OPTIMIZING THE JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE INSTRUCTION SET BY ...

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256 # Len Score Multicode % 1 2 100.0 aload 0 getfield 2 7 30.1 iload aaload iload bipush iadd faload aload 3 7 29.5 aload 0 dup getfield dup x1 iconst 1 iadd putfield 4 15 28.4 iload iadd caload istore 3 aload 1 getfield aload 1 getfield iload iadd caload istore iload 3 iload if icmpeq 5 10 24.1 faload fmul fadd fstore iload iconst 1 iadd bipush iand istore 6 5 20.7 faload fmul fadd fstore fload 7 9 20.6 astore aload getfield iload 2 iaload istore iload iload 1 if icmpne 8 5 20.0 iload aaload iload faload aload 9 4 15.8 aload 0 dup getfield iconst 1 10 17 11.8 astore aload getfield iload 2 baload istore aload getfield aload dup getfield dup x1 iconst 1 iadd putfield iload bastore 11 13 11.6 astore aload dup getfield iconst 1 isub putfield aload getfield aload getfield baload invokevirtual 12 18 11.4 saload istore aload 1 iload iinc iload sipush iand i2b bastore aload 1 iload iinc iload bipush iushr i2b bastore 13 5 10.7 faload fmul fadd fstore 3 fload 14 7 10.7 iload 3 aaload aload 2 getfield iload 3 aaload invokevirtual 15 7 8.9 iload 1 saload bipush ishl bipush iushr ireturn 16 10 8.7 ishl iload iadd istore 1 iload 3 iload ishl iload ixor istore 2 17 13 8.1 iload iload 2 aload 1 iload iload 3 iadd baload sipush iand ior i2c castore iinc 18 6 8.0 iload 2 iload isub dup istore 2 ifge 19 2 7.9 aload 0 aload 1 20 25 7.8 bipush dup2 faload aload 2 bipush faload fsub fastore aload 2 bipush dup2 faload aload 2 bipush faload fsub fastore aload 2 bipush dup2 faload aload 2 bipush faload fsub 21 6 6.3 getstatic iload iinc aaload astore fload 3 22 25 6.1 iload faload aload 2 iload faload fadd ldc fmul fstore aload 2 iload aload 1 iload faload aload 2 iload faload fsub ldc fmul fastore aload 1 iload fload fastore 23 6 6.1 iload 3 aaload aload 2 iload 3 aaload invokevirtual 24 2 6.0 bipush faload 25 7 5.9 fstore fload fload fadd fstore fload fload Table A.7: Multicodes of Length 25 or Less using Transfer Reduction Scoring for All Benchmarks
257 Table A.7 continued: # Len Score Multicode % 26 2 5.7 aload 1 getfield 27 4 5.5 aload iload baload bipush 28 25 5.4 iload baload getstatic iload 2 baload iand iload 1 iload 2 ishl getstatic iload 2 baload iand ior i2b bastore iinc iload 3 bipush iload 2 isub isub istore 3 iload 1 bipush 29 25 5.4 iload iinc baload iload 2 ishr getstatic bipush iload 2 isub baload iand sipush iand istore 1 iload 3 bipush iload 2 isub isub istore 3 bipush iload 2 isub istore 2 iload 3 30 9 5.3 aload iload 3 aload 2 iload 3 aaload iload faload fastore iinc 31 3 5.2 iload 1 aaload areturn 32 7 4.7 iload 3 iload iadd aaload getfield iload 1 invokevirtual 33 4 4.6 baload sipush iand ireturn 34 3 4.5 iload iload 2 if icmplt 35 20 4.3 astore aload getfield iload 2 baload dup istore 1 i2b istore aload getfield aload dup getfield dup x1 iconst 1 iadd putfield iload bastore 36 13 4.2 iload 3 aaload iload bipush iushr iconst 3 iand saload istore 2 iload 2 ldc iand ifeq 37 3 4.2 iload bipush if icmplt 38 10 4.1 iload iload 2 iconst 3 ishr iadd istore iload 2 bipush iand istore 2 39 3 3.8 iload iload if icmplt 40 2 3.8 iadd putfield 41 8 3.5 fsub getstatic iconst 0 faload fmul fstore fload fload 42 7 3.3 aload iload 3 caload aload iload caload if icmpeq 43 2 3.2 iconst 1 ireturn 44 5 3.1 iload 3 aaload getfield iload 1 invokevirtual 45 5 3.1 checkcast astore aload aload invokevirtual 46 5 3.0 iload 3 caload iadd istore 1 iinc 47 6 3.0 astore 3 aload 2 getfield aload 3 getfield if icmpne 48 4 2.9 iload 2 iload iadd istore 2 49 3 2.9 getfield arraylength if icmpge 50 4 2.9 dup istore 3 iconst m1 if icmpne
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OPTIMIZING THE JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE
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Abstract Since its public introduct
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Acknowledgments While my name is th
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2.4.4 Direct Threading . . . . . .
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7.2 An Overview of Multicodes . . .
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List of Figures 2.1 Core Virtual Ma
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7.11 201 compress Performance by Mu
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B.1 The Steps Followed to Evaluate
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6.1 Most Frequently Occurring Const
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1 Chapter 1 Introduction When Moore
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3 Studies were conducted that consi
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5 Chapter 2 An Overview of Java Thi
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7 Addressing this need led to the d
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9 performs garbage collection, a cl
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11 also has the ability to contain
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13 ... i − 1 iload 0x04 dstore 0x
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15 ... aload 3 iconst 2 faload ...
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17 Condition Equal Unequal Greater
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19 transfered to the start of a new
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21 piled into machine language inst
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23 Figure 2.6: Interpreter Engine C
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25 Figure 2.8: Interpreter Engine C
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27 The following section examines t
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29 execute (JMethod * method, Slot
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31 codelets shown in this example a
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33 3.1 Instruction Set Design The a
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35 is replaced with a new opcode if
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37 method. However, the Java Virtua
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39 3.2.5 Bytecode Optimization Tool
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41 each bytecode executed as was ac
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43 executing the application. The a
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45 Chapter 4 Despecialization The J
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47 ... i − 1 iload 3 iload 0x04 i
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49 purpose bytecodes. The notation,
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51 is present in the constant pool
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53 ... iload 3 iflt ... i − 1 i i
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55 the stack challenging in some ca
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Figure 4.7: Despecialization of Bra
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59 Specialized Bytecode load store
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61 tual machine (RVM). Version 2.3.
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63 Test Total Weighted Condition Pe
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69 4.2.6 Performance Summary Compar
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71 Category Original Desp. Percent
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73 the maximum value encountered af
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75 • Efficient support of new lan
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77 difference in the performance of
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79 JGF RayTracer: A 150 by 150 pixe
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81 # Average % of Specialized Despe
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83 provided by only two vendors. IB
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Figure 5.1: Average Performance Res
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87 Figure 5.4: Performance Results
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89 Figure 5.8: Performance Results
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91 ences in background processes, m
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93 difference in performance due to
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95 when a pure interpreter virtual
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97 It is observed that many of the
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99 Within this category, it was als
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101 machine code for the idioms. As
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103 were performed was less than 0.
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105 these despecializations in a me
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107 Chapter 6 Operand Profiling Cha
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109 the applications. In addition,
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111 The aload 0 bytecode was the mo
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113 function being integrated. Beca
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115 Implementing alignment rules un
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117 these data types in the list of
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Figure 6.3: Distribution of Local V
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121 are never executed by any of th
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123 load and store bytecodes. It is
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125 the time because the index bein
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127 6.2.5 Fields Only four bytecode
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129 Figure 6.8: Data types Accessed
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131 lar, the new set of specialized
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133 multicode block is defined to b
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135 Figure 7.1: Two Bytecodes and t
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137 because of the presence of the
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139 cache performance. As a result,
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141 Block 1: Block 2: aload 0 → g
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143 Sequence Count Score getfield a
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Figure 7.3: Iterative Multicode Ide
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147 number of bytecodes that will b
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149 BlockList: A list of the byteco
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151 Both the Total Bytecodes Score
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153 ... i − 1 ❄ ifeq 0x00 0x15
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155 Figure 7.7: Number of Unique Ca
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Figure 7.9: Cumulative Multicode Bl
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159 However, while considering long
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161 Figure 7.10: 201 compress Perfo
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163 Figure 7.14: Length 209 db Perf
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165 Figure 7.18: 222 mpegaudio Perf
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167 7.6.2 Overall Performance Acros
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169 a larger portion of the instruc
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171 // iload_1: stack[sp+1] = local
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173 // iload_1: // iconst_1: // iad
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175 Such bytecodes have a variable
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177 ∆ x1 /x 2 /x 3 /.../x n→ an
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179 Popping any values left on the
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181 7.9 Conclusion This chapter has
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183 ated will differ from that occu
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185 Figure 8.1: A Comparison of the
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187 performed impacts the sequences
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189 Figure 8.2: 201 compress Perfor
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191 Figure 8.5: 213 javac Performan
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193 Compared to the complete despec
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195 Figure 8.10: 209 db Performance
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197 performing multicode substituti
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199 Chapter 9 An Efficient Multicod
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201 alphabet employed by each of th
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9.4 An Algorithm for the Most Contr
Page 223 and 224: Figure 9.3: The Impact of Algorithm
Page 225 and 226: 207 Algorithm NonOverlappingScore(n
Page 227 and 228: 209 Algorithm CountUniqueOccurrence
Page 229 and 230: 211 this algorithm did not consider
Page 231 and 232: 213 exceptions if the value being c
Page 233 and 234: 215 Figure 10.1: Multicode Blocks u
Page 235 and 236: 217 approximately 30 percent of the
Page 237 and 238: 219 a strategy other than direct th
Page 239 and 240: 221 10.2.6 Combining Multicodes and
Page 241 and 242: 223 10.2.9 Expanding the Class File
Page 243 and 244: 225 revealed that none of the const
Page 245 and 246: 227 based on these profile results
Page 247 and 248: 229 stitution were performed. It co
Page 249 and 250: 231 [13] B. Alpern, C. R. Attanasio
Page 251 and 252: 233 [33] K. Casey, D. Gregg, M. A.
Page 253 and 254: 235 [55] D. Gregg and J. Waldron. P
Page 255 and 256: 237 [78] E. M. McCreight. A space-e
Page 257 and 258: 239 [100] L. A. Smith, J. M. Bull,
Page 259 and 260: 241 [120] T. A. Welch. A technique
Page 261 and 262: 243 # Len Score Multicode % 1 30 10
Page 271 and 272: 253 Table A.5 continued: # Len Scor
Page 273: 255 Table A.6 continued: # Len Scor
Page 277 and 278: 259 the level of entropy within the
Page 279 and 280: 261 there are no pointers to these
Page 281 and 282: 263 information for each method so
Page 283 and 284: 265 to emit four files that were su
Page 285 and 286: Figure B.1: The Steps Followed to E
Page 287 and 288: 269 B.7 Summary This Chapter has de
Page 289 and 290: 271 Selected Honors and Awards Cont
Page 291: 273 Departmental and University Pre
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