DI, UDL, EI and SDI
DI, UDL, EI and SDI
DI, UDL, EI and SDI
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<strong>DI</strong>, <strong>UDL</strong>, <strong>EI</strong> <strong>and</strong> S<strong>DI</strong>:<br />
What does it all mean?
Today’s Focus<br />
Practical Procedures, Tools & Resources :<br />
Teachers will:<br />
Underst<strong>and</strong> the principles of differentiated instruction,<br />
universal design for learning <strong>and</strong> explicit instruction<br />
Design lessons using the principles of differentiated<br />
instruction, universal design for learning <strong>and</strong> explicit<br />
instruction<br />
Structure lessons to actively engage students <strong>and</strong> to provide<br />
multiple opportunities for participation<br />
Design instruction taking into account the need for<br />
procedures <strong>and</strong> routines<br />
Underst<strong>and</strong> the need for providing a variety of both teaching<br />
<strong>and</strong> learning strategies<br />
Find <strong>and</strong> Utilize resources on the web.
What is Differentiated Instruction?
<strong>DI</strong>=Differentiated Instruction<br />
• A teacher’s response to learner needs<br />
• The recognition of students’ varying<br />
background knowledge <strong>and</strong> preferences<br />
• Instruction that appeals to students’<br />
differences
Differentiated Instruction<br />
IS NOT:<br />
But<br />
IT IS:<br />
“Individualized Instruction” from<br />
the „70‟s<br />
Chaos in action<br />
Another way of homogeneous<br />
grouping.<br />
“Tailoring” the course with the<br />
same suit of clothes.<br />
What good teachers do.<br />
Grounded in BEST<br />
PRACTICES Research –<br />
How Students Learn<br />
Aware of learning styles<br />
Visual Learner<br />
Auditory Learner<br />
Tactile-Kinesthetic Learner<br />
Multiple Intelligences<br />
– Howard Gardner<br />
Authentic Assessment<br />
5
What do you do? How do you do it?<br />
Effective<br />
Differentiated<br />
Instruction is<br />
not achieved by<br />
simply plugging a<br />
recipe of<br />
strategies into<br />
your classroom.<br />
Rather it is firmly<br />
based in a way of<br />
thinking about<br />
Teaching <strong>and</strong><br />
Learning.<br />
6
“…it‟s just shaking up the<br />
classroom so it‟s a better fit<br />
for more kids”<br />
– Carol Ann Tomlinson<br />
7
Know your kids:<br />
What are their<br />
readiness levels?<br />
What are their<br />
interests?<br />
What are their<br />
learning styles?<br />
What talents do<br />
they come with?<br />
…<strong>and</strong> then use this information to help the<br />
kids.<br />
9
Know your teaching style <strong>and</strong> learn to<br />
vary.<br />
• St<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> deliver (However, remember<br />
teach <strong>and</strong> apply. Use the 10:2 rule )<br />
• Cooperative<br />
– Jigsaw<br />
– 4 Mat<br />
– Tic-Tac-Toe Menu<br />
10
Focus on the 3 Essential Questions<br />
Make the learning “transparent”<br />
• What do they need to know?<br />
• What do they need to<br />
underst<strong>and</strong>?<br />
• What do they need to be able<br />
to do?<br />
11
Ongoing Assessment: The Key to a<br />
Differentiated Classroom<br />
• Preassessment – (finding out or<br />
benchmarking)<br />
• Formative Assessment – (keeping track <strong>and</strong><br />
checking-up, progress monitoring)<br />
• Summative Assessment – (making sure, final<br />
assessment)<br />
12
Why Preassess?<br />
• Helps determine differences before planning.<br />
• Helps teacher design activities that are respectful<br />
<strong>and</strong> challenging<br />
• Allows teachers to meet students where they are<br />
• Identifies starting point for instruction<br />
• Identifies learning gaps<br />
• Makes efficient use of instructional time<br />
13
Why use formative assessment <strong>and</strong><br />
progress monitoring?<br />
• Used to make instructional<br />
adjustments<br />
• Alerts the teacher about student<br />
misconceptions “early warning<br />
signal”<br />
• Provides regular feedback<br />
14
Summative (final) assessment<br />
• Should reflect formative assessments<br />
that precede it<br />
• Should match material taught<br />
• May be tied to a final decision, grade<br />
or report<br />
• Should align with<br />
instructional/curricular outcomes<br />
15
Examples of Assessments<br />
Ongoing Assessment<br />
Preassessment<br />
Formative<br />
Summative<br />
Pre-test<br />
KWL<br />
Observation<br />
Quiz<br />
Journal Entry<br />
Exit Card<br />
Unit Test<br />
Performance Task<br />
Demonstration<br />
Portfolio Review<br />
16
EXIT CARDS<br />
• The teacher h<strong>and</strong>s out index cards to students at the<br />
end of an instructional sequence or class period. The<br />
teacher asks the students to respond to a<br />
predetermined prompt on their index cards <strong>and</strong> then<br />
turn them in as they leave the classroom or<br />
transition to another subject.<br />
• The teacher reviews the student responses <strong>and</strong><br />
separates the cards into instructional groups based<br />
on preset criteria.<br />
17
Exit Card Groupings<br />
Readiness Groups<br />
Group 1<br />
Group 2<br />
Group 3<br />
Students who are<br />
struggling with the<br />
concept or skill<br />
Students with some<br />
underst<strong>and</strong>ing of<br />
concept or skill<br />
Students who underst<strong>and</strong><br />
the concept or<br />
skill<br />
18
Examples of Exit Cards<br />
Let’s take a look at some examples-----<br />
19
EXIT CARDS<br />
Today you began to learn about decimal<br />
fractions<br />
• List three things you learned<br />
• Write at least one question you have about<br />
this topic<br />
20
EXIT CARDS<br />
We have been learning about the Greenhouse<br />
Effect. Explain or depict your underst<strong>and</strong>ing<br />
of this important environmental issue.<br />
What questions do you have about this topic?<br />
21
EXIT CARDS<br />
We have begun a study of author’s craft.<br />
List <strong>and</strong> identify three examples of figurative<br />
language used in the novel Morning Girl by<br />
Michael Dorris<br />
22
Exit Cards?
Jigsaw<br />
Another way of presenting<br />
information……<br />
Students in groups<br />
develop an expertise in<br />
one area. Each group<br />
goes back to the whole<br />
group to teach their<br />
“expertise” to the<br />
others.<br />
24
The Importance of Knowing Your<br />
Students<br />
• Student Learning Profile<br />
• Interest Inventory<br />
• Multiple Intelligence Checklists<br />
• Observations of your students<br />
25
Learning Profile YES NO<br />
I study best when it is quiet.<br />
I am able to ignore the noise of other people talking while I am working.<br />
I like to work at a table or desk.<br />
I like to work on the floor.<br />
I work hard for myself.<br />
I work hard for my parents.<br />
I will work on an assignment until it is completed no matter what.<br />
Sometimes I get frustrated with my work <strong>and</strong> do not finish it.<br />
When my teacher gives an assignment, I like to have exact steps on how to<br />
complete it.<br />
When my teacher gives an assignment, I like to create my own steps on how<br />
to complete it.<br />
I like to work by myself.<br />
I like to work in pairs or in groups.<br />
I like to have an unlimited amount of time to work on an assignment.<br />
I like to have a certain amount of time to work on an assignment.<br />
I like to learn by moving <strong>and</strong> doing.<br />
I like to learn by sitting at my desk.<br />
26
Low-Prep Differentiation<br />
• Choices of books<br />
• Homework options<br />
• Use of reading buddies<br />
• Varied journal prompts<br />
• Work alone/together<br />
• Think-Pair-Share by<br />
readiness, interest, learning<br />
profile<br />
• 4 Matt<br />
• Jigsaw<br />
• Multiple levels of questions<br />
(Bloom’s Taxonomy)<br />
27
Middle to High Prep Lessons<br />
• Tic-Tac-Toe Menu<br />
• Tiered Activity<br />
• Lectures coupled with graphic<br />
organizers<br />
• Compacting<br />
28
C<br />
R<br />
E<br />
A<br />
T<br />
E<br />
O<br />
N<br />
E<br />
Write a story<br />
that explains<br />
how we add<br />
fractions in<br />
more than one<br />
way.<br />
Write a poem<br />
that explains<br />
how to add<br />
fractions in<br />
more than one<br />
way.<br />
Write a letter to a<br />
5th grader<br />
explaining how to<br />
add fractions in<br />
more than one<br />
way.<br />
P<br />
I<br />
C<br />
K<br />
O<br />
N<br />
E<br />
Use the<br />
computer to<br />
show how we<br />
add various<br />
fractions.<br />
Create a poster<br />
to show how<br />
we add various<br />
fractions.<br />
Create a book or<br />
puppet show to<br />
show how we add<br />
various fractions.<br />
29
What is <strong>UDL</strong>?
Origins of Universal Design for Learning<br />
(<strong>UDL</strong>)<br />
Definition:<br />
<strong>UDL</strong> is an educational<br />
approach to teaching,<br />
learning, <strong>and</strong> assessment,<br />
drawing on new brain<br />
research <strong>and</strong> new media<br />
technologies to respond<br />
to individual learner<br />
differences.<br />
http://www.cast.org CAST© 2003
<strong>UDL</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Learning Brain<br />
One must recognize information, ideas, <strong>and</strong><br />
concepts<br />
One must be able to apply strategies to process<br />
the information<br />
One must be engaged<br />
http://www.cast.org CAST© 2003<br />
Vygotsky
<strong>UDL</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Learning Brain<br />
Task is too difficult for learner<br />
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT: Learning<br />
occurs when there is an appropriate level of<br />
challenge <strong>and</strong> support to learn the task.<br />
Task is too easy for learner<br />
http://www.cast.org CAST© 2003
<strong>UDL</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Learning Brain<br />
• The father is providing the<br />
right amount of support for<br />
the youngster until he is<br />
ready to take off <strong>and</strong> ride<br />
alone. Engagement <strong>and</strong><br />
motivation are high;<br />
challenge is appropriate,<br />
<strong>and</strong> support is just right. All<br />
three prerequisites are in<br />
place for learning to occur.<br />
http://www.cast.org CAST© 2003
Supports <strong>and</strong> <strong>UDL</strong>
<strong>UDL</strong> Philosophy…
What is good instruction for all<br />
students?<br />
• Differentiating instruction<br />
• Using the principles of universal design for<br />
learning<br />
• Scaffolding instruction (Scaffolding is one of<br />
the key components of explicit instruction.)
What is Explicit<br />
Instruction?
What is Explicit Instruction?<br />
According to Anita Archer, “In the quest to<br />
maximize students’ academic growth, one<br />
of the best tools available to educators is<br />
explicit instruction, a structured,<br />
systematic, <strong>and</strong> effective methodology for<br />
teaching academic skills.
What is Explicit Instruction?<br />
“It is called explicit because it is an<br />
unambiguous <strong>and</strong> direct approach<br />
to teaching that includes both<br />
instructional design <strong>and</strong> delivery<br />
procedures.”
What is Explicit Instruction?<br />
“Explicit instruction is characterized<br />
by a series of supports or<br />
scaffolds, whereby students are<br />
guided through the learning process with clear<br />
statements about the purpose <strong>and</strong> rationale for<br />
learning the new skill, clear explanations <strong>and</strong><br />
demonstrations of the instructional target, <strong>and</strong><br />
supported practice with feedback until independent<br />
mastery has been achieved.”
A Peek at Scaffolding
Involved Scaffolding
Simpler Scaffolding
Some Easy Steps…
But, What About<br />
Specially Designed<br />
Instruction?
<strong>DI</strong> + <strong>UDL</strong> + <strong>EI</strong> =S<strong>DI</strong>!!!<br />
In other words…<br />
Using elements of explicit instruction <strong>and</strong><br />
differentiated instruction is an excellent way to<br />
provide specially designed instruction.
But Do I Have To?<br />
Yes!!!!<br />
Specially Designed<br />
Instruction is a<br />
regulatory<br />
requirement!
S<strong>DI</strong>=Specially Designed Instruction<br />
• Specially-designed instruction means<br />
adapting, as appropriate to the needs of an<br />
eligible student under Part 200, the content,<br />
methodology, or delivery of instruction to<br />
address the unique needs that result from the<br />
student's disability; <strong>and</strong> to ensure access of<br />
the student to the general curriculum, so that<br />
he or she can meet the educational st<strong>and</strong>ards<br />
that apply to all students.
What is Special Education: NYS Regulation Part<br />
200.1 (ww)<br />
Special education means specially designed<br />
individualized or group instruction or special<br />
services or programs, as defined in<br />
subdivision 2 of section 4401 of the<br />
Education Law, <strong>and</strong> special transportation,<br />
provided at no cost to the parent, to meet the<br />
unique needs of students with disabilities.<br />
7
Special Education?
What is Specially Designed Instruction NYS<br />
Regulation: Section 200.1 (vv)<br />
Adapting, as appropriate to the needs of an<br />
eligible student, the content, methodology, or<br />
delivery of instruction to address the unique<br />
needs that result from the student’s<br />
disability; <strong>and</strong> to ensure access of the student<br />
to the general curriculum, so that he or she<br />
can meet the education st<strong>and</strong>ards that apply<br />
to all students. (***Common Core St<strong>and</strong>ards)<br />
8
Common Core <strong>and</strong> Special Education<br />
The Common Core State St<strong>and</strong>ards articulate rigorous<br />
grade-level expectations in the areas of mathematics <strong>and</strong><br />
English language arts.. These st<strong>and</strong>ards identify the<br />
knowledge <strong>and</strong> skills students need in order to be<br />
successful in college <strong>and</strong> careers<br />
Students with disabilities ―students eligible under the<br />
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) (Office<br />
of Special Education Programs, 2006) ―must be<br />
challenged to excel within the general curriculum <strong>and</strong> be<br />
prepared for success in their post-school lives, including<br />
college <strong>and</strong>/or careers.<br />
Engage NY: Common Core <strong>and</strong> the Application to Students with Disabilities
Common Core <strong>and</strong> Application to<br />
Students with Disabilities<br />
The continued development of underst<strong>and</strong>ing about<br />
research-based instructional practices <strong>and</strong> a focus on<br />
their effective implementation will help improve<br />
access to mathematics <strong>and</strong> English language arts<br />
(ELA) st<strong>and</strong>ards for all students, including those with<br />
disabilities.<br />
Therefore, how these high st<strong>and</strong>ards are taught <strong>and</strong><br />
assessed is of the utmost importance in reaching this<br />
diverse group of students.”<br />
Engage NY: Common Core <strong>and</strong> the Application to Students with Disabilities
What does IDEA say about S<strong>DI</strong>?<br />
• Specially Designed Instruction (S<strong>DI</strong>) for<br />
children with disabilities is a requirement<br />
under the Individuals with Disabilities<br />
Education Act (IDEA), the federal law<br />
governing special education programs. S<strong>DI</strong><br />
refers to the teaching strategies <strong>and</strong> methods<br />
used by teachers to instruct students with<br />
disabilities.
What does all this mean?<br />
• To develop appropriate specially designed<br />
instruction for each disabled student,<br />
educators <strong>and</strong> parents work together to<br />
analyze student work, evaluation information,<br />
<strong>and</strong> any other available data to determine the<br />
student's strengths <strong>and</strong> weaknesses. Based on<br />
that student's unique learning needs,<br />
strategies are developed. Teachers continue to<br />
measure students' progress <strong>and</strong> make changes<br />
in instruction as needed.
Simply put…<br />
• What’s “special” about<br />
special education?<br />
• Specifically, how is<br />
specially designed<br />
instruction different<br />
than good, effective<br />
instruction for all<br />
students?
Explicit Instruction:<br />
Designing Lessons<br />
Skills <strong>and</strong> Strategies
Explicit Instruction Lesson Design<br />
• OPENING<br />
• BODY<br />
• CLOSING
Opening of the Explicit Lesson<br />
A good opening:<br />
• Gains the students’ attention<br />
• States the goal of the lesson<br />
• Discusses the relevance of the target skill<br />
• Reviews the critical prerequisite skills
Gaining the Students’ Attention<br />
If a lesson starts when students are not paying<br />
attention, they may miss critical information.<br />
Whatever way you choose to gain attention, select<br />
a procedure <strong>and</strong> use it consistently.<br />
Repeat this process throughout the lesson<br />
whenever students are expected to make a<br />
response that momentarily takes there attention<br />
away.
Gaining the Students’ Attention
State the Goal of the Lesson<br />
Provide your students with information about the<br />
goal of the lesson.<br />
• Can be brief: “Today we are going to learn how<br />
to write the lower case manuscript letter r.”<br />
• Can be a little longer <strong>and</strong> bring in related skills<br />
recently learned: “We have been working on<br />
writing complete sentences. Today we are going<br />
to learn how to write a paragraph. A paragraph is<br />
a group of related sentences.”
Discuss the Relevance<br />
of the Target Skill<br />
We’ve all heard this! “Why do we have to learn<br />
this?”<br />
Discussing the relevance of the skill increases<br />
the students’ motivation for learning the skill<br />
<strong>and</strong> the probability they will use that skill once it<br />
is mastered.<br />
Be sure to identify the where <strong>and</strong> when of the<br />
skill, as well!
Why do we have to learn this?
Review Critical Prerequisite Skills<br />
Knowing whether students have the prerequisite<br />
skills is critical to the instructional process.<br />
• Identify the prerequisite skills<br />
• Verify the students know the prerequisite<br />
skills
What is a review?<br />
A review is not:<br />
1. Reteaching<br />
2. Asking the students if they remember how to<br />
perform a skill<br />
3. Asking one or two students to come to the<br />
board to solve a problem
A review is<br />
Straightforward <strong>and</strong> Involves Everyone!<br />
“ Before we work on how to add problems that<br />
require regrouping, let’s review how to add two<br />
<strong>and</strong> three digit problems that don’t require<br />
regrouping. Complete these problems. When<br />
you are done, put your pencils down <strong>and</strong> we will<br />
check them.”
Prerequisite Skills?
In Summary…<br />
“The opening of a lesson provides students with<br />
a clear <strong>and</strong> focused idea of what is to be<br />
learned, how it will be learned, <strong>and</strong> why it is<br />
important. In addition, the opening is used to<br />
verify that students are ready to learn the new<br />
content.”
Body of the Explicit Lesson<br />
The lesson body generally includes three<br />
processes:<br />
• Modeling or demonstrating the skill (I do it.)<br />
• Providing prompted or guided practice (We do<br />
it.)<br />
• Providing unprompted practice (You do it)
Modeling (I do it.)<br />
Modeling is a very powerful tool!<br />
Two components:<br />
• Demonstrating the skill<br />
• Describing what is being done<br />
Describing component=Think-aloud
Why Think-Aloud?<br />
Thinking aloud gives students access to:<br />
• Self-questions<br />
• Self-instructions<br />
• Decisions<br />
That occur as a problem is solved or a task is<br />
completed.
Think-Aloud
Modeling<br />
A good model:<br />
• Is clear, consistent <strong>and</strong> concise<br />
• Includes several demonstrations, depending<br />
on the complexity of the skill being taught<br />
• Involves students
Anita Archer Modeling!
Clear, Consistent, Concise<br />
The think-aloud helps the students internalize<br />
<strong>and</strong> remember the steps <strong>and</strong> the decisions<br />
involving the new skill. Therefore, it should only<br />
include the critical aspects of the problem<br />
solving/task completing process.<br />
The more concise, the more likely the students<br />
will remember the steps <strong>and</strong> processes.
Provide Several Models<br />
The number of models needed depends on:<br />
• The complexity of the target skill<br />
• The students’ ease in learning new skills<br />
• Their background knowledge in the academic<br />
area<br />
• The amount of time the model requires<br />
Modeling should not be overdone!
Involve Students in the Model<br />
After the first modeling, ask students questions in<br />
which the answers rely on the first model.<br />
These questions serve three functions:<br />
• Keeping students involved <strong>and</strong> active in the<br />
lesson<br />
• Having students rehearse the critical content<br />
• Verifying underst<strong>and</strong>ing<br />
Because many students have difficulty listening<br />
passively for extended periods, keeping them<br />
involved is imperative!
Prompted or Guided Practice<br />
High levels of success are associated with<br />
increased rates of learning. Students often need<br />
teacher-provided supports as they begin to<br />
practice new or difficult skills in order to be<br />
successful. These supports, or scaffolds, are<br />
gradually withdrawn as students demonstrate<br />
success.
Guided Practice<br />
Guided practice usually provided through the<br />
use of prompts.<br />
• Physical prompts-used for teaching motor<br />
tasks<br />
• Verbal prompts-used in explicitly teaching<br />
academic skills<br />
• Visual prompts-such as posters that lists steps
Verbal Prompts<br />
• Highest level-telling the students what to do<br />
step by step<br />
• Next level-asking the students what needs to<br />
be done, rather than telling them<br />
• Last level-Reminding the students to carry out<br />
the critical behaviors<br />
The decision on how quickly to fade the prompts<br />
is based on accuracy of student responses.
Verbal Prompts?
Unprompted Practice (You do it.)<br />
• The purpose of the unprompted practice in an<br />
explicit lesson is to determine whether the<br />
students can perform the skill without any<br />
physical, verbal or visual prompts.<br />
• Provide students with several problems similar to<br />
the ones presented during the modeling <strong>and</strong><br />
guided practice <strong>and</strong> have them do these on their<br />
own.<br />
It is a good idea to do just one at a time, then check<br />
<strong>and</strong> provide feedback!
Three Components<br />
• May be each identified once in an entire<br />
lesson<br />
• May be that each component is repeated a<br />
number of times in a single lesson<br />
OR<br />
• The three components may occur over many<br />
days
Activity<br />
• Archer Video on Active Participation <strong>and</strong> Guided<br />
Practice:<br />
http://www.scoe.org/pub/htdocs/archervideos.html<br />
With your partner, decide<br />
What are some specific techniques Archer used?<br />
What are the benefits?<br />
What are the drawbacks?<br />
Be prepared to share!
Lesson Planning!
Closing of the Explicit Lesson<br />
The closing is brief!<br />
• A short review of what was learned<br />
• A short preview of what will be learned next<br />
• Assigning independent work, if appropriate
Let’s Go More Deeply into Active<br />
Teaching!
Active Teaching <strong>and</strong> Explicit Instruction<br />
One element of active teaching:<br />
Teacher explicitly teaches required vocabulary.<br />
But what does that look like?
Explicit Vocabulary Instruction
Explicit Instruction of<br />
Vocabulary: Example<br />
adapted from: Archer, A.L., & Hughes, C.A. (2011). Explicit Instruction: Effective <strong>and</strong> Efficient Teaching. New York:<br />
Guildford Press, p. 260.<br />
Introduce the word:<br />
“This word is immigration. What word?<br />
Immigration.<br />
Provide a student-friendly definition:<br />
Immigration is people coming into a country with<br />
the intent to work <strong>and</strong> live there.<br />
Fill in the blank:<br />
People coming into a country with the intent to<br />
live <strong>and</strong> work there is _______________.
Explicit Instruction of<br />
Vocabulary: Example<br />
adapted from: Archer, A.L., & Hughes, C.A. (2011). Explicit Instruction: Effective <strong>and</strong> Efficient Teaching. New York:<br />
Guildford Press, p. 260.<br />
Illustrate with examples <strong>and</strong> non examples:<br />
If someone from Brazil came to the United States with the idea<br />
he or she would find work <strong>and</strong> make a new permanent<br />
home, this would be an act of immigration.<br />
If someone from Argentina came to the United States for two<br />
weeks to visit his or her cousins, this would not be<br />
immigration, because the person did not plan to live or work<br />
in the United States.<br />
If a person moved from New York to California, this would not<br />
be immigration because the person did not move from one<br />
country to another.
Explicit Instruction of<br />
Vocabulary: Example<br />
adapted from: Archer, A.L., & Hughes, C.A. (2011). Explicit Instruction: Effective <strong>and</strong> Efficient Teaching. New York:<br />
Guildford Press, p. 77.<br />
Check students’ underst<strong>and</strong>ing:<br />
“Get out your red <strong>and</strong> green cards. I will ask a question. When I say, “Show<br />
me,” hold up a red or green card.”<br />
– If a family from China moved to Engl<strong>and</strong> so the parents could find<br />
work <strong>and</strong> the family could live there, would this be an act of<br />
immigration. [Pause]. Show me. [Students should hold up Yes cards.]<br />
Why is it yes? Student will explain.<br />
– If a family from Australia goes to Engl<strong>and</strong> to visit their gr<strong>and</strong>parents for<br />
a month, but does not plan to live there, would this be an act of<br />
immigration? [Pause]. Show me. [Students should hold up No cards.]<br />
Why is it no? Student will explain.<br />
– If Angela moves from New York to Texas for a new job, would this be<br />
an act of immigration? [Pause]. Show me. [Students should hold up<br />
No cards.] Why is it no? Student will explain.
Explicit Instruction of<br />
Vocabulary: Example<br />
adapted from: Archer, A.L., & Hughes, C.A. (2011). Explicit Instruction: Effective <strong>and</strong> Efficient Teaching. New York:<br />
Guildford Press, p. 77.<br />
Check students’ underst<strong>and</strong>ing (#2):<br />
Make a T chart on your paper. Now, label the columns ‘immigration’ <strong>and</strong> ‘not immigration’.<br />
I will show you how to do this. I have some terms on this list: moving to a new house,<br />
moving from Chile to US for a new job, moving from US to Japan for a new job, going to<br />
Hawaii on vacation, moving from New Jersey to Vermont for a job, moving from New<br />
York to Mexico to work. Okay, moving to a new house is NOT immigration because it<br />
doesn’t say anything about moving to another country for a new job, so I will write that<br />
under “not immigration.” Is that correct? Yes. Teacher will do one example, then give<br />
the direction: With your partner, finish the T chart by writing in whether these show<br />
immigration or are NOT immigration.<br />
Immigration | Not Immigration<br />
|<br />
l<br />
l |
Explicit Instruction of<br />
Vocabulary: Example<br />
adapted from: Archer, A.L., & Hughes, C.A. (2011). Explicit Instruction: Effective <strong>and</strong> Efficient Teaching. New York:<br />
Guildford Press, p. 77.<br />
Ask questions that require deep processing of the word’s<br />
meaning.<br />
Why might immigrants come to a new country?<br />
What hardships might immigrants face in a new country?<br />
If you were an immigrant, what things would you bring with you?<br />
Extend students’ underst<strong>and</strong>ing:<br />
Introduce or have students generate synonyms for the new words<br />
(with the use of reference materials).<br />
• Allow students to work in partners.
Activity: Explicit Instruction of<br />
Vocabulary<br />
adapted from: Archer, A.L., & Hughes, C.A. (2011). Explicit Instruction: Effective <strong>and</strong> Efficient Teaching. New York:<br />
Guildford Press, p. 77.<br />
• Vocabulary Instruction 2 nd grade-View Video<br />
http://www.updc.org/assets/files/resources_by_topic<br />
/effective_inst_int/archer/march-27-28-<br />
2009/videos/MPG_Vocabulary%20Instruction%20%20<br />
_%202nd%20copy.mp4<br />
Using the strategies from explicit instruction, with<br />
your partner:<br />
Ones: Teach the word disgusting<br />
Twos: Teach the word relieved
More Characteristics of Active<br />
Active Teaching<br />
Teaching<br />
• Teacher uses verbal explanation <strong>and</strong> visual prompts<br />
to explain content or strategy.<br />
• Teacher models the strategy in sequential steps.<br />
• Teacher’s instruction ensures multiple<br />
opportunities for participation by students with<br />
disabilities, e.g., choral responding, thumbs-up,<br />
white board response. (see next two slides)<br />
• Teacher presents the content in chunks/segments.
Ways to actively engage students:<br />
Oral Responses:<br />
Choral Responses<br />
Partner Responses<br />
Active Teaching<br />
Written Responses<br />
Response cards & response slates<br />
Action Responses<br />
Touching/Pointing<br />
Acting out/Responding with<br />
gestures<br />
H<strong>and</strong> Signals
Active Teaching<br />
Ways to actively engage students:<br />
Effective Reading Procedures<br />
Echo Reading<br />
Choral Reading<br />
Cloze Reading<br />
Whisper Read<br />
Partner Read
Activity<br />
Archer Video on Reading alternatives<br />
http://www.scoe.org/pub/htdocs/archervideos.html<br />
With your partner:<br />
Discuss how you could adapt this to your grade<br />
level<br />
Be prepared to share!
Active Teaching<br />
(This is moving in to We Do-at this point just<br />
repeating is necessary)<br />
• Students with disabilities engage in structured activities<br />
designed to allow to processing; e.g., I-time, think-pairshare,<br />
numbered heads, elbow partners, think-jot.
Active Teaching<br />
(This is moving in to We Do-at this point just<br />
repeating is necessary)<br />
• Students with disabilities correctly answer questions<br />
regarding content/strategy.<br />
• Students with disabilities are responding to high-order<br />
questions; e.g., problem-solving, generalization,<br />
evaluative, inferential, application.<br />
• The teacher uses wait time to enable student with<br />
disabilities to process responses to questions/directions.<br />
• Teacher re-teaches if students’ responses are<br />
inaccurate. (we are going to discuss this more in a<br />
minute)
Guided Practice<br />
Also called We Do (it’s where the learning occurs<br />
in a lesson)<br />
• Teacher leads student with disabilities through<br />
step-by-step practice.<br />
• Teacher initially uses high level of<br />
prompting/cues with students with disabilities.<br />
(e.g.,, Tell, Guide)<br />
• Teacher gradually decreases level of<br />
prompting/cuing to student with disabilities<br />
based on accurate responding. (Ask, Remind,<br />
Check)
Guided Practice Samples
Guided Practice Samples
Guided Practice Samples
Guided Practice<br />
In strategy/skill instruction: Tell->Ask->Remind<br />
(adapted from: Dr. Charles Hughes, SPLED 412)<br />
• Tell: Tell students the step/what needs to be done, then<br />
they do it [done with whole group or teacher circulates<br />
to partners].<br />
• Ask: Ask students for the step, then they do it. Correct<br />
errors immediately [whole group or partners].<br />
• Remind: “Use the strategy to… Remember to….” [whole<br />
group or circulate; correct errors/give feedback.
Activity<br />
Verbal Retell Video-1 st grade<br />
http://www.scoe.org/pub/htdocs/archervideos.html<br />
During the video, pay attention to the following:<br />
1.) What cues does Anita give when she Tells?<br />
2.) What cues does Anita give when she Asks?<br />
3.) What cues does Anita give when she Reminds?
Error Correction in Explicit Instruction
Error Correction: Recognizing<br />
the 3 TYPES OF ERRORS<br />
• Error Type<br />
– Careless/Inattentive<br />
• Correction<br />
Procedure<br />
– Repeat question,<br />
student repeats<br />
correct response<br />
– Lack of factual<br />
knowledge<br />
– Say answer, student<br />
makes correct<br />
response<br />
– Lack of procedural<br />
knowledge<br />
– Prompt through<br />
step, student makes<br />
correct response
MONITOR AND PROVIDE<br />
FEEDBACK<br />
Correct <strong>and</strong><br />
quick<br />
response<br />
Correct but<br />
hesitant<br />
response<br />
Acknowledge<br />
<strong>and</strong> move on.<br />
Acknowledge<br />
<strong>and</strong> add brief<br />
„firm-up<br />
explanation‟.<br />
“Correct”<br />
“Yes, that‟s right.”<br />
[Then specifically<br />
name correct fact/<br />
concept.]<br />
“You knew 3 x 5 =<br />
15.<br />
112<br />
“Correct. Since this<br />
is a telling sentence,<br />
we would end the<br />
sentence with a<br />
period.”
MONITOR AND PROVIDE FEEDBACK<br />
STUDENTS SHOULD ALWAYS PRACTICE CORRECT RESPONSE.<br />
Incorrect<br />
response<br />
when “fact”<br />
requested.<br />
1. Model the correct<br />
answer.(I do it.)<br />
2. Check underst<strong>and</strong>ing.<br />
(You do it.)<br />
3. Check again.<br />
(Student says /o/ for /a/.)<br />
“This sound is /a/.”<br />
“What sound?” /a/<br />
“Good, you knew /a/”<br />
113<br />
Incorrect<br />
response<br />
when strategy<br />
or rule used.<br />
1. Guide student(s) to the<br />
correct answer by asking<br />
questions on the steps of<br />
the strategy or rule. (We<br />
do it.)<br />
2. Check underst<strong>and</strong>ing.<br />
(You do it.)<br />
3. Check again.<br />
(Students spell siting for<br />
sitting.)<br />
Hint:“This ends with a<br />
______<br />
CF:<br />
Repeat Hint..” <strong>and</strong> so we<br />
double the final<br />
consonant.”<br />
“Show me.”
Homework (You Do)<br />
– The same principles of corrective feedback still<br />
apply.<br />
– Teacher must circulate.<br />
– While the ultimate goal is for students to respond<br />
without prompts, students who still need<br />
assistance get prompting from the teacher.<br />
• You should NOT hear from the teacher:<br />
– How many times have we done this?<br />
– Why can’t you remember this?<br />
– You should know this by now.<br />
– Just think about it.
Homework (You Do)<br />
• Teacher elicits alternatives from students with<br />
disabilities when responses are incorrect.(this only<br />
comes after modeling of how to think).<br />
– Students need corrective feedback so they only hear the<br />
correct answers.<br />
– Fishing for responses leads to incorrect underst<strong>and</strong>ings<br />
• When students with disabilities’ responses are<br />
inaccurate, staff re-teaches the concept/strategy<br />
individually or in small groups.<br />
– “re-teaching” means continued prompting with corrective<br />
feedback.<br />
– If that doesn’t work, teacher needs to go back <strong>and</strong> do<br />
some more We Do practices with student(s).
Homework is “You Do”!
Not “They Do It…”
Best laid plans…<br />
Questions?
Resources<br />
Material taken from<br />
Explicit Instruction: Effective <strong>and</strong> Efficient<br />
Teaching by Anita L. Archer <strong>and</strong> Charles A.<br />
Hughes<br />
Linking Specially Designed Instruction, Explicit<br />
Instruction, & Walkthroughs, Dr. Dee<br />
Berlinghoff, Mount Saint Mary College