II - National Criminal Justice Reference Service

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EXEilPLARY
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HAVE BEEN DETAINED TIll THE DISPOSITION Of THEIR
CASES. PROGRAM STAFF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SUPER.
VISED RElEASE OF OFFENDERS WERE IMPLEMENTED
flI.E.NLY FOR ECONOMICALLY ADVANTAGED AND DlSAOVAN.
TAGr:D PERSONS AT AlL THREE SITES. FURTHER FINDINGS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE PRESENTED. .
Spo .. eo( ... A1*ICr! US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA.
~ INSTITUTE,.Of LAW ENFORCEMENT AND ~IMINAL
JUSTK:E; e33 INW.NA AVENUE nw. WASHINGTON, DC 20531.
Aw ....,. NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM.
31. EX£WLARy PAO.IECTS-A PAOGfWI OF THE NATIONAL
INS11TUTE OF LAW ENFOfICbIEJrr AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
US DEPARTMENT OF Jl.lSTJCE OFFICE OF DEVELOPMENT'
~~ t!ID DISSEMINATION. 633 INDIANA AVENUE, WASH:
un """ 20531. 33 p. 1978. NCJ.53H2
REVIEWS ARE PP,oVlDED OF 2S LOCAl. INITIATIVES SELECT.
ED FOR THE EXEMPLARY PROJECTS PROGRAM OF LEM'S
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF I.AW ENFORCEMENT AND ~IMINAL
JUSTICE. THE E~...::"'1.AAY PROJECTS PROGRAM IS A SYS­
TEMA11C METHOD OF IDEN11FY!~ OUTSTANDING ~IMINAL
Jl.lSTJCE PROGRAMS 1HROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. VERIFY.
I~ THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS, AND PUBLICIZING THEM WIDELY
IN ORDER TO FrNCOURAGE THE WIDESPFIEAD USE OF AD­
VANCED CRIMII\IAL JUSTICE PRACTICES. THE 29 PROJECI'S
CITED ANO DlSCUsseo DEAl WITH COMMUNITY INVOLVE.
MENT~ I.A.' ENFORCEMENT. PROseCUTION, ADJUDICATION
AND DEFENSE. CORRECTIONS. JlMi:NILE DIVERSION AND
TREATMENT, AND ALTERNATIVE SERVICE DEUVERY. THEY
INCWDE A RAPE PREVENTION CENTER IN LOUISIANA, COM.
MUNiTY CRIME PREVENTION AND HIDDEN CAMERA PRC).
JECT~\ IN WASHINGTON STATE. A RAPElSEXUAL ASSAULT
CARE CENTER AND A COMMUNITY·BASED CORRECTIONS
PROGRAM IN IOWA. A VOLUNTEER PRoe.~TION COUNSELING
PROGRAM AND A RURAL LEGAL INFORMATION CENTER IN
NEBRASKA. STREET CRIME\ AND MAJOR OFFENSE UNITS IN
NEW YORK CITY, CONSOUDATED POUCE RADIO DISPATCH
SERVICES AND A ONE DAY/ONE TRIAL JURY SYSTEM IN
MICHIGAN ARE INClUDED. A POUCE LEGAL UAlSON IN
TEXAS. AND ECONOMIC CRIME PROSECUTION UNIT IN CON.
NECTICUT. THE PROSECUTOR MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (PROMIS) AND PUBUC DEFENDER SERVICES IN THE
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ARE DE5CrIIBED. AN ADMINISTRA.
TIVE ADJUDICATION BUREAU FOR TRAFFIC OFFENSES IN
NEW YORK STATE. WORK RELEASE AND JUVENILE ARBITRA.
TION PROJECTS IN MARYLAND, PAROLE, OFFICER AIDE AND
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROGRAMS IN OHIO
FRAUD PROSECUTION IN CAUFORNlA, MENTAL PENNSYLVA:
NIA. AND JUVENILE DIVERSION. TREATMENT. EDUCATION.
AND CORRECTIONS PROGRAMS IN CAUFORNIA, COLORADO
MISSOURI, AND PENNSYLVANIA ARE GIVEN. BRIEF OUTLINES
OF EACH PROGRAM ARE PROVIDt:D. ALONG WITH PHOTO.
GRAPHS AND TABULAR DATA.
A\I8IIatMIIty: NCJRS MI~OFICHE PROGRAM.
40. FEOEIW. LAW ON CONSUIIEA DECEPTION-AM AGENCY
BY AGEHCY ANALYSIS. By G. J. ZWEIBE1.. AMERICAN IN.
STITUTES FOR RESEARCH. 1055 THOMAS JEFFERSON
STREET,IN/, WASHINGTON DC 20007; NATIONAL CON.
SUMER L~W CENTER, 11 BEACON STREET, BOSTON MA
02106. 21.l1 p. 1979. NCJ.5I132
CONSUMER' DECEPTION STATUTES AND REGULATIONS AD.
MINISTERED BY FEDERAL GOVERNM~NT AGENCIES ARE
ANALYZED ''''~ THIS REPORT. IT IS A REFERENCE TOOL AND
PROVIDES Of:TAILED CITATIONS TO THE AUTHORITY RE:.
SPONSIBLE FOR EACH LAW. THIRTY FEDERAL AGENCIES
ARE INCLUDED IN THE REPORT; AN ADDITIONAL CHAPTER
CONTAINS MiSCeLLANEOUS FEDERAL PROHIBITIONS NOT
ASSOCIATED WITH PARTICULAR AGENCIES AND THE APPEN.
DIX SUMMARIZES THE CONSUMER PROTECTION RESPONSI.
BI~lTIES OF AN ADDmONAL NINE FEDERAL AGENCIES. THE
MATERIAL IS ORGANIZED BY AGENCY, AND STATUTES EN.
FC'-lCED BY MORE THAN ONE AGENCY ARE
CROSS·REFERENCED TO THE AGENCY MOST ASSOCIATED
WITH THE SPECIFIC LAW OR LISTED UNDER EACH AGENCY.
EACH CHAP,TER INCLUDES A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE
AGENCY (E.G" DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, CIVIL AERc)'
NAUTICS BOARD, CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMIS­
SION, DEPARTMENTS OF DEFENSE, ENERGY, AND HOUSING
AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT, AND THE NATIONAL CREDIT
UNION ADMINISTRATION), THE YEAR IT COMMENCED OPER.
ATION, AND A SUMMARY OF PROHIBITED TRADE PRACTICES
AND AVAILABLE REMEDIES ASSOCIATED WITH THAT
AGENCY. A DETAILED LISTING OF ALL DECEPTIVE TRADE
PRACTICES PROHIBITED BY EACH AGENCY'S ENABUNG LeG.
ISLATION, REGULATIONS, OR OTHER SOURCES OF LEGAL
AUTHORITY ARE ALSO PRESENTED, REMEDIES ARE CATE­
GORIZED AS ADMINISTRATIVE, CIVIL. CRIMINAL, PRIVATE
AND OTHER. THE INDEX IS ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY BY
SUBJECT AREA, ALLOWING ACCESS TO SPECIFIC SECTIONS
OF INDIVIDUAL AGENCY CHAPTERS. FOOTNOTES ARE PRO­
VIDED. (AUTHOR ABSTRo'\CT MODIFIED)
SponlOrlng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA.
TIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL
JUSTICE, 6.'13 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531.
AYI'IIb1l1ty: GPO Stock Order No, 027..()()().()()825-9· NCJRS
MICROFICHE PROGRAM.
'
41. FEMALE OFFENDER-A SELECTED BIBUOGRAPHY D M
HORTON Ind M. KRAVITZ, Ed.. NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUS:
TICE REFERENCE SERI!ICE, BOX 6000. ROCKVILLE MD 20850.
58 p. 1979. NCJ.55e37
THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY REPRESENTING SELECTED LITERATURE
ON . ADULT FEMALE OFFENDERS EMBRACES THREE
THEMES-IDEOLOGY, IMPLICATIONS, LEGAL AND PROCEDUA.
AL MATIERS, AND MANAGEMENT AND DISCHARGE OF
FEMALE INMATES. THE L1TERATUAE WAS INCLUDED ON THE
BASIS OF IMPORTANCE OF THE CONCEPT TREATED, GENER.
AL CLARITY OF PRESENTATION, QUALITY OF RESEARCH
AND DOCUMENTATION, AND AVAILABILITY. FOCUSING ON
LITERATURE FR?M 1965 TO 1978, THE BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH
ABSTRACTS TREATS SUCH ISSUES AS THE HISTORICAL DE.
VELOPMENT OF FEMALE·SPECIFIC CRIMINOLOGY CURRENT
STATISTICAL RESEARCH ON THE NATURE, EXTENT, AND ETI.
OLOGY OF FEMALE CRIMINALITY, THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL
FORCES AND ATiiTUDINAL CHANGES ON WOMEN IN SOCI •
ETY. SEX·BASED TREATMENT AND PROCESSING DIFFEREN.
TIATIONS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND THEIR
QUESTIONED CONSTITUTIONALITY IN LIGHT OF THE 14TH
AMENDMENT, DEVELOPING PRISON LAW, TH~ PROPOSED
EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT. SEX DISCRIMINATION PRAC.
TICES IN THE AREAS OF ARREST, BAIL COURT DEFENSE.
SENTENCING, PROBATION, PAROLE, AND WORK RELEASE
OPPORTUNITIES, CITATIONS ALSO REPRESENT SUBJECTS
SUCH AS THE MANAGEMENT AND DISCIPLINE OF FEMALE
OFFENDERS, THE CONCEPT OF FEMALE PRISONIZATION
THE UNIQUE CONDITIONS AND PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH INC~RCERATED WOMEN, THE INMATE CULTURE AND
SOCIAL SIRUCTURE OF SEXUALLY SEGREGATED AS WELL
AS COED, PRISON ENVIRONMENTS,AND THE EDUCATIONAL
AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING CURRICULUMS AVAILABLE TO
FEMALE INMATES, THE ENTRIES ARE ARRANGED ALPHA.
BETICALLY BY AUTHOR, AND THE LITERATURE IS SELECTED
FROM THE NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERV
ICE DATA BASE.
•
SponlOrlng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA
I~~~~E.'~~J'r~~~N~A~~u~NJ~,~~~~~1:~~ ~I~~:,~
Avlllllblllty: NCJRS MICROFICHE PROGRAM,
42. :~gsR': R::~-A MANUAL FOR FILING AND TRIAL PROS-
~toV~i~~~~~~~TT~~' :~6UJ~~T~CE ~~u~lcg~!~~:
, SEATTLE WA 98105. 75 p. 1978.
NCJ.43521
TESTS AND WITNESSES NECESSARY FOR RAPE CHARGES
TO BE FILED, PRE·TRIAL PREPARATION, PLEA BARGAINING
STANDARDS, JURY SELECTION, TRIAL STRATEGY, SENTENC·
ING. AND COUNSELING FOR THE VICTIM ARE EXAMINED IN
DETAIL. INTERVIEWS WITH 40 EXPERIENCED PROSECUTORS
INDICATED THAT EVEN IN MAJOR CITIES AN AVERAGE OF
ONLY 4.5 RAPE CASES PER PROSECUTOR ACTUALLY PRO·
CEEDS TO TRIAL, WHILE 2,5 RESULT iN A CONVICTION.
SINCE THE HANDLING OF RAPE CASES IS OFTEN AN UNFA­
MILIAR TASK, THIS MANUAL HAS BEEN DESIGNED AS A REF·
ERENCE WORK. IT DISCUSSES THE HISTORICAL PREJUDICES
PROSECUTORS, JUDGES, AND JURIES HAVE HAD TOWARD
RAPE VICTIMS. ALTHOUGH THE VICTIM IS OFTEN THOUGHT
TO BE CONTRIBUTORY TO THE OFFENSE, A STUDY OF RE·
PORTS FROM FIVE MAJOR POLICE DEPARTMENTS FOUND
THAT SUBSTANTIAL THREATS AGAINST THE VICTIM'S LIFE
WERE MADE IN 60 PERCENT' OF CASES AND STRONG·ARM
FORCE WAS USED IN 75 peRCENT. MOST ATTACKS TOOK
PLACE IN THE VICTIM'S HOME OR ON THE STREET. MEDICAL
TESTS WHICH SHOULD BE CONDUCTED IMMEO:ATEL Y
AFTER REPORT OF THE ATTACK, MEDICAL TESTS WHICH
SHOULD BE CONDUCTED AT INTERVALS OF TIME AFTER THE
ATTACK, AND QUESTIONS WHICH SHOULD BE ASKED AT THE
TIME ARE DETAILED. FORENSIC EVIDENCE WHICH SHOULD
BE GATHERED IS DISCUSSED. THE PROCESS OF PLEA BAR·
GAINING AND 'rHE POPULAR CONCEPT OF THE 'DEGREE OF
SERIOUSNESS' OF RAPE ARE CONSIDERED TO AID THE
PROSECUTOR WHO MUST DETERMINE HIS CHANCES OF
WINNING THE CASE. BECAUSE OF POPULAR PREJUDICES,
THE RAPE CASE MUST BE ESPECIALI.Y WELL PREPARED.
EVIDENCE, WITNESSES, AND TRIAL 'TACTICS ARE DIS·
CUSSED. METHODS OF DISCOVERING POSSIBLE JUROR BIAS
ARE DETAILED. INCLUDED ARE CHECKLISTS, SAMPLE
FORMS FOR MEDICAL AND FORENSIC EXAMINATIONS, BIB·
.. LIOGRAPHIES, AND A DESCRIPTION OF RAPE VICilM SERVo
ICES IN VARIOUS CITIES.
Sponaortng AlJItncy: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA·
TIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL
JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531,
Avllllblllty: GPO Stock Order No. 027.()()().()()618·3: NCJRS
MICROFICHE PROGRAM.
43. FORCIBLE HAPE-A MANUAL FOR PAmOL OFFICERS­
POLICE VOLUME 2. By F. J. ALBI. BATIELLE MEMORIAL
LAW AND JUSTiCE STUDY CENTER, 4000 NE 41ST STREET,
SEATTLE WA 98105. 52 p, 1978, NCJ043522
SINCE THE INITIAL POLICE CONTACT IS THE MOST IMPOR·
TANT SOURCE OF EVIDENCE IN A RAPE CASE, THIS MANUAL
HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO , 10 POLICE OFFICERS WITH IN·
TERVIEWS, EVIDENCE GATHt., 'II/G, AND SUSPECT APPRE·
HENSION. MOST OF THE, EVIDENCE NECESSARY FOR SUC·
CESSFUL PROSECUTION OF A RAPE CASE IS AVAILABLE
ONLY AT TIME OF PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION: THIS PUTS
A SPECIAL BURDEN ON THE PATROL OFFICER RESPONDING
TO THE CALL. THE MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE OF INFORMA·
TION WILL BE THE INTERVIEW WITH THE VICTIM. TECH·
NIQUES FOR EVALUATING THE RELIABILITY OF THE TESTI·
MONY, PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS PECULIAR TO RAPE IN·
VESTIGATIONS, AND METHOOS FOR ESTABLISHING RAP·
PORT ,4,RE DISCUSSED. SPEOIAL TECHNIQUES ARE GIVEN
FOR INTERVIEWING TW:: ELDERLY, ADOLESCENTS, AND
CHILDREN BECAUSE NEARLY HALF OF ALL VICTIMS ARE
UNDER AGE 20, LEGAL PROBLEMS ARISE WITH MEDICAL EX·
AMINATIONS OF VICTIMS AND NOTIFICATION OF PARENTS,
ESPECIALLY PARENTS OF ADOLESCENTS, FOR VERY YOUNG
CHILDREN, IT IS OFTEN WISE TO l,JSE Sf'ECIALL Y TRAINED
INTERVIEWERS. RAPE CRISIS CENTERS AND HOSPITALS CAN
ALSO HELP WITH INTERVIEWING BY FILLING IN MISSING BITS
OF EVIDENCE, CLOSE COOPERATION BElWEEN POLICE AND
SUCH AGENCIES IS URGED. SEARCH TECHNIQUES AND
METHODS OF GENERATING A POOL OF SUSPECTS ARE DIS·
CUSSED, INCLUDING THE USE OF HELICOPTERS, RADIO. AND
TRACKING DOGS. RAPE BRINGS SPECIAL POLICE PROB·
LEMS. BECAUSE NEWS MEDIA ARE USUALL V VERY INTER·
ESTED IN RAPE CASES, POLICIES HAVE TO BE DEVELOPED
FOR DEALING WITH REPORTERS. IN ADDITION, MANY COM·
MUNITY GROUPS WANT POLICE SPEAKERS ON THE SUB·
JECT. RAPE CASES ALSO REQUIRE UNUSUALLY CLOSE c0-
OPERATION WITH THE PROSECUTING ATIORNEY. THE
PATROL OFFICER SHOULD NOT ONLY FOLLOW ESTAB·
LlSHED GUIDELINES, HE ALSO SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED TO
SUGGEST WAYS TO IMPROVE HANDLING OF RAPE CASES,
SponeorIng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEM NA·
TIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL
JUSTICE. 833 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20531.
Avllllblllty: GPO Stock Order No. 027·000·00619·1: NCJRS
MICROFICHE PROGRAM.
44. FORCIBLE RAPE-AN ANALYSIS OF LEGAL ISSUES. By C.
E. U;~D. J. A. REICH. Irod D. CHAPPELL. BATTELLE
MEMORIAl.IAW AND JUSTICE STUDY CENTER. 4000 NE 4iST
STREET, SEATILE WA 98105, 106 p. 1978.
NCJ.43520
PAST ATTITUDES TOWARDS RAPE. CURRENT LAWS, MOVE·
MENTS TOWARD REFORM, AND PROBLEMS OF ENFORCE·
MENT OF RAPE LAW ARE SUMMARIZED. A STATE·BY·STATE
TABLE GIVES CURRENT PROPOSED AND PASSED LEGISLA·
TION. TRADITIONALLY RAPE HAS BEEN DEFINED AS 'CARNAL
KNOWLEDGE OF A WOMAN BY FO~CE AND AGAINST HER
WILL.' THE TEST OF FORCE HAS BEEN CRUCIAL TO THE
CASE ANO CONSENT HAS BEEN DEDUCED FROM THE CIR·
CUMSTANCES. HISTORICALLY. VICTIMS WERE ASSUMED TO
BE CONSENTING PARTIES TO THE RAPE UNLESS CRIMINAL
CIRCUMSTANCES COULD BE PROVED BEYOND DOUBT. IN
ADDITION, VICTIMS WERE OFTEN SUBJECT TO QUESTIONS
ABOUT PAS- SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND EMBARRASSED BY
POLICE AND IXlURT HANDLING OF THE CASE. CURRENT
REFORM EFFORTS HAVE ATTEMPTED A REDEFINITION OF
RAPE TO CONSIDER TYPES OF RESISTANCE, DEGREES OF
RAPE, ANDFLE),;lBLE PENALTY STRUCTURES DEPENDING
UPON CIRCUMSTANCES, AND TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE
SPECIAL ISSUES OF CHILD SEXUAL MOLESTATION, RAPE
WITKIN MARRIAGE, AND RAPE IN WHICH A MALE IS THE
VICTI~4. REFORM GROUPS HAVE FOUND JURIES UNWILLING
TO,CONVICT FOR RAPE IN SITUATIONS RESEMBLING SEDUC·
TION BECAUSE PENALTY STRUCTURES ARE CURRENTLY
TOO SEVERE. PRIVACY FOR RAPE VICTIMS, VICTIM ADVO·
CATE PROGRAMS, VICTIM SERVICE PROGRAMS, AND RAPE
PREVENTION AND SELF·DEFENSE PROGRAMS ARE DIS·
CUSSED, THE MICHIGAN AND WASHINGTON STATE LAWS
ARE DISCUSSED AS PATIERNS OF SUCCESSFUL CHANGE.
A~'PEND1XES GIVE: A TABLE SUMMARIZING LEGISLATION IN
EACH STATE, A NARRATIVE SUMMARY OF STATE LEGISLA·
TION, '(H~ MODEL PENAL CODE, THE MICHIGAN, MINNESO·
TA, WASHINGTON, AND WISCONSIN STATE STATUTES, A SE·
LECTED BIBliOGRAPHY, AND SEVERAL SAMPLE DEFINITIONS
OF RAPE,
SponlOl'lng Agency: US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LEAA NA·
TIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL
JUSTICE, 633 INDIANA AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON. DC 20531.
Av .... bIIIty: GPO Stock Order No. 027·000·00627·2: NCJRS
MICROFICHE PROGRAM.
45. FORCIBLE RAPE-FINAl. PROJECT REPORT.. By D. D.
SCHRAM. BATIELLE MEMORIAL LAW AND JUSTICE STUDY
CENTER, 4000 NE 41ST STREET, SEATILE WA 98105. 93 p.
1978, NCJ·435:!4
FINDINGS ARE GIVEN OF A 2·YEAR PROJECT WHICH SUR·
VEYED A NATIONWIDE SAMPLE OF POLICE AND PROSECUT·
ING AGENCIES, INTERVIEWED RAPE VICTIMS, ANI) GATH·
ERED STATISTICS. THIS PROJECT FOUND THAT RAPE. IS THE
MOST UNDERREPORTED CRIME IN THE UNITED STATES.
ONLY A FRACTION OF THr: RAPES COMMITTED ARE RE·
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