 

.. MARY'-qi"w.l .AND ';fHE DENVER R~SEARCH INSTITUTE IN TIC~S, DISSERTATIONS, GOVER~IMENT STUDIES)ffi~GAZiNE . 

. CQLORADOUSING WEAPONS.,SUCH AS 0.38 CALIBER OR ~~j'ICLE~, AND A FEW WORKS OF FICTION" BASEOO~b 

, - OTHER SMA!.LER'}NE"PONSOOMMoNLV USED AGAINST ,';STREET REPORTAGE .. THE LITER~TUR~ IS INc" ENGLISH, 

.. ",.POl:lCE;€ACFI'"GARMENT, Tj:STED UNDER STRICTLY CON.",-' MAINLY DISCl)SSES THEDF!l,IG~PRQBLEM IN TH~dJ.S., AND' 

_~__ ~"O--' TROLLED CONDJ:r.'gN$,~WA$ PlACED O~,A CLAY BLOC~!;:OF" HAS PUBLlCA"t:lQJ;IS p~JEcn~ETWEEN 1969,,1977. WORKS 

A ME,ASUAEDCQNSISTENCY AND TEMPERATUf.lIY."AND . ARE ARRANGED~!;?fIAI3ETICALLY BY AUTHOR. (AUTHOR 

FIRED UpON FIVE TIMES FROM A PRESCRf~D

, ., 

POLICE 

PUBLICATIONS 

OF THE NIJ 

PRE-RELEASE 

,', 

.. 

, , 

,.,1 

;'1 

I 

'I 

~ 

.1 

·, , j', 

J 

( 

IMPROVE POLICE PATROL CAPABILITIES. UTILITY. SAFETY. 

ECONOMY. AND PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH MODIFICATION OF 

POLICE CRUISERS. A PROGRAM SUMMARY IS PRESENTED. 

INCLUDING DISCUSSIONS OF THE PROTOTYPE DEVELOP 

MENT. FIELD TEST PROGRAMS. VEHICLE CONFIGURATION 

IMPROVEMENT STUDIES. TEST SITE SELECTION, AND PRO. 

GRAM TERMINATION. THE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION COVERS 

MEASURES TAKEN TO IMPROVE ECONOMY, TO PROVIDE 

NECESSARY EMERGENCY WARNING AND SAFETY SYSTEMS 

AND TO ADD CAPABILITIES FOR IMPROVED PRODUCTIVIlY: 

THE DEVELOPMENT, FABRICATION. AND BENCH TEST OF 

THE PROTOTYPE IS DETAILED. ALONG WITH THE INTEGRA. 

TION OF ALL COMPONENTS AND SUBSYSTEMS INTO THE 

PROTOTYPE VEHICLE. THE RESULTING PROTOTYPE VEHICLE 

WAS OF COMPACT SIZE AND WAS SUCCESSFULLY RETRO. 

FITTED WITH FUEL AND DRIVER AIDS, IMPROVED BRAKES, 

UPDATED SEAT AND RESTRAINT SYSTEMS. AND SOPHISTI 

CATED MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED DIGITAL COMMUNI. 

CATIONS. DISPLAYS. AND DATA SYSTEMS. THE PLANNING 

AND SELECTION OF A FIELD TEST CONTRACTOR AND THE 

SUBSYSTEM COMPONENTS TO BE TESTED ARE DISCUSSED 

AS ARE THE DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS. TWENTY VEHI: 

CLES WERE SELECTED FOR RETROFITTING. TESTING, AND 

EVALUATION IN ACTUAL POLICE OPER,o.TIONS IN NEW OR. 

LEANS. LA .• AND DALLAS, TEX. VEHICLE CONFIGJRATION 1M. 

PROVEMENT STUDIES CONCERNING THE DESIGN OF- IM 

PROVED BODY CONFIGURATIONS ARE NOTED, FOLLOWED 

BY A STUDY OF A VEHICLE LOCATION SYSTEM AND AN AS 

SESSMENT OF DRIVE-TRAIN SYSTEMS FOR DUAL-MODE 

PERFORMANCE. A BIBLIOGRAPHY, PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE 

PROTOTYPE AND SYSTEM COMPONENTS. AND TABULAR 

DISPLAYS ARE PROVIDED. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT MODIFIED) 

Spi)nlOrfng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA 


JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW. WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 

AVlllabillty: NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM. 

80. POLICE STRESS-A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5 

DUNCAN, R. N. BRENNER, Ind Y. KRAVITZ, Ed.. NATIONAL 

CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERVICE, BOX 0000, ROCK 

VILLE MD 20850. 96 p. 1979. NCJ.58352 

THE 113 DOCUMENTS IN THIS SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 

GIVE AN OVERVIEW OF JOB-RELATED STRESS AMONG 

POLICE OFFICERS, EXAMINE THE CAUSAL FACTORS AND 

DESCRIBE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO REDUCE STRESS. 

THE DOCUMENTS DESCRIBE THE TYPES OF STRESS 

COMMON IN POLICE WORK, THE EFFECTS OF SUCH STRESS 

AND RESEARCH FINDINGS. IN ADDITION TO THE 

LIFE-ENDANGERING NATURE OF POLICE WORK, THE TYPES 

OF STRESS TREATED IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY INCLUDE LOW 

SELF·ESTEEM, POOR POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS, CON. 

FLICT SITUATIONS, SOCIAL ISOLATION, ORGANIZATIONAL 

PRACTICES, POOR PAY (WHICH MEANS AN OFFICER MUST 

MCONLIGHT), TRAINING AND EQUIPMENT PROBLEMS AND 

CIVIL LIABILITY PROBLEMS. THE MANAGEMENT' AP 

PROACHES DESCRIBED INCLUDE MORE EXPLICIT POLICIES 

IMPROVED EQUIPMENT AND TRAINING, ENLIGHTENED PER: 

SONNEL PRACTICES, PROFESSIONAL AND PEER COUNSEL 

ING, MI,)RE EFFECTIVE DISCIPLINE MEASURES, LESS EMPHA 

SIS ON MILITARY ORGANIZATION, PHYSICAL CONDITIONING 

TRAINING, REFINED SELECTION AND EDUCATION PROCE 

DURES. PROGRAMS FOR FAMILIES, AND SPECIFIC TRAINING 

IN STRESS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES. MOST OF THE DQC.. 

UMENTS WERE PUBLISHED BETWEEN 1972 AND '!)78 AND 

AL'. ARE INCLUDED IN THE COLLECTION OF THE h~TIONAL 

CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERVICE. EACH CITATION IN 

CLUDES lIN ABSTRACT AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION. 

AS A FUATHER AID, AN APPENDIX DESCRIBES 33 TRAINING 

FILMS THAT DEPICT STRESSFUL SITUATIONS (MAKING AN 

ARREST, HANDLING A DOMESTIC DISPUTE, MEDIATING A 

PROBLEM). PROMOTE SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT TECH- 

NIQUES. AND DISCUSS HUMAN RELATIONS IN GENERAL. 

LISTS OF SOURCES FOR BOTH THE DOCUMENTS AND THE 

FILMS ARE APPENDED. 

SponllOflng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA. 

'lIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL 

JUSTICE. 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON. OC 20531. 

AVlllablllty: GPO Stock Order No. 027.000-00842-9: NCJRS 


81. POLICE UNIONS IN THE CIVIL SERVICE SETTING. :,ty J. H. 

BURPO. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SERVICE. 1776 MASSA. 

CHUSETTS AVENUE. NW, WASHINGTON OC 20036. 4~ p. 

1979. NCJ-511255 

FOCUSING ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLICE 

UNIONS AND CIVIL SERVICE SYSTEMS, THIS PAPER EXAM. 

INES COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE 

CIVIL SERVICE SYSTEM. A STUDY BY THE PUBLIC ADMINIS 

TRATIVE SERVICE REVEALED THAT ALTHOUGH A SUBSTAN. 

TIAL MINORITY OF POLICE UNIONS AND PUBLIC ADMINIS. 

TRATORS FEEL THAT CIVIL SERVICE SYSTEMS INTERFERE 

WITH PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION. MOST SUPPORT THE 

SYSTEM. IINION ATTEMPTS TO ALTER THE SYSTEM SHOULD 

REMAIN MINIMAL DUE TO PERCEIVED ADVANTAGES AND 

THE LACK OF ANY ALTERNATIVE TO THE CIVIL SERVICE 

SYSTEM. CURRENT INCREASING DEMAND FOR PRODUCTIVE 

PUBLIC SERVICES POINTS OUT THE NEED TO IMPROVE THE 

QUALITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF POLICE SERVICES. NU 

MEROUS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING HIRING AND 

PROMOTION PRACTICES AND DISCIPLINARY POLICIES AND 

PROCEDURES ARE NOTED. SEVERAL REASONS FOR THE 

FAILURE OF CIVIL SERVICE CHANGES ARE OUTLINED. 

ALONG WITH A SUGGESTED ALTERNATIVE: UTILIZATION OF 

THE COLLECTIVE BARGAINING PROCESS FOR MORE PRO 

DUCTIVE METHODS OF HIRING, PROMOTING, AND DISCIPLIN. 

ING POLICE OFFICERS. A SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLE OF A COL 

LECTIVE 8A~r.,~INING AGREEMENT IN CORPUS CHRISTI 

TEX., IS DISCU~).'lED. AMONG THE CIVIL SERVICE PROVI: 

SIONS NEGOTIATED INTO THIS CITY'S POLICE COLLECTIVE 

BARGAINING AGREEMENT ARE PROMOTION AND DEMOTION 

OF ASSISTANT CHIEFS AND COMMANDERS, PROBATIONARY 

PERIODS FOR RECRUITS AND SUPERVISORS, SUSPENSION 

OF OFFICERS, REDUCTION IN THE POWER OF THE CIVIL 

SERVICE COMMISSION IN DISCIPLINARY CASES POWER OF 

ASSISTANT CHIEFS AND COMMANDERS TO RECOMMEND 

SUSPENSIONS, AND PROMOTIONS. ADDITIONAL ANALYSES 

OF THE CORPUS CHRISTI BARGAINING EXPERIENCE ARE EX. 

AMINED. FDOTNOTES ACCOMPANY THE TEXT. 

Sponaorlng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA. 



AVllllblllty: GPO Stock Order No. 027.000.00859.3' NCJRS 

MICROFIC~1E PROGRAM. 

' 

'2. POLICING BY OBJECTIVES-A HANDBOOK FOR IMPROVING 

POLICE MANAGEMENT. 9y V. A. LUBANS Ind J M EDGAR 

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, 266 Pl:ARL 'STREET 

ROOM 418, HARTFORD CT 06103. 26-4 p. 1979. ' 

NCJ-45511 

POLICING BY OB.IECTIVES (PBO) IS A PROCESS OF PLAN. 

NING, EXECUTING, AND REVIEWING THE ACTIVITIES OF A 

POLICE ORGANIZATION IN RELATION TO SPECIFIC DESIRED 

RESULTS. BASED ON A PROCESS DESIGNED PRIMARILY FOR 

USE IN BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY, PBO HAS BEEN EXTEN 

SIVELY MODIFIED TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE EXTRAOROI. 

NARY MANAGEME'~T PROBLEMS INHERENT IN THE POLICE 

ENTERPRISE. THE TYPICAL PROBLEMS WHICH BESET THE 

POLICE MANAGER-L1TILE CONTROL OVER THE DEMAND 

FOR THE TYPES, TIMING, OR FREQUENCY OF SERVICES: RE. 

SUL TS WHICH ARE NOT EASILY MEASURED: BUDGET DECI. 

SIONS WHICH ARE OFTEN MADE OUTSIDE THE POLICE 

DEPARTMENT--ARE PROBLEMS WITH WHICH A 

BUSINESS·ORIENTED SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT IS INCAPA- 

'f 

i 

, 

1,: 

BLE OF DEALING. PBO, ON THE OTHER HAND, ACKNOWL 

EDGES THESE AND THE MA~JY OTHER SPECIAL DIFFICUL 

TIES WHICH CHARACTERIZE THE DISTINCTIVE WORLD OF 

POLICE MANAGEMENT. TO MAKE THE NUMEROUS MODIFICA 

TIONS OF THE REQUISITE CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES. RE 

SEARCHERS STUDIED THE PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES OF 37 

POLICE ORGANIZATIONS NOW USING SOME FORM OF PBO. 

THE ADVICE AND OPINIONS OF A PANEL OF ADVISORS 

FROM THE POLICE WORLD AND THE BUSINESS AND ACA· 

DEMIC SECTORS WERE SOLICITED. THIS INFORMATION WAS 

THEN ORGANIZED AND SYNTHESIZED INTO A STEP·BY-STEP 

SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT WHICH IS PRESENTED IN 

HOW-TO FORM. THE RESULT IS A GUIDE TO MODERN 

POLICE MANAGEMENT WRITTEN EXPRESSLY FOR THE 

ACTIVE AND WOUI.D-BE POLICE MANAGER WHICH EMPHA 

SIZES THE PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT RATHER THAN MAN 

AGEMENT THEORY. EACH STEP IN THE PBO PROCESS IS 

PRESENTED. FROM THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DEPARTMENT 

AL MISSION TO THE FINAL ASSESSMENT OF RESULTS. 

CHAPTERS EXPLAIN THE BENEFITS OF PBO MANAGEMENT 

TO THE INDIVIDUAL MANAGER AND HIS ORGANIZATION: 

OUTLINE POSSIBLE APPROACHES TO IMPLEMENTATION: DIS 

CUSS PROBLEMS WHICH MAY ARISE, AND SOME WAYS THEY 

CAN BE AVOIDED OR OVERCOMEi AND OFFER SUGGES· 

TIONS AS TO HOW THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE 

MIGHT BE CHANGED TO MAKE PBO STILL MORE EFFECTIVE. 

DESCRIPTIONS OF PBO SYSTEMS IN ACTUAL OPERATION IN 

SEVERAL POLICE ORGANIZATIONS HAVE BEEN APPENDED 

TO SHOW THE v'ARIOUS WAYS PBO CAN BE EMPLOYED. AN 

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY IN ALSO INCLUDED. 

Sponaorlng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA· 



AVllllblHty: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, 266 

PEARL STREET, ROOM 416, HARTFORD CT 06103. 

13. POLICING URBAN MASS TRANSIT SYSTEMS-PHASE 1 SUM· 

MARY REPORT. By L SIEGEL, M. MOLOF, W. MaY, J. 

STRACK, Ind F. JORDAN JR. MITRE CORPORATION, P 0 

BOX 208. BEDFORD MA 01730. 70 p. 1979. 

NCJ-t02.4 

THIS REPORT ASSESSES WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT CRIME 

AND POLICING .RESPONSES ON URBAN MASS TRANSIT SYS 

TEMS. REPORT FINDINGS ARE BASED ON A LITERATURE 

SURVEY, SITE VISITS, AND INTERVIEWS. THE ASSESSMENT 

CONSISTS OF ANALYZING THE INTERACTIONS AMONG THE 

TRANSIT ENVIRONMENT, CRIME AND POLICING OPER 

ATIONS: EXAMINING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS 

TRANSIT POLICING STRATEGIES AND SUPPORTIVE ANTI 

CRIME MEASURES: AND SUGGESTING NEW EVALUATIVE AND 

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMS. POLICE TRANSIT SYSTEMS USE 

A BROAD RANGE OF STRATEGIES INCLUDING POLICE OPER· 

ATIONS (UNIFORMED AND PLAINCLOTHES PATROL, DECOY, 

STAKEOUT), ELECTRONIC AND MECHANICAL COMMUNICA 

TION AND SECURITY DEVICES (2-WAY RADIO, TELEPHONES, 

CLOSED·CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CClV), SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 

(DRIVER EDUCATION, LIAISON WITH SCHOOLS, COURTS, AND 

NEIGHBORHOODS), TARGET HARDENING VIA ENVIRONMEN· 

TAL AND VEHICULAR REDESIGN (INCREASED LIGHTING, 1M· 

PROVED VISIBILITY, .EXACT FARE, AND SCRIP), AND SELEC· 

TIVE OPERATING ACTIONS (SKIPPING STOPS, CLOSING STA· 

TIONS, ELIMINATING RUNS, REDUCING THE NUMBER OF 

CARS IN A TRAIN). MANY SYSTEMS FOR IMPROVING POLICE 

EFFECTIVENESS HAVE USED MULTIPLE STRATEGIES IN THE 

BELIEF THAT A COMBINATION OF APPROACHES WILL BE 

MORE ECONOMICAL. THE BASIC ASSUMPTIONS THAT GUIDE 

TR~\NSIT POLICE ANTICRIME ACTIVITIES ARE SIMILAR TO 

THOSE IN GENERAL POLICING. BASED ON A REVIEW OF REL· 

EVANT LITERATURE, ON A SERIES OF 12 SITE VISITS, AND 

CONTINUING DISCUSSIONS WITH TRANSIT POLICE OFFI· 

CIALS, THIS STUDY FOUND THAT THE CRIME PROBLEM IN 

MASS TRANSIT ESSENTIALLY IS CONCENTRATED IN THE NA 

TION'S LARGE CITIES, THAT CERTAIN TYPES OF TRANSIT 

CRIME ARE MORE AMENABLE TO COfl!TROL THAN OTHERS, 

AND THAT METHODS OF FARE COLLECTION FREQUENTLY 

INFLUENCE THE SELECTION OF POLICING STRATEGIES. EN· 

VIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS AGE, POOR 

LIGHTING, MULTIPLE EXITS. AND RECESSED AREAS HINDER 

SURVEILLANCE. WHEREAS NEW STATIONS ARE DESIGNED 

TO INCREASE VISIBILITY AND IMPROVE ACCESS CONTROL. 

SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED PATROLS GENERALLY REDUCE 

CRIME. AND STAKEOUT AND DECOY OPERATIONS ARE EF 

FECTIVE. OTHER POLICING ACTIVITIES HAVE NOT BEEN 

EVALUATED FORMALLY IN TERMS OF THEIR IMPACT ON 

TRANSIT CRIME. THE IMPACT OF VARIOUS POLICING STRAT 

EGIES ON PASSENGER PERCEPTIONS OF SECURITY ALSO 

ARE DISCUSSED. FOOTNOTES, CHARTS. AND A BIBLIOGRA 

PHY ARE INCLUDED. 

SUpplementil Not .. : SERIES A, NUMBER 23. 

Sponaorlng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA 



AVlllablllty: GPO. Stock Order No. 027-000-00858·5. 

14. PRE·RELEASE CENTER PROGRAM TEST DESIGN. US DE· 

PARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW 

ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA 

AVENUE NW. WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 22 p. 1978. 

NCJ-66869 

NILECJ IS SPONSORING A FIELD TEST OF PRERELEASE CEN· 

TERS AT A LIMITED NUMBER OF SITES. USING THIS PRO· 

GRAM TEST DESIGN AS A BASIS. THE TESTS SHOULD 

, ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A PROGRAM STRATEGY IN 

VARIOUS SETTINGS. THE GOAL OF THE TESTING EFFORT IS 

TO IDENTIFY AND TEST A SET OF FOUR PROGRAM COMPO· 

NENTS FOR COUNTY-BASED, CORRECTIONAL, PRERELEASE 

CENTERS. A MAJOR CONCERN IN THE REPLICABILITY m~ 

THE COMPONENTS. THE COMPONENTS INCLUDE (1) 

COMMUNITY·BASED WORK OR EDUCATION RELEASE IN 

WHICH SENTENCED INMATES ARE RELEASED FOR EMPLOY· 

MENT AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OPERATED BY THE 

COUNTY AND LOCATED IN A SEPARATE FACILITY OR UNIT: 

(2) CLIENT PARTICIPATION, LIMITED TO INMATES WHO HAVE 

BEEN SENTENCED TO SERVE TIME IN PRISONS OR JAILS: (3) 

COMPREHENSIVE SEHVICES, INCLUDING PROGRAM CON· 

TRACTS, TREATMENT SERVICES, AND FINANCIAL PAYMENT 

BY INMATES: AND (4) SUPERVISION WITH INCREASED FREE 

DOM BASED ON A GRADUATED RELEASE PROGRAM. PAR 

TICIPANT SUPERVISION, AND WRITTEN RULES AND ADMINIS· 

TRATIVE PROCESSES. THE PROGRAM TEST DESIGN IN· 

CLUDES f~ANDOM .4SSIGNMENT OF ALL SELECTED ELlG!BLE 

CLIENTS TO EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS. A 

COMPARISON GROUP COMPOSED OF IN~4ATES NOT ELIGI· 

BLE FOR PROGRAM SERVICES, AND SEPARATE ANALYSES 

OF THE PERFORMANCES OF JAIL AND PRISON INMATES. 

THESE EVALUATIONS WILL SEEK TO DETERMINE THE PRO· 

GRAMS' IMPACT ON PARTICIPATING CLiENTS AND COMMUNI 

TY, WILL ASSESS THE ECONOMIC UTILITY OF THE PRO· 

GRAMS TO THE CRIMINAL JUISTICE SYSTEM, AND WILL IDEN· 

TIFY THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF MAJOR COMPONENTS. TO 

ASSURE THAT THE SELECTED TEST SITES PROVIDE COM· 

PREHENSIVE PROGRAMS CONSISTENT WITH THE TEST 

DESIGN, EACH SELECTED COUNTY CORRECTIONAL AGENCY 

WILL BE REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT OR UPGRADE CERTAIN 

PROGRAMMATIC ELEMENTS. EACH PARTICIPATING COUNTY 

AGENCY WILL BE PROVIDED FUNDS TO COVER THE DEVEL· 

OPMENT OF THEIR CURRENTLY OPERATING PRERELEASE 

PROGRAM INTO ONE WHICH INCLUDES ALL THE PROGRAM 

TEST DESIGN ELEMENTS. FROM THE GRANT AWARD DATE, 

AGENCIES WILL BE EXPECTED TO COMPLETE THE PROJECT 

IN 18 MONTHS (3 MONTHS FOR PLANNING AND 12·15 

Ji 

,"\ 

. "~ 

29

__--______ ~~--____________ _~------~~.~c~,~ ----~q,~______ ~ ____________________----~~--~--------.--~--~--------~- ----- 

r- 

--------- ------.-------- 

, ., 

PRETRIAL 

PUBLICATIONS 

OF THE NIJ 

REDUCING 

, j} 

I, 

i 

L' 

Ii 

i 

I, 

r 

f; 

MONTHS FOR IMPLEMENTATION). SITE SELECTION CRITERIA 

ARE LISTED. 

AVlllablllty: GPO. Slock Order No. 027·000·00927·1. 

IS. PFiETRIAL SETTLEMENT CONFERENCE-AN EVALUATION 

REPORT. By W. It. KERSETTER Ind A. M. HEINZ. UNI· 

VERSITY OF CHICAGO CENTER FOR STUDIES IN CRIMINAL 

JUSTICE, 1111 EAST 60TH STREET, CHICAGO IL 60637. 203 

p. 1979. NCJ·56175 

DIRECTED AT BOTH CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRACTITIONERS AND 

RESEARCHERS, THIS STUDY OUTLINES A DADE COUNTY, 

FLA., PROPOSAL TO VOLUNTARILY INVOLVE VICTIMS, DE· 

FENDANTS, AND POLICE IN JUDICIAL PLEA NEGOTIATION 

CONFERENCES. SUPPORTED BY LEAA, THE STUDY HAD SEV· 

ERAL OBJECTIVES: (1) TO DETERMINE WHETHER PRETRIAL 

SETTLEMENT CONFERENCES WERE A FEASIBLE CASE DIS· 

POSITION PROCEDURE IN A MAJOR URBAN AREA FELONY 

COURT: (2) TO MAKE A PRELIMINARY DETERMINATION OF 

THE PROCEDURE'S IMPACT ON CASE PROCESSING AND DIS· 

POSITION: AND (3) TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF THE CONFER· 

ENCE ON THE JUDGES, ATTORNEYS, VICTIMS, DEFENDANTS, 

AND POLICE INVOLVED. THE FIELD EXPERIMENT IN DADE 

COUNTY PROPOSED THAT ALL PLEA NEGOTIATIONS TAKE 

PI.ACE IN FRONT OF A JUDGE AND THAT THE VICTIM, DE· 

FENDANT, AND POLICE OFFICER BE INVITED. THE CONFER· 

ENCES WERE BRIEF, BUT GENERALLY REACHED .IT LEAST 

AN OUTLINE OF A SETTLEMENT. THEY USUALLY INCLUDED 

AT LEAST ONE LAY PARTY, ALTHOUGH THE ATTENDANCE 

RATES FOR THE VICTIM AND POLICE OFFICER WERE LOW. 

THE CHANGE IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE PLEA PROCESS 

REDUCED THE TIME INVOLVED IN CLEARING CASES BY LOW· 

ERING THE INFORJ.'ATION AND DECISION MAKING COSTS TO 

THE JUDGES AND ATTORNEYS. NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES 

IN THE SETTLEMENT RATE OR IN THE IMPOSITION OF CRIMI· 

NAL SANCTIONS WERE NOTED. THERE WAS SOME EVI· 

DENCE THAT THE POLICE AND, TO SOME EXTENT, THE VIC· 

TIMS WHO ATTENDED THE SESSIONS OBTAINED MORE IN· 

FORMATION AND HAD MORE POSITIVE ATTITUDES ABOUT 

THE WAY THE CASES WERE HANDLED. A BRIEF BACK· 

GROUND DISCUSSION AND LITERATURE ARE PROVIDED, 

ALONG WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE FULL PRETr:lj~L SET· 

TI.EMENT CONFERENCE PROPOSAL AND ITS RATIONALE. 

THE ISSUES ADDRESSED IN IMPLEMENTING THE PROPOSAL 

ARE DISCUSSED, AS ARE THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, 

FINDINGS, AND IMPLICATIONS. TABULAR AND GRAPHIC 

DATA ARE PROVIDED. THE SAM~LE PROCEDURE AND IN· 

STRUMENTS ARE APPENDED. 

Spontorlng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA· 



AVllllblllty: GPO Slock Order No. 027·000·00818·6: NCJRS 


Ie. PRISON GRIEVANCE MECHANISMS-MANUAL. By J. M. 

KEATING. CENTER FOR COMMUNITY JUSTICE, 918 18TH 

STREET NW, WASHINGTON DC 20006. 89 p. 1977. 

NCJ·43402 

THIS BASIC REFERENCE WORK PROVIDES AN OVERALL 

VIEW OF THE PROCEDURES THAT COMPRISE AN EFFECTIVE 

PRISON GRIEVANCE MECHANISM, AS WELL AS PRINCIPLES 

AND GUIDELINES FOR DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A 

MECHANISM. THE MANUAL DISCUSSES THE NEED FOR 

PRISON GRIEVANCE MECHANISMS AND PRINCIPLES OF ES· 

TABLISHING AN EFFECTIVE GRIEVANCE MECHANISM 

(DESIGN PRINCIPLES, MODEL MECHANISMS BASED ON THE 

DESIGN PRINCIPLES, AND iMPLEMENTATION PRINCIPLES), 

ALSO PRESENTED ARE BA&Iv REASONS FOR ESTABLISHING 

AN EFFECTIVE GRIEVANCE MECHANISM, A RESPONSE TO 

PRINCIPAL OBJECTIONS AGAINST THE INTRODUCTION OF 

AN EFFECTIVE MECHANISM, AND THE PROCESS OF IMPLE· 

MENTING A GRIEVANCE MECHANISM BASED ON DESIGN 

PRINCIPLES. 

Supplementll Not ..: EXECUTIVE TRAINING PROGRAM IN AD· 

VANCED CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRACTICES. 

Span,orlng Aglncl ..: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OFFICE 

OF DEVELOPMENT, TESTING AND DISSEMINATION, 633 INDI· 

ANA AVENUE, WASHINGTON DC 20531: UNIVERSITY RE· 

SEARCH CORPORATION, 5530 WISCONSIN AVENUE, WASH· 

INGTON DC. 

AVlnlbUlty: NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM. 

17. PRISON GRIEVANCE MECHANISMS-PARTICIPANT'S HAND 

BOOK. By J. M. KEATING. CENYER FOR COMMUNITY 

JUSTICE, 918 16TH STREET NW, WASHINGTON DC 20006. 

69 p. 1977. NCJ·40306 

TRAINING SESSION OFFERS AIDS TO PARTICIPANTS IN THE 

RES,)LUTION OF PRISONERS' GRIEVANCES. A NUMBER OF 

GUIDES ARE PRESENTED THAT ARE HELPFUL IN ESTABLISH· 

ING A GRIEVANCE MECHANISM. SOME OF THESE INVOLVE 

WRITIEN RESPONSES, INCLUDING THE REASON FOR THE 

DECISION WHICH MUST BE GIVEN FOR All GRIEVANCES. 

GRIEVANCES MUST SE ANSWERED WITHIN PRESCRIBED, 

REASONABLE TIME LIMITS: SPECIAL PROVISIONS MUST BE 

MADE FOR RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES: AND OUTSIDE 

REVIEW OF GRIEVANCES MUST BE AVAILABLE. VARIOUS 

LEVELS OF THE GRIEVANCE PROCEDURE ARE GIVEN, AND 

SAMPLE GRIEVANCES ARE INCLUDED. 

Supplem.nlll Not .. : NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE EXECU· 

TIVE TRAINING PROGRAM. 

SponlOring Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OFFICE 



AVlnlbUlIy: NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM. 

88. PRISON GRIEVANCE MECHANISMS-TRAINER'S HAND 

BOOK. By J. M. KEATING. UNIVERSITY RESEARCH COR· 

PORATION, 5530 WISCONSIN AVENUE, WASHINGTON DC. 

140 p. 1977. NCJ·S4148 

PART OF LEAA'S EXECUTIVE TRAINING PROGRAM IN AD· 

VANCED CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRACTICES, THIS TRAINER'S 

MANUAL OUTLINES WORKSHOP SESSIONS ON DEVELOPING 

AND IMPLEMENTING PRISONER GRIEVANCE MECHANISMS. 

THE 10·SESSION, a·DAY WORKSHOP IS DESIGNED TO HELP 

PARTICIPANTS GAIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE PRINCI· 

PLES ESSENTIAL TO CREATING EFFECTIVE PRISON GRIEV· 

ANCE MECHANISMS, AN AWARENESS OF THE POTENTIAL 

BENEFITS·DIRECT AND INDIRECT··OF EFFECTIVE GRIEVANCE 

MECHANISMS, AN AP?RECIATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF 

THOROUGH PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION, A GRASP OF 

THE TECHNIQUES THAT ARE HELPFUL IN SOLVING PROB· 

LEMS OF PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION, AND A KNOWl· 

EDGE OF THE RESOURCES AVAILAfJlE NATIONALLY, RE· 

GIONALL Y, AND LOCALLY TO CORRECTIONAL SYSTEMS 

ABOUT TO IMPLEMENT GRIEVANCE MECHANISMS. FOCUS· 

ING SOLELY ON THE TRAINER'S ROLE, THE MANUAL LISTS 

THE GOALS OF EACH WORKSHOP SESSION, ALONG WITH 

THE PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES, INSTRUCTIONAL METH· 

ODS, AND MATERIALS/LOGISTICS PRIMARY TO THE SES· 

SION'S SELECTED TOPIC. THE MANUAL IS INTENDED AS AN 

AID TO SESSION MANAGERS IN GUIDING THE PARTICIPANTS 

IN APPROACHING, DISCUSSING, AND DEVELOPING DESIGN, 

IMPLEMENTATION, AND EVALUATION PRINCIPLES RELATIVE 

TO EFFECTIVE INMATE GRIEVANCE MECHANISMS. SEE ALSO 

NCJ 40306 AND 43402. 

Suppllmentll Not ..: FROM THE EXECUTIVE TRAINING PRO· 

GRAM IN ADVANCED CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRACTICES. 

SponlOrlng Agency: US DEPARTMEI~r OF JUSTICE OFFICE 



AVllllbUlly: NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM. 

18. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW EN. 

FORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE-A COMPREHENSIVE 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1878 SUPPLEMENT. J. FERRY Ind M. KRA. 

VITZ, Edl. NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE 

SERVICE, BOX 6000, ROCKVILLE MD 20850. 124 p. 1979. 

NCJ·S7N7 

THIS ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY REPRESENTS THE FIRST 

ANNUAL SUPPLEMENT TO AN EARLIER, COMPREHENSIVE 

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MATERIALS PUBLISHED BY THE NATION. 

Al IN5TITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUS. 

TICE BETWEEN 1968 AND 1977. CONTAINING CITATIONS FOR 

SEVERAL PRE·1978 DOCUMENTS AND ALL DOCUMENTS PU9. 

LlSHED FOR DISTRIBUTION THROUGH THE U.S. GOVERN. 

MENT PRINTING OFFICE OR THE NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUS. 

TICE REFERENCE SERVICE IN 1978, THIS COMPENDIUM PAO. 

VIDES BOTH SUBJECT AND TITLE INDEXES TO ASSIST RE. 

SEARCHERS. IN THE FIRST SECTION, 136 CITATIONS ARE 

liSTED BY NCJRS DATA BASE NUMBERS··AN IDENTIFYING 

CODE ASSIGNED TO EACH DOCUMENT AS.lT 'ENTERS THE 

NATIONAL INSTITUTE'S COMPUTER SYSTEM. COMPLETE BIB. 

LlOGRAPHIC CITATIONS, AVAILABILITY INFORMATION, AND 

ABSTRACTS ARE PROVIDED FOR EACH DOCUMENT. THE 

NEXT SECTION CONTAINS LISTINGS OF SEVERAL SPECIAL. 

IZED TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS: (1) PRESCRIPTIVE PACKAGES 

AND PROGRAM MODELS··COMPILATION OF THE MOST SUC· 

CESSFUl APPROACHES TO PARTICULAR CRIMINAL JUSTICE 

PROBLEMS: (2) NATIONAL EVALUATION 

PROGRAMS-PRACTICAL INFORMATION ON THE EFFECTIVE· 

NESS, COST, AND PROBLEMS OF CERTAIN WIDELY tidED 

CAIMINAl JUSTICE PROGRAMS: (3) EXEMPLARY 

PROJECTS·.QUTSTANDING LOCAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRO· 

JECTS SUITABLE FOR ADAPTATION TO OTHER COMMUNI· 

TIES: AND (4) SELECTED BIBlIOGRAPHIES··TOPICAl BIBLIOG. 

RAPHIES THAT REFLECT CURRENT INTERESTS AND DEVEl· 

OPMENTS IN LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE. 

THESE CITATIONS ARE liSTED ALPHABETICALLY, ALTHOUGH 

NCJRS DATA BASE ACCESS NUMBERS ARE INCLUDED. IN· 

FORMATION ON HOW TO OBTAIN THE CITED MATERIALS IS 

ALSO PROVIDED. 

Spontorlng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE lEAA NA· 


JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531, 

AVllllblllty: GPO. Stock Order No. 027-

- ~~. -, -- ~'~~ -.~, ...... "I'qI:a ... ;' " . .- "'''~'''~'''V " ~ 

·-.;i*,t~" 

, 

" 

RESTITUTION 

PUBLICATIONS 

OF THE NIJ 

SELECTION 

PROJECT CONDUCTED IN AN URBAN RESIDENTiAL NEIGH· 

BORHOOD IN HARTFORD, CONN. BEGUN IN 1973, THE HART· 

FORD PROJECT SET OUT TO ASSESS THE NATURE OF 

CRIME IN THE NORTH ASYLUM HILL' TARGET AREA AND TO 

IDENTIFY ITS' CONTRIBUTING FACTORS. THE PREMISE OF 

THE: PROJECT WAS THAT THE ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM 

AND THE PROPOSED SOLUTION SHOULD TAKE INTO AC. 

COUNT THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, THE POLICE AND THE 

CITIZENS, AND THAT AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO CRIME 

REDUCTION WAS MORE LIKELY TO SUCCEED THAN AN AP. 

PROACH THAT OMITTED EITHER THE PHYSICAL DESIGN, THE 

POLICE, OR COMMUNITY RESIDENTS. A NUMBER OF FEA. 

TURES OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT CONTRIBUTED TO 

THE BREAKDOWN OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD'S RESIDENTIAL 

CHARACTER. CARS AND PEDESTRIANS PASSING THROUGH 

THE AREA DOMINATED THE STREETS AND DEPERSONAL. 

IZED THEM. THE STREETS BELONGED MORE TO OUTSIDERS 

THAN TO RESIDENTS, CREATING AN IDEAL ENVIRONMENT 

FOR POTENTIAL OFFENDERS. TO REDUCE CRIME IN THE 

AREA, A THREE·PART PROGRAM, IMPLEMENTED IN 1976, IN. 

CLUDED (1) CLOSING AND NARROWED STREETS TO REDUCE 

OUTSIDE TRAFFIC AND INCREASE RESIDENTIAL CHARAC. 

TER; (2) INSTITUTING A NEIGHBORHOOD POLICE UNIT WITH 

STRONG RELATIONSHIPS TO THE RESIDENTS; (3) CREATING 

AND ENCOURAGING AREA ORGANIZATIONS TO WORK WITH 

POLICE AND TO INITIATE RESIDENTS EFFORTS TO IMPROVE 

THE NEIGHBORHOOD. AFTER 1 YEAR OF THE PROGRAM AN 

EVALUATION REIiEALED THAT BURGLARY HAD DECREASED 

BY 42 PERCENT IN THE TARGET AREA, INSTANCES OF ROB. 

BERY (PURSE SNATCHING) WERE REDUCED BY 28 PERCENT, 

AND FEAR OF BURGLARY AND ROBBERY HAD DECREASED 

AS WELL. ALL OF THE PROGRAM COMPONENTS PLAYED A 

ROLE IN REDUCING CRIME, ALTHOUGH INCREASED RESI. 

DENT USE OF NEIGHBORHOOD STREETS AND OPEN SPACES 

AND INCREASED EFFORTS TO CONTROL NEIGHBORHOOD 

ACTIVITY APPEARED TO BE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT REA. 

SONS FC'R THE INITIAL SUCCESS OF THE PROGRAM. THE 

PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT WERE IMPLEMENTED APPEARED 

TO BE ESSENTIAL IN ACHIEVING SUCCESSFUL RESULTS. EX. 

TENSIVE STATISTICAL DATA AND REFEAENCE NOTES AC. 

COMPANY THE TEXT. 

8ponIOIIng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA. 



Avlllleblllty: GPO Stock Order No. 027.()()().()()877.1· NCJRS 


' 

'3. RESTITUTION-A SELECTED BIBUOGRAPHY. A. A. CAIN 

end M. KRAVITZ, E'-. NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE REF. 

ERENCE SERVICE, BOX 6000, ROCKVILLE MD 20850. 64 p. 

1979. NCJ-62011 

THIS ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY HAS BEEN COMPILED 

FROM THE DATA BASE OF THE NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE 

REFERENCE SERVICE TO HIGHLIGHT THE GROWING LITERA. 

TURE ON RESTITUTION. RESTITUTION IS A SENTENCING AL. 

TERNATIVE THAT REQUIRES THE OFFENDER TO MAKE A 

MONEY OR SERVICE PAYMENT TO THE VICTIMS OF THE 

CRIME OR TO SUaSTITUTE VICTIMS. IN MANY RESTITUTION 

PROGRAMS THE OFFENDER IS REQUIRED TO COMPENSATE 

THE VICTIM FOR DAMAGE OR LOSS SUFFERED AS A RESULT 

OF THE CRIMINAL ACT. PROPONI:NTS OF THESE PROGRAMS 

POINT TO THEIR DUAL BENEFITS: OFFENDERS ARE MADE 

MORE RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR CRIMES, AND THE 

LONG·FORGOTTEN VICTIMS RECEIVE SOME ATTENTION AND 

BENEFITS FROM THE PERPETRATORS OF CRIMES AGAINST 

THEM. WHEN THE OFFENDER IS SENTENCED TO COMMUNI. 

TY SERVICE, SOCIETY AS A WHOL':: RECEIVES REPARATIONS 

FROM THE OFFENDER. RESTITUTION CAN BE IMPOSED AS 

AN ALTERNATIVE SENTENCE OR AS A SUPPLEMENTAL SEN. 

TENCE. THE 77 ENTRIES OF THIS ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRA. 

PHY ARE GROUPED IN THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS: OVER. 

VIEW, RESTITUTION THEORY, AND RESTITUTION PROGRAMS. 

ENTRIES ARE DATED FROM 1972 TO 1978 AND INCLUDE 

BOOKS, JOURNAL ARTICLES, PROGRAM REPORTS, AND RE. 

SEARCH REPORTS. ALL ENTRIES ARE IN ENGLISH; MOST 

ORIGINATE IN THE UNITED STATES, AND A FEW COME FROM 

CANADA. INFORMATION IS INCLUDED ON HOW TO OBTAIN 

THE DOCUMENTS CITED. THE APPENDIXES CONTAIN A LIST 

OF SOURCES AND A LIST OF LEAA GRANT FlECIPIENTS. 

(AUTHOR ABSTRACT MODIFIED) 

SponlOring Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA. 



AVlllablllly: GPO. Stock Order No. 027·000-00883-6. NCJRS. 

114. SCHOOL CRIME-THE PROBLEM AND SOME ATTEMPTED 

SOLUTIONS. US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NATION. 

AL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUS 

TICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC .20531. 

16 p. 1979. tlCStHOl 

ALTHOUGH THE NATIONAL iNSTITUTE OF EDUCATION SAFE 

SCHOOLS STUDY PRESENTS SOME ALARMING STATISTICS 

ABOUT SCHOOL CRIME, IT ALSO CHALLENGES A NUMBER 

OF ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE EXTENT OF SUCH CRIME. 

OVER 61,000 TEACHERS WERE PHYSICALLY ASSAULTED IN 

1976; AN ESTIMATED 282,000 JUNIOR AND SENIOR HIGH 

SCHOOL STUDENTS ARE ATTACKED EACH MONTH AND 

112,000 ARE ROBBED; SCHOOL VANDALISM COSTS RANGE 

FROM $50· TO $6OO·MILLION ANNUALLY. YET RESEARCHERS 

HAVE ALSO FOUND THAT MOST ADMINISTRATORS BEl.IEVE 

VIOLENCE AND VANDALISM HAVE LEVELED OFF IN THE LAST 

5 YEARS, THAT MOST PROBLEMS OF VIOLENCE IN THE 

SCHOOLS ARE NOT CAUSED BY OUTSIDERS, THAT THE 

FEAR OF CRIME MAY BE MORE DAMAGING THAN ACTUAL 

CRIMINAL ACTS, AND THAT THE CRIME PROBLEM CAN BE 

REDUCED THROUGH SPECIFIC PROGRAM CHANGES. SUG. 

GESTED STRATEGIES INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: THE HARD. 

WARE APPROACH WHICH EMPHASIZES BUILDING SECURITV 

AND ENLISTS THE HELP OF POLICE IN COMBATING CRIME, 

THE PREVENTIVE APPROACH WHICH EMPHASI2ES HIGHLY 

VISIBLE SURVEILLANCE PERSONNEL AND HARDWARE, THE 

CORRECTIVE VIEW WHICH UNDERLINES ATTENTION TO DIS 

CIPLINARY PROCEDURES AND CURRICULUM, THE INTER. 

AGENCY APPROACH THAT DRAWS ON PUBLIC OR PRIVATE 

AGENCY PERSONNEL FOR YOUTH SERVICES, AND THE INTE. 

GRATIVE APPROACH WHICH TRANSFORMS SCHOOL CON. 

FLICT INTO AN OPPORTUNITY FOR STUDY. COMMUNITY 

GROUPS INTERESTED IN REDUCING SCHOOL CRIME CAN 

CONTACT THE NEW SCHOOL RESOURCE NETWORK, 

FUNDED BY THE LEAA OFFICE OF JUVENILE JUSTICE AND 

DELINQUENCY PREVENTION, TO PROVIDE TRAINING, TECH. 

NICAL ASSISTANCE, AND INFORMATION THROUGH FOUR RE. 

GIONAL CENTERS. REFERENCE AND ORGANIZATIONAL LISTS 

ARE ATTACHED. 

AVlllablllly: GPO Stock Order No. 027,()()0.()0860.7· NCJRS 


' 

95. SEAnu: (WA)-FOCUS ON ROBIERY-THE HIDDEN CAM. 

ERAS PROJECT-AN EXEMPLARY REPORT. .~ D. WHIT. 

CBOMRIDGB'E MABT ASSOCIATE~~, INC, 55 WHEELER STREET, CAM· 

A 02138. 77 p •. 1979. NCJ.1l1014 

THE POLICE IN SEATTLE, WASH., HAVE TAKEN A NEW AP. 

PROACH TO ROBBERY PREVENTION IN HIGH RISK BUSI. 

NESSES BY USING CONCEALED CAMERAS THAT ARE ACTI. 

VATED WHEN A 'TRIP' Bll,L IS REMOVED FROM THE CASH 

REGISTER. '!"HE CAMERAS TAKE CLEAR PICTURES OF THE 

ROBBERY.IN.PROGRESS, MAKING SUSPECT IDENTIFICATION 

POSSIBLE AND GAINING ADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE FOR TRIAL. 

THE CONCEPT WAS IMPLEMENTED ACCORDING TO A RIGOR. 

OUS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN; IMPLEMENTATION, ORGANIZA. 

TION, SITE SELECTION, EQUIPMENT OPERATiONS, POLICE 

PROCEDURES, RECORDKEEPING, AND PROJECT COSTS ARE 

DOCUMENTED IN THIS REPOAT AS WELL AS THE EXPERI. 

MENTAL DESIGN AND PROJECT FINDINGS. BUSINESSES 

WITH THE HIDDEN CAMERAS WERE COMPARED TO A CON. 

TROL GROUP WITHOUT CAMERAS AT 150 SITES (75 EXPERI. 

MENTAL, 75 CONTROL). ONE HUNDRED OFFENSES WERE 

REPORTED FROM MID.JUNE 1976 TO APRIL 27,1977, INCLUD. 

ING 38 ROBBERIES AT THE EXPERIMENTAL SITES AND 66 

ROBBERIES AT CONTROl. SITES. EVALUATION OF THE PROJ· 

ECT DEMONSTRATES THAT 66 PERCENT OF EXPERIMENTAL 

GROUP CASES WERE CLEARED EITHER BY ARREST OR EX· 

CEPTION, COMPARED TO 55 PERCENT OF CONTROL GROUP 

CASES, WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF CONTROL CASES BEING 

CLEARED USING PICTURES TAKEN AT EXPERIMENTAL SITES. 

A DECLINE IN COMMERCIAL ROBBERY FOLLOWING THE 

PROJECT ONSET WAS SIGNIFICANTLY COP-RELATED WITH 

THE NUMBER OF ROBBERS ARRESTED AND CONVICTED 

DURING THE PROJECT PERIOD. PROJECT OBJECTIVES WERE 

ACHIEVED WITHOUT INCREASING RISK TO VICTIMS, POLICE, 

OR OFFENDERS, AND CONVICTIONS FOR HIDDEN CAMERA 

CASES WERE ACHIEVED AT A LOWER C'()ST THAN WERE 

CONVICTIONS FOR CONTROL CASES. FURTHERMORE, THE 

HIDDEN CAMERAS PROJECT IS RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE 

AND EASY TO OPERATE. HIDDEN CAMERA PROJECTS IN SIX 

OTHER CITIES ARE DISCUSSED AS WELL AS HOW TO GO 

ABOUT DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING SIMILAR PRO· 

JECTS. APPENDIXES CONTAIN SAMPLE DAILY MONITORING 

FORMS USED BY CAMERA OFFICERS IN KANSAS CITY, MO., 

SEATTLE'S DATA COLLECTION FORMS, AND A COST ANALY· 

SIS OF THE SEATTLE PROJECT. 

Spon~ring Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUS •.: LEAANA· 

TIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMIN~!. 

JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 205~1. 

AVlllabllily: GPO Stock Order No. 027.()()Q'()()799-8j NCJRS 


l1li. SECOND NATIONAL WORKSHOP ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE 

EVALUATION ABSTRACTS-WASHINGTON, DC, NOVEMBER 

20-21, 187.. 51 p. 1978. NCJ·1I3103 

THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRE· 

SENTED AT A 1978 NATIONAL WORKSHOP ON CRIMINAL JUS· 

TICE EVALUATION THAT WAS SPONSORED BY THE LEM 

AND HELD IN WASHINGTON, D.C. TOPICS OF THE AB· 

STRACTS, BY WORKSHOP PANEL, ARE AS FOLLOWS: (1) 

DRUG ABUSE (POLICE NARCOTICS CONTROL), (2) SENTENC· 

ING (MASSACHUSETTS GUN CONTROL LAW AND SENTENC· 

ING LAWS IN PENNSYLVANIA), (3) PRETRIAL SERVICES (DESK 

APPEARANCE TICKETS IN NEW YORK CITY, PRETRIAL DIVER· 

SION, AND WHETHER PRETRIAL PERFORMANCE IS AFFECT· 

ED BY SUPERVISION), (4) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 

(RANDOM TIME QUOTA SELECTION AND BAYESIAN ANALY· 

SIS OF CRIME RATES), (5) CAREER CRIMINALS (CAREER OF· 

FENDERS AND JUSTICE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AND THE 

PRISON EXPERIENCE OF CAREER CRIMINALS), (8) CORREC· 

TIONS AND REHABILITATION (THE AMERICAN MEDICAL AS· 

SOCIATION'S PROGRAM TO IMPROVE HEALTH CARE IN JAILS 

AND A POINT SYSTEM FOR TEMPORARY RELEASE SELEC· 

TION), (7) ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (COMMERCIAL SECURITY 

SURVEYS AND TARGET HARDENING), (8) CRIMINAL JUSTICE 

PLANNING (LOCAL PLANNING IN NEW JERSEY), (9) EVALUAT· 

ING EVALUATIONS (MANPOWER SERVICE PROGRAMS FOR 

ILLINOIS OFFENDERS AND A CASE STUDY IN THE NATIONAL 

EVALUATION PROCESS FOR SYNTHESIZINe,:I EVALUATIONS 

AND ASSESSING EVALUABILITY), (10) EVALt 'ATING PO,LICE 

PRACTICES (BURGLARY INVESTIGATION, A SINGLE FINGER· 

PRINT PROJECT, AND AN AUTOMATIC VEHICLE MONITORING 

SYSTEM), (11) EVALUATING JUVENILE JUSTICE PROGRAMS 

(SERIOUS JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND SECURE CARE, SUP· 

PRESSION EFFECT IN BEFORE·AFTER COMPARISONS, AND 

TITLE I PROGRAMS FOR NEGLECTED AND DELINQUENT 

YOUTH), (12) CORRECTIONAL FIELD SERVICES (RECIDIVISM 

AS A FUNCTION OF PROBATION SUPEAVISION AND EFFECTS 

OF FINANCIAL AID AND EMPLOYMENT ASSISTANCE ON 

EX·PRISONERS), (13) UNIFIED DELINQUENCY INTERVENTION 

SERVICES (HOW A REGRESSION ARTIFACT CAN MAKE ANY 

DELINQUENCY INTERVENTION PROGRAM LOOK EFFECTIVE), 

(14) PLEA BARGAINING, AND (15) POLICE RESEARCH AND 

EVALUATION (HIDDEN CAMERA USE IN SEATTLE, WASH., 

AND EFFECTS OF POLICE RESPONSE TIME ON CITIZEN SAT· 

ISFACTION). THE ADDRESSES OF PEOPLE WHO PRESENTED 

THE PAPERS IS PROVIDED. 

SponsorIng ~,;.ncy: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA· 



Av.u.bIIIty: NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM. 

'7. SECURITY AND'rHE SMALL BUSINESS RETAILER, 1tl7l~. fl~ 

E. CHELIMSKY, F. C. JORDAN JR, 1. S. RUSSELL, Ind J. R. 

STRACK. MITRE CORPORATION WASHINGTON OPER· 

ATIONS, 1820 DOLLEY MADISON BOULEVARD, MCLEAN VA 

22101. 122 p. 1978. Ned·S1a3S 

THIS HANDBOOK FOR SMALL BUSINESSES CONSIDERS THE 

CRIME THREAT PROBl.EM AND INSTRUCTS OWNERS ON 

HOW TO DETERMINE THEIR VULNERABILITY TO CRIME. A 

GUIDE TO ECONOMICAL AND RELIABLE EQUIPMENT AND SE· 

CURITY PLANNING IS PROVIDED. THE EXTENT AND NATURE 

OF LOSS WHICH SMALL BUSINESSES PRESENTLY SUFFER 

DUE TO CRIME IS ASSESSED, AND DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS 

OF THE NATURE OF THE FOUR CRIMES THAT MOST OFTEN 

PLAGUE SMALL BUSINESSES-·ROBBERY, BURGLARY, SHOo 

PLiFTING, AND INTERNAL THREAT .. ARE PRESENTED. THIS 

HELPS SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS EVALUATE THEIR OWN 

VULNERABILITY TO CRIME. THE OPERATING METHODS OF 

THE FOUR TYPES OF CRIMINALS ARE DISCUSSED AND A 

GUIDE FOR ASSESSING VULNERABILITY IS INCLUDED. THE 

CRIMINAL'S POINT OF VIEW IS USED IN DISCUSSING WEAK· 

NESSES IN INSTALLATION AND PROCEDURES. A SECTION OF 

THE HANDBOOK IS DESIGNED TO AID IN INTERPRETING 

FINDINGS AND PRESENTS THE RANGE OF SECURITY TECH· 

NIQUES AVAILABLE TO SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS. A CATA· 

LOG OF AVAILABLE, LOW.coST SECURITY TECHNIQUES IS 

PROVIDED. COVERED ARE PROPERTY LINE PROTECTION, 

ENTRY PROTECTION, SPACE PROTECTION, POINT PROTEC· 

TION, AND ALARMS. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING THE HAND· 

BOOK PRECEDE THE BODY OF THE TEXT AND APPENDIXES 

COr-.,AIN A SHOPLIFTING GUIDE FOR RETAILERS, SECURITY 

ORDINANCES FOR OAKLAND, CALIF., A LISTING OF SECU· 

RITY CONSULTANTS, AND A DICTIONAt=lY OF 

ANTI·INTRUSION DEVICES FOR ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS. 

A FEDERAL CRIME INSURANCE APPLICATION FORM IS ALSO 

INCLUDED. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT MODIFIED) 

SponaorIng Agency: US DEPAATMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA· 



Avlllleblllty: MITRE CORPORATION WASHINGTON OPER· 

ATIO~jS, 1820 DOLLEY MADISON BOULEVARD, MCLEAN VA 

22101 Stock Order No. MTR·7713j GPO Stock Ordor No. 

027.()()Q.()()765·1; NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM. 

II. SELECTION AND APPLICATION GUIDE TO COMMERCIAL IN· 

TRUIION ALARM SYSTEMS. B~ A. H. SHER Ind G. N. 

lTENIAKKEN. US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATION· 

,AL BUREAU OF STANDARDS LAW ENFORCEMENT STAND· 

ARDS LABORATORY, W1.SHINGTON DC 20234. 43 p. 1979. 

NCJ-I1272 

TO PROVIDE BUSINESSES WITH A BETTER UNDERSTANDING 

OF INTRUSION ALARM SYSTEMS AND THEIR POTENTIAL 

USE, THIS GUIDE EXAMINES THE TYPES OF PROTECTION AF· 

FORDED BY ALARM SYSTEMS AND THE MANNER IN WHICH 

THEY OPERATE. IN DECIDING WHETHER TO INSTALL AN IN· 

TRUSION ALARM SYSTEM, BUSINESSMEN OR WOMEN 

SHOULD BASE THEIR DECISIONS ON ECONOMIC CONSIDER· 

ATIONS SUCH AS WHETHER POTENTIAL PROPERTY LOSSES 

JUSTIFY THE EXPENSES INVOLVEDj THE POTENTIAL 

, 

l

2 

) , 

, 

OF THE NIJ 

TEAM 

, . 

" 

.. 

, ; 

SOME 

THREAT. OEPENDENT UPON BUSINESS LOCATION. TYPE OF 

BUSINESS. ETC.; ALTERNATE SECURITY PROCEDURES. 

WHICH MAY ALREADY 'PROVIDE AMPLE PROTECTION; AND 

THE POTENTIAL FOR FAl.SI'i ALARMS FROM THE INSTRU· 

SION ALARM SYSTEMS. !o SOURCE OF CONCERN FOR MANY 

LOCAL JURISDICTIONS. ALL INTRUSION ALARM SYSTEMS 

CONSIST OF THREE FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OR COMPO 

NENTS: A SENSOR WHICH DETECTS THE ACTION OR PRES 

ENCE OF AN INTRUDER; A CONTROL UNIT TI-I~;r TURNS THE 

SYSTEM ON AND OFF. RECEIVES THE SIGNIIL FROM THE 

SENSOR AND PROCESSES AND TRANSMITS THE ACTUAL 

ALARM SIGNAL; AND A DEVICE TO SUMMON ASSISTANCE IN 

RESPONSE TO THE ALARM. THE SENSOR AND CONTROL 

UNIT COMPONENTS CAN BE ASSEMBLED INTO A VARIETY OF 

CONFIGURATIONS TO PROVIDE FOUR BASIC TYPES OF PRO· 

TECTION: (1) POINT. SPOT. OR OBJECT-USED TO DETECT 

THE ACTION OR PRESENCE OF AN INTRUDER AT ONLY A 

SINGLE LOCATION; (2) PERIMETER OR LINEAR-USED TO 

DETECT THE ACTION OR PRESENCE OF AN INTRUDER AT 

ALI. VULNERABLE BUILDING ACCESS POINTS SUCH AS 

DOORS. WINDOWS. SKYLIGHTS. ETC.; (3) AREA. SPACE, OR 

VOLUME-USED TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF AN INTRUD· 

ER ANYWHERE WITHIN A SELECTED AREA; AND (4) 

HOLDUP-ACTIVATED DURING THE DAY BY AN INDIVIDUAL 

ON THE SCENE. AND TRANSMITTED TO A REMOTE LOCA· 

TION. SUCH AS A POLICE STATION. BECAUSE SELECTING 

THE PROPER SENSORS FOR AN INTRUSION ALARM SYSTEM 

IS COMPLICATED. THE MOST COMMONLY USED TYPES OF 

SENSORS ARE DEscriBED: SWITCH SENSORS; PRESSURE 

MAl'S; METALLIC FOIL; WIRE SCREENS; MICROWAVE. ULTRA· 

SONIC. AND INFRARED MOTION DETECTORS; INFRARED 

PHO'fOELECTRIC SENSORS; SOUND SENSORS; VIBRATION 

SENSORS; AND CAPACITANCE SENSORS. OTHER FACTORS 

THAT BUSINESSES SHOULD CONSIDER INCLUDE SYSTEM 

DESIGN (THE FLOOR PLAN. CONTROL UNITS. TAMPER PRO· 

TECTION). INSTALLATION. AND POSTINSTALLATION FAC· 

TORS), AND SOUNDING THE ALARM (FOR LOCAL ALARM 

SYSTEMS. CENTRAL STATION SYSTEMS. AUTOMATIC TELE· 

PHONE DIALERS. AND DIRECT CONNECT SYSTEMS). TABU· 

LAR DATA COVER THE APPLICATIONS OF INTRUSION ALARM 

SENSORS, COMPARISON OF INTRUSION SENSORS. AND REL· 

ATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROTECTION SYSl'EMS. THE 

GUIDE IS ILLUSTRATED. 

SUppIIImentaI Moln: LIMITED NUMBER OF COPIES AVAILA· 

BLE FROM NBS. 

SpcInIorIng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA· 


JUSTICE. 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 

AVIIIIIbIIIty: GPO Stock Order No. 003'()()3'()2098-2; US DE· 

PARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STAND· 

ARDS lAW ENFORCEMENT STANDARDS LABORATORY. 

WASHINGTON DC 20234 Stock Order No. NBS·480·14; 

NCJRS MICROFICHE PRCGRAM. 

II. SOME'~YCHOPHYIICAL TUTS OF THE CONSPICUITIES OF 

EIiER(IEfojCY VEHICLE WARNING I.IOHTS. By O. L. 

~/ETT. US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL 

BUREAU OF STANDARDS LAW ENFORCEMENT STANDARDS 

LABORATORY. WASHINGTON DC 20234. 27 p. 1979. 

. , 

NCJ.H302 

I PART ,OF A PILOT STUDY OF THE ATTENTION·ATTRACTING 

POWERS OF SOME COMMERCIAL WARNING LIGHTS FOR 

EMERGENCY VEHICLES. THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES RE· 

SULTS'FROM CONSPICUITY STUDIES AND PSYCHOPHYSICAL 

TESTS. THE' REPORT RESULTS FROM A PROJECT ON EMER· 

GENcv VEHICLE LIGHTS. WHICH INCLUDED THE PHYSICAL 

MEASUREMENT (PHOTOMETRy) OF THE INTENSITIES OF 

SOME LIGHTS. PSYCHOPHYSICAL (PERCEPTUAL) TEST OF 

LIGHTS FOR CONSPICUITY. AND SEVERAL REPORTS. THE 

MAIN EXPERIMENT USED A NOVEL TECHNIQUE OF CONSPI· 

CUITY MATCHING. EACH OBSERVER VIEWED TWO FLASHING 

LIGHTS PERIPHERALLY. ONE LOCATED 20 DEGREES TO THE 

PUBLICATIONS 

LEFT OF THE FIXATION POINT, AND THE OTHER 20 DEGRESS 

TO THE RIGHT. ONE OF THE TWO LI!3HTS WAS ALWAYS A 

REFERENCE LIGHT WHOSE INTENSITY COULD BE ADJUS'rED 

BY THE onsERVER UNTIL THE TWO LIGHTS APPEARED 

EQUALLY CONSPICUOUS. ALL THE LIGHTS WERE RANKED 

ON A SINGLE SCALE OF CONSPICUiTY. BASED ON THE 

ADJUSTABLE.L1GHT INTENSITIES. THERE WAS A GOOD COR· 

RELATION BElWEEN THESE RANKS AND THE MEASURED 

EFFECTIVE INTENSITIES OF LIGHTS. ANOTHER, VERY BRIEF 

PILOT EXPERIMENT RANKED SOME OF THE LIGHTS BY THE 

NUMBER OF DEGREES INTO THE LEFT SIDE OF THE VISUAL 

FIELD THE FLA$HES COULD BE SEEN. THIS 

DISAPPEARANCE.ANGLE ALSO CORRELATED WELL WITH 

CONSPICUITY RANK. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK IN 

THIS FIELD ARE PROVIDED, ALONG WITH DISCUSSION OF 

SOME OF THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE PILOT 

STUDY. REFERENCES AND TABULAR AND,GRAPHIC DATA 

ARE ALSO PROVIDED. THE TEXT OF THE INSTRUCTIONS 

PROYIDED OBSERVERS IS INCLUDED IN AN APPENDIX. 

SUppfementaI HoIH: LIMITED NUMBER OF COPIES AVAILA. 

BLE FROM NBS. 

SponIOring Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA· 

TiONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL 

JUSTICE. 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON. DC 20531. 

i\yliMtllllty: GPO Stock Order No. 003'()()3'()2085-1; US DE· 

PARTMENT OF COMMERCE NIITiONAL BUREAU OF STAND 

ARDS LAW ENFORCEMENT STANDARDS LABORATORY, 

WASHINGTON DC 20234 Stock Order No. NBS-SP 480·36; 


100. SPOUSE ABUSE-A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY. C. JOHN· 

SON, J. FERRY, end II. KRAVITZ, Eda. NATIONAL CRIMINAL 

JUSTICE REFERENCE SERVICE. BOX /3000, ROCKVILLE MD 

20850. 67 p. 1978. NCJ.54427 

THIS SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY HIGHLIGHTS THE PROBLEM 

OF SPOUSE ABUSE AND THE VARIOUS FORMS OF INTER· 

VENTION CURRENTLY AVAILABLE. IT CONTAINS 91 ENTRIES 

WITH ABSTRACTS. BOOKS, ARTICLES, AND REPORTS PUB· 

L1SHED BETWEEN 1975 AND 1978 ARE CITED ALPHABETICAL· 

LY BY AUTHOR. THE CITATIONS ARE PRESENTED IN TWO 

PARTS: (1) THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM-DESCRIPTIONS 

OF WIFE ABUSE, HUSBAND ABUSE, AND DOMESTIC VIO· 

LENCE, ANALYSES OF THE CAUSES, AND SUGGESTIONS 

FOR CHANGE; AND (2) INTERVENTION··THE ROLE OF LAW 

ENFORCEMENT IN SPOUSE ABUSE CASES AND DOMESTIC 

VIOLENCE, OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO BATTERED SPOUSES, 

AND EXAMPLES OF REFUGE SHELTERS FOR ABUSED WIVES 

AND HUSBANDS. ALL OF THE DOCUMENTS CITED HAVE 

BEEN SELECTED FROM THE NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE 

REFERENCE SERVICE DATA BASE, AND INFORMATION ON 

OBTAINING THE DOCUMENTS IS PROVIDED. APPENDIXES IN· 

CLUDE A LIST OF INFORMATION SOURCES AND NAMES AND 

ADDRESSES OF AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS THAT DEAL 

WITH THE SPOUSE ABUSE ISSUE. 

SpoMOrIng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA· 



AYiMIbIIIty: NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM. NCJRS. 

101. STRUCTURED PLEA NEOOTIATIONS-TESTDESION. US 

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF 

LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA 

AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 45 p. 1979. 

NCJ ...... 7 

THIS STRUCTURED PLEA NEGOTIATIONS TEST DESIGN IS IN. 

TENDED TO INCREASE THE EQUITY, EFFICIENCY, AND THE 

EFFECTIVENESS OF PLEA BARGAINING, A PROCESS WHICH 

MOST JURISDICTIONS WILL CONTINUE TO USE. A NUMBER 

OF SINGLE, LOCAL COURT SYSTEMS OF GENERAL TRIAL JU. 

RISDICTION HAVE EXPERIMENTED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT 

AND IMPLEMENTATION OF VARIOUS FORMS OF STRUC. 

TURED PLEA NEGOTIATIONS. IN ORDER TO ASSESS THE 

FEASIBILITY OF THIS CONCEPT, THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE 

OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE (NILECJ) 

HAS DEVISED II TEST DESIGN WHICH WILL INVOLVE SELECT· 

ED COURTS WITHIN ONE JURISDICTION IN THREE DIFFER· 

ENT'STATES. BOTH PROCESSES OF DEVELOPMENT AND 1M· 

PLEMENTATION AS WELL AS THEIR OUTCOMES WILL BE 

EVALUATED BY THE INSTITUTE. TEST DESIGN GOALS ARE 

TO IMPLEMENT A PLEA NEGOTIATIONS PROCESS THAT IS 

EQUITABLE TO ALL PARTIES, SUBJECT TO JUDICIAL REVIEW, 

AND COGNIZANT OF ALL PARTIES' NEEDS AND VIEWS, AND 

AN EFFICIENT PROCEDURE THAT REDUCES COURT PROC 

ESSING TIME AND DELAYS. A THIRD GOAL IS TO DEVELOP 

AN EFFECTIVE PLEA NEGOTIATION SYSTEM WHICH BOTH 

VICTIM AND DEFENDANT PERCEIVE AS LEGITIMAT!: AND 

FAIR BY INVOLVING BOTH PARTIES IN THE PROCESS. THE 

TEST USES AN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IN WHICH POTENTIAL 

CASES ARE SCREI:NED FOR ELIGIBILITY AND THEN RAN· 

DOMLY ASSIGNED TO EXPERIMENTAL (STRUCTURED PLEA 

NEGOTIATION CONFERENCE) OR CONTROL CONDITIONS. 

THE ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK ADDRESSES BOTH LONG·TERM 

TRENDS AND IMMEDIATE PROGRAM EFFECTS. THE SUG· 

GESTED MINIMUM NUMBER OF CASES WITHIN THE SMALL· 

EST UNIT FOR ANALYSIS IS 100. DATA REQUIREMENTS WILL 

INCLUDE SYSTEM· LEVEL, CASE·LEVEL, AND 

INDIVIDUAL·LEVEL INFORMATION REGARDING SUCH FAC 

TORS AS CASE IDENTIFIERS, OFFENSf{IN):ORMATION, CASE 

STRENGTH, Ar~D INDIVIDUIIL DATA Ij(.lNcERNING ACTORS' 

BACKGFlOUND AND SOCIOECONoMIC CHARACTERISTICS, 

ATTITUDES TOWARD THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, AND 

MORE. E\

It 

TRIAL 

PUBLICATIONS 

OF THE NIJ 

VICTIM/WITNESS 

./ 

CURRENTLY USING TEAM POLICING. SUPPORTING TABULAR 

DATA. FooTNOTES,AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY ARE PROVIDED. 

SUppllmMtai Motel: PROGRAM DESIGN-A GUIDE TO IMPLE· 

MENTATION. 

IpoMorIng Aeeftcy: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OFFICE 



Avlllllllllty: GPO Stock Order No. 027-()00.()()828·3: NCJRS 


104. TRIAL COURT MANAGEMENT SERIES-EXECUTIVE SUM· 

IlARY. Bv C. S. COOPER. AMERICAN UNIVERSITY, MAS 

SACHUSenS AND NEBRASKA, AVENUES, NW, WASHINGTON 

DC 20016. 1« p. 1979. NCJ-52653 

SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND DATA ARE PROVIDED FOR 

.LEM'S COURT MANAGEMENT PROJECT, LAUNCHED IN 1977 

TO PROVIDE TRIAL COURT MANAGERS WITH A FRAMEWORK 

FOR FINANCIAl. PERSONNEL, AND RECORDS RESOURCE 

AND WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT. OVER .4() TRl,Al' COURTS 

WERE STUDIED IN THE COURSE OF THE PROJECT'S 13 

MONTHS IN AN EFFORT TO EI~HANCE THE TRIAL COURT 

MANAGER'S CAPABILITY FOR DEALING WITH SElECTEO 

MANAGEMENT AREAS. SEPARATE VOLUMES ARE PROVIDED 

ON FINANCIAl. PERSONNEL, AND RECORDS MANAGEMENT: 

EACH INCLUDES A FRAMEWORK OF RELEVANT MANAGE· 

MENT PRINCIPLES, FUNCTIONS, AND CONCERNS WHICH 

BEAR ON THESE ASPECTS OF TRIAL COURT OPERATIONS 

AND THE RANGE OF MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES NECESSARY 

TO SUPPORT THEM. A SERIES OF GUIDELINES AND ASSESS· 

MENT QUESTIONS ARE PROVIDED IN EACH REPORT TO 

ASSIST USERS IN ANALYZING MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN 

THEIR JURISDICTIONS, IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS, AND DE· 

TI:RMINING AREAS FOR IMPROYEMENT. IN ADDITION TO 

OUTLINING THE BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY OF THE 

STUDY AND THE ORGANIZATION AND USE OF THE MANAGE· 

MENT REPORT SERIES, THIS VOLUME INCLUDES SELECTED 

COMMENTS BY TRIAL COURT JUDGES AND ADMINISTRATIVE 

STAFFS ON THE MANAGEMENT AREAS ADDRESSED BY THE 

PROJECT, SURVEYS OF RELEVANT COURT MANAGEMENT 

LITERATURE AND MATERIALS PERTAINING TO SPECIFIC 

TRIAL COURT MANAGEMENT ISSUES, AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

PRINCIPAL SUBJECT AND JURISDICTIONAL 

CROS5-REFERENf'A:S ARE ALSO PROVIDED IN AN APPENDED 

INDEX TO THE REPORT SERIES. TABULAR DATA ARE IN· 

CLUDED. ~E ALSO NCJ 53623-53625. 

~ .. III Hot..: PI'~OGRAM MODELS. 

1poI1ICII' ... Agency: US DEPARTtAr:'NT OF JUSTICE LEM NA· 


JUSTICE, s;J3 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 

Avdlli.ty. GPO Stock Order NO. 027-()00"()()766.Q: NCJRS 


105. TRIAL COURT IIAHAGEIIENT 8I:RIES FINANCIAL MANAGE 

IIIEHT. By R. TOBIN. AMERICAN UNIVERSITY, MASSA· 

CHUsenS AND NEBRASKA, AVENUES, NW, WASHINGTON 

DC 20016. 78 p. 1979. NCJ-53I23 

THIS VOLUME OF LEM'S TRIAL COURT MANAGEMENT 

SERIES PROVIIJES A FRAMEWORK WITHI~~ WHICH TRIAL 

COURT STAFF CAN DETERMINE SPECIAL AREAS OR POINTS 

OF FINANCIAL MAMAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY WITHIN THEIR 

COURT SYSTEM.' LEM'S COURT MANAGEMENT PROJECT 

WAS LAUNCHED IN19n TO PROVIDE TRIAL COURT 

MANAGERS-8OTH JUDGES AND STAFF5--WITH A MANAGE· 

MENT REPORT SERIES ADOREss/~ CRITICAL AREAS OF 

WORKlOAD AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN AN EFFORT 

TO EIifiANCE TRIAL COURT MANAGERS' CAPABILITY FOR 

DEALING WITH FINANCW.. PER~NEI., AND RECORDS 

MANAGEMENT. IN THE FIRST SECTION OF THE FINANCIAL 

MAHAGEMENT VOLUME. NINE POSSIBLE 

SOURCES OF 

FUNDS FOR TRIAL COURT OPERATIONS ARE DISCUSSED, 

ALONG WITH ADDITIONAL TYPES OF FUNDS WHICH A COURT 

- .~ 

MIGHT COLLECT. IN ADDITION TO THESE LEGAL ASPECTS 

OF A COURT'S FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES, 

DIFFERENT TYPES OF INFORMAL 'POWER RELATIONSHIPS' 

BETWEEN FEDERAL, STATE, AND lOCAL GOVERNMENTS 

ARE DESCRIBED. THE FOLLOWING SECTION OUTLINES THE 

ELEMENTS OF A TRIAL COURT FINANCIAL MAf1I~GEMENT 

SYSTEM AND PRESENTS A SERIES OF SElF·ASSESSMENT 

QUESTIONS DESIGNED TO DETERMINE THE RANGE OF Fl· 

NANCIAL MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS BEING PERFORMED 

FOR A SPECIFIC TRIAL COURT AND WHETHER SOME ARE 

BEING OMITIFIJ OR INCOMPLETELY PERFORMED, WHETHER 

SOME BEING PERFORMED BY THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH 

SHOULD BE UNDER COURT CONTROL, AND WHETHER SOME 

BI::ING PERFORMED BY THE COURT SHOULD BE EXPANDED 

OR BETTER CONTROLLED. THE FINAL SECTION TREATS THE 

BUDGETING PROCESS SPECIFICALLY, INCLUDING MANY OF 

THE MANAGEMENT CONCERNS EXPRESSED BY COURT OFFI· 

CIALS RELATING TO THE PRACTICAL PROBLEMS THEY EN· 

COUNTER IN THE BUDGETARY PROCESS. AS A FOUNDATION 

FOR CONSIDERING THE TRIAL COURT BUDGET PROCESS, 

THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROCESS ARE 

NOTED: THEN THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE 

VARIABLES AFFECT!NG THE PROCESS THE MOST ARE DIS 

CUSSED, ".LONG WITH THE PRINCIPAL STAGES BY WHICH A 

COURT MANAGES ITS BUDGET. A DESCRIPTION OF THESE 

STAGES IS PROVIDED, WITH A DISCUSSION OF SPECIFIC 

MANAGEMENT ISSUES WHICH SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AND 

MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES SOME COURTS HAVE FOUND 

EFFECTIVE. ASSORTED GUIDELINES, PERFORMANCE MEAS 

URES, AND FORMS ARE APPENDED. SEE ALSO NCJ·53624, 

53625 AND 52653. 

Supplemental Notn: PROGRAM MODELS-TRIAL COURT 

MANAGEMENT SERIES. 

SponIorIng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LAW EN· 


Avlillblllty: GPO. Stock Order No. 027'()()o"()()768-6. 

101. TRIAL COURT MANAGEME.IT SERIES PERSONNEL MANAGE 

MENT. By R. TOBIN. AMERICAN UNIVERSITY, MASSA· 

CHUsenS AND NEBRASKA, AVENUES, NW, WASHINGTON 

DC 20016. 62 p. 1979. NCJ.53I24 

THIS VOLUME OF LEM'S TRIAL COURT MANAGEMENT 

SERIES OUTLINES PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC PERSONNEL MAN· 

AGEMENT WHICH HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED iN THE PUBLIC 

SECTOR AND THEN APPLIES THEM TO A TRIAL COURT SET· 

TING. LEM'S COURT MANAGEMENT PROJECT WAS 

LAUNCHED IN 1977 TO PROVIDE TRIAL COURT 

MANAGERS-·BOTH JUDGES AND STAFF5--WITH A MANAGE· 

MENT REPORT SERIES ADDRESSING CRITICAL AREAS OF 

WORKLOAD AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN AN EFFORT 

TO ENHANCE TRIAL COURT MANAGERS' CAPABilITY FOR 

DEALING WITH FINANCIAl. PERSONNEL, AND RECORDS 

MANAGEMENT. THE VOLUME ON PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT 

IS ORGANIZED IN THREE CHAPTERS TO PROVIDE A ~N· 

AGEMENT FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH BOTH BROAD AND 

SPECifiC TRIAL COURi PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT ISSUES 

CAN BE ANALYZED AND HANDLED. THO: FIRST DISCUSSES 

THE SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE YRIAl COURT ENVIRON· 

MENT WHICH BEAR ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTE· 

NANCE OF A PERSONNEL SYSTEM-THE FOCUS OF ADMINIS 

TRATIVE AUTHORITY AND CONTROl. THE INTERNAL ORGA· 

NlZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND THE AUTHORITY TO MANAGE 

BASIC ORGANIZATIONAL FUNCTIONS. THESE ISSUES ARE 

THEN DISCUSSED WITH REGARD TO THEIR MANAGEMENT 

SIGNIFICANCE IN LIGHT OF THE SPECIAL FACTORS AFFECT 

ING THE MANAGEMENT OF TRIAL COURT PERSONNEL THE 

FOLLOWING SECTION PROVIDES A SERIES OF ASSESSMENT 

QUESTIONS IN ORGANIZATION, STAFFING, EMPLOYEE PER· 

FORMANCE, AND EMPLOYEE RELATIONS AND DEALS WITH 

SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPE' 

CIALIZED PERSONNEL PROCEDURES. THE FINAL SECTION I~ 

DESIGNED TO AID THOSE TRIAL COURTS PLANNING TO DE· 

VElOP A COURT PERSONNEL SYSTEM OR TO SUBSTANTIAL· 

L Y RESTRUCTURE AN EXISTING SYSTEM. THE SECTION AS· 

SUMES THE NEED FOR A RELATIVELY SELF·CONTAINED AND 

INDEPENDENT JUDICIAL BRANCH SYSTEM AND PRESENTS A 

GENERAL FIVE·PHASE IMPLEMENTATION CHRONOLOGY FOR 

ITS DEVELOPMENT. TABULAR DATA ARE INCLUDED. SEE 

ALSO NCJ 52653, 53623, AND 53625. 

SUpplementlil Notn: PROGRAM MODELS-TRIAL COURT 

MANAGEMENT SERIES. 

SpoMOrlng Agency: U'S DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA· 

TIONAl INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND "CRIMINAL 


AVlllabillty: GPO Stock Order No. 027.()()().()()769·4: NCJRS 

MICROFiCHE PROGRAM. 

107. TRIAL COURT MANAGEMENT SERIES-RECORDS MANAGE 

MENT. By E. H. SHOAT Ind C. DOOUTTLE. AMERICAN 

UNIVERSITY, MASSACHUSenS AND NEBRASKA, AVENUES, 

NW, WASHINGTON DC 20016. 92 p. 1979. NCJ·531125 

THIS VOLUME OF LEANS TRIAL COURT MANAGEMENT 

SERIES DEALS WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RECORDS 

MANAGEMENT PROGRAM CAPABLE OF MEETING THE HIS· 

TORICAL AND lEGAL DE~ANDS OF COURT RECORDS AND 

INDIVIDUAL CASE FilE MANAGEMENT. lEM'S COURT MAN· 

AGEMENT PROJECT WAS LAUNCHED IN 1977 TO PROVIDE 

TRIAL COURT MANAGERS-· BOTH JUDGES AND 

STAFFS .. WITH A MANAGEMENT REPORT SERIES ADDRESS· 

ING CRITICAL AREAS OF WORKLOAD, AND RESOURCE MAN· 

AGEMENT IN AN EFFORT TO ENHANCe TRIAL COURT MAN· 

AGERS' CAPACITY FOR DEALING WITH FINANCIAL, PERSON· 

NEl, AND RECORDS MANAGEMENT. THE FIRl)T SECTION OF 

THE RECORDS MANAGEMENT REPORT DISCUSSES THE 

OVERALL CONTEXT IN WHICH RECORDS MANAGEMENT IS 

PERFORMED AND, PARTICULARLY, THE VARIETY OF MATERI· 

ALS WHICH CONSTITUTE A COURT RECORD (I.E., CASE 

FILES, MICROFilM, COMPUTER PRINTOUTS, VIDEO DIS· 

PLAYS, AND OTHER EXHIBITS). THE NEED TO MANAGE 

THESE RECORDS DURING THE COURsE OF THEIR LIFE 

CYCLE IS DESCRIBED IN THE FOUR STAGES OF A RECORD'S 

LIFESPAN: INTAKE AND INITIATION: MAINTENANCE: ACCESS, 

USE, AND DISTRIBUTION: AND DISPOSITION. SOME OF THE 

DISTINCTIVE FACTORS WHICH SHOULD BE CQNSIDE"AEO IN' 

DEVELOPING A COURT RECORDS PROGRAM ARE DE· 

sCRIBED ALONG WITH RECORDS MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES 

IN OTHER SECTORS WHICH HAVE RELEVANCE TO COURTS. 

THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS DISCUSS THE BASIC RECORDS 

MAINTAINED BY A COURT, SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT ACTIVI· 

TIES PERTAINING TO THE MAINTENANCE OF CASE FILES, 

GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSING A COURT'S RECORDS MAN· 

AGEMENT PROGRAM, AND PLANNING FOR IMPROVEMENT. 

TABULAR DATA ARE PROVIDED. SEE ALSO NCJ 53624, 53623, 

AND 52653. 

Supplemental Hot .. : PROGRAM MODELs. 

SponsorI", Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LAW EN· 


Avlllablllty: GPO Stock Order No. 027.()()()·OO767·8: 'NCJRS 


101. UNIFORM LAW COMMISSIONERS' MODEL SENTENCING AND 

CORRECTIONS ACT. NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMMIS· 

SIONERS ON UNIFORM STATE LAWS, 1155 EAST 60TH 

STREET, CHICAGO Il 60637. 458 p. 1979. NCJ-SHOO 

THE 1978 MODEL SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONS ACT IS 

PRESENTED IN DRAFT FORM AS DEVELOPED BY THE NA· 

TIONAl CONFERENCE OF COMMISSIONERS ON UNIFORM 

STATE LAWS UNDER THE SPONSORSHIP OF LEM. SEVERAL 

MAJOR THEMES DISTINGUISH THE MODEL SENTENCING AND 

CORRECTIONS ACT: IT UNIFIES THE VARIOUS ELEMENTS OF 

THE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM INTO ONE DEPARTMENT OF 

CORRECTIONS IN ORDER TO COORDINATE THE DEPLOY· 

37 

MENT OF SCARCE CORRECTIONAL RESOURCES: IT IMPLE· 

MENTS THE lEGISLATIVE RESPONSIBILITY FOR DETERMIN· 

ING BASIC CORRECTIONAL PURPOSES AND POLICIES: AND IT 

SEEKS TO REDUCE THE UNFAIRNESS AND INEFFECTIVE· 

NESS RESULTING FROM SENTENCING DISPARITY. THE ACT 

AUTHORIZES APPELLATE REVIEW OF SENTENCES, ABOl· 

ISHES PAROLE, AND PROVIDES FOR A WIDE VARIETY OF 

INMATE PROGRAMS GIVING OFFENDERS A GREATER VOICE 

IN, AND A GREATER INCENTIVE FOR, SELF·IMPROVEMENT. 

THE ACT RECOGNIZES THE INTERESTS OF VICTIMS IN THE 

SENTENCING AND CORRECTIONAL PROCESS. IT ALSO AP· 

PLIES TRADITIONAL MECHANISMS USED TO STRUCTURE 

," AN,D LI~:T GOVERNMENTAL DISCRETION TO SENTENCING 

AND CORRECTIONS. THE ACT IS DIVIDED INTO SIX ARTICLES, 

INCLUDING GENERAL PROVISIONS WHICH CONTAIN DEFINI· 

TIONS AND RUlEMAKING PROCEDURES, A SECTION RE· 

GARDING ORGANIZ,

G 

-~.,~, - ...-' 

.::: .. 

~' J- ;:;- 

~~~~!$:~~~~~~~~::;:;;;;'I ;:~~"~~~ .• ~~. "~~ 

VICTIM/WITNESS 

OF THE HIJ 

=. 

ZONING 

, /. 

t 

[. 

; , 

. 

" .., 

.. 

ECT IN BROOKLYN, N.Y,; PROJECT TURNAROUND IN MIL· 

WAUKEE COUNTY, WIS.; THE VICTIM ASSISTANCE PROJECT 

IN MULTNOMAH.COUNTY, ORE.; AND THE VICTIM-WITNESS 

ADVOCATE PROGRAM IN PIMA COUNTY, ARIZ. THE SERVICES 

PROVIDED BY THESE PROGRAMS ARE. DISCUSSED IN 

DETAIL. HIGHLIGHTS OF EACH PROGRAM'S EVALUATION 

FINDINGS ARE REVIEWED, AND SUGGESTIONS FOR EVALU/(; 

TORS WHO MONITOR AND ASSESS VICTIM/WITNESS PRO· 

GRAMS ARE OFFERED. A OESCRIPTION OF NEW YORK 

CITY'S GOVERNMENTAL AGENCY ESTABLISHeD SOLELY TO 

SERVE CRIME VICTIMS IS ALSO PROVIDED, AS ARE CASE 

STUDIES OF FOUR PROGRAMS AND A SELECTED BIBLlOG· 

RAPHy. . 

SponIOrlng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OFFICE 

OF DEVEl.OPMENT, TESTING AND DISSEMINATION, 633 INDI· 

ANA AVENUE, WASHINGTON DC 20531. . 

Av.llabilltY: GPO Stock Order No. 027.000-00831·3; NCJRS 

MICROFICHE PROGRAM. " 

110. VICTIM/WITNESS SERVICES.,.,PARTICIPAHT'S HANDBOOK 

AND MANUAL B~ E. C. VIANO. D. JACQUIN, H. C. JONES. 

• M. NEUSE, J. SCHILLER, O. SPAID, .net S. S.STEINBERG. 

'UNIVERSITY RESEARCH CORPORATION, 5530 WISCONSIN 

AVENUE, WASHINGTON DC. 301 p. 1977. NCJ-473111 

'--:'THEEl.OLE PLAYED IN THE CRIMINAL SYSTEM BY VICTIMI 

WITNESS SERVICES, THE IDENTIFICATION OF SERVICE 

NEEDS APPROPRIATE TO A PARTICULAR COMMUNITY, AND 

SEBVICE IMPLEMENTATION ARE EXAMINED IN THIS WORK· 

SHOP HANDBOOK:' IN THE FIRST SESSIONS OF THE WORK· 

SHOP, THE PROBLEMS WHICH VICTIMS AND WITNESSES EN· 

COUNTER IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ARE EXAM· 

INED. AN OVERVIEW OF VlCTIM/WITNESS PROBLEMS IS " 

PROVIDED AND A BACKGROUND PAPER IS PReSENTEDj THE 

PAPER CHARACTERIZES THE VICTIM AS THE LOST PARTY 

WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM. A FLOW CHART IS 

PROVIDED WHICH COMPARES THE CAREFUL CONSIDERA· 

'" TION GIVEN THE RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED, WITH THE.COR· 

RESPONDINGLY LITTLE ATTENTION PAID TO THE RIGHTS OF 

VICTIMS. ONE SESSION IS DEVOTED TO THE IDENTIFICATION 

OF VICTIM/WITNESS PROBLEMS AND SERVICES BY OCCUPA· 

TIONAl AFFILIATION: PARTICIPANTS .ARE GIVEN AN OPPOR· 

TUNITY TO MEET f;COLLEAGUES IN THEIR OCCUPATIONAL 

SPECIALITIES AND TO IDENTIFY OFFENSE·RELATED AND 

SYSTEM·RELATED PROBLEMS FACING'THE VICTIM/WITNESS. 

THE NEXT SESSIONS DEAL WITH VICTIM/WITNESS SERVo 

ICES; AN OVERYIEW AND ACCOMPANYING BACKGROUND 

PAPER ARE PROVIDED. 'fW0 CONCURREm-',SEMINARS ARE 

OUTLINED; THE FIRST DEALS WITH CRISIS INTERVENTION 

MANAGEMENT, AS WELL AS SOCIAL SERVICE ASSISTANCE 

AND REFERRAL. A BACKGROUND PAPER ON INTERVENTION 

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VICTIM/WITNESS ,\PROGRAMS ARE 

PROVIDED, THE SECOND SEMINAR 'DEALS WITH 

COURT·RELATED INFORMATION, WITNESS NOTIFICATION 

AND, PROTECTION, PROPERTY RETURN, AND COMPENSA· 

TION AND RESTITUTION. BACKGROUND PAPERS ON COM· 

PENSATION AND RESTITUTION ARE INCLUDED. THERE ARE 

ALSO SESSIONS ON IDENtiFYING PRIORITY NEEDS AND DE· 

VELOPING SERi~ICE PLANS, A., BACKGROUND PAPER PRO 

VIDES AN OUT~INE AND NOTES FOR DESIGNING A VICTIM! 

'I~\TNESS PROGRAM. THE FINAL SESSIONS ARE DEVOTED 

TO STRATEGIEj) FOR IMPLEMENTING CHANGE, THE DEVEL 

OPMENT OF A'COMMUNITY ACTION PLAN, AND FEEDBACK 

ON THE ACTION PLAN. SAMPLE INFORMATION SHEETS", DE· 

SCRIPTIONS OF SPECIFJP PROGRAMS, AND BUDGET INFOR· 

MATION ARE INCLUDED. TABLES IDENTIFY POSSIBLE RE· 

SPONSES 70, VICTIM AND WITNESS NEEDS, ADMINISTRATIVE 

CONSIDI;RATIONS,I'ERVICE REQUIREMENTS, AND THE AD· 

VANTAGESAt.lo DISADVANTAGES OF VARIOUS PROGRAMS. 

SEVERAL OF THE ~ACKGAOUN[) PAPERS PROVIDE REFER· 

ENCES, AND A GLOSSARY AND A BIBLIOGRAPY ARE AP· 

PENDED. 

SUppIMIen .. 1 ,.otea: EXECUTIVE TRAINING PROGRAM IN AD- 

VANCED CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRACTICES. ~ 

Sponsorl"".r~; US -DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OFFICE 

OF DEVELOP~ENT,TESTINGAND DISSEMINATION, ~3 INOI· 

ANA AVENUE, WASHINGTON. DC 20531- 

Anl'-blUty: NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM. 

ttl. VICTIM/WITNESS SERVICES-TRAINER'S HA!fDBOOKi 8~ 

e. C. VIANO, D. JACQUIN, H. C.JONES, M, NEUse, J. SCHIL 

LER, ~ O. SPAID. UNIVERSITY RESEARCH CORPOR.A· 

.' TION, 553(fWISCONSIN AVENUE, WASHING·rON.DC. l77p. 

. 1978. . NCJ.~ 

IHIS TRAINER'S MANUAL OUTLINES THE CURRICULUM AND 

PROGRAM ELEMENTS OF THE LEAA·SPONSORED REGIONAL 

TRAINING WORKSHOP ON VICTIM AND WITNESS SEFiVICES. 

THIS MATERIAL IS MEANT TO GUIDE THE TRAINER 

, THROUGH THE WORKSHOP PRESENTATlo,-.,S AND IN THE 

COMPLETION OF TRAINING TASI

, 

~; 

,I, 

PART II 

SPECIALIZED PUBLICATIONS 

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A. PROGRAM MODELS AND PRESCRIPTIVE PACKAGES 

Program Models are a synthesis of research and ,evaluation findings, 

operational experience, and expert opinion in a criminal justice 

topic area. Each report presents a series of programmatic options and 

analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each. The intent is to 

provide criminal justice administrators with the capability to make 

informed choices in planning, implementing, and improving efforts in a 

program area. The Models may also serve as the basis of testing and 

demonstration efforts. 

A listing of Program Models is presented below in alphabetical 

order. For complete bibliographic citation and abstract, refer to the 

entry number in Part I of this supplement or to the earlier editions 

of ' Publications of the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal 

Justice as indicated. Following the list of Program Models is a 

list of Prescriptive Pac'll;:ages, a publication series of the National 

Institute that was replaced by Program Models. 

Title 

I 

Halfway Houses 

Improving Patrol Productivity, Volume 1 

Improving Patrol Productivity, Volume 2 

Managing Criminal Warrants 

Neighborhood Justice Centers 

Prevention, Detection,?~d 

Correction of 

Corruption in LOCAl Gove~nment 

Promising Strategies in Parole and 

Probation 

Security and the Small Business Retailer 

Small Police Agency Consolidation 

Trial Court Management Series: 

Executive Summary 

Financial Management 

----- ________ Personnel Management 

________ Records Management 

NCJ Number 

45542 

42500 

42501 

50018 

43580 

50199 

46895 

51335 

50694 

52653 

53623 

53624 

53625 

Citation 

** 

* 

* 

** 

* 

** 

* 

97 

** 

104 

105 

106 

107 

.. 

~ublications of the National Institute of Law Enforcement and 

Criminal Justice: A Comprehensive Bibliography. 1978. (NCJ 49700) 

** Publications of the National Institute of Law Enforcement and 

Criminal Justice: A Com rehensive Biblio ra h -1979 SU lement. 

NCJ 57987 

, I 

P_i~g pag. blank 

_I 

43 

y 

.. 

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Title 

MBO: 

A Corrections Perspective 

Mentally Retard 1 Offender and 

Corrections 

Methadone Treatment Manual 

Multi-Agency Narcotics Units Manual 

Neighborhood Team Policing 

Paralegals: A Resource for Public 

Defenders and Corr~ctional Services 

Police Burglary Control Programs 

Police Crime Analysis Units 

Police Robbery Control Manual 

Presentence Report Handbook 

Prosecutor's Charging Decision 

Rackets Bureaus--Investigation and 

Prosecution of Organized Crime 

Rape and Its Victims 

Treatment Program for Sex Offenders 

Volunteers in Juvenile Justice 

NCJ Number 

18304 

39024 

11101 

34204 

10428 

15652 

25997 

11277 

17414 

41337 

35832 

41953 

29894 

42967 

35607 

Citation 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

** 

* 

** 

* 

** 

* 

Title 

Child Abuse Intervention 

Crime Scene Search and Physical 

Evidence Handbook 

PP~SCRIPTIVE 

Diversion of the Public Inebriate 

From the Criminal Justice System 

Drug Programs in Correctional 

Institutions 

Evaluative Research in Corrections 

Grievance Mechanisms in Correctional 

Institutions 

Guide to Establishing a Defender 

System 

Guide to Improved Handling of 

Misdemeanant Offenders 

Health Care in Correctional Institutions 

Improving Police-community Relations 

Improving Productivity in the Courts: 

A Primer for Court Clerks 

Job Placement and Training fQr 

Offenders and Ex-offenders 

Managing Criminal Investigations 

PACKAGES 

NCJ Number 

32333 

07984 

10946 

38509 

15132 

19594 

44091 

11964 

27342 

10340 

44167 

15652 

19486 

Citation 

* 

* 

* 

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:8. TEST DESIGNS 

. Test Designs are detailed specifications of selected program 

strategies intended for carefUl field testing in a limited number of 

sites. The goal of each test is to examine the effectiveness of a 

particular concept or program strategy in varied settings, as well as 

to examine the transferability of the concept, and its suitability for 

further demonstration and marke~ing. 

A listing of Test Designs is presented below in alphabetical 

order. For complete bibliographic ci tat,ion and abstract, refer to the 

entry number in Part I of this supp1.ement or to the earlier editions 

of Publications of the National Inatitute of Law Enforcement and Criminal 

Just.:!.ce.· 

Title NCJ Number Citation 

Commercial Security 

Managing Patrol Operations 

Multijurisdictional Sentencing 

Guidelines 

Pre-Release Center 

Structured Plea Negotiations 

59015 

47032 

53479 

66869 

66847 

12 

** 

65 

84 

101 

C. EXEMPLARY PROJECTS 

Each year State and local agencies are invited to submit candidate 

projects that have been measurably effective in reducing crime or 

improving some aspect of the criminal justice system. For the few 

selected each year as Exemplary Projects, descriptive brochures and 

instruction manuals are developed--to assist local agencies by 

identifying successfUl techniques and detailing how they may be 

adapted most effectively. 

The Exemplary project program is administered by the Institute's 

Office of Development, Testing, and Dissemination. Additional information 

about selection procedures may be obtained from: 

Director, Model. Program Development Division 

Office of Development, Testing, and Dissemination 

Natipnal Institute of Justice 

Washington, DC 205..31 

A listing of Exemplary projects is presented below in alphabetical 

order. For complete bibliographic citations and abstracts of 

Exemplary Project reports published in 1979, refer to the Entry Number 

in Part I of this volume or to earlier editions of Publications of the 

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice as indicated. 

Title 

Administrative Adjudication of 

Traffic Offenses (New York State) 

Adolescent Diversion Project, Champaign 

Urbana, Illinois 

Central Police Dispatch, Muskegon 

County, Michigan 

Citizen Dispute Settlement, 

Columbus, Ohio 

Community Arbitration Project 

NCJ Number 

Citation 

30389 * 

38510 * 

30393 * 

15156 * 

61012 14 

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community-Based Corrections, 

Des Moines, Iowa 

34542 * 

.. 

* Publications of the National Institute of Law Enforcement and 

** Cr m nal Just1ce: A comp:ehens ve B7bl10graph~. 1978. NCJ 49700 

Publications of the Nat10nal Inst1tute of Law Enforcement and 

t~~~i5;;871ustice: A Comprehensive BibliographY-l:979 S~pPlement. 

* Publications of the National Institute of Law Enforcement and 

Criminal Justice: . A Com rehensive Biblio ra h. 1978. (NCJ 49700) 

** Pub11cat1ons 0 the Nat1onal. Inst1tute 0 Law Enforcement and 

Criminal Justice: A Com rehensive Biblio ra h -1979 SU lement . 

(NCJ 57 87 

, 

47 

, .. ," 

I

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, 

Title 

Community crime Prevention program, 

Seattle, Washington 

Community Response to Rape, polk 

County, Iowa 

Connecticut Economic Crime Unit 

Controlled Confrontation--The Ward 

Grievance Procedures of the California 

Youth Authority 

Focus on Robbery--Hidden Camera 

Project 

Juvenile Diversion Through Family 

Counselir.g, Sacramento, Cali fornia 

Legal Information Center, Creighton 

University 

Legal Liaison Division, Dallas 

Police Department 

Major Offense Bureau, Bronx County, 

New York 

NCJ Number 

42383 

38480 

60332 

35801 

59014 

32026 

39468 

34673 

37810 

Title NCJ Number citation 

Citation 

Public Defender Service, Washington, D.C. 15080 * 

** 

stop Rape Crisis Center, Baton Rouge 60498 6 

street Crime Unit, New York City 26492 * 

* volunteer Probation Counselor Program, 

Lincoln, Nebraska 

16 

30392 * 

" 

Montgomery County Emergency Service, 

Norristown, pennsylvania 

.{~4950 

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Montgomery County Work Release/Pre 

Release Program 

Neighborhood Youth Resources Center, 

Philadelphia 

46250 

16769 

I 

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One Day/One Trial, Wayne County, 

Michigan 

41516 

• I 

" 

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Parole Officer Aide Program, Ohio 

Adult Parole Authority 

project New Pride, Denver I 

Colorado 

PROMIS (Prosecutor Management Information 

system), Washington, D.C. 

prosecution of Economic Crime, 

Seattle and San Diego 

providence Education Center, st. Louis 

35432 

42020 

43722 

31615 

15651 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

.8 

......

,- 

, 

D. NATIONAL EVALUATION PROGRAM 

Title 

NCJ Number 

citation 

Practical information on costs, benefits l and limitations of 

selected criminal justice projects and programs is collected by the 

National Institute of· Justice to assess projects funded by the Law 

Enforcement Assistance Administration and share the findings with 

St.ate and local officials and planners . Initially, Phase I assessments 

concent.rate on specific topic areas and, where appropriate, 

these are followed by ·Phase II indepth Evaluations. Additional 

information on the National Evaluation program may be obtained from: 

Director 

Office of Prog~am Evaluation 


U.s. Department of Justice 

Washington, DC 20531 

A listing of Summaries of completed National Evaluation Program 

studies is presented below in alphabetical order. Full reports are 

available on loan from NCJRS. For complete bibliographic citations 

and abstracts .of National Evaluation Reports, refer to the entry 

number in Part I of this volume or to earlier editions of Publications 

of the Nation~l Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice as 

indicated. 

Phase I Reports 

Title 

Citizen Crime Reporting Projects 

NCJ Number 

35828 

Citation 

* 

Early warning Robbery Reduction 

Projects--An Assessment of 

Performance 

Halfway Houses 

., 

Intensive Special probation Projects 

Juvenile Diversion 

Neighborhood Team policing 

Operation Identification Projects- 

Assessment of Effectiveness 

Pretrial Release Programs 

Secure Detentipn of Juveniles and 

Alternatives to Its Use 

street Lighting projects 

policing Urb~n 

Mass Transit systems 

Traditional prevention Patrol 

Treatment Alternatives to Street 

Crime (TASC) projects 

32498 

36383 

42407 

32847 

35296 

27305 

39022 

42640 

4'1011 

60284 

34817 

34057 

'* 

'* 

* 

* 

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83 

* 

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citizen Patrol Projects 

com.rnuni ty-Based Al terna ti ves 't.o 

Juvenile Incarceration 

Correctional Education Programs for 

Inmates 

36435 

35834 

48176 

-It 

* 

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Phase II Report 

Treatment Alternatives to Street 

Crime 

!?193l 

** 

l. 

Court Information syste~s 

Cri.me Analysis in support of 

Patrol 

crime Prevention Securit.y Surveys 

41680 

42547 

34858 

* 

* 

Publications of the National Institute of - Law Enforcement and 

Criminal Justice: A comerehensive Bibliograpl~. 1978. (NCJ 49700) 

** Publications of the National Institute of Law Enforcement and 

criminal Justice: A Com rehensive Bib1io ra h -1979 su lement. 

NCJ 57987 

51 

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Publications of the National Institute 

of Law Enforcement and Criminal 

Ju~tice 

Publications of the National Institute 

of Law Enforcement and Criminal 

~ustice, 1979 Supplement 

Public Defender Programs 

:Recidivism 

Restitution 

Speedy Trial 

Spouse Abuse 

Team Polic::ing 

Techniques for Project Evaluation 

Terrorism. 2d Edition 

'Victim/Witness Assistance 

49700 

57987 89 

49096 ** 

34360 * 

62011 93 

48110 .* 

54427 100 

35887 • 

43556 • 

39646 • 

• 

45.nO-5 

',., '''::.: 

49698 .* 

(; 

A 

AB1}sEOF AUTHORITY 63, 87 

A~LTOFFENOEAS 27 

AFt 7 1RPTlVE ACTION PROGRAMS 

AU~RM SYSTEMS 97, 98 

AU'.oHOLISIII CAllIES 11 

Ai:TEANAl1VE Pf8PUTE SETTLE"~ 

'14 

AI.,TERNAnVE SCHOOLS 21 

ALTERNAnVES 10 

INSTITUTIONALIZATION 

61,93 < 

2, 26, 38, 59, 

ANALYSIS 82 

MNUAL "EPORTS 71 

ANTITRUST OFFENIES 54 

ARINTAATION 14 

ARIZONA 45,109 

ARSON 4,102 

ARSONISTS 4 

ASSAULT AND BATTERY 94 

ATTORNEYS 48 \' 

ATTORNEYS GENERAL 16 

AI,ISTRIA 25 

AUTOIIAn;D VEHICLE MONITORS 13 

B 

BAU-18TICS 76 

BATTERED HUlBANDa 100 

,BAMRIED WIVES' 100 

BEHAViOl!t UNDER STRESS 60 

BELGIUM 25, 60 

BIBLIOGRAftHIE8 2, 4, 21, 22, 23. 32, 36, 

41,61,74,80,89,93,100 

BIQORAPHIES 77 

BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES 11, 36 

BLOOD AND BODY FLUID ANALYSIS 

BODY ARMOR 5, 78 ' ' 

42 

BUDGETS' 77 

BURGLARY 92, 97 

IUSlNE~ SECURITY 9,12,95,97,98 

c 

CAUFORNIA 8, 20, 28, 69, 73, 97, 103 

CARGO SECURITY 8 

CASE STUDIES 20,109 

CASELOAD MANAGEMENT 26 

CASELOADS 27 

CITIZEN ASSOCIATIONS ,25 

CITIZEN CRIIIIE PRECAUTioNs" 22 

CITIZEN CRIME TOLERANCE " 90, 91 

{\ 

SUBJECTJND.EX 

CIlIZEN GRIEVANCES 90, 91 

CIVIL SERVICE 10 

COEDUCATlOM.\L COARECTI0N3 

FACIUTIES 41 

COMIIUNICATIONS CENTERS 13 

eotiIIUNrrY BASED CORRECTIONS 

(ADULT), 38,39,69 

COIlIIUNITY CRIME PREVENTION 

~A118 32,35,39,69 

CCNlMUNITYINVOLVEMENT 6,92 

COMMUNITY SERVICE ORDER 93 

COMPUTER AIDED OPERAnONS 13,75 

COliPUnAS 75 

CONFLiCT OF INTEREST 63 

CONNECTICUT 16,92 

eONSUIiIER rRAUI;) 16. 17.40 

CONSUIIQ PROTECTION 16,17,40 

CORRECTIONAL FACIUTIES 

108 

50,51,61, 

CORREC!lONAL INSTITUTIONS (ADUL"f) 

18,59,72 

CORRECTIONAL INSTr",'nONS (JUVENILE) 

72 i,l 

CORRECTIONAL flEAfiONHEL 72 

CORRECTIONAL PWINING 86 

CORRECTIONAL STAFF TRAINiNG 72 

CORRECTIONS 23, 52, 87 

CORRECTIONS IlANAGE~IlNT 

108 

50,51,88, 

CORRUPTION OF PUB.UC OFFICIALS 

19,20,35.63,112 ' 

3, 

COUNSELING 6 

COURSE MATEnlALa 110,111 

COURT CASE FL.OWMANAGEMENT 

57, 58, 104 .,. .. . 

56, 

CQURT MANAGEMENT 104,105,108,107 

COURT PERsmtNEL 104, 108 

COURT RECORDS 104,107 

COURT REFORM 101 

COURTS 2!3. 66 

CftlME CAUSES 11, 36, 60 

CRIME CONTROL PRt'4RAMS 17 

.' CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1,23,33,98 

CRI"I~AL JUSTICE EDUCATION eo ,~ 

CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORIIIATION 

SYSTEMS 33 

CRIMINOLOGY 41,90,91 

CRISIS INTERVENTION 6 

D 

DENMARK 25 

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 15 

DETERMINATE SENTENCES 108 

DEVIANCE 11 

DIGrrAL COMMUNICATIONS S7 

DIRECTORIES 9, 32, 33 

DISCIPLINE 21 

DISCRIMINATION 

DISPATCHING 13,37,39 

DIS,TRICT AT!ORNEYS 6 

DOMESTIC RELATIONS 60,100 

ORUG ABUSE CAUSES 11 

ORUG D£TECTION 77 

DRUG EFFECTS 77 

DRUG LAW ENFQRCEr.ENY 77,78 

DRUG LAW ENFORCEME~'r UNITS 77, 78 

DRUG LAWS 77 

DRUG RELATED CRIMES 77 

EC~IC INFLUENCES 54 

EDUCATION 18 

EFFECTIVENESS 34 

EMERGENCY VEHICLE WARNING SYSTEMS 

99 

EMPLOYEE GRIEVANCf£S 

EMPLOYEE THEFT 9? 

EMpLOYER ATTITUDES ~ 

EMPLOYER-EMPLOYEE REI,.ATION3 

CRIME COSTS ~., , ENCEPHALOGRAPHIC RESIEARCH 36 

CRI"'E IN SCHQPLS 94 

CRIME LABORATORIES 48 

CRIME LABORATORY EQUIPMENT. 48 

CRIME PREDICTION 34 

CRIME PREVENTION MEASURES 12,16, 

34,60,83,63,97 

CRIME SCENE SEARCH 43, 48 

CRIME SPECIFIC COUNTERMEASURES 

18,92 

CRIME STATiSTICS 45 

CRIMES AGAINST THE ELDERLY 22 

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION 48, 64 

CRIMINAL I"VESTIGATION UNITS 39, 64 

55 

E 

EQUAL appQnTU,.1TY EMPLOYMENT 1 

EQUAL,PROTECTION Qf THE LAWS 101 

EQUIPMENT 9 

EQUIPMENT EVALUATION 53 

EVAI..UATION 

96 

7,18,28,31,66,71,83,,84, 

EVALUATICH CRITERIA 31 

EVALUATION DESIGN 88,84 

EVALUATION TECHNIQUES 28,31,68 

EVALUATIVE RESEARCH 28,31;77, 101 ~ 

EVIDENCE 42 

EVlDENCiE COLLEC!ION 43,47.95 

EXflERT WITNESSES . 48 

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FACILITY SE. llTY 

F 

FACIUTY SECURITY 97 

FEAR OF CRIME 22, 90, 91 

40 

fEDERAL PROGRAUS '49,71 

G 

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FEDERAL AID 71 

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 4,0 

FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES 

FEDERAL REGULATIONS 40 

FEDERAL REPUBUC OF GERMANV 25, 

60 

FEMALE OFFENDERS 41,60,61 

FEl1ALES 1 

FiNANCIAL MANAGEMENT 51,105 

FIRE DEPARTMENTS 102 

FLORIDA 20, 28, 85 

FORENSIC MEDICINE 48 

FRANCE 25 

FRAUD 39,49 

GEORGIA 73 

GOVERNMENTAL PLANNING 24, 28, 31 

GRAFT 63 

GRANTS OR CONTRACTS 70 

GREAT BRITAIN 25 

HANDSFREE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 

EQUIP 7 

HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION 18 

HIGHER EDI.!CATION 18 

HIJACKING 8 

HISTORIES 103 

HOTUNES 6 

IlUNaIS 20, 28 

IMPRISONMENT 59 

INDUSTRIAL SECURITY 9, 12 

INFORMANTS 77 

INFORMATION DISSEMINATION 33 

INFORMATION PROCESSING 75 

INMATE CLASSIFICATION 108 

INMATE DISCIPUr~E 41,108 

INMATE GRIEVANC~S 66,87,66,106 

INMATE PEER COU~'cUNG 74 

INMATE PROGRAMfj 18,41,84,66,108 

INMATE SELF.IlOVERNMENT IOU 

INMATE STAFf RELATIONS 87 

INMATE TRANSFEnS 106 

INMATES 59,87 

INTERVENTION 100 

INTERVIEW AND IIIITERROGATION 43, 46 

INTRUSION DETECrrORS 98 

INVESTIGATIVE POWERS 47 

IOWA 69 

ITALY 60 

J 

JAILS 61 

JAPAN 25 

JOB PRESSURE 80 

JUDGES 30 

JUDICIAL DECISION COMPUANCE 55 

JUDICIAL DECISIONS 30 

JUDICIAL DISCRETION 30, 59 

JURIES 66 

JURY DECISIONMAKING 62 

JURY SELECTIO:I 42, 66 

JUVENILE COURT PROCEDURES 59 

JUVENILE DEUNQUENCY 94 

JUVENILE DEUNOUENCY FACTORS 11 

JUVENILE DEUNOUENCY PREVENTION 

39 

JUVENILE DEUNOUENTS 66, 94 

JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM 23 

JUVENILE OFFENDERS 14 

JUVENILES 68 

L 

LABOR RELATIONS 61 

LATIN AMERICA 60 

LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE ADMIN 

1,48,96,108 

LAW ENFORCEMENT STANDARDS 

LABORATORY 9,13 

LAWFUL USE OF FORCE 15 

LAWS AND STATUTES 6, 40, 44, 63 

LEAA EXEMPLARY PROGRAMS 

69,71,84,89 

16, :ili, 

LEGAL AID SERVICES 39 

UGHTING 99 

lITERACY EDUCATION 16 

LITERATURE 69,104 

UTERATURE REVIEWS 27,90,91 

lOCAL GOVERNMENT 

112 

19,20,24,35,63, 

lOUISIANA 6, 45 

M 

MANAGEMENT 

87, 104 

26, 46, SO, 63, 64, 66, 82, 

MANAGEMENT BY OBJEI';TIVES 3, 64, 62 

MANAGEM:ENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 

27 

MARYLAND 14,84 

MASS TRANSIT SECURITY 83 

MEDICAL AND DENTAL SERVICES 

51,52 

50, 

MEDICAL RESEARCH 36 

MICHIGAN 28, 44. 45. 56 

MIDDLE EAST 60 

MINNESOTA 44 

MINORITY EMPLOYMENT " 55 

MINORITY RECRUITMENT 1. 55 

MISDEIIIUNOR 56. 57. 58 

MISSISSIPPI 26 

MISSOURI 37, 45. 73 

MODElLAW 44 

MODEL PROGRAMS 29, bS. 69 

MODELS 101 

MUool.1O 92 

MUNICIPAL POUCE 10, 7£1 

N 

NATIONAL EVALUATION PROGRAM 71, 

89. 103 

HATl CONF OF COMMSNRS ON STATE 

LAW~ 108 

HATL CRIM JUST REFERENCE SERVICE 

21,38,60,74,93 

SUBJECT INDEX 

NATL INST OF LAW ENFOR AND CRIM 

JUST 65,69,70.71,84,89,101,102 

NEEDS ASSESSMENT 105,106,107 

NEGOTIATION 61 

NEIGHBORHOOD JUSTICE CENTERS 14, 

73 

NEVADA 57 

NEW YORK 20,69,109 

NON BEHAVIORAL CORRELATES OF CRIME 

11 

NORTH CAROLINA 103 

NORTHERN IRELAND 60 

o 

OFFENDERS 93 

OFFENSES 94 

OHIO 20,62 

OKLAHOMA 20, 28 

OMBUDSMEN 86 

OMNIBUS CRIME CONTROL SAFE STS ACT 

1 

OREGON 109 

f\\IERCROWDiNG 11 

p 

PARALEGALS 74 

PARAPROfESSIONAL PERSONNEL 

74 

27, 

PAROLE 59 

PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT 3 

PENNSYLVANIA 28,69 

PENOLOGY 23 

PERSONNEL ADMiNISTRATION 

104,106 

10,81, 

PERSONNEL SELECTION 1 

PHYSICAL CRIME PREVENTION 92, 97 

PLANNING 105,106,107 

PLEA NEGOTIATIONS 42,47,8&, 101 

POLICE 23, 43, 46, 48, 64, 82 

POLICE AFFIRMATIVE ACTION PROGRAMS 

1,55 

POLICE AGENCIES 83 

POLICE ATTITUDES 15,41 

POLICE CARS 53, 79 

POLICE COMMAND AND CONTROL 37 

POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS 92 

POLICE EFFECTIVENESS 77 

POLICE EQUIPMENT 

79 

5, 7, 13, 53, 75, 76, 

POLICE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 75 

POLICE INTERNAL AFFAIRS 15 

POLICE INTERNAL INVESTIGATIOf.& 15 

POLIC~ INTERNAL ORGANIZATIONS 82 

POLICE LEGAL ADVISERS 39 

POLICE MANAGEMENT 10,64,78,80,82 

POLICE MA~POWER DEPLOYMENT 103 

POLICE OCCUPATIONAL STRESS 80 

POI.ICE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE 

77 

POLICE PATROL 34, 37 

POLICE PURSUIT DRIVING 53 

POLIC;; RESPONSE TIME 37 

POLICE SPOUSES 80 

POLICE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 

13 

POLICE UNIONS 10,81 

POLICE USE OF DEADLY FORCE 15 

POLrCE WEAPONS USE 15 

POl~CE YCUTH UNITS 68 

POLICY 15 

SUBJECT INDEX 

PREDICTION 72 

PRERELEASE CENTERS 84 

PRERELEASE PROGRAMS 84 

PRESENTENCE INVESTIGATIONS 27 

PRETRIAL INTERVENTION 38 

PRETRIAL PROCEDURES 47, 65 

PRETRIAL PROGRAMS 38 

PRETRIAL RELEASE 38 

PRISONERS RIGHTS 41,50,87 

PROACTIVE POLICE UNITS 34 

PltOBATI()N 25, 26, 27, 59 

PROBATION CONDITIONS 25 

PROBATION OR PAROLE AGENCIES 

26 

25, 

PROBATION OR PAROLE OFFICERS 

26,27,72 

25, 

PROBATION OR PAROLE RECORDS 26 

PROBATION OR PAROLE SERVICES 

26,27 

25, 

PROCEDURE MANUALS 7, 29, 35, 42, 43, 

46,47,64,65,82,66,87,105,106,107 

PROGRAM ABUSE 49 

PROGRAM ADAPTABILITY 65, 103 

PROGRAM COORDINATION 56, 5'1, 58 

PROGRAM EVALIJATION 

58,68,73,84,103 

37, 38, 56, 57, 

PROGRAM IMPLElIENTATION 17,73,103 

PROGRAM PLANNING 103 

PROGRAMS 109,110,111 

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS 47, 48 

PROSECUTION 39,47 

PROSECUTORIAl DISCRETION 42 

PROSECUTORIAl SCREEWNG 42 

PRDSECL'TORS MANAGEMENT INFO SYS 

39 

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 76 

PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH BO 

PSYCHOFATHS 11,59 

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 3,35,63,112 

PUBLIC ATTITUDES 90, 91 

PUBLIC DEFENDERS 39 

PUBLIC SCHOOLS 94 

R 

RACIAL DISCRIMINATION 1,15 

RAPE 39,42,43,44,45,4~,47 

RECORDS MANAGEMENT 104,107 

RECRUITrJlENT 72 

REFERENCE MATERIALS 2'::, 134 

REFORM 19,20,35,44,45,59,112 

REGUI.;\TORY AGENC!~S 40 

RELEASE ON RECOOItlZANCE 38 

REMEDIAL A!DUCATlo.'4 10 

REPUBLIC OF INDIA 25 

RESEARCH 8,27,71,77 

RESEARCH AND DEVELlt)PMENT 

71 

17,70, 

RESEARCH METHODS 71 

RESEARCH PROGRAMS 71 

RESIDENTIAL SECURITY ~ 

RESTITUTION 93 

RESTITUTION CENTERS 93 

RESTITUTION PROGRAMS' 93 

REVOLUTIONARY OR TERROR/aT GROUPS 

60 

RHODE ISLAND 20 

RIGHT TO TREATMEN7 50, 51 

ROBBERY 95, 97 

ROLE PERCEPTION 22 

RULES OF EVIDENCE 95 

s 

SCHOOL DELINQUENCY PROGRAMS 21 

SCHOOL SECURITY 21,94 

SCHOOL SECURITY OFFICERS 21,94 

SCHOOL VANDALISM 21,94 

SCHOOLS 21,94 

SECURITY 97 

SECURITY CODES AND ORDINANCES 12 

SECURITY SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS 9 

SECURITY SYSTEMS 8,9,12,97 

SENIOR ADULTS 22 

SENTENCING 29,30,93,108 

SENTENCING DISPARITY 65, 108 

SENTENCING GUIDELINES 30,108 

SERVICES 69 

SEX DISCRIMINATION 1,41 

SEXUAL ASSAULT 44 

SEXUAL ASSAULT VICTIMS 6 

SHELTERS FOR BATTERED WIVES 100 

SHOPLIFTING 97 

SOCIAl. CONDITIONS 11 

SOUTH CAROUNA 28, 58 

SPECIAL PROSECUTORS 16 

SPECIFIC~TIONS 7, 53 

STANDARDS OR GOALS 5,7, 76, 106 

STATE-eY·STATE ANALYSES 44 

ST!;iE CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES 18 

STATE LAWS 44 

STATE OF I!mAEL 60 

STATE-oF·THE·ART ReVIEWS 24 

STATISTICS 72 

STATUTORY RAPE 46 

STUDENTS 74 

STUDIES 

104 

11.19,45,49,59,71,72,78,79, 

STUDY RELEASE 84 

SUMMARIES 78 

SUPERVISION 26 

SURVEilLANCE EQUIPMENT 39, 95 

SURVEYS 49,62, 72, 102 

SUSPECT IDENTIFICATION 43 

SUSPENDED SENYENCES 25 

SWEDEN 25 

T 

TEAM POLICING 103 

TECHNIQUES 104 

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 69, 71 

TERRORISM 60 

TESTING AND MEASUREMENT 5,12,65, 

99 

TEXAS 69,81 

THESAURI 67 

TRAFFIC MONITORING EQUIPMENT 13 

TRAINING 46 

TRAINING MANUALS 3, 30, 52, 63, BB, 

111 

TREATMENT 61 

TRIAL COURTS 5B, 57, 6B 

TRIAL PREPARATION 42 

TRIAL PROCEDURES 42 

v 

VEHICLE EQUIPMENT 79 

VEHICLE LOCATION MOttlTORS B, 13,37 

VEHICLES 79 

VICTIM COMPENSATION 22, 93 

VICTIM MEDICAL ASSISTANCE 6 

VICTIM SERVICES 22,42,43,108,109, 

110,111 

YOUTH SERVICES BUREAU 

VICTIMIZATION 45 

VICTIMOLOGY 90, 91 

VICTIMS 47, 110, 111 

VIDEO TAPED TESTIMONY 62 

VIRGINIA 20 

VOCATIONAL TRAINING 18 

VOLUNTEER PROGRAMS 6 

w 

WASHINGTON 44, 45, 69, 95 

WHITE COLLAR CRIMES 3,19,20,35,39, 

40,54,63,112 

WItK:ONSIN 44,109 

WITNESS ASSISTANCE 109,110,111 

WITNESSES 110,111 

WOMENS CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTI~i; 

41 

WORK RELEASE 39,61, B4 

WORKSHOPS AND SEMINARS 30, 48, 50, 

51,52,63,87,88,110,111 

y 

VOUTH SERVICES BUREAU 69 

. 

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56 

57

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1 ' 

AUTHOR INDEX 

! 

I 

I' 

.. 

LJ 

\ ! 

• ,I 

A 

ALB I, F. J. 43 

ALBRIGHT, E. J. 103 

ALLEN, H. E. 27 

AUSTERN, D. T. 63 

B 

BALL, J. H. 63 

BELL, R. 18 

BELLOWS, J. B. 30 

BLEW, C. H. 14.109 

BOLAND, B. :34 

BOSTON, G. 22 

BOWERS, R. A. 49 

BRANTj.EY, J. R. 2, 36 

BRENNER, R. N. 15,21,32,80 

BRISSETTE, J. 54 

BRYANT, P. A. 66 

BURPO, J. H. 61 

c 

CAIN, A. A. 74, 93 

CALPIN, J. C. 29, 30 

CALVANO, N. J. 5 

CAPLAN,M. 4 

CARLSON, E. W. 28, 27 

CHAPPELL, D. 44 

CHELIMSKY, E. 56, 57. 58, 97 

CIZANCKAS, V. I. 63 

CLINARD, M. B. 54 

COLEMAN, M. 50 

COLTON, K. W. 75 

CONARD, E. 18 

COOK, R. F. 73 

COOPER, C. S. 104 

CUSHMAN, R. C. 24 

o 

DAVIS, C. 88 

DAY, D. A. 6 

DOOLITTLE, C. 107 

DORWORTH, B. E. 30 

DUBOW, F. 90.91 

DUNCAN, J. T. 4, 32 

DUNCAN, S. 80 

EOOAR, J. M. 62 

E 

F 

FECHTER, J. V. 9 

FERRY, J. 89, 100 

FISCHEL, M. 56 

FISHER, J. 74 

FLETCHER, T. 3 

FLETCHER,~W. 63 

FOWLER, r. J. , JR 92 

F:RIDAV, P. C. 25 

FRISINA, L 16 

G 

GAR DINE", J. A. 19,20 

GELMAN, ,~. M. 29. 30 

GETZELS, J. 112 

GLUCKSTIllRN, N. B. 50,51,52 

GORDON,P. 3 

GREENBERG, I. 64 

GREISINGEA, G. W. 10 

H 

HARNESS, J. 51, 52 

HARNESS, J. K. 50 

HARRIES, E. 54 

HEINl, A. M. 85 

HENTZELL, S. 3 

HORTON, D. M. 23, 41 

HOWETT, G. L 99 

J 

JACQUIN, D. 110,111 

JOHNSON, C. 100 

JONF.S,C. 21 

JONES, H. C. 110, 111 

JONES, R. N. 7 

JORDAN, F. , JR 83 

JORDAN, F. C. , JR 97 

K 

KAPLAN, G. 90, 91 

KEATING, J. M. 86, 67, 88 

KEMP, D. M. 28,31 

KERSETTER, W. A. 85 

KETTERMAN, T. 33 

KRAVITZ, M. 2,4,15,21,22,23,36,41, 

81,74,80,89,93,100 

KRESS, J. M. 29, 30 

KRUG, R. E. 17 

L 

LAFFEY,T. 18 

LANCER, C. 28 

LANGE, A. Q. 49 

LAPERLA,S.S. 23 

LARSON, G. C. 37 

LEGRAND, C. E. 44 

LEVINE, M. 61 

LEWIS, A. C. 53 

LEWIS, E. , JR 53 

LOCKARD, J. L 32 

LOCKE, H. G. 55 

l.UBANS, V. A. 82. 

LUTZ, J. G. 18 

LYMAN, T. R. 19,63 

LYMON, T.J~. 20 

M 

MCCABE, E. 90, 91 

MCCALLA, M. E. 92 

MANGIONE, T. W. 92 

MANIKAS, P. 35 

MANNING, P. K. 77, 78 

MATHEWS, K. E. , JR 102 

MATHLESS, P. 88 

MILLER, P. V. 18 

MOLKUP, J. J. 10 

MOLOF, M. 83 

MOUNT, C. H. 66 

MOY, W. 83 

MUNSTERMAN, G. T. 66 

NALLEY, P. G. 

NEUSE, M.A. 

NITZBERG, R. 

OTTEN, L 11,58 

PABST, W. n. J. R. 

N 

26,31 

50,51,5~ 110. 111 

22 

o 

p 

6A 

, 

, 

Preceding page blank 

59 

I

.1 

am 

PACKARD, R. 

AUTHOR INDEX 

I 

, ~ 

) . 

\ Ok 

, 

PACKARD, Po. 51,52 

PACKARD, R. W. 50 

PARKS, Eo C. 27 

PATMON, C. 50,51,52 

PETRASHEK, D. 54 

PROTESS, D. 35 

R 

REDUNOER, L. J. 77, 78 

REICH, J. A. 42, 44, 47 

ROBER1SON, E. M. 

ROEHL, J. A. 73 

9, 62 

ROSE,A.M. 17 

ROSENBLUM, R. 14 

ROSENBLUM, R. H. 109 

ROTHMAN, D. J. 59 

ROVNER.pIECZENIK, R. 68 

RUBEL, R. 21 

RUSSELL, L. S. 97 

s 

SASFY, J. 56, 57, 58 

SAULSBERY, L. F. 7 

SCANLON, J. W. 28, 31 

SCHILlER, J. 110,111 

SCHRAM, D. D. 45, 48 

SCHUBERT, J. G. 17 

SCOTT, W. W. ,JR 13 

SHEPPARD, D. I. 73 

SHER, A. H. 98 

SHORT, E. H. 107 

BIEGEL, L 83 

SIEGEL, L. G. 103 

SIMON,C. 18 

SIMON, J. W. 37 

SLOVAK, J. S. 10 

SPAID, O. 110, 111 

SPAID, O. A. 30, 63 

SPANOENBERG,R.L. 16 

STAKELON, A. E. 18 

STEINBERG, S. S. 110 

STENBAKKEN, O. N. 98 

STRACK, J. 83 

STRACK, J. R. 97 

STUDEN, L. R. a 

WHITCOMB, D. 6, 16, 95 

W/WAIIS, J. R. 77, 78 

WILSON, J. Q. 34 

WORKfAAN, J. L. 7 

WYNNE, J. M. , JR 24 

y 

YEAGER, P. C. 54 

z 

ZWEIBEL, G. J. 40 

THUROW, C •. 112 

TOBIN, R. 105,106 

ULBERG, C. 46 

T 

u 

v 

VIANO, E. C. 110,111 

w 

WALDHORN, S. A. 19,20 

WALlER, J. D. 28,31 

WASSERMAN, R. 64 

WEBSTER, S. H. 102 

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60 

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U.S. Department of Justice 


Official Business 

Penalty for Private Usc SJOO 

Postaae and Fees Paid 

U.S. Deparlmenl of Juslice 

Jus 436 

Third Class 

Bulk Rate" 

Washington. D.C. 205JI 

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II - National Criminal Justice Reference Service

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