II - National Criminal Justice Reference Service

1-
,
D'UBLICATIONS
OFTHENIJ
CORRUPTION
INGS. ILLEGAL SEARCHES. HARASSMENT. AND MURDER ON
. THE. STREET); HE PROPOSESSTP.ATEGIES FOR INVOLVING
CITIZENS IN POLICE DISCIPLINARY AND REVIEW BOARD
MECHANISMS, A CLERGYMA~
DISCUSSES HOW FEAR OF
~IME IN THE WHITE .COMMUNITY IN THE U.S. CREATES
WHITE SUPpPRT FOR MINIMAL REGULATION OF POLICE USE
OF DEADJ.Y FORCE AND INcREASES THE EXISTING STRAINS
IN BLACK·WHITE REtATiONS. A POLICE CHIEF FROM WASH.
INGTON STATE LINKS POlice POLICY ON DEADI.Y FORCE TO
OLD ENGLISH CQMMON LAW. RECOMMENDS REVISION OF
SUCH POLICIES. '!NO CALLS FOR A CHANGE IN POLICE AU.
THORITARIAN ATirITUDES. BEGINNIN:3 WITH TOP MANAGE.
MENT. TWO ADDITIONAL PAPERS ADDRESS THE NEED FOR
~"'~' UNAMBIGUOUS POLICE POLICY WHICH SETS SPECIF.
IC MINIMUM LIMITS ON THE USE OF DEADLY FORCE A FINA'
PAPER REVIEWS STUDI/SS CONDUCTeD IN THE 1970'S WHICH
REFUTE THE BELIEF THAT LAW ENFORCEMENT .IS AN EX.
TREMELYPERILOUS OCCUPATION AND SHoW THAT BLACKS
.. ARE MORE LIKELY THAN WHITES TO BE KILLED BY POLICE
THE CONCERNS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ARE
HIGHLIGHTED IN STATEMENTS BY THE ASSISTANT ATTOR.
NEY GEN.ERAL AND TWO OTHER OFFICIALS \y'HO DISCUSS
DEADLY fQRCE AND CITE RESEARCH PRIORITI.rdS. THE FINAL
SECTION ISA LITERATURE REVIEW BY POLICE FOUNDATION
STAFF THAT SUMMARIZES 15 MAJOR RESEARCH STUDIES
THE STUDIES C~UR THAT BLACKS AND HISPANICS ARE
FATAL VICTI~~ OJ, POLICE SHqOTINGS IN EXCESS OF THEIR
PROPORTION OF l'HE P.~LATION. THE STUDIES FOUND
T/:IAT LEGAL ACTION IS USUALLV NOT TAKEN AGAINST
POLICE IN SHOOTlt4G INCIDENTS AND RESTRICTIVE POll.
CIES ACCOMPANIED BY SmONG ENFORCEMENT ARE EF.
FECTlVE IN REDUClNG THE NUMBER OF POLlCt; SHOOTINGS
REFERENCES' AND AN .ANNOTATED BIEILIOGRAPHV ON
POLICE USE OF DEADLY FORCE ARE PROVIDED. .
~1ICHtng ~ US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA.
J~.'=~~NC:=A~~U~%v~=~:6W ~'~~~L
AV'IIIIItI.tr- G~~. Slock Order No. 027 -000.00e07.'. •
1 •• fO~~:~~u:-. :ll' WHITCOIIII.
INC. 65 WHEELER STREET. CAMBRIDGE MA 0'fSOO138 IA7TE9 S.
1979. . . NCHoJ'
THE CONNECTICUT ECONOMIC CRIME UNIT (ECU,. ONE c::
TWO OON8U,MER FRAUD-ORIEN'rED PROJECTS GRANTED
exeMPLARV STATUS BY LEM. IS Df;SCRIBED IN DETAIL. THE
~NVCU CONSISTS OF THREE PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. FIVE
ESTIGATORS. AND SUPPORT STAFF WHO WORk OUT OF
rHE CHIEF STATE'S ATTORNEY'S OFFIce. THE UN!T'S OB.
. JECTIVES Af,'E TO INVESTIGATE AND PROSECUTE CONSUM.
ER FRAUD CASEs AND TO PROMOTE AWARENESS OF ECO.
NOMIC CRIME AMONG THE PUBLIC AND AMONG LAW EN
FORCEMENT AND REGULATORY AGENCY PERSONNEL THE
UNIT'S PREVENTION COMPONENTS INCLUDE AN INTER.
AGENCY ECONOMIC. CRIME COUNCIL. NEWSPAPER ADVER.
TlSING r.tONITORING. CONSUMER ALERTS AND LECTURE
SERVICES. DURING ITS FIRST 3 YEARS OF oPeRATION THE
ECU RECEIVED 32.316 INQUIRIES AND CONDUCTED 78e IN
VESTIGATIONS. ARRESTS WERE MADE IN EVERY COUNTY IN
THE STATE. THE 117 INDKm.tENTS BROUGHT DURING THE
3'YEAR PERIOD RESULTED IN 84 GUILTY PLEAS AND ONLY:2
ACQUITTALS. THE ECU'S TOTAL OPERATING COST WAS
1474,n8. THE UNIT RETURNED 1723.810 IN RESTITUTION TO
VICTIMS OF ECONOMIC CRIMES AND 120.832 TO THE STATE
IN FINES. THE REPORT PROVIDES A DETAII.£O DEsr"RIP'fION
OF THE ECl,I'S DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANIZATION (iNcLUD.
ING PROBLEMS AND PRIORITIES,. OPERATIONS (CASE RE.
FERRAI."SCREENING. INVESTIGATION. DATA MANAGEMENT)
PREVENTION STRAtEGIES. PUBLIC RELATIONS AND TRAIN:
II«i PRoGRAMS. RESULTS, AND OPERATING COSTS
THROUGHOUT THE.REPORT.ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED BY
8
THOSE PLANNING SIMILAR PROJECTS ArtE HIGHLIGHTED
APPENDED MATERIALS INCLUDE SAMPLE COPIES OF ECU
FORMS. AN OUTLINE OF CONSUMER FRAUD LAW ENFORCE.
MENT STRATEGIES. SUGGESTED DATA ELEMENTS FOR MAN.
AGEMENT AND EVALUATION INFORMATION.GATHERING
AND A SAMPLE COSTING PLAN.
•
SUppIemonbi/ NoI..: AN EXEMPLARY PROJECT.
~ Aeenc:r- US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA.
TIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL
JUSTICE. 833 INDIANA AVENUrf,NW. WASHINGTON. DC 20531.
AYIIfIIbIIIty: GPO Slock Order No. 027-000-00830.5' NCJRS
MICROFICHE PROGRAM. NCJRS.
•
17. COI.tIUMER FRAUD-AN EMPIRICAL PERlHCTlVE-SUII­
MARY. Ir J. 0. ICHURRT. R. Eo KRUO lind A M ItOII
NATIONAL CONSUMER LAW CENTER 11 'BEAcoN STREET
BOSTON MA 02108;, AMERICAN INSTITUTES FOR RE:
~EARCH. 1055 THOMAS JEFFERSON STREET. NW. WASHING.
ON DC 20007. 78 p.1970. HCJ.52171
THE OBJECTIVES OF A CONSUMER FRAUD STUDY ,\RE SUM.
MARIZED. ALONG WITH THE RESULTING GOVERNMENT IN.
TERVENTION STRATEGIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
THEIR IMPLEMENTA'tlON. THE GENERAL PLAN FOR THE
lEM·SPONSORED CONSUMER FRAUD .PROJECT CONSISTED
OF THREE PHASES. THE PURPOSE OF tHE FIRST PHASE
WAS TO DESCRIBE THE NATURE. SCOPE, AND CHARACTf.r..
ISTICS OF CONSUMER FRAUD AND THE LAWS AND REGULA.
TIONS INTENDED FOR ITS CONTROL. THE PURPOSE OF'i THE
SECOND PHASE WAS TO EXPAND ON 'iHE FIRST BY COL.
LE~.!'NG A LARGi:R AND MORE FOCUSED SET OF CONSUM.'
ER1'RAUO EVENTS AND BY EXAMINING THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF EXISTING CONTROL MECHANISMS IN ORDER TO DETER.
MINE THE REQUIREMENTS OF NEW OR MODIFIED PREVEN.
TION AND CONTROL SCHEMES.' THE PRODUCT OF THE
THIRD PHASE WOULD THeN BE A sEr OF RECOMMENDED
~PPR()ACHES OR STRATEGIES TO PROTECT CONSUMERS
FROM FRAUD. IN THE COURSE OF THE FIRST TWO PHASES
CASE HISTORIES OF CONsUMER FRAUD EVENTS WERE COL:
.LECTED. AND I.;UANTITATIVE PROFILES OF VARIOUS PAT.
TERNS OF CONSUMER FRAUD WERE DEVELOPED. WORKING
FROM THESE DATA. SOME 18 APPROACHES TO COMBATING
CONSUMER FRAUD WERE PRt;>POSEiJ AND ORGANIZED INTO
THE FOLLOWING SIX GROUPS: (1) (! PAYMENt
PLA~&NING-INVOLVING THE RESTRUCTURING OF PAYMENT·
PROCEDURES TO ALLOW CONSUMEflS MORE fLEXIBILITY IN
THE . FACE OF POSSIBLE FRAUD; (2,.:cPOSTAALE
ALTERNATIVE8-OPTIONS GIVING CONSUMERS THE OProR.
TUNITY TO EXERCISE AUTOMATIC CANCELLATION RIGHTS'
:~ ~PLAINT MEOIATION··GOVERNMENT AID IN NEGOTIAT~
CONSUMER SATISFACTION: (4, PRIVATE
REMEDIES-OPTIONS ALLOWING CONSUMERS TO INITIATE
AGAINST FRAUDULENT MERCHANTS WITH.
P~ooeEDlNGS
CUT INVOLVING A THIRD PARTY; (S, COVERAGE' FOR CON.
SUMERLOSS-PRO"'DING RESTITUTION TO VICTIMS OF
CONSUMER FRAUD BY REQVIRING BONDING, INSURANCE
AND PREFERENTIAL TREAT~e~ FOR CONSUMERS DURING
BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS' AND
SIMPLIFICATION .. REQUlRINq A 'BALANCE J~ INF~~!i~:
BETWEEN THE MERCHANT ANO THr: CONSUMER IN ALL
TRANSACTIONS WHI=RE PRINT MEDIA ARE INVOLVED REO
OMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION WERE THEN DeVEL:
~:~g~;D A~~£ DISCUSSED WITH REGARD TO PRIORITY
SUGGESTED ACTIONS BY THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND AT THE FEDERAL. STATE. LOC~L. AND LEM
,> LEVELS. TABULAR DATA AND THREE APPENDIXES ARE AT·
::;- ~jI TAcH ED. ""
19oMOr',n; Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LAW EN·
FORCEMENT ASSISTANCE ADMINISTRAT,ION CRIMINAL CON·
SPIRAClES DIVISION. 833 INDIANA AVe(.JUE. NW. WASHING·
TON. DC 20531.
AvaIIIbIIIty: GPO Siock Order No. 027~24·1; AMERI·
, CAN INSTITUTES FOR RESEARCH. 10E5 7'HoMAS JEFFERSON
STREET. NW, WASHINGTON DC 20001 Slock Order No.
AIR·58000-111711-: NCJRS M~OFICHE PROGRAM.
1.. COIHtt!CTIONAL CUCATION PftOGftAill FOfIINIIATU NA·
TIONAL IVAl.UATIc)N I'IIaGIWI-PHAIE 1 1tIPOfn'.
II. -u.. E. COHMD. T. WRY. J. G. .LUTZ, P. V. MILLER. C.
lIMON, lind A. E.ITAkELOH. LEHIGH UNIVERSITY. 131 p.
1979. .. . . NC ...... ,71
,QUESTIoNNAIRES AND SITE VISITS WERE USED TO EVALU·
ATE 183 CORRECTIONAL· EDUCATION PROGRAMS. THE
SURVEY COVERED" FUNDING. ADMINISTRATION. RE·
SOURCES. MATERIALS. PROGRAM DESIGN AND EVALUA·
TION. AND RELATION TO WORK PROGRAMS. THE SURVEY.
CONDUCTED IN 1977. COVERED A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
OF STATE CORREcr,ONAL INSTITUTIONS WITH MORE' THAN
100 INMATES IN 48 STATES (ALASKA AND HAWAII WERE EX·
CLUDED). ON THE BASIS OF DATA COLLECTED. CONCLU·
SIONS ARE PRESeNTED AND REcoMMENDATIONS ARE
MADE 'FOR EACH AREA STUDIED. A SPECIAL STUDY ON ;t:HE
EFFECT OF THE NATURE OF THE INSTITUTION ON'7'HE
INMATE EDUCATION PROGRAM FOUND THAtlN SOME INSTI·
tUTIONS THE cONFLICT BETWEEN CUSToDIAL AND TREAT·
MENT FUNCTIONS IS SUFFICIENT TO NEGATIVELY INFLU·
ENCE, THE WORK OF THE CORRECTIONS EDUCATOR. THE
IMPORTANCe OF EDUCATION TO REHABILITATION MUST BE
EMPHASIZED BY THE PRISON ADMINISTRATOR AND FULL
cooPERATION SHOULD BE SECURED FROM ALL EMPLOY·
EES. THERELATiON.,C)HIP HETWEEN WORK AND EDUCATION·
AL PROGRAMS NEEDS TO BE ClARIFIED AND E)(ISTING CON·
FLICTS RESOlVED. ON THE WHOLE. THE GENERAL STATE
OF EDUCATION IN CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS HAS 1M·
PROVED. A/,..AJOR PROBLEM IS LACK OF FUNDING. WHICH
IS REFLECTED IN THE QI,lALlTY OF ADMINISTRATION. LACK
OF RE~RCES. AND INABILITY TO OFFER MEANINGFUL
PROGRAMS ON A CONTINUING BASIS. S,INCE FUNDING IS
OFTEN FROM FEDERAL SOURCES OR VARIOUS 'SOFT'
SOURCES. CONTINl,IlTY ,OF OPERATION IS A PROBLEM. THE
PRESSURE OF CONSTANTLY REAPPLYING FOR GRANT
MONEY DIVERTS TIME AND ;RESOURCES FROM THE MAIN
PURPOSE OF THE INMATE EDUCATION PROGRAMS. A.
SEI;t.'~S OF 20 PROB~EMS IS IDENTIFIED; RECOMMENDAr
lIONS ARE OFFERED FOR EACH. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT
THE AVERAGE PRiSONEn SPENDS 3 YEARS IN A CORREC­
TIONAL INSTITUTION AND THAT PROGRAMS SHOULD USE
THESE" YEARS EFFECTIVELY TO GIVE. THE INMATE THE
SKILLS NECESSARY FOR SURVIVAL IN SOCIETY. AT PA~S­
ENT. 40 PERCENT OF THE INMATES ATTEND SOME FORM OF
EOUCATIONAL PROGRMt. AND THE SURVEYED INSTITU·
TlCN$ SPEND 8.7 PERCENT OF THEIR BUDGET ON EDUCA·
TION. EVALUATION OF PROGRAM RESULTS IS LIMITED. THIS
AREA ~EEDS TO BE IMPROVED. SURVEV DATA ARE PRE·
SENTED IN CHART. GRAf'I17 AND TABULAR FORM. THE CHAR·
AOTERISTICSOF THE 183 INSTITUTIONS AND METHODOLO·
GY ARE DETAILED. A BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ActfART SHOW·
ING INMATE FLOW THROIJGH A GENERALIZEDEDUQATION
PROGRAM ARE APPENDED. SURVEY QUESTIONS ARE NOT
INCLUDED.
"", ........ HolM: SERIES A.NUMBER 22.
IptonHrtnIJ AfInOY: US DEPARTMENT of JUSTICE LEM NA·
TioNAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL,
JUstICE, 833 INDlAN~ AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531.
AYln • .,.: GPO StOck Order No. 02NIOO.()()7I1H; NCJRS
MICROFICHE PROGRAM.'
Ir
7
11. coRriUPTfON IN LAND UR AND IlUILDING REGULATION, V
1 .". tNT!GllATiD REJIOIIIT OFCONC/..UIIOtW;, ~ J. A.
GMDIHEft,T. R. LYMAN, lind S. A. WALDHORN. SRI INTER·
NATIONAl, 333 RAVENSWOOD AVENUE. MENLO PARK CA
9-4025. 120 p. 1979. NCJ.47143
TO PROVIDE A DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF LOCAL GOV·
ERNMENT CORRUPTION IN LAND USE AND BUILDING REGU·
LATIONS. A 2·YEAR STUDY WAS CONDUCTED WITH LITERA·
TURE SEARCHES, ANALYZED CASES. AND STUDIES COMMIS­
SIONED BV EXPERTS IN THE FIELD. THIS VOLUME. THE
FIRST IN A SIX·VOLUME SERIES. INTEGRATES THE FINDINGS
AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE .c:~URVEY. IT PRESENTS A~
OVERVIEW .OF THE PROBLEM. DEF!I'iES C')RRUPTION. AND.
PROVIDES AN ESTIMATE'OF ITS EXTENT. IT CONCLUDES
THAT THE PROBLEM IS WlOESPR·OO AND THAT THE PRES.
ENCE OR ABSE~,OF cORRUPTION IS. IN PART. A REFLEC­
TION OF THE W~YS iN WHICH A COMMUNITY REsPONDS TO
COARUPTIONAS IT OCCURS. A BASIC INTRODUCTION TO
THE LAND USE AND BUILDING REGULATION SYSTEM IS PRE·
~NTEI;). AND DESCRIPTIONS ARE ~PROVIDED OF TME MECH·
ANISMS FeR PLANNING, ZONING. AND Et~FORCING BUILDING
AND HOUSING CODES. AN ANALYSIS IS ATTEMPTED OF HOW
AND WHY (X)RRUPTION OCCI,JRS. WITH ATTENTION TO THE
OPPORTUNITIES .AND INCENTIVES FOR CORRUPTION. THESE
INCENTIVES ARE EXAMINED FROM THE STANDPOINT OF
BOTH THE ZONING OR LAND USE APPLICANT AND THE OFFI·
CIAL IN CONTROL OF THE REGULATORY PROCESS. POSSI·
BLE REMEDIES FOR CORRUPTIoN ARE ALSO PRESENTED.
BASIC PRINCIPLES WHICH CAN HELP IDENTIFY POTENTIAL
CORRUPTION PROBLEMS AND FORMULATE STRATEGY TO
CONTROL THEM ARE OFFERED. THE ROLES OF REGULA.
TOA"'~EFORM. IMPROVED MANAGEMEtfT SYSTEMS. LEGIS.
LATION. AND CITIZEN INVOLVEMENT INFIGHTING CORRUP·
TloN ARE ALSO EXAMINED. EACH CHAPTER CONTAINS AN
EXTENSIVE LIST OF REFERENCES. TABULAR INFORMATION
IS PRESENTED. INcLUDING CITIZENS' ESTIMATES OF THE
EXTENT OF BRIBERY AND OTHER ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES
(BASED ON DATA COLLEerED AS PART OF THE URBAt