issra papers vol i, 2009 - National Defence University

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suitable policy measures. Ms. Mehvish Nigar Qureshi’s article on “Energy Crisis in Pakistan: A Threat to National Security” gives an account of energy deficit in Pakistan. The author has discussed the challenges facing Pakistan’s energy sector. The article argues that these crises are a threat to national security of Pakistan. While providing an overview of the various topics selected for the “ISSRA Papers 2009” I also avail this opportunity to inform our readers that all articles published in the Journal are peer reviewed by the senior faculty of ISSRA. We look forward to receive valuable comments and suggestions for further improving our publications. Major General Azhar Ali Shah Director General Institute for Strategic Studies; Research & Analysis ii ISSRA Papers 2009
SOVIET LEGACY IN CENTRAL ASIAN AND TRANS- CAUCASIAN REGION: A FUTURE PERSPECTIVE Introduction Saeed-ur-Rahman Soviet Union was not a colonial power in the traditional sense, but had many characteristics of the imperialists and dominated the Central Asian and Trans-Caucasian region for about seventy years. With the disintegration of Soviet Union in 1991, fifteen Republics declared their independence. Soon after independence the region, which in cultural terms is an area of Turko-Persian civilization, hub of different world orders 1 and rich in natural resources, attracted the major world players. The intervention of these powers supported reviving the oppressed Islamic, Turkic and anti communist sentiments of the people. The paper aims to highlight the roles of various powers-Iran and Turkey, active in establishing their influences by using religious and nationalistic slogans, which had been suppressed during the long term Soviet rule. In the Soviet era the socialist bearings were imposed with full thrust in all spheres of life and oppressive methods for the introduction of atheism were used. Castigatory campaigns were launched against all the religious forces, and Islam especially was beleaguered because it was thought, to be the more reactionary and conservative of all the religions. They viewed Islam as a Mullah force and suspected it to be supported and financed by the British Imperialists to counter socialism. In this socialist repression, mosques were closed and women were forbidden to dress up according to the Islamic traditions but Islam survived itself in “Muhallahs” smaller communities rather than in populous areas. Similarly Soviet pursued a policy of territorialization and systematic ethnicization of the population which often led to ethnic and clan conflicts. Soviet’s policy of divide and rule” was “national in form, socialist in content and in accordance with the objectives of ISSRA Papers 2009 1
Page 2 and 3: ISSRA PAPERS VOL I, 2009 CONTENTS
Page 6 and 7: Soviet Legacy in Central Asian and
Page 16 and 17: INDIAN QUEST FOR STRATEGIC INGRESS
Page 18 and 19: Afifa Kiran Ensure her presence an
Page 20 and 21: Afifa Kiran ‣ India’s most prom
Page 22 and 23: Afifa Kiran province. Besides its e
Page 24 and 25: Afifa Kiran Convergence of Indo-US
Page 26 and 27: Afifa Kiran openly expressed her ap
Page 28 and 29: Afifa Kiran Afghanistan, India is
Page 30 and 31: Afifa Kiran Conclusion formulating
Page 32 and 33: Afifa Kiran Annex - A Indian Consul
Page 34 and 35: “CONTEMPORARY MODELS OF CONFLICT
Page 36 and 37: Yusra Mushtaq headwaters of the riv
Page 38 and 39: Yusra Mushtaq they can again be che
Page 40 and 41: Yusra Mushtaq ‣ Utilizing an elic
Page 42 and 43: Yusra Mushtaq The architecture for
Page 44 and 45: Yusra Mushtaq Organic Unit There is
Page 46 and 47: Yusra Mushtaq Notes 1 Sumantra Bose
Page 48 and 49: Ijaz Hussain Constituent Assembly o
Page 50 and 51: Ijaz Hussain In Pakistan’s politi
Page 52 and 53: Ijaz Hussain factor alone. At this
Page 54 and 55:
Ijaz Hussain modernization by stren
Page 56 and 57:
Ijaz Hussain East Pakistan Debacle
Page 58 and 59:
Ijaz Hussain which tend to affect s
Page 60 and 61:
Ijaz Hussain Though the nature of i
Page 62 and 63:
Ijaz Hussain minds of the people, n
Page 64 and 65:
Ijaz Hussain Notes 1 Mirza Muhammad
Page 66 and 67:
Abdul Rauf Iqbal encouraging rebell
Page 68 and 69:
Abdul Rauf Iqbal Chief Minister and
Page 70 and 71:
Abdul Rauf Iqbal reach to influence
Page 72 and 73:
Abdul Rauf Iqbal level of cohesion
Page 74 and 75:
Abdul Rauf Iqbal Hence, there is a
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ENERGY CRISIS IN PAKISTAN: A THREAT
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Energy Crisis in Pakistan: A Threat
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