Falsification Of The Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse Effects Within ...

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30 Gerhard Gerlich and Ralf D. Tscheuschner Thermometer located . . . inside the car, in direct Sun inside the car, in the shade next to the car, in direct Sun, above the ground next to the car, in the shade, above the ground in the living room Temperature 71 ◦ C 39 ◦ C 31 ◦ C 29 ◦ C 25 ◦ C Table 9: Measured temperatures inside and outside a car on a hot summer day. will practically feel no thermal radiation despite the high temperature of 70 ◦ C, whereas one clearly feels the hot air. Above the ground one sees why it is cooler there than inside the car: the air inside the car “stands still”, above the ground one always feels a slight movement of the air. The ground is never completely plain, so there is always light and shadow, which keep the circulation going. This effect was formerly used for many old buildings in the city of Braunschweig, Germany. The south side of the houses had convexities. Hence, for most of the time during the day, parts of the walls are in the shade and, because of the thus additionally stimulated circulation, the walls are heated less. In order to study the warming effect one can look at a body of specific heat c v and width d, whose cross section F is subject to the radiation intensity S (see Figure 14). One has Figure 14: A solid parallelepiped of thickness d and cross section F subject to solar radiation. ϱ F d c v dT dt = FS (41) or, respectively, dT dt = S ϱ c v d (42)
Falsification Of The Atmospheric CO 2 Greenhouse Effects . . . 31 which may be integrated yielding T = T 0 + S ϱ c v d (t − t 0) (43) In this approximation, there is a linear rise of the temperature in time because of the irradiated intensity. One sees that the temperature rises particularly fast in absorbing bodies of small diameter: Thin layers are heated especially fast to high temperatures by solar radiation. The same applies to the heat capacity per unit volume: • If the heat capacity is large the change of temperature will be slow. • If the heat capacity is small the change in temperature will be fast. Thus the irradiated intensity is responsible for the quick change of temperature, not for its value. This rise in temperature is stopped by the heat transfer of the body to its environment. Especially in engineering thermodynamics the different kinds of heat transfer and their interplay are discussed thoroughly [95–97]. A comprehensive source is the classical textbook by Schack [95]. The results have been tested e.g. in combustion chambers and thus have a strong experimental background. One has to distinguish between • Conduction • Convection • Radiation • Transfer of latent heat in phase transitions such as condensation and sublimation 9 Conduction, condensation and radiation, which slow down the rise in temperature, work practically the same inside and outside the car. Therefore, the only possible reason for a difference in final temperatures must be convection: A volume element of air above the ground, which has been heated by radiation, is heated up (by heat transfer through conduction), rises and is replaced by cooler air. This way, there is, in the average, a higher difference of temperatures between the ground and the air and a higher heat transmission compared to a situation, where the air would not be replaced. This happens inside the car as well, but there the air stays locked in and the air which replaces the rising air is getting warmer and warmer, which causes lower heat transmission. Outside the car, there is of course a lot more cooler air than inside. On the whole, there is a higher temperature for the sunlight absorbing surfaces as well as for the air. 9 Among those phenomena governed by the exchange of latent heat there is radiation frost, an striking example for a cooling of the Earth’s surface through emission of infrared radiation.
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