Volcanic and hydrothermal processes at a fast spreading Mid-Ocean ...
Volcanic and hydrothermal processes at a fast spreading Mid-Ocean ...
Volcanic and hydrothermal processes at a fast spreading Mid-Ocean ...
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A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
<strong>Volcanic</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>hydrothermal</strong> <strong>processes</strong> <strong>at</strong> a <strong>fast</strong><br />
<strong>spreading</strong> <strong>Mid</strong>-<strong>Ocean</strong> Ridge:The East Pacific<br />
Rise <strong>at</strong> 9ー50'N - A tale of two eruptions<br />
Dr. Daniel Fornari<br />
Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution<br />
Dept. of Geology <strong>and</strong> Geophysics<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Heezen <strong>and</strong> Tharp - physiographic map of the seafloor<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Biogeographic Provinces on the Global <strong>Mid</strong>-<strong>Ocean</strong> Ridge System<br />
T. Shank - WHOI<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Subaerial volcanic<br />
eruptions can be<br />
directly viewed <strong>and</strong><br />
mapped. How can we<br />
do th<strong>at</strong> on the seafloor?<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Oblique view of the seafloor around Axial Volcano (white<br />
area near the center). In this computer gener<strong>at</strong>ed image<br />
blue areas are deep <strong>and</strong> white are shallow.<br />
(Chadwick/Embley)<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
B<strong>at</strong>hymetry collected by ROPOS (after<br />
the 1998 eruption). Warm colors are<br />
shallower h <strong>and</strong> d cool l colors l are deeper. d<br />
The solid red line indic<strong>at</strong>es the edge of<br />
the 1998 lava flow. The red dot is the<br />
rumbleometer’s t ’ loc<strong>at</strong>ion. l Axial seamount eruption 1998 - NOAA instrument<br />
caught in flow <strong>and</strong> recovered (Chadwick/Embley)<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Pressure gauge d<strong>at</strong>a on<br />
rumbelometer bl shows h lava l<br />
infl<strong>at</strong>ion was ~3 m.<br />
(Chadwick/Embley)<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06 East Pacific Rise Axis- Axial Summit Trough<br />
(AST)<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Pillows with breadcrust b d textures <strong>and</strong> d small buds b d <strong>and</strong> d toes<br />
They commonly extrude<br />
from the base of pillows<br />
<strong>and</strong> tend to be glassier<br />
Mn-co<strong>at</strong>ing dulls the surface glass<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Lava Whorls -<br />
rapid effusion r<strong>at</strong>es<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Sheet flow with ropey (pahoehoe) texture<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Lava pillars<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Lava drips p <strong>and</strong> flanges g are<br />
common bene<strong>at</strong>h this<br />
surface. Indic<strong>at</strong>es dynamic<br />
interaction i between b magma<br />
<strong>and</strong> seaw<strong>at</strong>er during<br />
eruption.<br />
Top crust of lob<strong>at</strong>e flow <strong>at</strong> edge of a collapse pit<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
L Lava “crusts”“ t ” with glassy l upper surface f <strong>and</strong> d cusp<strong>at</strong>e t to t<br />
drippy lower surfaces (vapor pockets)<br />
Upper fine glass<br />
Lower, underside showing flanges <strong>and</strong> cusp<strong>at</strong>e forms<br />
th<strong>at</strong> vary from glassy to crystalline <strong>and</strong> quite<br />
vesicular<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Lava drips on undersides of lob<strong>at</strong>e lava crusts formed<br />
as a result of magma / seaw<strong>at</strong>er vapor interaction<br />
Note associ<strong>at</strong>ion of<br />
drips with flanges<br />
<strong>and</strong> cusp<strong>at</strong>e ridges<br />
Upper surface<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Fissures<br />
Eruptive Fissure<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Seafloor bacterial production during submarine eruptions<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
EPR- BBQ Site 9° 50’N- tube worms entrained in 1991 Lava Flow<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
1991 Flow Surrounding<br />
Lava Pillars<br />
Bacteria & N<strong>at</strong>ive Sulfur along<br />
Cracks in 1991 Flow<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Lava Pillars Venting<br />
Hydrothermal Fluids<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
1991<br />
Significant decrease in <strong>hydrothermal</strong> flow <strong>and</strong> bacterial m<strong>at</strong>s in one year<br />
1992<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Discovery of bacterial<br />
production associ<strong>at</strong>ed with<br />
submarine volcanic eruptions<br />
East Pacific Rise 9° 9 50’N -<br />
1991 Alvin diving<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
1991-2001 time-series<br />
<strong>at</strong> Bio9 Vent<br />
EPR 9° 50.3’N<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Life in extreme environments<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
“Black Smoker” <strong>hydrothermal</strong> vents >350°C (>700°F)<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
The DSL-120A sonar system - high<br />
resolution seafloor remote sensing<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
•D<strong>at</strong>a from 2001<br />
•60 km long segment of EPR extending 6<br />
km east <strong>and</strong> west of axis<br />
•Towed 100 m above seafloor<br />
• ~2m pixel resolution<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)<br />
Anim<strong>at</strong>ion by Jack Cook, WHOI
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Knorr New Horizon Atlantis<br />
Keen Observ<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
Timely & Organized<br />
Response<br />
R2K-PI-NSF<br />
Collabor<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
UNOLS, NSF & Ship<br />
Oper<strong>at</strong>or<br />
Coordin<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
Multi-PI<br />
Collabor<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Knorr CTD d<strong>at</strong>a- OBS recovery cruise<br />
New Horizon-06 Cruisei<br />
Eos - Cowen et al. 2007<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06 Chronology<br />
April 25 - 1st email from Knorr - non-recovery of<br />
OBSs<br />
April 26-30 - various i conference f calls between<br />
STCOM, TCS-PI (Cowen), EPR-ISS PIs, EPR<br />
coordin<strong>at</strong>or, <strong>and</strong> NSF program managers<br />
May 1 - NSF approval for New Horizon TCS cruise<br />
May y 4- New Horizon departs p SIO-MARFAC for EPR<br />
May 10- start surveys <strong>at</strong> EPR ISS<br />
May 11 - CTD towyo & TowCam confirm<strong>at</strong>ion of new<br />
eruptions<br />
June 3- NSF approval for Atlantis/Alvin dives<br />
June 26 - Alvin/Atlantis start diving <strong>at</strong> EPR ISS<br />
June 29 - Fiber optic TowCam confirm<strong>at</strong>ion of OBSs<br />
buried in new lava<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Oper<strong>at</strong>ions Summary for New Horizon-06 Cruise<br />
15 Casts in 7 days on st<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
7 CTD Casts<br />
7 TowCam Lowerings g 1 Dredgeg<br />
1 Lagrangian flo<strong>at</strong><br />
2S Sediment tTraps deployedd l d<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
BEFORE<br />
AFTER<br />
Changes to axial trough width <strong>and</strong> depth post-2005-06 eruption<br />
from TowCam near-bottom b<strong>at</strong>hymetry ~20 cm resolution<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
WHOI TowCam<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Detailed map p of 2005-<br />
06 EPR flows from 37<br />
TowCam surveys<br />
(from Soule et al.,<br />
Geology, 2007)<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Recovered OBSs<br />
plotted on new DSL-120<br />
sidescan, post 2005-06<br />
eruption.<br />
Dark line<strong>at</strong>e areas are<br />
sheet flow channels in<br />
new lava flows.<br />
Red line is outline of<br />
most recent eruption.<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
ROV Jason2<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
<strong>Ocean</strong> Bottom Seismometer<br />
recovered by Jason II ROV<br />
from 2005-06 lava flow<br />
East Pacific Rise - April 2007<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
OBS caught in the<br />
2005-06 06 EPR lob<strong>at</strong>e<br />
lava flow<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
EPR axial summit trough<br />
post-eruption p p April p 2007<br />
near-bottom multibeam<br />
mapping - SM2000 200 kHz<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
2005-06 post-eruption near-<br />
bottom multibeam mapping, 2 m<br />
pixel resolution<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Lob<strong>at</strong>e lava contact<br />
with older hackly or<br />
jumbled sheet flow<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
P<strong>at</strong>terns of Post-Eruptive Succession <strong>at</strong> 9° 50’N EPR<br />
1991<br />
Structural changes correl<strong>at</strong>ed with fluid geochemistry<br />
Day 1<br />
Tevnia<br />
1992<br />
2<br />
1993<br />
Day 2<br />
1<br />
Riftia<br />
2<br />
1994<br />
Day 700<br />
1995 B<strong>at</strong>hy-<br />
modiolus<br />
l<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
May 2006<br />
(~6-10 months after eruption)<br />
Numerous newly-formed milky<br />
diffuse flow vents ranging from<br />
within deep ppits <strong>and</strong> fissures to<br />
small cracks in sheet flows <strong>and</strong><br />
the tops collapse lava remnants<br />
Brachyuran crab abundance<br />
dram<strong>at</strong>ically increased;<br />
<strong>at</strong>ypically small<br />
individuals<br />
TowCam<br />
Mosaic<br />
1 meter<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
1 meter<br />
May 2006<br />
(~6 months post eruption)<br />
Extensive areas adjacent to <strong>and</strong><br />
surrounding <strong>hydrothermal</strong>ly- active<br />
areas contained white microbial<br />
m<strong>at</strong>s <strong>and</strong>/or byproducts surrounded<br />
by “olive-brown colored” m<strong>at</strong>s<br />
(likely representing a previous extent<br />
of venting)<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
June 2006<br />
~7-12 months post eruption<br />
Tevnia<br />
jerichonana<br />
Basalt collected in June 2006<br />
Individual Tevnia jerichonana colonists (circled).<br />
Inset shows Tevnia < 3mm in length (max. 4cm).<br />
Paralvinella<br />
p<strong>and</strong>orae<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
November 2006<br />
~12-19 months after eruption<br />
Tevnia up to 37cm in length<br />
30°C to74°C fluids<br />
>1 mmol/kg H 2 S<br />
Eight associ<strong>at</strong>ed species<br />
of gastropods, amphipods,<br />
copepods, <strong>and</strong> polychaetes<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
P<strong>at</strong>terns resulting from geologic events (9˚50’N 50’N, EPR)<br />
1989 Discovery of 9°50'N venting areas<br />
Tubeworm Pillar active<br />
1991 Eruption<br />
o<br />
Dominance of snowblowers <strong>and</strong> m<strong>at</strong>s<br />
Dead Riftia <strong>at</strong> Tubeworm Barbeque<br />
1992 Secondary eruption<br />
Dominance of Tevnia<br />
1993 Magm<strong>at</strong>ic diking<br />
Tubeworm Pillar black smoker<br />
Dominance of Riftia<br />
1994 Emergence of B<strong>at</strong>hymodiolus & serpulids<br />
1995 Cracking eventt<br />
Serpulid worms & brachyuran crabs<br />
Overgrowth of Riftia by mussels<br />
Rusty Riftia emerge<br />
1997 Ty/Io y black smokers emergeg<br />
Tica diffuse flow, few Riftia<br />
2002 Rusty Riftia fauna absent<br />
2003 Tica black smoker emerges<br />
Tubeworm Pillar flow cess<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
2004 Mussel Bed waning<br />
Tubeworm Pillar inactive<br />
2005-06 Eruption<br />
Extinction of Alvinellid Pillar, M Vent,<br />
QV Vent, t &Tica smokerk<br />
New areas of diffuse flow<br />
2007 Extensive Tevnia coloniz<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
Limited Riftia presence<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Distribution t ib ti<br />
of seafloor<br />
d<strong>at</strong>asets with<br />
respect to the<br />
mapped<br />
extent of the<br />
2005-06<br />
eruption.<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Age Distribution of 210 Po d<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
lava samples 2005-06<br />
group 1, n= 9 samples: l<br />
Mean age = 28-Jun-05 ± 18 days 1σ<br />
group 2, n= n 3:<br />
Mean age = 20-Aug-05 ± 5 days 1σ<br />
group 3, n= 3:<br />
15-Oct-05 ± 21 days 1σ<br />
Note: 3 sample ages are:<br />
30-Sep-05<br />
5-Oct-05<br />
8-Nov-05<br />
group 4, n= 1:<br />
Age = 25-Jan-06 J ± 60 days<br />
D<strong>at</strong>a from: Rubin, Soule,<br />
Fornari, Perfit, in prep.<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
D<br />
June-July 2005<br />
Aug-Sept 2005<br />
Oct-Nov 2005<br />
Jan 2006<br />
D<strong>at</strong>a from:<br />
Rubin, Soule,<br />
Fornari, Perfit,<br />
in prep.<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Lava age overlay<br />
Correspondence of seismicity <strong>and</strong> lava<br />
effusion i in i the 30-day d smoothed d window i d<br />
earthquake d<strong>at</strong>a set. This time window<br />
approxim<strong>at</strong>es the best 210 Po age resolution.<br />
group 1, n= 9 samples:<br />
Mean age = 28-Jun-05 ± 18<br />
days 1σ<br />
group 2, n= 3:<br />
Mean age = 20-Aug-05 ± 5<br />
days 1σ<br />
group 3, n= 3:<br />
5-Oct-05 ± 21 days 1σ<br />
Note: 3 sample ages are:<br />
30-Sep-05<br />
5-Oct-05<br />
8-Nov-05<br />
group 4, n= 1:<br />
Age = 25-Jan-06 ± 60 days<br />
D<strong>at</strong>a from: Rubin, Soule,<br />
Fornari, Perfit, in prep.<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
June-July 2005 Aug-Sept 2005 Oct-Nov 2005<br />
Jan 2006<br />
2005-2006<br />
EPR eruption<br />
sequence<br />
based on<br />
210<br />
Po d<strong>at</strong>ing<br />
<strong>and</strong> lava<br />
flow mapping<br />
D<strong>at</strong>a from:<br />
Rubin, Soule,<br />
Fornari, Perfit,<br />
in prep.<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Hi-T loggers monitor<br />
vent temper<strong>at</strong>ures<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
A Tale of Two Eruptions - the EPR 1991-92 <strong>and</strong><br />
2005-06<br />
Ridge 2000 Distinguished Lecturer Series, 2006<br />
Dan Fornari, Woods Hole <strong>Ocean</strong>ographic Institution (dfornari@whoi.edu)
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