II - National Criminal Justice Reference Service

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POLICE
PUBLICATIONS
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PRE-RELEASE
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IMPROVE POLICE PATROL CAPABILITIES. UTILITY. SAFETY.
ECONOMY. AND PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH MODIFICATION OF
POLICE CRUISERS. A PROGRAM SUMMARY IS PRESENTED.
INCLUDING DISCUSSIONS OF THE PROTOTYPE DEVELOP­
MENT. FIELD TEST PROGRAMS. VEHICLE CONFIGURATION
IMPROVEMENT STUDIES. TEST SITE SELECTION, AND PRO.
GRAM TERMINATION. THE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION COVERS
MEASURES TAKEN TO IMPROVE ECONOMY, TO PROVIDE
NECESSARY EMERGENCY WARNING AND SAFETY SYSTEMS
AND TO ADD CAPABILITIES FOR IMPROVED PRODUCTIVIlY:
THE DEVELOPMENT, FABRICATION. AND BENCH TEST OF
THE PROTOTYPE IS DETAILED. ALONG WITH THE INTEGRA.
TION OF ALL COMPONENTS AND SUBSYSTEMS INTO THE
PROTOTYPE VEHICLE. THE RESULTING PROTOTYPE VEHICLE
WAS OF COMPACT SIZE AND WAS SUCCESSFULLY RETRO.
FITTED WITH FUEL AND DRIVER AIDS, IMPROVED BRAKES,
UPDATED SEAT AND RESTRAINT SYSTEMS. AND SOPHISTI­
CATED MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED DIGITAL COMMUNI.
CATIONS. DISPLAYS. AND DATA SYSTEMS. THE PLANNING
AND SELECTION OF A FIELD TEST CONTRACTOR AND THE
SUBSYSTEM COMPONENTS TO BE TESTED ARE DISCUSSED
AS ARE THE DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS. TWENTY VEHI:
CLES WERE SELECTED FOR RETROFITTING. TESTING, AND
EVALUATION IN ACTUAL POLICE OPER,o.TIONS IN NEW OR.
LEANS. LA .• AND DALLAS, TEX. VEHICLE CONFIGJRATION 1M.
PROVEMENT STUDIES CONCERNING THE DESIGN OF- IM­
PROVED BODY CONFIGURATIONS ARE NOTED, FOLLOWED
BY A STUDY OF A VEHICLE LOCATION SYSTEM AND AN AS­
SESSMENT OF DRIVE-TRAIN SYSTEMS FOR DUAL-MODE
PERFORMANCE. A BIBLIOGRAPHY, PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE
PROTOTYPE AND SYSTEM COMPONENTS. AND TABULAR
DISPLAYS ARE PROVIDED. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT MODIFIED)
Spi)nlOrfng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA­
TIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL
JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW. WASHINGTON, DC 20531.
AVlllabillty: NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM.
80. POLICE STRESS-A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5
DUNCAN, R. N. BRENNER, Ind Y. KRAVITZ, Ed.. NATIONAL
CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERVICE, BOX 0000, ROCK­
VILLE MD 20850. 96 p. 1979. NCJ.58352
THE 113 DOCUMENTS IN THIS SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
GIVE AN OVERVIEW OF JOB-RELATED STRESS AMONG
POLICE OFFICERS, EXAMINE THE CAUSAL FACTORS AND
DESCRIBE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO REDUCE STRESS.
THE DOCUMENTS DESCRIBE THE TYPES OF STRESS
COMMON IN POLICE WORK, THE EFFECTS OF SUCH STRESS
AND RESEARCH FINDINGS. IN ADDITION TO THE
LIFE-ENDANGERING NATURE OF POLICE WORK, THE TYPES
OF STRESS TREATED IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY INCLUDE LOW
SELF·ESTEEM, POOR POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS, CON.
FLICT SITUATIONS, SOCIAL ISOLATION, ORGANIZATIONAL
PRACTICES, POOR PAY (WHICH MEANS AN OFFICER MUST
MCONLIGHT), TRAINING AND EQUIPMENT PROBLEMS AND
CIVIL LIABILITY PROBLEMS. THE MANAGEMENT' AP­
PROACHES DESCRIBED INCLUDE MORE EXPLICIT POLICIES
IMPROVED EQUIPMENT AND TRAINING, ENLIGHTENED PER:
SONNEL PRACTICES, PROFESSIONAL AND PEER COUNSEL­
ING, MI,)RE EFFECTIVE DISCIPLINE MEASURES, LESS EMPHA­
SIS ON MILITARY ORGANIZATION, PHYSICAL CONDITIONING
TRAINING, REFINED SELECTION AND EDUCATION PROCE­
DURES. PROGRAMS FOR FAMILIES, AND SPECIFIC TRAINING
IN STRESS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES. MOST OF THE DQC..
UMENTS WERE PUBLISHED BETWEEN 1972 AND '!)78 AND
AL'. ARE INCLUDED IN THE COLLECTION OF THE h~TIONAL
CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERVICE. EACH CITATION IN­
CLUDES lIN ABSTRACT AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION.
AS A FUATHER AID, AN APPENDIX DESCRIBES 33 TRAINING
FILMS THAT DEPICT STRESSFUL SITUATIONS (MAKING AN
ARREST, HANDLING A DOMESTIC DISPUTE, MEDIATING A
PROBLEM). PROMOTE SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT TECH-
NIQUES. AND DISCUSS HUMAN RELATIONS IN GENERAL.
LISTS OF SOURCES FOR BOTH THE DOCUMENTS AND THE
FILMS ARE APPENDED.
SponllOflng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA.
'lIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL
JUSTICE. 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON. OC 20531.
AVlllablllty: GPO Stock Order No. 027.000-00842-9: NCJRS
MICROFICHE PROGRAM. NCJRS.
81. POLICE UNIONS IN THE CIVIL SERVICE SETTING. :,ty J. H.
BURPO. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SERVICE. 1776 MASSA.
CHUSETTS AVENUE. NW, WASHINGTON OC 20036. 4~ p.
1979. NCJ-511255
FOCUSING ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLICE
UNIONS AND CIVIL SERVICE SYSTEMS, THIS PAPER EXAM.
INES COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE
CIVIL SERVICE SYSTEM. A STUDY BY THE PUBLIC ADMINIS­
TRATIVE SERVICE REVEALED THAT ALTHOUGH A SUBSTAN.
TIAL MINORITY OF POLICE UNIONS AND PUBLIC ADMINIS.
TRATORS FEEL THAT CIVIL SERVICE SYSTEMS INTERFERE
WITH PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION. MOST SUPPORT THE
SYSTEM. IINION ATTEMPTS TO ALTER THE SYSTEM SHOULD
REMAIN MINIMAL DUE TO PERCEIVED ADVANTAGES AND
THE LACK OF ANY ALTERNATIVE TO THE CIVIL SERVICE
SYSTEM. CURRENT INCREASING DEMAND FOR PRODUCTIVE
PUBLIC SERVICES POINTS OUT THE NEED TO IMPROVE THE
QUALITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF POLICE SERVICES. NU­
MEROUS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING HIRING AND
PROMOTION PRACTICES AND DISCIPLINARY POLICIES AND
PROCEDURES ARE NOTED. SEVERAL REASONS FOR THE
FAILURE OF CIVIL SERVICE CHANGES ARE OUTLINED.
ALONG WITH A SUGGESTED ALTERNATIVE: UTILIZATION OF
THE COLLECTIVE BARGAINING PROCESS FOR MORE PRO­
DUCTIVE METHODS OF HIRING, PROMOTING, AND DISCIPLIN.
ING POLICE OFFICERS. A SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLE OF A COL­
LECTIVE 8A~r.,~INING AGREEMENT IN CORPUS CHRISTI
TEX., IS DISCU~).'lED. AMONG THE CIVIL SERVICE PROVI:
SIONS NEGOTIATED INTO THIS CITY'S POLICE COLLECTIVE
BARGAINING AGREEMENT ARE PROMOTION AND DEMOTION
OF ASSISTANT CHIEFS AND COMMANDERS, PROBATIONARY
PERIODS FOR RECRUITS AND SUPERVISORS, SUSPENSION
OF OFFICERS, REDUCTION IN THE POWER OF THE CIVIL
SERVICE COMMISSION IN DISCIPLINARY CASES POWER OF
ASSISTANT CHIEFS AND COMMANDERS TO RECOMMEND
SUSPENSIONS, AND PROMOTIONS. ADDITIONAL ANALYSES
OF THE CORPUS CHRISTI BARGAINING EXPERIENCE ARE EX.
AMINED. FDOTNOTES ACCOMPANY THE TEXT.
Sponaorlng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA.
TIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL
JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531.
AVllllblllty: GPO Stock Order No. 027.000.00859.3' NCJRS
MICROFIC~1E PROGRAM.
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'2. POLICING BY OBJECTIVES-A HANDBOOK FOR IMPROVING
POLICE MANAGEMENT. 9y V. A. LUBANS Ind J M EDGAR
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, 266 Pl:ARL 'STREET
ROOM 418, HARTFORD CT 06103. 26-4 p. 1979. '
NCJ-45511
POLICING BY OB.IECTIVES (PBO) IS A PROCESS OF PLAN.
NING, EXECUTING, AND REVIEWING THE ACTIVITIES OF A
POLICE ORGANIZATION IN RELATION TO SPECIFIC DESIRED
RESULTS. BASED ON A PROCESS DESIGNED PRIMARILY FOR
USE IN BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY, PBO HAS BEEN EXTEN­
SIVELY MODIFIED TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE EXTRAOROI.
NARY MANAGEME'~T PROBLEMS INHERENT IN THE POLICE
ENTERPRISE. THE TYPICAL PROBLEMS WHICH BESET THE
POLICE MANAGER-L1TILE CONTROL OVER THE DEMAND
FOR THE TYPES, TIMING, OR FREQUENCY OF SERVICES: RE.
SUL TS WHICH ARE NOT EASILY MEASURED: BUDGET DECI.
SIONS WHICH ARE OFTEN MADE OUTSIDE THE POLICE
DEPARTMENT--ARE PROBLEMS WITH WHICH A
BUSINESS·ORIENTED SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT IS INCAPA-
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BLE OF DEALING. PBO, ON THE OTHER HAND, ACKNOWL­
EDGES THESE AND THE MA~JY OTHER SPECIAL DIFFICUL­
TIES WHICH CHARACTERIZE THE DISTINCTIVE WORLD OF
POLICE MANAGEMENT. TO MAKE THE NUMEROUS MODIFICA­
TIONS OF THE REQUISITE CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES. RE­
SEARCHERS STUDIED THE PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES OF 37
POLICE ORGANIZATIONS NOW USING SOME FORM OF PBO.
THE ADVICE AND OPINIONS OF A PANEL OF ADVISORS
FROM THE POLICE WORLD AND THE BUSINESS AND ACA·
DEMIC SECTORS WERE SOLICITED. THIS INFORMATION WAS
THEN ORGANIZED AND SYNTHESIZED INTO A STEP·BY-STEP
SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT WHICH IS PRESENTED IN
HOW-TO FORM. THE RESULT IS A GUIDE TO MODERN
POLICE MANAGEMENT WRITTEN EXPRESSLY FOR THE
ACTIVE AND WOUI.D-BE POLICE MANAGER WHICH EMPHA­
SIZES THE PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT RATHER THAN MAN­
AGEMENT THEORY. EACH STEP IN THE PBO PROCESS IS
PRESENTED. FROM THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DEPARTMENT­
AL MISSION TO THE FINAL ASSESSMENT OF RESULTS.
CHAPTERS EXPLAIN THE BENEFITS OF PBO MANAGEMENT
TO THE INDIVIDUAL MANAGER AND HIS ORGANIZATION:
OUTLINE POSSIBLE APPROACHES TO IMPLEMENTATION: DIS­
CUSS PROBLEMS WHICH MAY ARISE, AND SOME WAYS THEY
CAN BE AVOIDED OR OVERCOMEi AND OFFER SUGGES·
TIONS AS TO HOW THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
MIGHT BE CHANGED TO MAKE PBO STILL MORE EFFECTIVE.
DESCRIPTIONS OF PBO SYSTEMS IN ACTUAL OPERATION IN
SEVERAL POLICE ORGANIZATIONS HAVE BEEN APPENDED
TO SHOW THE v'ARIOUS WAYS PBO CAN BE EMPLOYED. AN
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY IN ALSO INCLUDED.
Sponaorlng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA·
TIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL
JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531.
AVllllblHty: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, 266
PEARL STREET, ROOM 416, HARTFORD CT 06103.
13. POLICING URBAN MASS TRANSIT SYSTEMS-PHASE 1 SUM·
MARY REPORT. By L SIEGEL, M. MOLOF, W. MaY, J.
STRACK, Ind F. JORDAN JR. MITRE CORPORATION, P 0
BOX 208. BEDFORD MA 01730. 70 p. 1979.
NCJ-t02.4
THIS REPORT ASSESSES WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT CRIME
AND POLICING .RESPONSES ON URBAN MASS TRANSIT SYS­
TEMS. REPORT FINDINGS ARE BASED ON A LITERATURE
SURVEY, SITE VISITS, AND INTERVIEWS. THE ASSESSMENT
CONSISTS OF ANALYZING THE INTERACTIONS AMONG THE
TRANSIT ENVIRONMENT, CRIME AND POLICING OPER­
ATIONS: EXAMINING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS
TRANSIT POLICING STRATEGIES AND SUPPORTIVE ANTI­
CRIME MEASURES: AND SUGGESTING NEW EVALUATIVE AND
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMS. POLICE TRANSIT SYSTEMS USE
A BROAD RANGE OF STRATEGIES INCLUDING POLICE OPER·
ATIONS (UNIFORMED AND PLAINCLOTHES PATROL, DECOY,
STAKEOUT), ELECTRONIC AND MECHANICAL COMMUNICA­
TION AND SECURITY DEVICES (2-WAY RADIO, TELEPHONES,
CLOSED·CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CClV), SUPPORT ACTIVITIES
(DRIVER EDUCATION, LIAISON WITH SCHOOLS, COURTS, AND
NEIGHBORHOODS), TARGET HARDENING VIA ENVIRONMEN·
TAL AND VEHICULAR REDESIGN (INCREASED LIGHTING, 1M·
PROVED VISIBILITY, .EXACT FARE, AND SCRIP), AND SELEC·
TIVE OPERATING ACTIONS (SKIPPING STOPS, CLOSING STA·
TIONS, ELIMINATING RUNS, REDUCING THE NUMBER OF
CARS IN A TRAIN). MANY SYSTEMS FOR IMPROVING POLICE
EFFECTIVENESS HAVE USED MULTIPLE STRATEGIES IN THE
BELIEF THAT A COMBINATION OF APPROACHES WILL BE
MORE ECONOMICAL. THE BASIC ASSUMPTIONS THAT GUIDE
TR~\NSIT POLICE ANTICRIME ACTIVITIES ARE SIMILAR TO
THOSE IN GENERAL POLICING. BASED ON A REVIEW OF REL·
EVANT LITERATURE, ON A SERIES OF 12 SITE VISITS, AND
CONTINUING DISCUSSIONS WITH TRANSIT POLICE OFFI·
CIALS, THIS STUDY FOUND THAT THE CRIME PROBLEM IN
MASS TRANSIT ESSENTIALLY IS CONCENTRATED IN THE NA­
TION'S LARGE CITIES, THAT CERTAIN TYPES OF TRANSIT
CRIME ARE MORE AMENABLE TO COfl!TROL THAN OTHERS,
AND THAT METHODS OF FARE COLLECTION FREQUENTLY
INFLUENCE THE SELECTION OF POLICING STRATEGIES. EN·
VIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS AGE, POOR
LIGHTING, MULTIPLE EXITS. AND RECESSED AREAS HINDER
SURVEILLANCE. WHEREAS NEW STATIONS ARE DESIGNED
TO INCREASE VISIBILITY AND IMPROVE ACCESS CONTROL.
SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED PATROLS GENERALLY REDUCE
CRIME. AND STAKEOUT AND DECOY OPERATIONS ARE EF­
FECTIVE. OTHER POLICING ACTIVITIES HAVE NOT BEEN
EVALUATED FORMALLY IN TERMS OF THEIR IMPACT ON
TRANSIT CRIME. THE IMPACT OF VARIOUS POLICING STRAT­
EGIES ON PASSENGER PERCEPTIONS OF SECURITY ALSO
ARE DISCUSSED. FOOTNOTES, CHARTS. AND A BIBLIOGRA­
PHY ARE INCLUDED.
SUpplementil Not .. : SERIES A, NUMBER 23.
Sponaorlng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA­
TIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL
JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531.
AVlllablllty: GPO. Stock Order No. 027-000-00858·5.
14. PRE·RELEASE CENTER PROGRAM TEST DESIGN. US DE·
PARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW
ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA
AVENUE NW. WASHINGTON, DC 20531. 22 p. 1978.
NCJ-66869
NILECJ IS SPONSORING A FIELD TEST OF PRERELEASE CEN·
TERS AT A LIMITED NUMBER OF SITES. USING THIS PRO·
GRAM TEST DESIGN AS A BASIS. THE TESTS SHOULD
, ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A PROGRAM STRATEGY IN
VARIOUS SETTINGS. THE GOAL OF THE TESTING EFFORT IS
TO IDENTIFY AND TEST A SET OF FOUR PROGRAM COMPO·
NENTS FOR COUNTY-BASED, CORRECTIONAL, PRERELEASE
CENTERS. A MAJOR CONCERN IN THE REPLICABILITY m~
THE COMPONENTS. THE COMPONENTS INCLUDE (1)
COMMUNITY·BASED WORK OR EDUCATION RELEASE IN
WHICH SENTENCED INMATES ARE RELEASED FOR EMPLOY·
MENT AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OPERATED BY THE
COUNTY AND LOCATED IN A SEPARATE FACILITY OR UNIT:
(2) CLIENT PARTICIPATION, LIMITED TO INMATES WHO HAVE
BEEN SENTENCED TO SERVE TIME IN PRISONS OR JAILS: (3)
COMPREHENSIVE SEHVICES, INCLUDING PROGRAM CON·
TRACTS, TREATMENT SERVICES, AND FINANCIAL PAYMENT
BY INMATES: AND (4) SUPERVISION WITH INCREASED FREE­
DOM BASED ON A GRADUATED RELEASE PROGRAM. PAR­
TICIPANT SUPERVISION, AND WRITTEN RULES AND ADMINIS·
TRATIVE PROCESSES. THE PROGRAM TEST DESIGN IN·
CLUDES f~ANDOM .4SSIGNMENT OF ALL SELECTED ELlG!BLE
CLIENTS TO EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS. A
COMPARISON GROUP COMPOSED OF IN~4ATES NOT ELIGI·
BLE FOR PROGRAM SERVICES, AND SEPARATE ANALYSES
OF THE PERFORMANCES OF JAIL AND PRISON INMATES.
THESE EVALUATIONS WILL SEEK TO DETERMINE THE PRO·
GRAMS' IMPACT ON PARTICIPATING CLiENTS AND COMMUNI­
TY, WILL ASSESS THE ECONOMIC UTILITY OF THE PRO·
GRAMS TO THE CRIMINAL JUISTICE SYSTEM, AND WILL IDEN·
TIFY THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF MAJOR COMPONENTS. TO
ASSURE THAT THE SELECTED TEST SITES PROVIDE COM·
PREHENSIVE PROGRAMS CONSISTENT WITH THE TEST
DESIGN, EACH SELECTED COUNTY CORRECTIONAL AGENCY
WILL BE REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT OR UPGRADE CERTAIN
PROGRAMMATIC ELEMENTS. EACH PARTICIPATING COUNTY
AGENCY WILL BE PROVIDED FUNDS TO COVER THE DEVEL·
OPMENT OF THEIR CURRENTLY OPERATING PRERELEASE
PROGRAM INTO ONE WHICH INCLUDES ALL THE PROGRAM
TEST DESIGN ELEMENTS. FROM THE GRANT AWARD DATE,
AGENCIES WILL BE EXPECTED TO COMPLETE THE PROJECT
IN 18 MONTHS (3 MONTHS FOR PLANNING AND 12·15
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