World Health Organization guide for standardization of ... - RHO

Chapter 5: Assessing the Effects of the Vaccination Programme ...........................29
5.1 Vaccine efficacy .........................................................................................................29
5.2 Vaccine effectiveness .................................................................................................32
5.3 Choosing and valuing outcomes..............................................................................34
5.4 Recommendations .....................................................................................................36
Chapter 6: Modelling ......................................................................................................37
6.1 Specific parameters for infectious disease epidemiology .......................................37
6.2 Impact of vaccination ...............................................................................................40
6.3 Modelling infectious diseases ...................................................................................44
6.4 Model validation .......................................................................................................53
6.5 Recommendations .....................................................................................................55
Chapter 7: Discounting .................................................................................................56
7.1 Using constant discount rates ..................................................................................56
7.2 When a non-constant discount rate should be considered....................................57
7.3 Recommendations .....................................................................................................57
Chapter 8: Estimating, Presenting and Interpreting Cost-effectiveness Data .....58
8.1 Linking costs and effects ..........................................................................................58
8.2 Sources of and methods of representing uncertainty.............................................62
8.3 Interpreting results ....................................................................................................64
8.4 Reporting uncertainty to decision-makers .............................................................66
8.5 Recommendations .....................................................................................................68
Chapter 9: Economic Evaluation and the Decision-Making Process .....................69
9.1 The use of economic evaluation in policy and practice .........................................69
9.2 Decision-making bodies ...........................................................................................71
9.3 Other criteria to consider when making decisions ................................................71
9.4 The trade-off between efficiency and equity ..........................................................72
9.5 Including the broader benefits of vaccines .............................................................72
Chapter 10: Conclusions and Summary of Recommendations ..............................74
References .......................................................................................................................81
Glossary ............................................................................................................................91
Appendix 1: Sources of data ..........................................................................................96
Appendix 2: List of useful websites ..............................................................................98
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