REFERENCES FOR CITED ARTICLES: THE REFERENCE ...

REFERENCES FOR CITED ARTICLES: THE REFERENCE SECTION (PSYC4170F)
In the “References” section give full references for all articles cited in the text. List references
only for articles cited in the text; sources that you have read, but not cited are not listed in the
References. THE SOURCE for proper referencing style is the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (6 th ed., 2010; http://www.apastyle.org/); examples of
proper referencing style can be found in any psychology text and in psychology journal articles,
and throughout the Szuchman text. Pay attention to punctuation (i.e., placement of commas and
periods) in the examples below.
1) Reference to a journal article: Author’s last name, followed by initials; (date of
publication); article title in lower case; Journal Name and volume in italics, with 1 st
Letter of Each Major Word in Journal Name Capitalized; pages on which article appears.
Indent after the 1 st line of each reference. If you have retrieved the article on-line, include
the URL, e.g.,
Valdez-Menchaca, M.C., & Whitehurst, G.J. (1992). Accelerating language development
through picture book reading: A systematic extension to Mexican daycare.
Developmental Psychology, 28, 1106-1114. Retrieved from http://
journals2.scholarsportal.info.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/tmp/6968459641215456680.pdf
2) Reference to a chapter in an edited book: After chapter title, list book editor(s) with
initials first; (Ed.); Book title in italics and lower case; (pages on which chapter appears);
Place where published: Publisher. e.g.,
McCormick, C.E., & Mason, J.M. (1986). Intervention procedures for increasing preschool
children’s interest in and knowledge about reading. In W.H. Teale & E. Sulzby (Eds.),
Emergent literacy: Writing and reading (pp. 90-115). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
3) Reference to a book: Book title in italics and lower case; Place where published:
Publisher. e.g.,
Elman, J.L., Bates, E.A., Johnson, M.H., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Parisi, D., & Plunkett, K. (1996).
Rethinking innateness: A connectionist perspective on development. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press.
4) Reference to an entire edited book: Note that the authors are editors (Eds.). e.g.,
Speidel, G.E., & Nelson, K.E. (Eds.). (1989). The many faces of imitation in language learning.
New York: Springer-Verlag.
5) References to a published test: Like a book reference, but Capitalize 1 st Letter of Each
Major Word in Test Name. e.g.,
Harms, T., & Clifford, R.M. (1980). The Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale. New
York: Teachers College Press.
6) For details on how to reference on-line sources see: http://www.apastyle.org/;
Be cautious about using on-line sources. They often have not undergone any review
process and may have questionable validity.

CITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH LITERATURE—APA STYLE
When references are made to the research literature or when claims are made based on the
literature or on someone else’s ideas, the appropriate citations must be made. There are two
ways to do this:
1) Make a statement, followed by the appropriate citation(s) in parentheses, e.g.,
High rates of illiteracy and other forms of reading problems are found among children who are
raised in poverty (Alexander & Entwisle, 1988; Valdez-Menchaca & Whitehurst, 1992).
2) Include name(s) of the relevant author(s) in the sentence, with the date(s) of publication
in parentheses, e.g.,
McCormick and Mason (1986) found large social class differences in availability and use of
printed materials in the home.
Note that if there are two authors, their names are spelled out each time you cite them. If there
are three or more authors, their all names are spelled out the first time you cite them; in
subsequent citations spell out only the first author’s name, followed by “et al.”, e.g.,
1st citation: (White, Schliecker, & Jacobs, 1989)
Subsequent citations of this paper: (White et al., 1989)
If you make a direct quote you must indicate this through use of quotation marks, and you also
must indicate the page from which the quote was taken, e.g.,
Valdez-Menchaca and Whitehurst (1992) proposed that “significant social class variance in oral
language skills may be tied to differences in shared book-reading activities in the home” (p.
1107).
OR
“Significant social class variance in oral language skills may be tied to differences in shared
book-reading activities in the home” (Valdez-Menchaca & Whitehurst, 1992, p. 1107).
Avoid over-use of quotations. It is better to paraphrase, i.e., summarize in your own words.
When you paraphrase what someone else has written, you still must cite the source, although
you do not use quotation marks, e.g.,
Oral language skills vary across social classes; this may be related to differences in shared
book-reading at home (Valdez-Menchaca & Whitehurst, 1992).
Always try to obtain the primary source. If you must use a secondary source, use “as cited in”
in the citation. In the References section, list the reference for the secondary source only (e.g.,
Wigfield & Guthrie, in the example below).
Wentzel found that achievement goals differed for high and low achievers (as cited in Wigfield &
Guthrie, 1997).