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Joaquín Castellón Moreno Somalia: El archetypal failed state Figure 6.3. Regions of Somalia 149 However, in the areas traditionally disputed by Somaliland and Puntland (the eastern Sanaag and Sool communities), new violent groups have started to reach a certain size, these include the Sool, Sanaag and Cayn army and the militias of Mohamed Sa’id Atom. These two regions are more unstable than the north of Somalia, mainly because their population is divided between two administrations, a situation which violent groups are trying to use to their advantage.
Joaquín Castellón Moreno Somalia: El archetypal failed state Figure 6.4. Territories of Somaliland and Puntland The Sool, Sanaag and Cayn army was created and financed by members of the Diaspora belonging to the Dhulbahante clan, and it is believed that most of the members of this army are mercenaries. Over recent months there have been open confrontations with the security forces of Somaliland and Puntland. Its objective is to convert these regions into a new independent region. In eastern Sanaag, the militias of Mohamed Sa’id Atom, which oppose the Puntland government, have acquired significant military power. They were defeated by Puntland security forces in 2010, leading them to start acting in the classic way of terrorist organisations with attacks on some of the main locations in Puntland. It is supported by Al-Shabaab and there are fears that it could develop into a launch pad for Al-Shabaab in the north of Somalia. 150 Although a large part of the centre of Somalia is controlled by Al-Shabaab, some areas in the centre have managed to develop local forms of government. For example, a large part of the region of Gaalguduud is under the control of militias opposed to Al-Shabaab, which are unified around the Ahlu Sunna wal Jama’a group. This form of cooperation has managed to bring a halt to the spread of extremism and piracy in the centre of Somalia. Ahlu Sunna wal Jama’a was created in 1991 with the support of General Mohamed Farah Aidid to combat the spread of radical Islamist movements. Its confrontations with Al-Shabaab began in 2008 when Al-Shabaab, a Salafist jihadist organisation, tried to prohibit Sufi religious practices in the centre of Somalia. It is currently the most powerful combat force aligned with the TFG, having around 2,000 fighters. ■■ The Situation in Mogadishu and the South of Somalia In the south, the TFG is non-existent, with Al-Shabaab exercising true control over the region. It is faced with some opposition from some local militias and Ahlu Sunna wal Jama’a. The disappearance of Hizbul Islam (14) in December 2010 has left Al-Shabaab as the main opposition force to the TFG (see Figure 6.5). (14) Hizbul Islam was created in February 2009 as an alliance of four armed groups: the Asmara Faction of the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS-Asmara); the Somali Islamic Front; the Raas Kaambooni Forces; and the Anoole Forces. Despite having a religious and nationalist basis, the essence of this group is clan based. In 2009 it was of some importance as a militia opposed to the TFG, but that importance declined until it was finally dissolved.
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MINISTRY OF DEFENCE STRATEGIC DOSSI
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SPANISH OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS CATAL
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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Author: Migue
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INTRODUCTION Miguel Ángel Balleste
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Miguel Ángel Ballesteros Martín I
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Chapter 1 LIBYA: CIVIL WAR AND FORE
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Carlos Echeverría Jesús Libya: Ci
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Chapter IV THE CAUCASUS: NAGORNO- K
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1. as pruebas Chapter III MIDDLE EA
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Chapter XI SOUTHEAST ASIA: NATIONAL
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