The Appendicular Skeleton

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C H A P T E R
E X E R C I S E
The Appendicular Skeleton
I. Objectives
A. To identify the bones of the appendicular skeleton and some of their
prominent features.
B. To distinguish between the bones from the left and right side of the body
for the bones marked with a *.
C. To learn to distinguish between a typical female and male pelvis.
D. To learn the functional classification of joints.
E. To learn the general structure of long bones.
II. Appendicular Skeleton
A. The Appendicular Skeleton
The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the arms and legs and
the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles. You are responsible for
knowing the following bones and their anatomical parts. For bones
followed by a “*”, you should be able to tell if the bone is from the right side
or from the left side of the body when you see the disarticulated bone.
1. Pectoral Appendage (Arm)
a. Humerus*: head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, diaphysis,
capitulum, trochlea, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa, medial
epicondyle, lateral epicondyle.
b. Ulna*: olecranon process, coronoid process, semilunar (trochlear)
notch, styloid process.
c. Radius*: head, radial tuberosity, styloid process.
d. Bones of the Hand: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.
2. Pectoral Girdle
a. Scapula*: acromion, coracoid process, subscapular fossa,
infraspinous fossa, supraspinous fossa, glenoid cavity, spine, lateral
border, medial border.
b. Clavicle: acromial end, sternal end.
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A Laboratory Manual of Human Anatomy and Physiology
3. Pelvic Appendage (Leg)
a. Femur*: head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, medial
condyle, lateral condyle, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle.
b. Patella
c. Tibia*: lateral condyle, medial condyle, tibial tuberosity, medial
malleolus.
d. Fibula: head, lateral malleolus.
e. Bones of the Foot: tarsals (identify talus and calcaneus), metatarsals,
and phalanges.
4. Pelvic Girdle: Coxal (Innominate) bone*, acetabulum, obturator
foramen.
a. Ilium: iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior
iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac
spine, greater sciatic notch, articular surface with sacrum.
b. Ishium: ischial spine, ischial tuberosity.
c. Pubis: pubic symphysis, pubic arch.
d. Comparison of Male and Female Pelvis: a typical male and a typical
female pelvis should be available in the lab for you to compare.
Using your textbook as a guide, locate some of the structural
differences. What obvious function underlies these differences?
B. The Joints (Articulations)
Joints are classified according to the amount of movement which they
permit. Based on this criterion, three general types of joints can be
identified. Examples of various joints are available in the laboratory. Using
your textbook as a reference, you should be able to classify all joints into
one of the three groups listed below. In the space provided define and give
an example of each.
1. Synarthroses –
2. Amphiarthroses –
3. Diarthroses –
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The Appendicular Skeleton
C. Long Bone in Longitudinal Section
In addition to looking at various bones of the appendicular skeleton, you
should take a look at a longitudinal section of the humerus or other long
bone. This section will enable you to see the medullary (marrow) cavity,
spongy and compact bone, and other features. On Figure 3–1, match
the numbers to the appropriate parts of the bone. Some of the features (e.g.
marrow and cartilage) can only be seen in fresh bone, and are not present
in the dry bones that are available in the lab.
1
9
8
7
5
2
3
6
A. Match the labels with the
following terms:
___ Articular cartilage
___ Compact bone
___ Diaphysis
___ Distal epiphysis
___ Endosteum
___ Medullary cavity
___ Periosteum
___ Proximal epiphysis
___ Spongy bone
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Figure 3-1. PARTS OF A LONG BONE
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Notes