Figurative Language

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The recognition problem One possibility – Is the literal interpretation true or false? Deb’s a real tiger ? The recognition problem BUT… many literally true expressions are assigned a non-literal meaning John is a real Marine My wife is an animal The recognition problem Reject the literal meaning based on pragmatics? (Grice, 1989) Pragmatics = the social rules underlying language use Can you get me a beer? Rules of Conversation Grice’s Cooperative Principle: What we say in conversation should further the purposes of the conversation Kim: How are you today? Sandy: Oh, Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania. Kim: Really? I though the weather would be warmer. Sandy: Well, in my opinion, the soup could use a little more salt. Felicitous or infelicitous? What do you do for a living? I’m a psychology professor at Iowa State What do you do for a living? #I have a job What do you do for a living? #My favorite color is purple, too! Grice’s Maxims Rules of Conversation The Maxims of Quality: Do not say what you believe to be false. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. The venom of the purple-toothed spider isn’t strong enough to kill people. 2
Grice’s Maxims Rules of Conversation The Maxim of Relevance Be relevant. Kim: How are you today? Sandy: Oh, Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania. Alana: Is Jamie dating anyone these days? Sam: Well, she goes to Cleveland every weekend. Rules of Conversation Grice’s Maxims The Maxims of Quantity Make your contribution as informative as required. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Kim: Where did you grow up? Sandy: On the corner of Main Street and Minor Road. In Dubuque. In Dubuque, Iowa. In Iowa. In the Midwest. In the United States. Grice’s Maxims Rules of Conversation The Maxims of Manner Avoid obscurity of expression (avoid jargon and needless complexity). Avoid ambiguity. Be brief. Be orderly. What do you do for a living? #What I do is that I’m a professor and the subject matter that I teach is psychology. Grice’s Maxims Rules of Conversation The Maxims of Manner Avoid obscurity of expression (avoid jargon and needless complexity). Avoid ambiguity. Be brief. Be orderly. #My mother didn’t really want my room to be painted purple. I was worried that I wouldn’t get good grades at the new school. When I was a child, m favorite color was purple. I worked very hard in all of my classes to get good grades. My mother told me that if I got good grades, I could paint my room. Flouting the maxims Flouting the maxims How many times have you… …told a lie? … changed the subject? … given too much information? … said something confusing? Good morning! I wonder what he meant by that? 3
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Figurative Language

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