Control of Exotic Pest Fishes - An Operational Strategy

Information Series QI01005
Control of
Exotic Pest Fishes
An operational strategy for Queensland freshwaters­
2000–2005
Department of Primary Industries • Queensland • 2001­

QI01005
ISBN 0 7345 0129 3
This strategy was prepared by Rachel Mackenzie, Peter Jackson and Elizabeth Cotterell of the Queensland Fisheries Service. We would like to
thank all those who contributed to the strategy, in particular the Community Consultative Committee for the Control of Exotic Pest Fish (the
CCC). We would also like to give special thanks to Graham Dalip of the Barron River Integrated Catchment Association whose efforts were
largely responsible for getting this project up and running.
The authors would like to acknowledge Gunther Schmida for the cover photograph of the Oreochromis mossambicus (tilapia) and the
Queensland Museum for the photographs of the Cyprinus carpio (carp) and the Tilapia mariae.
General disclaimer
Information contained in this publication is provided as general advice only. For application to specific circumstances, professional advice
should be sought.
The Department of Primary Industries, Queensland has taken all reasonable steps to ensure that the information contained in this
publication is accurate at the time of production. Readers should ensure that they make appropriate inquiries to determine whether new
information is available on the particular subject matter.
This publication was produced by DPI Publications. Text set in MetaPlus normal and bold.
© The State of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries, 2000
Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the Copyright Act, reproduction by whatever means is prohibited
without prior written permission of the Department of Primary Industries, Queensland. Inquiries should be addressed to:
Manager, DPI Publications
Department of Primary Industries
GPO Box 46
Brisbane Qld 4001

CONTENTS
iii
iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT
1 INTRODUCTION
1 Purpose and Links with Other Strategies
2 Scope of Strategy
3 PART ONE – BACKGROUND INFORMATION
3 Definitions
3 Assessment of Potential Impact
4 Species assessment
7 Noxious fish
8 Non-indigenous fish
10 Priority Species
10 Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
13 Tilapia (all species of the genus Oreochromis, Tilapia and Sarotherodon)
17 Gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki)
19 Current Management Practice
19 Legislation
21 Current control measures
21 Permits
21 Current actions
21 Other exotic pest fishes
22 PART TWO – THE STRATEGY
22 Contextual Framework
22 Ecologically sustainable development and the maintenance of
biodiversity
22 Best practices for vertebrate pest control
23 Principles specific to exotic pest fishes
23 Implementation and Goals
24 Goals 1–7
34 Roles and Responsibilities
34 Individuals and communities
34 Community and industry organisations (e.g. ICM groups, Landcare
groups, aquarium fish industry)
35 Local government
35 State government
35 Commonwealth Government
i

36 Priority Actions
36 Education and awareness strategy
36 Database on distribution
36 Contingency plan response system
36 Protocol for prioritising areas
37 Regional planning process
37 Strategy for control of trade and movement
37 Research strategy
37 Resources
37 Monitoring and Evaluation
38 ACRONYMS
38 BIBLIOGRAPHY
ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This control strategy has been prepared in response to growing community concern regarding the
effects of exotic fish species on native fishes and their habitats. This initiative complements the
development of the National Management Strategy for the Control Carp (2000–2005) at the Federal
level and the development of the Queensland Pest Animal Strategy by the Department of Natural
Resources.
The control strategy recognises that eradication of exotic fish species is not possible at this stage
and that priority should be given to preventing further spread. It also recognises that, due to lack of
data, control programs should be undertaken under an adaptive management framework.
The strategy has the following goals:
• ­ Prevent the further spread of exotic pest fish species already established in Queensland waters
and prevent the establishment of additional species in the wild.
• ­ Reduce the impacts of existing wild populations of exotic pest fishes to acceptable levels
including eradication where possible.
• ­ Ensure the environmentally and socially acceptable application of exotic pest fish eradication
and control programs.
• ­ Establish community understanding of the impacts of exotic pest fishes and the management
strategies to counteract these impacts.
• ­ Ensure that exotic pest fishes management is undertaken in accordance with best practice
management and underpinned by science and evaluation.
• ­ Coordinate State management of exotic pest fishes with national management strategies.
The control of exotic pest fishes in Queensland requires a coordinated approach with all
stakeholders playing a role. The coordination role is best done at the State level by the Queensland
Fisheries Service. To ensure that the needs of the community are addressed, a continuing role is
proposed for a Community Consultative Committee. The strategy also sets out clear roles for
local government, community organisations, the community and individuals. At the national level
there is a need to ensure that State and national initiatives are properly integrated. At the State
level there is a need to provide effective and uniform institutional and legislative frameworks
and coordinate, develop and implement policies and programs. There is also a need to prioritise
areas for action. Regional plans will establish initial goals for control actions within a prescribed
geographical area. These are major tools for translating the goals and objectives of the State
strategy into on-ground actions.
As an outcome of the development of the control strategy, the following priority actions were
identified:
• ­ Development and implementation of an education and awareness program.
• ­ Establish a database on the distribution of pest species in the wild.
• ­ Develop a response system for preventing new infestations.
• ­ Develop a protocol for determining priority areas for action and use it to identify the areas.
• ­ Develop a regional planning process and pilot the process in priority catchments.
• ­ Input into the development of a strategy for the control of the trade and movement of exotic
pest fishes.
• ­ Develop a research strategy for the control of exotic pest fishes.
iii

STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT
The Strategy was developed by the Queensland Fisheries Service in consultation with members of
a Community Consultative Community (the CCC). The CCC was established in March 1999 and is
comprised of representatives of the key stakeholder bodies and an independent chair. The CCC has
an ongoing role in monitoring the implementation of the strategy. The members of the CCC and the
groups they represent are listed below.
Community Consultative Committee for the Control of Exotic Pest Fish
Emeritus Professor Brian Roberts - Chair
University of Southern Queensland
Project Team (QFS)
Peter Jackson
Bernadette Kerby
Simone Retif
John Russell
Rachel Mackenzie
Jeff Krause
Elizabeth Cotterell
Principal Fisheries Scientist, Freshwater Fisheries,
Queensland Fisheries Service­
Principal Policy Officer, Queensland Fisheries Service
Policy Officer, Queensland Fisheries Service­
Fisheries Biologist, Agency for Food and Fibre Sciences,
Northern Fisheries Centre
Fisheries Biologist, Queensland Fisheries Service­
Queensland Boating and Fisheries Patrol­
Project Officer, Queensland Fisheries Service­
Stakeholder Group Representatives
Culum Brown Queensland Conservation Council (QCC) and University of Queensland
Kevin Warburton Queensland Conservation Council (QCC) and University of Queensland
Tony O’Malley Townsville City Council, Environment Officer
Jennifer Mondora Far North Queensland Zonal Advisory Committee (ZAC)
Steve Watson Moreton ZAC, Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS),
Sunfish­
Wayne Hooper Lake Eyre ZAC­
Stacey McLean Brisbane City Council­
Peter Taylor Murray-Darling ZAC
Vin Naidoo Local Government Association Queensland (LGAQ)
Clyde McGaw Department of Natural Resources, Land Protection Unit
Denis Rose Mitchell River Integrated Catchment Management Group (ICM)
Ross Patrick Pet Industry Joint Advisory Committee (PIJAC)
Kev Horsey Freshwater Fish and Stocking Association Queensland Inc (FFSAQ)
Fiona Curley Queensland Seafood Industry Association (QSIA)
Peter Hayes Pine Rivers ICM
Graham Dalip Barron River ICM
Bruce Hansen Australia and New Guinea Fishes Association (ANGFA) and Queensland
Federation of Aquarium Societies (QFAS)
iv

INTRODUCTION
There is growing community concern at both national and State level regarding the impact of
exotic species such as carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus and Tilapia
mariae) on native fishes and their habitats. Very little information is available on the impacts of
many exotic species on native fish populations. However, impacts may include competing with
native fishes for food or space or actually eating native fish eggs and fry. There is also evidence
that some exotic species cause habitat degradation. Whilst it appears the impacts of such
introductions are already serious in some parts of the State, it is apparent that there is potential
for greater impact in the future if well coordinated and directed action is not taken now.
The control of exotic pest fishes in Queensland is a complex issue. There is a need to both control
already established fishes such as carp, tilapia and gambusia and to minimise the risks of other
exotic species becoming established in the wild. Furthermore, a number of the species of concern
are, or have the potential to become, national problems. For example, carp has broad
physiological tolerances and the potential to become established across Australia. A coordinated
approach involving Federal, State and local governments is essential.
Managing the impacts of exotic pest fishes already established in the wild must be undertaken
within the framework of best practice for pest management if resources are not to be wasted and
best results are to be achieved. There is a need to focus on an acceptable and practical level of
control as opposed to eradication, as eradication is presently only feasible under a very limited set
of circumstances (eg. fish restricted to an enclosed area). Preventing infestations of new species is
also important. The concept of integrated pest management, which requires multiple approaches,
combining different methodologies to achieve optimal effectiveness, must be employed.
In order to tackle the problem there is a need to clearly identify responsibilities and opportunities
for community involvement and cooperation. In contrast to many other pest plant and animal
problems (eg. rabbits, exotic weeds), there is often little perceived benefit for private landholder
benefit in controlling exotic pest fishes. Rather, pest fishes usually occur in waterways and
wetlands that fall within the public domain. State and local governments and the public as a whole
have a responsibility in the control of pest fish species. If the strategy is to be effective, individuals
must be empowered to contribute to the solution by participating in regional and local
management actions and by contributing to general public education and awareness of exotic pest
fish problems and solutions.
Finally, we are dealing with a relatively large number of species with different problems and
solutions throughout their range within the State. Within the broad principles outlined in this
strategy it will be necessary to develop regional and local plans to ensure action and the most
appropriate geographic scale.
PURPOSE AND LINKS WITH OTHER STRATEGIES
The purpose of this strategy is to provide direction and focus for a uniform approach to exotic pest
fish management. It has close links and shared goals with other State and national strategies to
ensure an integrated approach to exotic pest fish management across Australia.
At a national level the Murray–Darling Basin Commission has developed the National Management
Strategy for Carp Control 2000–2005. At a State level the Department of Natural Resources has
developed the Queensland Pest Animal Strategy (2000–2005). The strategy presented here will
complement and support both these strategies. It places the control of exotic fishes within the
framework of best practice for vertebrate pest control and provides a framework for regional
planning and on-ground actions.
1

SCOPE OF STRATEGY
The emphasis of this strategy is on controlling those exotic species already established in the wild
and preventing new infestations. While it concentrates primarily on the species listed as noxious
under the Fisheries (Freshwater) Management Plan 1999 (‘Freshwater Management Plan’), the
strategy is sufficiently broad to accommodate future infestations from other exotic species that
have the potential to impact on wild fisheries resources.
This strategy encompasses those exotic pest fishes that inhabit or have the potential to inhabit
Queensland’s freshwaters. Seventeen species of exotic fish are listed as noxious under the
‘Freshwater Management Plan’ (see Table 1). Hybrids of these fishes are also considered noxious.
This list was compiled in response to a call for a nationally consistent noxious fishes list and, as
such, there are a number of species that have never been recorded in Queensland waters but are a
threat nationally. In Queensland, 15 species have established significant self-maintaining
populations. Of these, carp, tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus and Tilapia mariae) and gambusia
(mosquito fish) are considered to pose the most significant threat.
The document is divided into two parts. The first part (Background Information) provides an
assessment of all species known to have established populations in Queensland and identifying
those that pose the greatest risk. For each of the high-risk species, data are provided on key
aspects of their biology, their distribution and abundance and potential for spread. Current
management practices are also documented.
The second part (The Strategy) outlines the strategic approach to the problem. It sets out the
goals and objectives of the strategy and the principles under which pest fishes control will occur
and outlines the roles and responsibilities for implementing the strategy.
2

Part ONE
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
DEFINITIONS
An exotic species is defined as one that is not native (indigenous) to the country under discussion.
The term introduced refers to those exotic fish presently living in the wild in Australia. The term
translocated refers to those fish both native and introduced which have been transferred to
waters outside their natural or previous distributional ranges within Australia.
A pest is any species, though often an exotic species, that has a negative economic or ecological
impact.
According to the Macquarie Dictionary, noxious refers to a plant or animal declared harmful by
Australian statute law for compulsory eradication. In the Queensland Fisheries (Freshwater)
Management Plan 1999, only 17 families and species groups of fishes are declared noxious,
therefore it was considered to be more inclusive to use the term ‘exotic pest fishes’ to cover all
exotic species that presently cause harm, or have the potential to cause harm to the native aquatic
environment. It is presently thought that the number of exotic finfish species recorded in the wild
in Australia is at least 43.
Table 1 Species declared noxious under the Fisheries Act 1994 (Qld) (listed under Section 74 of the
Fisheries (Freshwater) Management Plan 1999).
Common name
Bluegill
Chinese weatherfish (weatherloach)
Electric eel
Carp
Climbing perch
Grass carp
Largemouth bass
Gambusia
Nile perch (live)
Parasitic catfish
Pike cichlid
Piranha
Snakehead
Tiger catfish
Tigerfish
Tilapia
Walking catfish
Scientific name(s)
Lepomis spp.
Misgurnus anguillicaudatus
Family Gymnotidae
Cyprinus carpio
Anabus testudies
Ctenopharyngodon idella
Micropterus salmoides
Gambusia holbrooki
Lates niloticus
Family Trichomycteridae or Vandellinae
Crenicichla spp.
Family Serrasalmidae
Channa spp.
Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum
Family Hydrocyninae or Erythrinidae
Tilapia, Oreochromis or Sarotherodon spp.
Family Clariidae (predaceous)
ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACT
Clearly the three species or species groups that are of most concern in Queensland are carp,
tilapia and gambusia. Each has established significant self-maintaining populations in the State
and each is believed to have had detrimental impacts on native fishes and their habitats. The
majority of the management actions undertaken as a result of this strategy will relate to these
species. However, in order to understand better the scope of the problem, it is a useful exercise to
look at the exotic species that have the potential to impact on Queensland fishes and their
habitats.
3

The Fisheries (Freshwater) Management Plan 1999 lists 17 species as ‘noxious’ (Table 1). Under
the Fisheries Act (1994) there are severe fines for being in possession of a ‘noxious’ fish without a
permit. The present Queensland list was compiled in response to a call for national consistency
and, as such, there are a number of species that have never been recorded in Queensland waters
but are a threat nationally.
Sixteen species of exotic finfish (including carp, both species of tilapia and gambusia) occur in the
wild in Queensland (Table 2). These are the species that are examined here to assess their
potential risk to Queensland waters.
Species assessment
Assessing the potential risks imposed by a particular species must be approached with caution.
Arthington et al. (1999) outline a methodology for determining the likelihood of a species
becoming established. This methodology was developed by conducting an extensive literature
review to determine the role of ecological theory in predicting biological invasions and to set out
qualitative guidelines for assessing the likelihood of invasion. The risk assessment criteria
outlined in the National Translocation Policy for Live Aquatic Organisms (1999) can be used to
evaluate possible impacts of exotic pest fish species. Again the assessment is a qualitative one.
Unfortunately quantitative predictions on the probability of successful invasions are impossible
for most systems. Due to the lack of information about the impacts of exotic pest fish species,
even for those species that have been present in Australia for some time, it is better to invoke the
precautionary principle and assume that most successful invasions result in environmental
damage and that invasion success can be a reasonable indicator of risk.
Given the above, all 16 species that have established populations in Queensland waters should be
considered to present some degree of risk and their populations monitored to establish their
current distribution and trends in range expansion. These species have been examined further
using risk-assessment criteria based on those found in the National Translocation Policy for Live
Aquatic Organisms (1999). These criteria have been modified slightly because the strategy will
operate at the State level. The results confirm that tilapia, carp and gambusia have the greatest
potential to cause damage to native fishes and their habitats. There is also the potential for
weatherloach to become a significant pest, however there has only been one specimen has been
recorded in Queensland thus far. Some other species, for example cichlids such as the red devil
and the oscar, do show the potential to become pests. However, it would be inappropriate to label
them as such until further data are collected.
4

Table 2 Species established in Queensland waters.
Common name Family Genus Species Reason for introduction Distribution
Three-spot gourami Belontiidae Trichogaster trichopterus Aquarium/Ornamental Sheepstation Ck (near Ayr)
Red devil/Midas
cichlid
Cichlidae
Amphilophus citrinellus
(Gunther)
Oscar Cichlidae Astronotus ocellatus
(Agassiz)
Aquarium/Ornamental
Aquarium/Ornamental
Townsville (Aplin Weir) and Gold Coast (Hinze
Dam)
Townsville (Aplin Weir) and Cairns
(Freshwater Ck)
Three spot cichlid Cichlidae Cichlasoma trimaculatum Aquarium/Ornamental Gold Coast (Hinze Dam)
Victoria Burtons
Haplochromine
Cichlidae Haplochromis burtoni
(Gunther)
Aquarium/Ornamental Gold Coast (Hinze Dam)
Mozambique mouth
brooder (tilapia)
Cichlidae
Oreochromis mossambicus
(Peters)
Black mangrove or Cichlidae Tilapia mariae
Niger Cichlid (tilapia)
(Boulenger)
Oriental
Weatherloach
Goldfish Cyprinidae Carassius auratus auratus
(Linnaeus)
Aquarium/Ornamental
Aquarium/Ornamental
Brisbane, Townsville and Cairns regions,
the Barron River and Freshwater Creek, Lake
Tinaroo, the lower Mulgrave River and the
lower North and South Johnstone rivers
Cairns area, the lower Barron River, Leslie
River, Leslie Creek and lower South Johnstone
River, Mulgrave River and the Russell River.
Cobitidae Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Aquarium Chambers Flat (Logan and Albert catchment)
Carp Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio carpio
(Linnaeus)
Gambusia or
mosquito fish
Poeciliidae Gambusia
holbrooki
(Girard)
Sailfin molly Poeciliidae Poecilia latipinna
(Leseur)
Guppy Poeciliidae Poecilia reticulata
(Peters)
Swordtail
Poeciliidae Xiphophorus helleni
(Heckel)
Platy
Poeciliidae Xiphophorus maculatus
(Gunther)
Brown Trout Salmonidae Salmo Trutta trutta
(Linnaeus)
Ornamental
Extends from the Burnett Rivers in
Queensland to the south-west of Western
Australia
Ornamental/Aquaculture Condamine-Balonne catchment, the Paroo
River, Warrego River, Nebine Creek, Culgoa
River, Barwon River, MacIntyre River
and Logan and Albert Rivers.
Aquarium/Biological
Control
Mainland coastal drainages near towns
eg. Brisbane, Mackay and Cairns, lakes on the
large sand islands and in the Bulloo-Bancannia
river system.
Ornamental/Aquaculture Coastal drainages of south-eastern Qld;
Burrum and Brisbane rivers. Hervey Bay and
Sandgate Lagoon
Ornamental/Aquaculture Coastal drainages extending from northern
NSW to Cairns and the Wet Tropics Region
Ornamental/Aquaculture Coastal drainages of south-eastern Qld;
particularly abundant in urban streams of the
greater Brisbane region and extending as far
west as Ipswich.
Ornamental/Aquaculture Many coastal drainages in eastern Qld; urban
creeks in the Brisbane region and the Wet
Tropic Region.
Acclimatisation
Spring Creek near Stanthorpe
5

Table 3 Evaluation of threat from 15 species.
Exotic pest
fish species
Assessment criteria
Based on the
growth and
reproductive
characteristics
of the species,
what is the
likelihood of it
displacing local
native species?
What is the
likelihood of
the species
becoming a
significant
predator or
exhibiting
aggressive
behaviour
toward native
species?
Red devil Medium High –
aggressive
behaviour
Oscar Medium High – aggressive
behaviour and
piscivory (small
fish)
Three spot
cichlid
Victoria Burtons
Haplochromine
Tilapia/
Mozambique
mouthbrooder
Niger cichlid
(Tilapia
mariae)
Goldfish
(Carassius
auratus)
Carp
(Cyprinus
carpio)
What is the
likelihood of
the species
altering the
physical
environment
in potential
receiving
waters?
What is the
likelihood of
the species
destabilising
plant
communities
in the
receiving
waters?
What is the
likelihood of
this species
hybridising?
Low Low High – with
other cichlids
Low Low High – with
other cichlids
What is the
likelihood of
the species
utilising
degraded
habitats?
Not known
(rarely occupies
rivers)
Low
What is the
likelihood of
the species
withstanding a
broad range of
environmental
conditions?
Low Medium High – carnivorous Low High High – with
other cichlids
Medium Medium –
herbivorous
but aggressive
High Medium –
aggressive
High
High – very
aggressive
Low Low High – with
other cichlids
Medium Low High – with
other
Oreochromis
species
Medium Low High – with
other Tilapia
species
Medium
High
High
Low
Low
Low
High – Broad
environmental
tolerances
High – Very
broad
environmental
tolerances
High Low High Low High – with carp High High – Very
broad
environmental
tolerances
High Low High High High – with High
High – Very
goldfish and other
broad
carp species
environmental
tolerances
Gambusia High Very high –
aggressive and
known to eat
eggs and fry of
other fish
Low Low High – with
other species
of gambusia
(none present
in Australia)
High
High – broad
environmental
tolerances
Sailfin molly Low Low Low Low Uncertain High Can withstand
salt water
Guppy Low High – Consumes
fish fry
Low Low Uncertain High Low
Swordtail Low High – Consumes
fish fry
Platy Low High – Consumes
fish fry
Oriental
Weatherloach
Low Low Can hybridise
with Platies
Low Low Can hybridise
with Swordtails
Medium
Medium
Medium Low Low Low Low High High–accessory
breathing
apparatus and
can move
overland to
colonise new
waterbodies
Brown trout High High Low Low Low Low Low
Blue-Spot Low Low Low Low Low High High
gourami
Low
Low
6

Noxious Fish
European carp
Gambusia (female)
Gambusia (male)
Koi carp
Mirror carp
Mozambique mouthbrooder
Black Mangrove Cichlia (tilapia)
7

Non-indigenous Fish
Guppy (female)
Guppy (male)
Molly
Platy (female)
Platy (male)
Swordtail (female)
Swordtail (male)
Wild goldfish
8

Literature
Arthington et al., 1999; Froese & and Pauly, 1999; Koehn, Brumley & and Gehrke, 2000; Milton and
Arthington, 1983; McDowall, 1986; Parker et al., 1999; Thorncraft and Hagedoorn, 2000;
Welcomme, 1988; Williamson, 1996.
Personal Communications
Mark Lintermans, ACT Conservation Department, 1999–2000.
Jeff Johnson, The Queensland Museum, 1999.
Alan Webb, James Cook University, 1999–2000.
Tim Marsden, Queensland Fisheries Service, 2000.
9

PRIORITY SPECIES
Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
History of introduction
Australia
Carp were first recorded in Victoria in 1862. They spread in 1960 from the ‘Boolara’ strain (likely to
have been introduced from Europe to Boolarra in Victoria).
Queensland
There is a genetic difference between Murray–Darling carp and Logan–Albert carp.This suggests a
separate introduction of carp into the Logan and Albert Rivers. It is likely that carp in the Murray–
Darling spread from NSW and Victorian populations into Queensland.
Distribution and abundance in Queensland
Carp are present in the Queensland section of the Murray–Darling: in the Condamine–Balonne
catchment, in the Paroo River, Warrego River, Nebine Creek, Culgoa River, Barwon River and
MacIntyre River. Carp in these rivers comprise approximately 20–30% of the total fish population.
Carp are also present in the Logan and Albert Rivers in south-east Queensland where they are very
abundant.
Potential for spread
Carp have considerable potential to spread throughout Australia as a result of their wide
environmental tolerances.
Biology
Taxonomy
• Carp can be identified by the two barbels (whiskers) on either corner of their upper lip. Other
distinguishing features include a forked tail, single dorsal fin and large scales. They are usually
bronze or olive- green with a pale yellow to ivory underbelly.
• Wild-form goldfish are often confused with carp as they revert to an olive–bronze colour in the
wild. Goldfish do not have barbels.
• Carp can occasionally crossbreed with goldfish (Carassius auratus). There is some uncertainty
as to whether goldfish–carp hybrids are fertile. It is possible that they are fertile—this area
requires further research.
• There are several varieties (or strains) of carp. These include the carp (often referred to as
common or European carp) the Koi carp and the mirror carp. All are strains of the same species,
Cyprinus carpio, and have the same environmental effect.
Reproduction
• Females mature between 3–4 years of age and males between 1–3 years. Carp can live for up to
17 years.
• Carp spawn several times in a season (which in Australia is from September to December),
producing 80 000–1.5 million eggs. However, juvenile mortality is very high. In other countries,
spawning seasons can be up to 7 months long.
10

Environmental tolerances
Carp have broad environmental tolerances. They can tolerate temperatures between 4–35 0 C and
pH between 5–10.5, and are particularly tolerant of poor water quality (low oxygen concentration,
high turbidity, moderate salinity and high toxicant loads) resulting in a possible competitive
advantage over native species.
Habitat preferences
Carp typically inhabit mid-latitude, low-altitude, slow-flowing rivers or standing waters. They are
rarely found in clear, cool and swift-flowing streams.
Movement
Carp is a very mobile species, migrating up and down rivers throughout the year. This migration
may be related to water temperature, food availability and site- specific spawning requirements.
However, further research is required to determine the exact cue. Recent studies indicate that carp
do occupy specific home ranges but individual fish are capable of moving long distances.
Feeding habits
Carp feed by filtering from the water or sieving from bottom sediments. They take sediment into
their mouths and then expel inorganic particles. In Australia, larval stages of carp feed on
zooplankton and adults feed on crustaceans, aquatic insects and some plant material. Carp are
omnivorous and opportunistic. The diets of goldfish–carp hybrids are similar to carp.
Statement of impact
It is thought that carp may have a number of detrimental effects impacts on the aquatic
environment although this is difficult to assess, as a range of other factors can also cause these
effects. Nevertheless, it is important to recognise the likely impacts of carp whilst acknowledging
that more research is needed in this area.
Possible impacts include:
• Reduced water quality – carp feeding behaviour continually resuspends sediments, resulting in
increased turbidity. Increased turbidity reduces light penetration, which can lead to lower
photosynthetic production and have detrimental effects on fish that rely on sight to feed.
• Decline in native fish numbers – there is anecdotal evidence that carp displace native fishes
however, there is little scientific evidence to support this, despite the fact that carp do
dominate many freshwater fish communities. It is thought that increased carp abundance may
be a result of declining native fish populations rather than the cause.
• Reduction of density and biomass of aquatic plants – studies indicate that carp can have quite
a significant impact on aquatic plants, caused by direct grazing, physical uprooting of plants
when feeding and increased turbidity. Shallow- rooted, soft- leaved and submerged vegetation
are the varieties most likely to be impacted on by carp.
• Decline in native macro-invertebrate numbers and biomass – declines in macro-invertebrate
populations have been noted following the expansion of carp.
• Erosion – carp have been blamed for increased erosion of banks, however due to the number
of confounding factors there is, at this stage, no scientific evidence to support this.
• Algal Blooms blooms – there is a public perception that an increase in carp numbers leads to
algal blooms. Overseas studies have indicated that carp excretions increase nutrient levels
resulting in an increased concentration of phytoplankton. However, carp density would have to
be very high to have a significant effect.
• Recreational fishing – carp are not a preferred fish for most recreational fishers. High carp
abundance reduces the value of waterways as potential sites for recreational fishing. This,
combined with increased turbidity and a reduction in the number of aquatic plants, can impact
negatively on the tourism potential of an area.
11

Literature
Arthington et al., 1999; Brumley, 1991; Kanehl, Lyons and Nelson, 1997; Koehn et al., 2000;
McDowall, 1996; Morison and Hume, 1990; Roberts and Tilzey, 1997; Shearer and Mulley, 1978.
Personal communications
Carp Control Coordinating Group (CCCG), Canberra, 1999.
Mark Kennard, Centre for Catchment and In-Stream Research, Griffith University, 2000.
Jim Barrett, Murray–Darling Basin Commission, 2000.
David Moffatt, Department of Natural Resources, 2000.
Jeff Johnson, Queensland Museum, 1999–2000.
12

Tilapia
(all species of the genera Oreochromis, Tilapia and
Sarotherodon)
History of introduction
Australia
Oreochromis mossambicus in Australia are believed to have resulted from the 1970s introduction
of a small number of progenitors from aquarium stocks, probably originating in Singapore or
Indonesia. The black mangrove cichlid, Tilapia mariae has been recorded in Victoria, ACT and
Queensland.
Queensland
• Oreochromis mossambicus were released into ornamental ponds and subsequently
established large populations in the Townsville and Cairns regions by the late 1970s.
• Oreochromis mossambicus were first recorded in South-east Queensland in 1977 and
Townsville in 1978.
• Oreochromis mossambicus was first reported in Far North Queensland in 1986, from near
Leslie Creek (upper Barron River). There were no further reports until 1995, when tilapia were
also found in Kenny Creek (upper Barron River).
• A self-maintaining population of Oreochromis mossambicus was found in Leslie Harrison Dam,
Tingalpa in 1979. By 1980, tilapia had spread to Tingalpa Creek. They were found in North Pine
Dam in 1981.
• Several species of Cichlasoma have been reported from Leslie Dam, near Warwick in southern
Queensland, however it is not known whether these populations are self-maintaining.
• Two distinct genetic strains of O. mossambicus have been found in Queensland; a common
southern strain found in Brisbane and Townsville and a northern strain found only in the Cairns
area. The Cairns strain is an interspecies hybrid with genes from Oreochromis niloticus, O.
hornorum, and O. aureus. Hybridisation was thought to have occurred before introduction to
Australia.
• It is unknown when and where T. mariae was first introduced.
Distribution in Queensland
Oreochromis mossambicus have established in several areas in Queensland.
North Queensland populations
• Confirmed populations: Ross River estuary and above Aplin weir, Woolcock Street stormwater
drain, an artificial lake development upstream of Woolcock Street drains, Louisa Creek, Rowes
Bay drainage system, Rowes Bay, Healey Creek system, Bohle River.
Kewarra Beach to Palm Cove, the Barron River, Port Douglas, the lower Mulgrave River, the
lower North and South Johnstone Rivers and coastal waterways and estuaries around Cairns.
• Unconfirmed populations: Townsville common, Yeppoon area and the Burdekin River.
13

Brisbane populations of O. mossambicus
• Confirmed populations: Tingalpa Reservoir, Tingalpa Creek, North Pine Dam, North Pine River,
South Pine River, Dowes lagoon (Sandgate), Wivenhoe Dam, Somerset Dam, Kilcoy Creek and
other feeder creeks to Somerset Dam, Kedron Brook, Forest Lake.
• Unconfirmed populations: Lake Kurwongbah, farm dams in the North Pine Dam area. Two
specimens were caught near Toowoomba but it is uncertain whether they have become
established.
Tilapia mariae
• Tilapia mariae is found in the Cairns region, the lower Barron River and its tributaries,
Freshwater Creek and also in the Johnstone River (probably due to translocation, not natural
spread). It has moved into Trinity Inlet streams and Thomatis Creek and is present in the
Mulgrave and Russell Rivers. There are also reports of T. mariae in Leslie Creek.
Potential for spread
• Breeding populations of O. mossambicus in tropical and subtropical Queensland are cause for
concern due to their rapid growth rate, short maturation time (3–12 months), high fecundity
and wide temperature tolerance. There is considerable potential for northerly spread, but low
potential for southerly spread due to intolerance of tilapia for low temperatures. There is
potential for tilapia to spread west into the Gulf of Carpentaria.
• Natural spread is very slow. However, there is high potential for spread due to human
translocation or via human-created routes such as pipelines and irrigation channels.
Biology
Taxonomy
• African cichlids are notoriously difficult to classify taxonomically—there are many different
species and species hybrids. Oreochromis mossambicus has been previously named as Tilapia
mossambicus and Sarotherodon mossambicus.
• Black mangrove cichlids have vertical stripes on the head and body, and vary in colour from
dark olive–green to light-yellowish green. The stripes are less distinct in larger fish.
Mozambique mouthbrooders have pale olive to silver grey bodies with 2–5 dark blotches on
the side. Breeding males become almost black with red edging on their fins. Mozambique
mouthbrooders can be up to 40 cm long but are able to reach sexual maturity at small sizes in
poor environmental conditions (stunting).
• Due to the different breeding strategies of Oreochromis mossambicus and Tilapia mariae it is
highly unlikely that they could ever hybridise in the wild.
Reproduction
• Oreochromis mossambicus are mouth brooders, which is a reproductive strategy that is highly
efficient, reproductive strategy with relatively low juvenile mortality. They also build nests and
males may be aggressive when defending nests during the breeding season. Fry are released in
shallow waters by females once they have reached lengths of 9–10 mm. Release of fry appears
to also be associated with cues relating to rainfall.
• Oreochromis mossambicus breed prolifically in food-rich environments, and can produce large
numbers of small, reproductively mature (‘stunted’) individuals to mitigate the effects of
overcrowding.
• Fecundity of O. mossambicus is up to 1 200 eggs/year.
• The breeding season is between September–October and April–May in Queensland, with up to
four broods per year.
14

• Tilapia mariae are substrate spawners and prefer to attach their eggs to hard surfaces. They
do not build nests but do exhibit a degree of parental care.
• Tilapia mariae spawn between September and March.
Environmental tolerances
Oreochromis mossambicus are eurythermal (8–42 0 C), but require temperatures of
approximately 16 0 C to remain active and feed and higher temperatures to breed (>20–24 0 C). They
also have wide physiological tolerances—they can withstand high salinities (0–120 g/L) and low
dissolved oxygen (0.1 mg/L) and can survive, grow and even reproduce in seawater. Tilapia
mariae are also euryhaline 1 and eurythermal 2 although they are less tolerant of cooler
temperatures and therefore have a narrower latitudinal range than O. mossambicus.
Habitat preferences
Oreochromis mossambicus have flexible habitat preferences. They have colonised a variety of
habitats within Australia and now occur and often breed in large man-made reservoirs, ornamental
ponds and riverine habitats (including man-made drainage channels, pools and backwaters),
tidally-flushed creeks and small freshwater creeks.
Movement
Oreochromis mossambicus are sedentary fish and disperse slowly, even in flood-prone areas.
Oreochromis mossambicus have been slow to disperse in Queensland. It has taken 16–20 years for
them to disperse from the point of introduction to virtually all waterways in the Townsville–
Thuringowa region. Tilapia mariae also became established in the Cairns region in this time.
Feeding habits
Oreochromis mossambicus feed on zooplankton, insects and weed. Tilapia mariae are classified as
opportunistic herbivores, although there is evidence that they eat animals when aquatic vegetation
is limited.
Statement of impact
Current
Oreochromis mossambicus coexist with Australian native species although they are sometimes
able to survive in conditions that are too degraded for native fishes. Recruitment has declined in
some indigenous species associated with cichlids. Tilapia appear to have become the dominant
species in many areas, although little is known about how they impact on native fish and habitats.
There is anecdotal evidence that tilapia are preferentially avoided by predators although they have
been found in barramundi guts.
Potential
It is difficult to assess the potential impacts of tilapia on Australian native species and aquatic
habitats as very little research has been done to date.
• Tilapia could be expected to have an effect on native species via competition for habitat and
food resources and complex predator–prey relationships.
• There may also be potential impacts from introduced diseases and parasites.
• There is anecdotal evidence that O. mossambicus disturb macrophyte beds when building
nests.
• Tilapia may impact on native fishes through their aggressive behaviour.
1
Able to withstand a wide range of salinities
2
Able to withstand a wide range of temperatures
15

Literature
Arthington et al, 1999; Arthington, 1986; Arthington et al, 1984; Bluhdorn and Arthington, 1990;
Bluhdorn, Arthington and Mather, 1990; Bruton and Bolt, 1975;Chervinski, 1982; Courtenay, 1997;
Lear, 1987; Lobel, 1980; Mather and Arthington, 1991; McDowell, 1996; Oguto-Ohwayo and Hecky,
1987; Philippart and Ruwet, 1982; Villegas, 1990; Webb, Hogan and Graham, 1996.
Personal Communications
Alan Webb, James Cook University, 1999–2000.
Jeff Johnson, Queensland Museum, 1999–2000.
Alf Hogan, Agency for Food and Fibre Sciences, 1999–2000.
David Moffatt, Department of Natural Resources, 2000.
16

Gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki)
History of introduction
Australia
Introduced to Sydney in 1925. Gambusia are native to the Gulf of Mexico drainage and were
introduced to Australia via Italy.
Queensland
Introduced to Brisbane in 1929 (by accident). Gambusia were subsequently spread by the military
and local councils as a biological control agent for mosquitoes and hence malaria. They were
introduced to Cairns in 1943.
Distribution and abundance in Queensland
• Gambusia is widespread throughout Queensland (and mainland Australia) and is extremely
abundant in some areas.
• Gambusia holbrooki is well- established in 90% of urban creeks in Brisbane and is the most
widely distributed exotic species (having had a long period of dispersal).
Potential for spread
Gambusia is already widespread. There may be some potential for spread into remaining pristine
environments in inland Australia and other isolated freshwater bodies.
Biology
Taxonomy
It was originally thought that two sub-species of gambusia, G. affinis holbrooki and G. affinis
affinis were present in Australia. Both these sub-species have been reclassified as separate
species and only G. holbrooki has been recorded from Australia.
Reproduction
• Gambusia are livebearers.
• Female gambusia mature between 18–20 mm SL (i.e., 4–6 weeks of age). They can produce up
to 315 young per season. They average between 30–50 young per brood (up to 9 broods
produced a year); with larger broods produced early in the season. The breeding season varies
between 2–9 months.
• Photoperiod (day-length) is believed to determine the timing of the reproductive cycle. In
Brisbane breeding begins in August (when daylight is in excess of 11 hrs).
• Gambusia exhibit a generalist reproductive strategy—the production of small broods at
frequent intervals increases reproductive output.
Environmental tolerances
Gambusia can withstand conditions that native fish cannot, such as high temperatures and low
dissolved oxygen. However, they are sensitive to high salinity. They are able to gulp air from the
surface when there is insufficient oxygen in the water.
Habitat preferences
Prefer shallow regions of freshwater creeks, but are found in a variety of habitats in Australia.
Gambusia are found both in disturbed and undisturbed water bodies.
17

Movement
Local movement but no specific migration.
Feeding habits
Gambusia select for small prey (invertebrates), and have high diversity and variability in their diet.
There is only incidental evidence of piscivory.
Statement of impact
Current
• Gambusia are avoided by both native and exotic fish predators when given a choice of prey.
• Gambusia have been reported to have a light parasite burden in Australia, while native species
have a higher parasite load. This certainly contributes to its success. Native species with high
parasite loads will may suffer higher mortalities and may have lower growth and reproductive
capacities than G. holbrooki.
• Gambusia are aggressive and nip the fins of native fishes. This can lead to infection and death.
Where assemblages of poecilids such as gambusia are found in Queensland, few or no native
species are present.
• Gambusia have been reported to influence the diet of rainbowfish because of their preference
for small prey items. Where gambusia are found, rainbowfish select for larger prey items than
they do where no gambusia are present.
• Gambusia have a significant impact on other species, including important sportsfish via
predation (fin-nipping, eating eggs and fry), as well as through competition for habitat and
food resources. Native species have been reported to decrease in abundance where G.
holbrooki is present.
• Resource use patterns of poecilids, such as gambusia, may have a considerable impact on the
in situ food resources of streams, especially where poecilids are numerous.
Gambusia holbrooki may have huge impacts on aquatic ecosystems, and frequently occur in
large populations.
• Gambusia have been implicated in the extinction of small fishes in Asia and Africa and in the
reduction in abundance or range of 25 species worldwide.
• In Australia, gambusia have been implicated in the decline of species of Ambassis,
Chlamydogobius, Craterocephalus, Galaxias, Melanotaenia, Mogurnda, Pseudomugil,
Retropinna and Scaturiginichthy as well as other endemic species including those responsible
for mosquito control.
Potential for spread
• The potential impact of gambusia is greatest in sensitive areas (pristine environments) that
support rare and/or endemic species of small native fishes such as mound springs.
• There are also potential impacts from introduced diseases/parasites.
Literature
Arthington et al, 1999; Milton and Arthington, 1990; Arthington, 1989; Dove, 2000; Lloyd, 1990a,
Lloyd, 1990b; McDowell, 1996; Myers, 1965; Swanson, Cech and Pierahita, 1996.
18

CURRENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Legislation
Noxious fishes
Federal
· All fish declared noxious 3 in Queensland are a prohibited import under the Wildlife Protection
(Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982 (Commonwealth). The overseas export of carp
(whether alive or dead) does not require a permit under the Act.
· The Quarantine Act 1908 (Commonwealth) relates to primary production, especially exotic
pests and diseases. It provides power to prohibit imports, enter, seize and dispose.
· The Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth)
requires the development of Threat Abatement Plans for key threatening processes. A key
threatening process is a process that threatens or may threaten the survival, abundance or
evolutionary development of a native species or ecological community. No fishes are currently
listed as key threatening processes under Section 3 of the Act.
State
• Carp have been declared noxious in Queensland, Victoria, and Tasmania (not referred to as
noxious but rather as a controlled species).
• Tilapia have been declared noxious in Queensland, Victoria, the Northern Territory, and New
South Wales.
• Gambusia have been declared noxious in Queensland.
• Hybrids of declared noxious fishes are also considered noxious under the Fisheries
(Freshwater) Management Plan 1999.
• Under the Fisheries Act 1994 (Qld), and Fisheries (Freshwater) Management Plan 1999.
– Without a permit, it is unlawful to bring noxious fishes or cause noxious fishes to be
brought into Queensland (Division 5, Section 89). Possessing, rearing, selling or buying
noxious fishes is unlawful. Releasing, or causing noxious fishes to be placed or released in
Queensland waters is unlawful.
– Without a permit, it is an offence to take or possess noxious fishes, either alive or dead
(Division 5, Section 92(1)). A person who takes or possesses noxious fish is required to
immediately destroy the fish and notify an inspector of the destruction within two business
days of taking or first possessing them; or immediately give the fisheries resources to an
inspector; or immediately notify an inspector of taking or possessing noxious fish.
– A penalty of up to $150 000 is payable.
– A fisheries agency may order an inspector to take and remove or destroy noxious fisheries
resources even though other fisheries resources, plants and property may be destroyed.
The costs incurred by a fisheries agency in taking these actions may be payable by the
person who committed the offence, additional to any penalty incurred.
• It is proposed that the Act be amended so that it is not an offence to possess dead noxious or
non-indigenous fisheries resources. However, it would still be an offence to place noxious or
non-indigenous fisheries resources (alive or dead) into Queensland waters or use them as bait.
3
Noxious refers to a plant or animal declared harmful by Australian statute
law for compulsory eradication
19

Non-indigenous fishes
Federal
• All fishes are a prohibited import unless they are listed on Schedule 6 of the Wildlife Protection
(Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982(Commonwealth).
• The Quarantine Act 1908 (Commonwealth) relates to primary production, especially exotic
pests and diseases. It provides the power to prohibit imports, enter, seize and dispose.
• Under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth)
Division 6A, Section 301A ‘Regulations for control of non-native species’ the regulations may
provide for the establishment and maintenance of a list of species, other than native species,
whose members do or may threaten biodiversity in the Australian jurisdiction; or would be
likely to threaten biodiversity in the Australian jurisdiction if they were brought into the
Australian jurisdiction. They regulate or prohibit the bringing into the Australian jurisdiction of
members of a species included in the list. This regulation provides for the regulation or
prohibition of trade in members of these species between states and territories and provide
for the making and implementation of plans to reduce, eliminate or prevent the impacts of
members of species included in the list on biodiversity in the Australian jurisdiction.
State
• Under the Fisheries Act 1994 (Qld), and Fisheries Regulation 1995:
– It is unlawful to possess, rear, sell or buy non-indigenous fishes and bring them, or cause
them to be brought, into Queensland without an authority, unless they are listed on
Schedule 6 of the Fisheries Regulation 1995 (Section 80 of the Fisheries Regulation 1995).
Without an authority it is unlawful to release non-indigenous fish or cause them to be
released in Queensland waters unless they are listed on Schedule 6 of the Fisheries
Regulation 1995 and are released into waters other than waters on unallocated State land
and are kept in a way preventing their escape into other waters.
– A person who unlawfully takes or possesses non-indigenous fish is required to
immediately destroy the fish and notify an inspector of the destruction within two business
days of taking or first possessing them; or immediately give the fisheries resources to an
inspector; or immediately notify an inspector of taking or possessing non-indigenous fish
(Division 5, Section 92(1) Fisheries Act 1994 (Qld)).
– A penalty of up to $150 000 is payable.
– A fisheries agency may order an inspector to take and remove or destroy non-indigenous
fisheries resources even though other fisheries resources, plants and property may be
destroyed. The costs incurred by a fisheries agency in taking these actions may be
payable by the person who committed the offence, additional to any penalty incurred.
• The current list of fishes which may be possessed, reared or sold in Queensland without an
authority (Schedule 6, Fisheries Regulation 1995, Queensland) is believed to account for less
than a third of the species potentially present in the community (not necessarily in the wild).
Most of these fish species have not undergone formal assessment to determine their disease
or pest risk status. In response to this, there is a review pending at a Federal level to update
Schedule 6 of prescribed non-indigenous species. Should this review not go ahead, it is
proposed that a similar review be initiated at a State level.
20

CURRENT CONTROL MEASURES
Permits
The possession of noxious fishes is only permitted for display purposes and only if a Queensland
Fisheries Service permit has been obtained. There is no commercial exploitation of noxious fishes
in Queensland at present.
Current actions
Carp
• Carp control is currently not coordinated on a national or even regional scale and has been the
responsibility of State and Territory agencies, mainly Fisheries Departments.
• A national task force was formed in 1996, with the long-term aim of eradicating carp from all
Australian inland waters. A carp-control coordinating group was formed in 1999 to develop a
national strategy for the control of carp.
• The importation of live carp is restricted (banned in Queensland).
• Currently, Queensland Fisheries Service (QFS) alerts the public to the presence of carp, the
appropriate legislation and potential impacts of carp by using posters and some television
advertisements.
• Past management actions have been minimal and legislation alone is not an adequate
response to the management of damage caused by carp. Eradication or control of carp is
currently not being attempted; rather the priority has been preventing further range expansion.
Tilapia
• The import of tilapia was prohibited in 1963.
• There is generally no control of existing populations. Spot eradication can be performed in
small, contained water bodies (e.g. ponds, dams). It is notable that previous eradication
attempts using rotenone (in Townsville) have been unsuccessful (Oreochromis mossambicus).
• Prevention of further spread is a priority. Regional management plans for tilapia control are
being developed for the Barron and Mitchell catchments, Forest Lake and the Burnett
catchment.
• Posters and brochures have been widely distributed warning the public of the dangers of
tilapia.
Gambusia
The use of native freshwater fishes to control mosquitoes is encouraged.
Other exotic pest fishes
An education program warning the community of the dangers of dumping ornamental fishes in
waterways is underway. Educational materials include posters, brochures, flyers and a media
campaign.
21

Part TWO
THE STRATEGY
The following principles, goals and objectives provide a framework for a coordinated and effective
management of exotic pest fishes in Queensland. They provide for the integration and continued
use of existing control methods with the development and use of innovative approaches. The
framework encourages an integrated pest management 4 approach whilst recognising that current
lack of knowledge dictates that the focus should be on adaptive management 5 . Such an approach
will lead to advances in pest management control from both successful and unsuccessful trials.
CONTEXTUAL FRAMEWORK
The protection and rehabilitation of Queensland’s river systems, wetlands and associated fish
species requires a suite of actions, of which exotic pest fishes control is just one. Among problems
which need to be addressed in conjunction with exotic pest fishes control are the effects of
regulated flows; obstructions to fish movement (dams and weirs); removal of riparian vegetation
and habitat degradation caused by filling, de-snagging and pollution.
Ecologically sustainable development and the
maintenance of biodiversity
In accordance with the principles of ecologically sustainable development, management should
be based on a clear definition of the threats posed by exotic pest fishes either to the environment
or primary production, or both. Measures taken should be commensurate with the risk of that
threat. Where benefits occur to an individual or organisation from exotic pest fishes control and
those benefits can be quantified, the ‘beneficiary pays’ principle should apply. The National
Strategy for the Conservation of Australian Biological Diversity commits all State governments to
the protection of biodiversity and the life support systems and ecological processes that maintain
that biodiversity. In the context of the control of exotic pest fishes, no actions should be
undertaken that might cause further major or irreversible harm to the environment. It should also
be recognised that as control means are implemented there may be a need to undertake other
concurrent measures such as restocking native fishes or habitat rehabilitation.
Best practices for vertebrate pest control
Any control strategies for pest fishes should be based on integrated pest management. In
accordance with best practice, management measures should be based on:
• the perceived impacts of exotic species, not the numbers;
• the level of control to be applied and the degree of amelioration of the impacts to be achieved;
and
• an integrated approach that includes stakeholders and managers working together to
implement a control strategy that meets their combined needs.
Finally, control techniques used to manage exotic pest fishes should take into account social and
animal welfare considerations and be based upon the most humane methods possible.
4
Integrated pest management refers to the adoption of a wide range of techniques simultaneously to deal with a
pest invasion. (Integrated Pest Management – The Good, the Bad and the Genetically Modified, Australian Academy
of Science’s NOVA Website: www.science.org.au/nova)
5
Adaptive Management refers to the ongoing reappraisal of the success of management techniques and changing
them accordingly. Fundamental to adaptive management is identification of the required outcomes and monitoring
if they have been achieved. It allows for action to be taken even if definitive data are not available, while still
conforming to the principles of ESD (Ecologically Sustainable Development).
22

Principles specific to exotic pest fishes
• The presence of exotic pest fishes species in Queensland waters is incompatible with
the maintenance of biological diversity.
• Eradication of exotic species on a State-wide scale using current technology is not
achievable. Management measures should concentrate on the containment of
noxious species within their present range and control measures in priority areas of
infestation. Encouragement should be given to research activities that may yield
effective long-term control or eradication measures.
• Whilst recognising that management actions should be implemented without delay
within an adaptive management framework, priority areas for research should be
identified and encouragement given to research activities necessary for long-term
management.
• This strategy must take into account the National Management Strategy for Carp
Control 2000–2005, the future directions for research into carp and the Queensland
Pest Animal Strategy.
• Management should be based upon a catchment or sub-catchment approach where
the outcomes of management are clearly defined and related to the desired
environmental and primary industry outcomes of the area. State and regional
strategies should promote integration of local action plans to control exotic pest
fishes to ensure that actions in one catchment are not compromised by actions of
another.
• The management of exotic pest fish species should be subject to legislative control
that is designed to facilitate appropriate management actions.
• Whilst recognising existing measures to control exotic pest fishes, the State strategy
must result in significant progress beyond these existing measures.
• It is important to increase stakeholder awareness of the problems associated with
the spread of exotic pest fishes.
IMPLEMENTATION AND GOALS
The successful implementation of the goals and objectives outlined in this strategy requires
coordination between all stakeholders at a national, State and local level. It requires a disciplined
approach to delivering actions and measuring that delivery against performance criteria. The
coordinating role is best achieved by the Queensland Fisheries Service at the State Government
level. This agency has direct legislative and administrative responsibility for freshwater fisheries.
The key on-ground management tool of this strategy is the development of regional plans by
regional stakeholders. This means that the individual features of each region and indeed the
specific characteristics of stakeholder groups can be taken into account and dealt with
appropriately. The existing Community Consultative Committee should be retained to help
facilitate the development of regional plans and ensure that the outcomes of the strategy meet
community expectations.
The following tables outline the goals and objectives of the strategy and the actions required to
achieve these objectives. The timing of these actions will depend on availability of resources, but
to give an indication of priorities, each action is listed as short, medium or long term.
For each action, outcomes and hence performance indicators are listed. Similarly, overall desired
outcomes are listed for each goal. The tables clearly link required actions with the goals and
objectives and also provide a means of monitoring the success of the strategy.
23

Goals
1
Prevent the further spread of exotic pest fishes in Queensland and
prevent the establishment of additional species in the wild
It is extremely difficult to eradicate exotic pest fishes once they have become established. A
preventative approach uses fewer resources and has a greater likelihood of success. All members
of the community including industry and other stakeholders, can play a role in preventing the
spread exotic pest fishes in Queensland.
Accurate data about the distribution of exotic pest fishes will enable quicker responses to new
infestations and in the long term reduce the resources required to control or eradicate the fishes.
A contingency plan with clearly defined roles will also enable a fast response to new infestations.
Goal Outcomes
• Reduced rate of new infestations as indicated by no reports of new infestations and by longterm
monitoring program (short term).
• No new infestations as indicated by long-term monitoring program (long term).
• No new species established (short and long term).
Objective Actions Outcomes / Performance Indicators Timeframe
Identify priority species for
action in accordance with
their potential impact on
aquatic ecosystems
Develop risk assessment
process
Use assessment to develop
species list
List of priority species
Short term
Clarify the distribution of priority
species in the wild and establish
a long -term monitoring program
Set up spatial database
All existing data entered into
database
Maps produced
Short term
Short term
Process developed to input new
data
Short term
Set up long-term monitoring
program
Establish an annual review of
the distribution of pest fishes
based on data entered into the
spatial database
Monitoring program set up and
timely entry of data into spatial
database
Rate of spread of pest fishes
reduced
Short–to
medium
term
Annual
Develop a contingency plan
response system to prevent new
infestations of exotic pest fishes
Develop contingency planning
process in collaboration with
relevant agencies
Contingency planning process in
place and appropriately
resourced
Short term
Negotiate appropriate
resourcing levels
Use contingency plan in the event
of a new infestation
Process shown to be effective in
preventing new infestations
Medium–to
long term
24

Objective Actions Outcomes / Performance Indicators Timeframe
Develop regional plans for
priority areas
Develop a protocol to prioritise
areas
State divided into priority
areas
Short term
Develop and implement
regional plans process
Regional planning process trialled
in pilot areas
Regional planning process refined
and implemented in priority areas
Medium
term
Develop a strategy
underpinned with appropriate
legislative and enforcement
measures, to control the trade
and movement of live exotic
pest fishes
Input into existing State and
Commonwealth initiatives to
help facilitate the development
of a strategy for the control of
trade and movement of exotic
pest fishes
State concerns related to exotic
pest fishes control clearly
reflected in Strategy
Short term
Ensure that actions taken
under this strategy are
consistent with the
implementation of the control
of trade and movement
strategy
Revise State legislation and
enforcement measures as
required
Tighter controls over the entry of
exotic pest fishes into Queensland
leading to more convictions in the
short term but fewer convictions in
the long term as the message is
absorbed
Short–to long
term
Promote community support
and understanding of the
above strategy
Develop education and
extension material related to
trade and movement of exotic
pest fishes for inclusion in
overall education and
extension strategy (see Goal 4)
Increased awareness within the
aquarium trade of permitted and
non-permitted exotic species
Fewer requests to purchase nonpermitted
aquarium species
Short term
Medium
term
Reduction in the number of exotic
fishes confiscated by AQIS
Short term
25

2
Reduce the impacts of existing wild populations of exotic pest
fishes to acceptable levels including eradication from water
bodies wherever possible
It is necessary to establish the nature of the exotic pest fishes problem before embarking on a
control program. This is essential both in terms of allocating resources appropriately and in
preserving the established values of an area effected by exotic pest fishes. Control methods have
to be assessed not only in terms of their effectiveness in reducing exotic pest fish numbers but in
terms of whether or not they reduce their impacts and indeed, if the method itself has any negative
impacts on other features of the environment. There is also a need to identify priorities for exotic
pest fish research.
Goal Outcomes
• Impact of exotic pest fishes in Queensland waters at an environmentally, economically and
socially acceptable level.
Objective Actions Outcomes / Performance Indicators Timeframe
Identify priority areas on a
State, catchment or regional
basis, for targeting exotic pest
fishes eradication or control
programs, encouraging the use
of pilot programs
Use protocol for to prioritising
prioritise areas (see Goal 1) to
identify areas for regional
planning
Implement and refine regional
planning process initially via
pilot programs
State divided into priority areas
High priority areas used for pilot
programs
Short term
Medium term
Develop regional plans for
priority areas that clearly
identify control/eradication
options and focus on the
impacts of exotic pest fishes
and on methods of reducing
this impact
Regional plans developed for all
priority areas
Medium tolong
term
Develop effective methods for Monitor the effectiveness of Short–to
controlling exotic pest fishes existing control measures
using the results of regional
control actions
medium term
Document the effectiveness
and use of these control
measures for incorporation
into a ‘toolbox’ for all
potential users
Encourage parallel research
into new methods of control
and eradication
Regional control actions use best
available control options
Research projects in place within
QFS and other organisations on
control and eradication methods
for pest fishes
Medium term
Ongoing
26

Objective Actions Outcomes / Performance Indicators Timeframe
Identify preconditions for
successful exotic pest fishes
control by species and method
or combination of methods,
including consideration of
impacts on aquatic
communities
Identify preconditions
necessary for effective exotic
pest fish control using the
results of regional control
actions
Document the above for
incorporation into ‘toolbox’ for
users
Encourage parallel research
programs to further clarify
preconditions
Preconditions for effective use of
existing control measures and
effects on aquatic communities
identified
Preconditions documented in
toolbox
Parallel research projects
underway
Short term
Short term
Medium term
Define acceptable levels of
exotic pest fish impact for
different areas
Use results of regional control
actions to identify levels of
impact on existing values
Level of threat posed to
established and/or/ pre-existing
values such as recreational
fishing, tourism and riverine
habitat assessed
Medium term
Encourage concurrent
research to further clarify
levels of impact in different
areas /conditions
Consult with stakeholders
through regional planning,
CCC, and FMAC to help
establish acceptable levels of
impact
Level of impact ‘acceptable’ to
stakeholders (this is done at the
regional planning phase) defined
Medium to
long term
Ongoing
Identify the abundance of
exotic pest fish or the intensity
of control methods required to
reduce impacts to acceptable
levels
Identify abundance levels that
lead to impacts on existing
values using the results of
regional control activities
Use results of regional control
activities to determine the
intensity of various control
measures required to reduce
populations of exotic pest
fishes to appropriate levels
Encourage research to further
clarify the above
Population densities of exotic pest
fish that lead to specific ‘impacts’
identified
Intensity of various control
measures required to reduce
populations of exotic pest fishes to
acceptable levels determined
Research results provide data that
‘fills’ in knowledge gaps
Short–
medium term
Medium term
Medium term
Identify criteria for
environmental and exotic pest
fishes monitoring needed to
measure ongoing effectiveness
of control programs
Operational criteria developed
following SMART 6 p rotocol
using data obtained from
regional control activities and
consultation with research
institutes
Criteria developed and
implemented
Medium term
6
SMART = Simple, Measurable, Action-oriented, Realistic and Timebound
27

Objective Actions Outcomes / Performance Indicators Timeframe
Identify opportunities for, and
promote coordination
between, exotic pest fishes
control and other
environmental management
and rehabilitation programs
Identify opportunities for
coordination through
consultation with relevant
agencies and stakeholder groups
at the national and State levels
and through the regional
planning process at the regional
level
Formal and informal agreements
with other agencies and
stakeholder groups established
Ongoing
Locally eradicate exotic pest
fishes
Utilise ‘best’ available
eradication techniques in local
areas
Pest fishes eradicated in areas
where techniques have been
employed
Medium to
long term
Encourage research into the
development of more effective
techniques e.g. genetic
manipulation
28

3
Ensure the environmentally and socially acceptable application of
exotic pest fishes eradication and control programs
There is little point in embarking on a control program for exotic pest fishes if the methods used for
controlling the fishes create more problems than the fishes themselves. Control techniques can
have negative impacts on pre-existing values (such as biodiversity) or they can be socially
unacceptable. For this reason, it is imperative that control methods and community attitudes are
assessed. It is also possible to educate the community to accept certain control methods.
Goal Outcomes
• Environmentally and socially acceptable methods used for exotic pest fishes control.
Objective Actions Outcomes / Performance Indicators Timeframe
Identify and evaluate threats Develop Risk Assessment for all List of methods outlining level of Medium term
posed by the use of different current control and eradication risk
control and eradication methods methods
on community resources
Consideration of these ‘risks’at
regional planning phase
Medium term
Establish operating and
equipment standards, codes of
conduct and accreditation for
agencies community-based
groups and research groups
engaged in exotic pest fishes
control and eradication
Write standards and codes of
conduct for exotic pest fishes
eradication
High levels of compliance to
codes of conduct
Medium term
Ensure that eradication and
control methods under
development are
environmentally and socially
acceptable
Apply risk assessment criteria
to all new control and
eradication techniques
Ensure that all programs to
develop new control and
eradication measures have
appropriate education and
extension components
Encourage research into
assessing social and
environmental implications of
new techniques
New control and eradication
techniques are only used in
circumstances where they are
‘low risk’ and socially acceptable
Long term
29

4
Establish community understanding of the impacts of exotic pest
fishes and the management strategies to counteract these impacts
This has been accorded high priority because exotic pest fishes are spread primarily by people.
This movement of fishes from one waterway to another is often inadvertent or the result of an
inadequate understanding of the impacts of exotic pest fishes on native aquatic systems.
Conversely, some members of the community have unrealistic expectations of present eradication
and control options. It is anticipated that a well-targeted and comprehensively implemented
education and extension strategy will go some way towards addressing these issues in exotic pest
fishes management.
Goal Outcomes
• High level of community understanding of the impacts of exotic pest fishes and the methods
for their control.
Objective Actions Outcomes / Performance Indicators Timeframe
Develop an Education and
Extension Strategy
Develop an Education and
Extension Strategy in
consultation with experts
Implement the strategy
initially in priority areas of the
State and monitor its
effectiveness
Implement the strategy Statewide
incorporating any
required modifications
Extension and education strategy
developed
Extension and education strategy
implemented in key areas and a
corresponding decrease in number
of ministerials, call centre
complaints and unfavourable media
articles
Extension and education strategy
implemented State-wide and a
corresponding decrease in number
of ministerials, call centre
complaints and unfavourable media
articles
Short term
Short to
medium term
Long term
Increased level of community
involvement in pest fishes issues
indicated by an increase in the
amount of time and resources spent
on exotic pest fishes control and an
increase in the number of
community groups enquiring about
and later implementing the regional
planning process
Ongoing
Maintain a Community
Consultative Committee (CCC) to
monitor and assist the
implementation of control and
eradication programs and
community understanding of
these programs
Formalise and continually
update the role of the CCC
Secure ongoing funding for
the CCC
CCC provides valuable community
input into exotic pest fishes
management.
Ongoing funding for the CCC
secured.
Ongoing
Ongoing
30

5
Ensure that exotic pest fishes management is undertaken with
best practice for pest management and is underpinned by
scientific research and evaluation
Little information is available on the impacts of exotic pest fishes on other aquatic fauna or their
habitat. Similarly, little is known about the effectiveness of existing control measures. Rather than
allow the lack of information to delay actions to control pest fishes, an adaptive management
approach should be adopted. Appropriate monitoring programs will allow data to be obtained on
the impacts of pest fishes and the effectiveness of control measures. These data can be used to
modify control measures as necessary. At the same time a parallel research program should be
implemented to further increase the knowledge base particularly in relation to new control
measures such as genetic manipulation and species-specific poisons.
Goal Outcomes
• Best- practice principles incorporated into pest fishes management.
• Implementation of pest fishes management in Queensland based on scientific principles.
• Implementation of strategy enhanced by ongoing input from scientific research.
Objective Actions Outcomes/Performance Indicators Timeframe
Ensure that regional and local
plans focus on the impact of
pest species, the level of control
to be achieved and an
integrated approach
Assess regional plans according
to these criteria and make State
funding contingent on fulfilling
these criteria
Regional plans developed that
fulfil these criteria
Medium term
Ensure the adoption of an
adaptive management
approach to control activities
with appropriate monitoring
Assess options for control to
ensure they are sufficiently
flexible to allow for adaptive
management
Monitor control options to
assess their success rates
Assessment of control techniques
done at regional planning phase
Control techniques modified or
changed depending on the results
of monitoring and changes in
technology
Short term
Medium term
Develop a research strategy for
control of exotic pest fishes and
ensure its compatibility with
management requirements
Consult with stakeholders and
other government Government
agencies
Examine current research and
identify knowledge gaps
Prioritise research directions
Consult with relevant funding
bodies to ensure priority
research directions for exotic
pest fishes are reflected in
their priority areas
Research strategy developed and
implemented through funding
bodies and research institutes
Increase in number of research
projects that provide data
relevant to management of exotic
pest fishes
Short term
Ongoing
31

6
Ensure that existing legislation pertaining to noxious and nonindigenous
fishes is appropriate, and adequately enforced
The legislation relating to noxious and non-indigenous fishes is currently under review. It is
important that the changes to the legislation are relevant and enforceable. The legislation should
act as an effective deterrent against spreading already established noxious and non-indigenous
fishes, and introducing new exotic species into the wild. The enforcement of the fisheries’
legislation has to be supported by adequate enforcement of the legislation relating to the import
of live exotic fish species.
Goal Outcomes
• Relevant and enforceable legislation in place.
• Reduced rate of infestations of new exotic species.
• Reduction in the rate of spread of currently established exotic fishfishes into uninfested
catchments.
Objective Actions Outcomes / Performance Indicators Timeframe
Ensure that changes made to the Monitor the review process of Appropriate amendments made to Short term
fisheries’ act relating to exotic the Fisheries Act and assess the Fisheries Act
fishes are compatible with the the proposed amendments
other goals of this strategy according to the goals outlined
in this strategy
Ensure that Queensland has Brief the Queensland Fisheries QFS representative aware of the Short term
adequate input into Federal Service (QFS) representative on goals of this strategy
regulations relating to the
the working group developing
import of live exotic fishes and these regulations on the goals
that this legislation is consistent of this strategy
with the goals of this strategy
Liaise with the PIJAC member
on the CCC to ensure
compatibility between this
strategy and the proposed
regulations
Federal regulations adequately
reflect the goals of this strategy
and are appropriately enforced
Medium term
Ensure the adequate
enforcement of existing
legislation
Develop an enforcement
strategy in conjunction with
the Queensland Boating and
Fisheries Patrol to determine
the most effective way to
enforce the existing (and
amended) legislation
Enforcement strategy developed
and put in place
Increased enforcement of ‘pest fish
hotspots’
More convictions of those caught
contravening the sections of the Act
relating to exotic pest fishes
Short term
Medium term
Medium term
32

7
Coordinate the State management of exotic pest fishes with
national management measures
A number of exotic pest fishes such as carp have wide environmental tolerances and have the
potential to spread throughout Australia. It is essential that this strategy is coordinated with
national strategies. Similarly, waterways such as the Murray–Darling River system and their faunas
do not respect State boundaries. A coordinated approach between States is required.
Goal Outcomes
• State management of exotic pest fishes is compatible with national and State strategies.
Objective Actions Outcomes/Performance Indicators Timeframe
Ensure the compatibility of State
strategy with national strategies
on pest management including
the national carp control
strategy
Regular comparisons between
this strategy and relevant
national strategies
Negotiations with other
agencies Australia wide to
ensure compatibility of exotic
pest fishes strategies
State strategy compatible with
other States and National strategy
Short term
Where regional plans cover
water bodies or catchments
common to other States,
ensure that these plans are
compatible and coordinated
with regional plans of those
States
Identify catchments that
overlap with other States and
territories
Liaise with other States and
community groups developing
regional plans to ensure
compatibility
Strong links with organisations
and agencies developing regional
plans in overlapping catchments
Short term
33

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
The responsibility for the control of exotic pest fishes rests with all stakeholders, not just the State
government. This section provides a general overview of the roles and responsibilities of various
stakeholders. However, due to the differing requirements and resources of different regions, more
specific roles and responsibilities will be defined at the regional planning level.
The development of effective communication networks is essential. The successful
implementation of a central strategy will come from all stakeholders understanding and having
ownership of both the problem and their role in the solution.
Whilst State and local governments must take a lead role, individuals, community and industry
groups will assist in implementing regional on-ground actions. Furthermore, collaboration
amongst researchers and government is necessary to ensure the best available control resources
are used. Natural resource management agencies without a direct fisheries management brief,
need to be included to ensure that management actions fit within the broader context of the total
riverine environment.
Individuals and communities
• participate in local exotic pest fish-related initiatives and activities, including coordination of
local group development and action on exotic pest fishes reduction and control.
• help prevent the accidental or deliberate release of live exotic pest fishes into Queensland
waters.
• help detect and report all exotic pest fish infestations to appropriate authorities.
• encourage local stewardship of the aquatic environment.
Community and industry organisations (e.g. ICM groups,
Landcare groups, aquarium fish industry)
• Raise awareness of, and improve, objective education on exotic pest fishes.
• Be actively involved in the physical removal of exotic pest fishes.
• Represent members’ interests on exotic pest fish control issues.
• Provide their members and the general public with objective information on exotic pest fish
issues.
• Promote strategies to control exotic pest fishes and assist with the implementation of these
strategies.
• Participate in the development and adoption of codes and policies to reduce the impact of
exotic pest fishes.
• Suggest options for exotic pest fish management and control.
• Encourage community participation in research and monitoring.
• Assist with the development and implementation of regional plans consistent with State
strategy principles.
• Help detect and report new exotic pest fish infestations to the appropriate authorities.
• Discourage the accidental and deliberate release of exotic pest fishes into Queensland
waterways.
34

Local government
• Be actively involved in exotic pest issues and assist in the distribution of objective information
on pest fishes.
• Assist in the detection and reporting of new exotic pest fish infestations to the appropriate
authorities.
• Assist with data collection and information exchange for all levels of use.
• Assist in the coordination of community actions aimed at managing exotic pest fishes.
• Assist State agencies to facilitate the development and implementation of regional exotic pest
fish management plans consi2stent with State strategy principles and integrate these with
local government area integrated pest management plans where these exist.
• Participate, encourage and where appropriate monitor local pest fish initiatives.
• Encourage local stewardship of the freshwater environment.
• Discourage the accidental and deliberate release of exotic pest fishes into Queensland
waterways.
• Participate in the development and adoption of codes and policies to reduce the impact of
exotic pest fishes.
State Government
• Encourage responsible pest fish management by:
- providing providing effective and uniform institutional and legislative frameworks;
- developing developing and implementing effective policies and programs.
• Provide leadership, coordination and resources for research, assessment, advisory services,
education and public awareness programs for exotic pest fishes.
• Facilitate the development of effective exotic pest fish management plans at local and regional
levels and develop and apply a management strategy at the State level. Ensure this strategy is
consistent with the principles of the National Management Strategy for Carp Control 2000–
2005.
• Enhance cooperation and coordination of exotic pest fish management at local, regional and
State levels.
• Provide ongoing resources to continue to address exotic pest fish control and compliance
activities.
• Monitor State and regional exotic pest fish initiatives.
• Take a lead role in the management of freshwater environments and associated fish fauna.
• Determine priority areas for exotic pest fish control.
Commonwealth Government
• Facilitate the development of an economic, social and cultural framework that encourages
exotic pest fishes reduction and control as part of an overall program of aquatic environmental
management.
• Develop and implement national exotic pest fishes management policies and programs.
• Encourage and provide leadership, coordination and resources for research, assessment,
education and public awareness of exotic pest fishes.
• Encourage the development of exotic pest fishes management strategies at a local, regional,
State and national level.
35

• Facilitate cooperation and coordination of exotic pest fishes control-related initiatives and
activities at all levels.
• Monitor regional and State strategies and assess their consistency with national strategies,
including annual and periodic review.
• Ensure coordination of the funding of exotic pest fishes related control and management
projects at a national level.
PRIORITY ACTIONS
It is evident from the implementation tables (pages 24–33) that there are a number of short-term
priority actions that need to be undertaken to commence the implementation of the strategy.
These are listed below.
Education and awareness strategy
Develop and implement an education and awareness strategy.
A definite priority is to prevent the further spread of exotic pest fishes. Controlling pest fish
populations once they have become established is difficult and expensive. Community education
and awareness of the impacts of releasing exotic fishes into the wild has the potential to
significantly reduce the risks of further spread of exotic pest fish species such as carp and tilapia.
Given the limited resources available, extension efforts must be well targeted and the audience
must be clearly identified. Community education is also important in terms of raising awareness of
the limitations of current control measures and the seriousness of the exotic pest fishes problem.
Distribution database
Establish a database on distribution of pest species in the wild.
An exotic pest fishes database based on the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) PESTINFO
database is being developed. The database will be a three-dimensional mapping database that
plots the location of pest fishes on a catchment basis. The database will identify different species
of exotic pest fish and their locations throughout Queensland. This database will form part of the
protocol process for new infestations.
Contingency plan response system
Develop a contingency plan response system to prevent new
infestations of exotic pest fishes.
Linked closely to an education and awareness campaign to help prevent further spread of pest
fishes is the need for a clear plan of action if new infestations are detected. To date, responses to
possible infestations have often been inadequate.
Protocol for prioritising areas
Develop a protocol for prioritising areas of the State and use this
protocol to identify priority areas for management action.
There are limited resources available to control exotic pest fishes. It is important that these
resources are allocated to priority areas.
36

Regional planning process
Develop a regional planning process and trial this process in priority
catchments.
On-ground control actions will be implemented through a regional planning process. The National
Carp Control Coordinating Group has developed a regional planning process for carp. This process
should be trialled in Queensland in pilot areas and modified if necessary.
Strategy for control of trade and movement
Consult with State and Commonwealth bodies to develop a strategy for
the control of trade and movement of exotic pest fishes.
Trade in exotic fishes is a potential source of new infestations. There are already initiatives
underway to identify those species that should be permitted in the aquarium trade and those that
should not because they may constitute an unacceptable risk to the environment if they escape
into Australian waters.
Research strategy
Develop a research strategy for the control of exotic pest fishes.
A research strategy should be developed to help direct research and influence funding bodies.
This should be integrated with the Carp Control Research Strategy published in 2000.
RESOURCES
Queensland Fisheries Service within the Department of Primary Industries has appointed a fulltime
officer to coordinate the implementation of the strategy. Funds are presently available to
support the Community Consultative Committee and to undertake the priority actions identified in
this strategy. However, there will be major resourcing implications when on-ground actions are
identified during the regional planning process.
The strategy will seek to resource actions through a range of opportunities including government
Government agency funding, cooperative research initiatives, grants, corporate sponsorship and
in-kind support. The availability of funds and resources is likely to be variable from year to year. In
order to prioritise actions within these constraints and to enable the flexibility to exploit
opportunities as they arise, implementation plans will be drawn up every twelve months. These
plans will indicate what actions are to be undertaken over a one-year period, who is responsible
for those actions and how they relate to the goals and objectives of the overall strategy.
MONITORING AND EVALUATION
The strategy will be subject to a five-year cycle of review. This review process will be undertaken
through both the Freshwater Management Advisory Committee of the Queensland Fisheries
Service and the Community Consultative Committee. The review will be undertaken using the
performance indicators identified in the implementation tables (pages 24–33) and the annual
implementation plans.
The Queensland Fisheries Service will also have input into the review process for the State Pest
Plant and Animal Strategy.
37

ACRONYMS
ANGFA
AQIS
CCC
CCCG
FFSAQ
ICM
LGAQ
PIJAC
QBFP
QFAS
QFS
QSIA
Australian and New Guinea Fishes Association
Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service
Community Consultative Committee for the Control of Exotic Pest Fish
Carp Control Co-Ordinating Group
Freshwater Fish and Stocking Association Queensland Inc
Integrated Catchment Management
Local Government Association Queensland
Pet Industry Joint Advisory Committee
Queensland Boating and Fisheries Patrol
Queensland Federation of Aquarium Societies
Queensland Fisheries Service
Queensland Seafood Industry Association
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