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and cognitive dysfunction, with low-level lead exposure, with dysfunctions occurring even years after the end of occupational exposure (Schafer et al 2005). The development of cataracts have also been linked to earlier lifelong lead exposure. Lead is a proven animal carcinogen, and has been declared as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In 2005, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services added lead for the first time to its list of cancer-causing agents, designating it to the secondtier status of “Reasonably Anticipated Carcinogens” (Kay 2005). Hernberg notes the “strange assumption” that “industrial workers were a special race or species” and could withstand higher levels of lead than the general population (Hernberg 2000: 248). Researchers working through the Normative Aging Study have revealed that even moderate levels of early lead exposure are associated with an increased risk of phobic anxiety and other psychiatric symptoms in middle-aged to elderly men (Rhodes et al 2003). Tsiah et al (2004: 1173), working with a subset of the same study, conclude that “longitudinal decline of renal function among middle-age and elderly individuals appears to depend on both long-term and circulating lead, with an effect that is most pronounced among diabetics and hypertensives, subjects who likely represent particularly susceptible groups.” Another study on elderly workers suggests a link between lead and elevated uric acid levels, and subsequently lead-related nephrotoxicity (Weaver et al 2005), while adult cognitive function decline and dementia have been linked to early exposure among tetraethyl lead (TEL) workers (Schwartz et al 2000). In a study on adult women, Gulson et al (2004) report a significant increase in BLLs during late pregnancy and postpartum, when skeleton lead is mobilized. Their study shows that even taking calcium supplements provides only limited relief from lead exposure. The 34
mobilization and release of existing lead stored in bone during menopause has been suggested as well (Hernandez-Avila et al 2000), though other study results were inconclusive (Berkowitz et al 2004). 1.4.3 Environmental and Pediatric Exposure Environmental exposure refers to those lead substances with a more or less universal distribution in the environment and with which human individuals or populations come into contact. These include all non-occupational forms of exposure that affect people who are involuntarily exposed to lead through the environment: whether in the home, at (non-lead industry) work, at school, or out-of-doors. Sources of environmental exposure may include leaded gasoline and other forms of atmospheric pollution, smelters, water pipes, paints, food cans (from solder), insecticides, contaminated soil, cosmetics, or drugs containing lead. An understanding of pediatric exposure reflects developing knowledge of how children comprise a unique subset of the population, different from workers and other adults in their vulnerability to the effects of lead exposure. Children and adults differ in terms of exposure sources and pathways, lead metabolism in the body, and in the ways toxicity is expressed (Bellinger 2004: 1016). A child exhibits more hand-to-mouth activity than an adult, thereby increasing susceptibility to lead and other environmental toxins. Children also have a higher gastro-intestinal absorption rate of lead than adults, absorbing as much as 50% of the lead that enters their bodies (UNEP-UNICEF 1997). Lead directly affects the development of the central nervous system of children leading often to irreversible damage, in 35
Page 1 and 2: “WE ARE ALL CONTAMINATED” LEAD
Page 3 and 4: Accepted in partial fulfillment of
Page 5 and 6: Dedicated in loving memory to my ab
Page 7 and 8: have provided support in too many v
Page 9 and 10: workshop on lead poisoning at the C
Page 11 and 12: TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .
Page 13 and 14: 3.3.3 “I haven’t had a decorous
Page 15 and 16: Factories..........................
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER ONE: Introduction: “We ar
Page 19 and 20: in Latin America. Amid processes of
Page 21 and 22: understand the various challenges a
Page 23 and 24: My principal methods of fieldwork w
Page 25 and 26: commercial and community media, the
Page 27 and 28: methodologically necessary to gain
Page 29 and 30: its spontaneity and instant reflect
Page 31 and 32: embarrassments provided the final b
Page 33 and 34: the tetraethyl lead (TEL) gasoline
Page 35 and 36: The growing informal economy of the
Page 37 and 38: Teja exemplifies the drastic transf
Page 39 and 40: disorganization and unfathomable cr
Page 41 and 42: state. Forms of structural violence
Page 43 and 44: iology,” or “culture/power/hist
Page 45 and 46: Lead is a potent neurotoxin that ha
Page 47 and 48: of molasses for rum (Bellinger and
Page 49: 80μg/dl was considered “toxic,
Page 53 and 54: conduction (Needleman 2004). Visuo-
Page 55 and 56: While individual context and respon
Page 57 and 58: eflected a position (tinged with cu
Page 59 and 60: levels of 7,500 mg/kg, and in anoth
Page 61 and 62: norm and the continuing lack of com
Page 63 and 64: cover letter of the project, while
Page 65 and 66: the dumped garbage “comes from al
Page 67 and 68: community-building device by means
Page 69 and 70: contributing factor to the broader
Page 71 and 72: forms of environmental consciousnes
Page 73 and 74: for tens of thousands. The deaths i
Page 75 and 76: order to channel its aid, but no le
Page 77 and 78: megafauna” (Smith 1996) that have
Page 79 and 80: were subjected to green revolution
Page 81 and 82: onslaught on other Latin American c
Page 83 and 84: domesticate human nature through th
Page 85 and 86: The disciplining of human nature du
Page 87 and 88: anthropologist and historian Daniel
Page 89 and 90: Uruguay. Romantic portrayals of rur
Page 91 and 92: well as emerging forms of human eng
Page 93 and 94: The redefinition of Uruguayan natio
Page 95 and 96: As sustainability becomes “mainst
Page 97 and 98: ecession, the book states: “In re
Page 99 and 100: Despite the ubiquitous chemical con
Page 101 and 102:
and the multiple poisons carried by
Page 103 and 104:
While the economic crisis temporari
Page 105 and 106:
environmental sensibility in recent
Page 107 and 108:
international environmental quality
Page 109 and 110:
Uruguay was relatively late in rati
Page 111 and 112:
not until January 1999 that the fir
Page 113 and 114:
First of all the judges are not acc
Page 115 and 116:
Ambiental Montevideo- GAM) was also
Page 117 and 118:
issues in the national media, which
Page 119 and 120:
The RETEMA dedicated a working grou
Page 121 and 122:
unsuitable to traditional Uruguayan
Page 123 and 124:
Grassroots groups and NGOs have ins
Page 125 and 126:
CHAPTER THREE: “La Teja Shall Sin
Page 127 and 128:
the experience of an old revolution
Page 129 and 130:
This chapter questions how long tim
Page 131 and 132:
Uruguay (Amorín 2003). The 1994 na
Page 133 and 134:
Of the burgeoning environmental mov
Page 135 and 136:
Men and women volunteered labor equ
Page 137 and 138:
early twentieth-century technology
Page 139 and 140:
protection becomes intimately tied
Page 141 and 142:
Pilo and other members of the CVSP,
Page 143 and 144:
environment” dichotomy, and confr
Page 145 and 146:
Pilo and Amorín had a difficult ti
Page 147 and 148:
scrutiny of ANCAP’s leaded gasoli
Page 149 and 150:
we thought that we were alone, we w
Page 151 and 152:
products due to bureaucratic hurdle
Page 153 and 154:
Mr. Linardi told me the pay at Rade
Page 155 and 156:
that he was “too localized.” In
Page 157 and 158:
conformed his “home” surroundin
Page 159 and 160:
issue, particularly the consciousne
Page 161 and 162:
which he remedies as best he can wi
Page 163 and 164:
government home they were to be giv
Page 165 and 166:
conditions of the UMNTRA and Fanaes
Page 167 and 168:
time I visited the school, director
Page 169 and 170:
income.” It depends entirely on d
Page 171 and 172:
Working in the community is rather
Page 173 and 174:
The CVSP organized in June 2001 a c
Page 175 and 176:
poems, thoughts, and messages, and
Page 177 and 178:
After presenting a series of demand
Page 179 and 180:
evindicating popular or grassroots
Page 181 and 182:
with the group’s first-ever atten
Page 183 and 184:
and doing the “dirty work” for
Page 185 and 186:
A Parliament-sponsored survey of th
Page 187 and 188:
the Frente Amplio, the center-left
Page 189 and 190:
16.112 that created the Ministry of
Page 191 and 192:
immediate vicinity of the González
Page 193 and 194:
This divergent stance may in part b
Page 195 and 196:
networks, citizens challenged the f
Page 197 and 198:
determined to contain elevated soil
Page 199 and 200:
children with lead poisoning in the
Page 201 and 202:
dumped it, or the governing institu
Page 203 and 204:
4.3 “Greening” and Localizing S
Page 205 and 206:
ecognition of lead contamination an
Page 207 and 208:
public health authorities, the CDC
Page 209 and 210:
4.3.3 “You can’t hide a known t
Page 211 and 212:
This same community I’m talking a
Page 213 and 214:
Ministry. While given to frequent f
Page 215 and 216:
4.3.4 “That’s how Uruguay is”
Page 217 and 218:
contamination outbreak was identifi
Page 219 and 220:
their original program. Later they
Page 221 and 222:
scientists of the state. Power is v
Page 223 and 224:
have reduced the officially recogni
Page 225 and 226:
edrawn at the local level according
Page 227 and 228:
CHAPTER FIVE: “No Somos Marginado
Page 229 and 230:
combination of fascination and disg
Page 231 and 232:
“new poor” to the processes of
Page 233 and 234:
the three processes of labor, educa
Page 235 and 236:
increasingly homogenized, with the
Page 237 and 238:
predominant sense of resignation an
Page 239 and 240:
mechanical versus organic solidarit
Page 241 and 242:
exploited terms, according to these
Page 243 and 244:
follow years after the so-called
Page 245 and 246:
oth literally and symbolically. The
Page 247 and 248:
for a worldwide ban of interior whi
Page 249 and 250:
house cleaning and child rearing pr
Page 251 and 252:
serving, individualist, impulsive a
Page 253 and 254:
Otherwise, “parents marginalize t
Page 255 and 256:
emphasis on the structural and syst
Page 257 and 258:
ideology, the worker epically confr
Page 259 and 260:
5.6 “No somos marginados.” Othe
Page 261 and 262:
wound up to a second floor in the m
Page 263 and 264:
acknowledging the need and destitut
Page 265 and 266:
of being. The latter sense often ca
Page 267 and 268:
as humans and citizens. Lead poison
Page 269 and 270:
poor attributable to the extreme
Page 271 and 272:
CHAPTER SIX: “Reality Overwhelms
Page 273 and 274:
Amorín, Milka Pereira, and Carlos
Page 275 and 276:
is that people no longer mobilize.
Page 277 and 278:
environmental landscape and socio-e
Page 279 and 280:
campaigns to raise awareness of env
Page 281 and 282:
source of tension within the left,
Page 283 and 284:
while valuable should also be chann
Page 285 and 286:
“participation” as a central te
Page 287 and 288:
Large industries have for the first
Page 289 and 290:
smoldering and releasing a white cl
Page 291 and 292:
the environment remains suspect for
Page 293 and 294:
were holding the small native Tarum
Page 295 and 296:
install in an area, and then the wo
Page 297 and 298:
per day, thereby being entitled to
Page 299 and 300:
the installation of a hospital wast
Page 301 and 302:
action in Uruguay led by Enrique Vi
Page 303 and 304:
pollution. They have highlighted th
Page 305 and 306:
his presidency. These close ties ha
Page 307 and 308:
2005). 194 The content of this atta
Page 309 and 310:
The EIA process is a form of “adm
Page 311 and 312:
impacts (Pierri 2002: 317). The Sta
Page 313 and 314:
multilateral investment agreements,
Page 315 and 316:
establish themselves here.” 201 U
Page 317 and 318:
positions to take. This does not ne
Page 319 and 320:
leaders organically, rising from po
Page 321 and 322:
7.0 Journal entry: December 29, 200
Page 323 and 324:
and informality. De-industrializati
Page 325 and 326:
“greened” over the past several
Page 327 and 328:
even transnational ones, drawing th
Page 329 and 330:
feared yet unknowable, graphically
Page 331 and 332:
in similar ways to the Madres de la
Page 333 and 334:
2005: 221) and the “deeper social
Page 335 and 336:
Workers are also forging new arenas
Page 337 and 338:
that I had the State that I thought
Page 339 and 340:
APPENDIX A: Time Line of Lead Poiso
Page 341 and 342:
March May June July October Novembe
Page 343 and 344:
December 2005 January March June Ju
Page 345 and 346:
• The United Nations Climate Chan
Page 347 and 348:
Alvarez, S., E. Dagnino, and A. Esc
Page 349 and 350:
Auyero, Javier 1997 Wacquant in the
Page 351 and 352:
Berglund, Eeva 1998 Knowing Nature,
Page 353 and 354:
2003 Intellectual impairment in chi
Page 355 and 356:
Cousillas, Marcelo 2001 Ley General
Page 357 and 358:
2002 Uruguay, Segundo en América e
Page 359 and 360:
Fortun, K., and M. Fortun. 2005 Sci
Page 361 and 362:
— 2004 Regresaron los soñadores
Page 363 and 364:
Hernandez-Avila, M., M. Cortez-Lugo
Page 365 and 366:
Kovacic, Fernando 2004 Maldita Ecol
Page 367 and 368:
Manganey, G. 1993 Legislación ambi
Page 369 and 370:
Muniz, P., E. Danulat, B. Yannicell
Page 371 and 372:
2002 Introduction. Why Anthropologi
Page 373 and 374:
Pierri, Naina 2002 La EIA en Urugua
Page 375 and 376:
2005 The Cost of Being Poor. Povert
Page 377 and 378:
2000 Introduction: Reflections on t
Page 379 and 380:
Trigo, Abril 1990 Caudillo, Estado,
Page 381:
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES 2001 Informe Amb
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