Part I. R& D Status - pcaarrd - Department of Science and Technology

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The Philippine papaya has several varieties. These are ‘Solo,’ ‘Cavite Special,’ ‘Legaspi Special,’ ‘Morado,’ and the ‘Sinta’ hybrid. The Solo papaya, a hermaphrodite, is so-called because one fruit (about 0.45 kg) is enough for one individual’s consumption. It has four different types, namely: ‘Kapoho,’ ‘Waimanalo,’ and the redfleshed ‘Sunrise’ and ‘Sunset.’ It produces highquality fruits with excellent flavor, which is suited for the export market (PCARRD 1984). In fact, the Philippines’ export variety for fresh papaya is based mainly on Solo papaya, which is grown in large farms owned by multinational companies. Predominantly grown in Cavite and in the neighboring provinces, the Cavite Special papaya is relatively dwarf and a hermaphrodite (PCARRD 1984). It flowers 6–8 months after planting. Its ripe fruits, with yellow-orange flesh (usually more than 3 kg), can be harvested in about 10–12 months after planting. Like Cavite Special, Legaspi Special has large fruits with thick red flesh. It weighs more than 3 kg. Also, it is predominantly grown in the Bicol region, especially in Albay. Papaya-growing companies put the red-fleshed Morado, like Cavite Special, in cans along with other tropical fruits. In 1995, the University of the Philippines Los Baños-Institute of Plant Breeding (UPLB-IPB) released the Sinta hybrid. This semi-dwarf hybrid moderately tolerates papaya ringspot virus (PRSV); matures in 8–9 months; and produces medium-sized fruits (1.2–2.0 kg) with sweet, yellow, thick, and firm flesh. With a 2 m x 3 m planting distance and good management practices, Sinta papaya could yield 40–60 t of fruits (17–0 fruits/tree) within 15 months from transplanting. Moreover, the recommended harvesting for Sinta papaya should be done in one fruiting cycle only, particularly in high disease pressure areas; and, at least three cycles in isolated areas or those with less disease pressure. Unfortunately, all the varieties are susceptible to papaya ringspot (PRS), which is caused by PRSV. PRS Outbreak in the Philippines Until the early ‘80s, growers in Southern Tagalog found a good business in papaya because of its year-round production and good income. Growers then could harvest up to 39 fruits per tree. In three years, they could harvest as much as 62,400 fruits in a hectare with 1,600 trees (PCARRD 1984). In 1984, the PRS disease outbreak wreaked havoc on the thriving papaya industries in Southern Tagalog and in the Bicol region. In fact, growing papaya with severe infection became unprofitable (Sumalde 1995). PRS affects all stages of plant growth, i.e., from seedling to maturity stage. Green concentric ringspots appear on the fruit surface. Other symptoms include yellowing, mosaic, and deformed leaves; oily streaks on the stem and petioles; stunted growth; and sterile fruits. In 1992, PRS occurred only in Luzon. In 1996, it reached the Ilocos, Cordillera, Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog, Bicol, and Central Visayas (Negros Oriental) regions (Villegas 1996). The disease severely infected the areas near Silang, Cavite where the disease originated in 1982 (Bato and Ceballo 1992). In 2003, it reached Leyte and Panay (Magdalita 2003) and was observed in South Cotabato and some parts of General Santos City, Davao del Sur, and Davao del Norte (Herradura 2003). Statistics has shown the damaging effect of the disease. For instance, Southern Tagalog’s production drastically declined to about 10,274 t in 1987 from 36,310 t in 1981 (Bureau of Agricultural Statistics [BAS]). In 2001, its production reached 25,475 t indicating a minor turnaround. Since the disease outbreak, efforts have been focused in coming up with management strategies. Included in these strategies is a quarantine regulation issued by the DA-Bureau of Plant Industry (DA-BPI). The regulation prohibits transporting fruits and planting materials from Luzon to avoid spreading the disease and protect the commercial papaya industries in Mindanao. Efforts have gained some headway as national production output generally increased in the ‘90s. 6 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
After the PRS Outbreak From a pre-PRS period of 95,550 t in 1982, production output went down to 88,388 t in 1987; but reached the 100,000 t level in 1994. For the next five years, national production was almost at a plateau before it markedly increased to as much as 120,000 t in 2000 (Fig. 3). The area devoted to papaya production also steadily increased from 1996 to 2000 and slightly leveled off in 2000. Papaya, among the leading fruit crops grown in the country, ranked sixth in terms of area planted and fifth in terms of volume produced in 2000 (Table 1). From 1997 to 2001, Southern Tagalog had the largest papaya hectarage (1,304–1,463 ha), followed by Southern Mindanao (815–879 ha) and Western Visayas (712–779 ha). The area planted in most regions did not vary so much through the years, except in Central Mindanao where there was an abrupt increase from 460 ha in 1998 to 855 ha in 2001. The Autonomous Region in Muslim 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 Area (ha) 5,000 4,000 80,000 60,000 Volume (t) 3,000 2,000 1,000 - Area (ha) Volume (t) 1982 1984 1987 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Year 40,000 20,000 - Fig. 3. Area (ha) and volume (t) of papaya production in the Philippines, 1982–2001 (BAS). Table 1. Area (ha) and production (t) of ten important fruit crops in the Philippines, 2000 (BAS). Commodity Area (ha) Production (t) Banana 382,491 4,929,570 Mango 133,815 848,328 Pineapple 42,968 1,559,563 Citrus (calamansi and pummelo) 24,066 227,169 Jackfruit 11,999 51,163 Papaya 8,440 121,304 Durian 7,010 25,764 Avocado 5,124 38,086 Sugar apple 3,041 5,340 Mangosteen 1,354 4,692 Papaya.............................................................................................................................................................. 7
Page 1 and 2: R&D Status ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Page 3: Papaya Industry Situation ○ ○
Page 7 and 8: 30000 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2500
Page 9 and 10: Table 5. Volume (t) and value (‘0
Page 11 and 12: Table 6. SWOT analysis on the Phili
Page 13 and 14: Table 8. Studies on papaya by disci
Page 15 and 16: Interspecific Hybridization for PRS
Page 17 and 18: Institutional Capability ○ ○

Part I. R& D Status - pcaarrd - Department of Science and Technology

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