Regional Workshop on the Protection of Civilians - S. Rajaratnam ...

CONCURRENT THEMATIC SESSIONS
There is a need to focus on the demand side of human
trafficking. Efforts against human trafficking traditionally
focus on the supply side, with demand factors having
been largely left out. However, it was observed that no
matter how much effort is made to address the supply
side (factors that cause people to leave home), human
trafficking will continue as long as economic deprivation
and demand for certain types of labour exist. Therefore,
the law enforcement approach premised on border
management will not solve the issue. However, proper
border management will increase the price of trafficking
labour and help regulate supply and demand.
Child Soldiers
Conflicts may affect children in some of the following
ways: it deprives them of access to education, it traumatises
them due to the loss of loved ones, they become orphaned,
they are injured and maimed, and they are recruited as
child soldiers.
The ‘child soldiers’ phenomenon takes three distinct
forms: children can take direct part in hostilities (child
soldiers), they can be used in support roles such as porters,
spies, messengers, lookouts and sexual slaves, or they can
be used for political advantage, either as human shields or
in propaganda activities. Although children under the age
of 18 are not formally recruited into government armed
forces, they are reportedly used as informants, cooks,
messengers and in other non-combatant roles, as was the
case in Aceh, Indonesia. Child soldiers were reportedly
used by the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) – as combatants,
they became legitimate targets of government forces.
Child soldiers are also reportedly used by rebel groups
in the Philippines as informants and spies. Myanmar
has the world's highest number of child soldiers, with
children as young as 7 years old working as human
shields, sex slaves and fighters. They are widely used by
both government and opposition armies. While some
children are recruited voluntarily for Myanmar's armed
forces, others, especially orphans and street children, are
vulnerable to forced recruitment.
Children are normally valued for the following reasons.
Child soldiers tend to be physically small, agile and fast
and therefore can move more covertly than adult soldiers.
Child soldiers are easily influenced by propaganda and
adult coercion, making them less likely to challenge the
ideals and goals of their superiors. They rarely demand
a soldier's wage, and their food requirements are also
significantly less. National armed forces are sympathetic
towards child soldiers during counter-attacks due to
the emotional and ethical barriers to fighting against
children. This makes child soldiers very suitable for
deployment as human shields. They are often considered
to be expendables and are therefore suitable for suicide
missions or dangerous tasks such as mine clearing or
spying.
Despite all the concerns over the military use of children,
the proportion of children used as soldiers is actually low
compared to the overall number of children affected by
armed conflicts. Moreover, being a child soldier may
not be completely without advantage. In some areas,
children volunteered to be part of the armed forces where
they were able to acquire important skills. From this
perspective, children are not necessarily traumatised
passive victims. As child soldiers, they develop valuable
qualities such as leadership, judgement, determination
and a sense of responsibility which could contribute to
their overall development in later life. However, whether
or not the experience of war leads to positive effects
in post-conflict situations depends on how the child is
treated once peace is achieved.
There are concerns over juvenile justice during peace
time in Southeast Asia. There are significant rights issues
related to the process, from the time a child is arrested,
through to their treatment in places of detention and
then litigation. There was agreement that regardless of
the child’s background, he or she is first and foremost a
child and should be treated with utmost care and respect.
With regard to the accountability of child soldiers for
‘crimes’ during conflict, it was pointed out that how the
child became a soldier should not hold any weight, or
should be given lesser weight, compared to the potential
harm the child may be exposed to during the processes
of criminalisation and prosecution.
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REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS