Gender Differences in Police-reported Violent Crime in Canada, 2008

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Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics Profile Series Sexual assaults Police-reported sexual assault rate more than 10 times higher for female victims compared to males In 2008, the rate of police-reported sexual assault against females (68 per 100,000 population) was more than 10 times the rate for males (6 per 100,000 population), with females accounting for 92% of sexual assault victims in Canada. Overall rates of sexual assaults for female victims are significantly greater than males across each age group (Table 1, Table 2). It is worth noting that sexual assaults go unreported to police more often than other types of violent offences, regardless of whether the victim is female or male. According to the 2004 GSS on Victimization, about 8% of sexual assaults were reported to police, compared to about 40% of physical assaults and about half of robberies (Brennan and Taylor-Butts, 2008). Furthermore, male and female victims showed no significant difference in their likelihood of reporting sexual assaults to police. More than one-quarter of female victims of sexual assault suffered a physical injury Regardless of whether the victim was male or female, physical force was used against the victim in 95% of sexual assaults. While two-thirds (60%) of police-reported sexual assaults against females did not result in a physical injury, 24% resulted in minor physical injuries requiring some first aid but no professional medical treatment (Table 5, Table 6). Higher proportion of sexual assaults against male victims occur in institutional settings Sexual assaults most often occurred in residential locations. Nearly 2 out of 3 (59%) sexual assault victimizations of females occurred in a private residence as did 48% of sexual assaults against males. However, for male victims of sexual assault, the proportion of those victimized in an institutional setting (16%) such as a school, university or college or other non-commercial or corporate place was more than 2.5 times greater than the proportion of females sexually assaulted in this type of location (Table 5, Table 6). Accused in incidents of sexual assaults against male and female are often known to the victim In nearly half of police-reported sexual assaults against both male (47%) and female (44%) victims, the accused was someone known to the victim (e.g., friend, acquaintance, or current/former dating partner) but was not a family member. Strangers were the perpetrators in one-quarter of all police-reported sexual assaults committed against men (19%) and women (24%) (Table 5, Table 6). There were, however, some notable gender-based differences in the relationship between the victim and the accused in cases of sexual assaults coming to the attention of police. For example, women were more likely than men to have been sexually assaulted by a current or former spouse. In 2008, the accused was a current or former spouse in 8% of police-reported sexual assaults against females compared to 1% of sexual assaults where the victim was male. As well, a current or former dating partner was identified as the accused more often in sexual assaults against women (7%) compared to men (1%). Male victims of sexual assault, however, were more often victimized by family members other than spouses or ex-spouses and by friends and acquaintances, in comparison to female sexual assault victims (Table 5, Table 6). 10 Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 85F0033M, no. 24
Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics Profile Series Homicide While men were more likely to be the victim of a homicide, female homicide victims were more often killed by a spouse From 2004 to 2008, homicides accounted for less than 1% of all violent crimes reported to police in Canada. Adult males were more likely than adult females to be a homicide victim, accounting for 74% of victims of homicide during this 5-year period. Nevertheless, compared to men, women were more often killed by a current or former spouse (38% of female homicides versus 4% of male homicides) and were at greater risk of being the victim of a spousal homicide. From 2004 to 2008, females accounted for more than three-quarters of spousal homicide victims (275 of 351) (Table 7). Just over one quarter of female homicide victims (28%) were killed by a current spouse, compared to 3% of male victims, and another 10% of female homicides were perpetrated by an ex-spouse (versus 1% of male homicide victims). Females were also more often killed by an intimate partner such as a boyfriend or girlfriend (8%) than male homicide victims (2%). About 18% of female homicide victims were killed by a friend or acquaintance and 5% were killed by a stranger (Table 7). Men, in comparison, were much more likely to be killed by someone other than a spouse. In 4 in 10 homicides involving male victims, the accused was either a friend or an acquaintance and in 15% of male homicides the accused was a stranger. Homicides with male victims more likely to involve firearms and gangs Between 2004 and 2008, weapons were involved in a majority of male homicides (84%) and in a substantial proportion (72%) of female homicides. While firearms were more commonly used than other weapons in homicides, they were more likely used against male versus female homicide victims. More than one-third (38%) of male victims of homicide were killed with a firearm, compared to 20% of female homicide victims. In fact, from 2004 to 2008, more men were killed using a firearm (785) than women by any other method (732). Female victims, on the other hand, were more likely than male victims to have a “other weapon” used against them. Specifically, they were 3 times more likely than males to have been killed by explosives, motor vehicle, fire, or any device used to poison (12% vs 4%) (Table 7). In addition, a larger proportion of female homicide victims (18%) were killed as the result of physical force compared to male victims (13%). Homicides involving gang-related activity were also more common among male victims compared with female victims. From 2004 to 2008, nearly one-quarter (24%) of homicides involving a male victim were either gang-related or suspected of being gang-related, compared with 3% of female homicides (Table 7). Motives surrounding a homicide vary according to the sex of the victim While the apparent motive for homicide was more commonly an argument or quarrel, irrespective of the victim’s sex, there were some gender-based variations. For example, compared to male victims, female victims were about 3 times as likely to be killed out of frustration, anger, despair (21%), and nearly 4 times as likely to be the victim of a homicide motivated by jealousy (12%) or sexual violence (4%). In contrast, a settling-of-account (drug or gang-related) (20%) was the apparent motive in nearly one-fifth of male homicides compared to 3% of female homicides. Male homicide victims (7%) were about twice as likely to be killed out of revenge as female victims (3%) (Table 7). Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 85F0033M, no. 24 11
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Gender Differences in Police-reported Violent Crime in Canada, 2008

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