World Drug Report 2005 - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

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<strong>World</strong> <strong>Drug</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong> Volume I. Analysis Seizures – another indicator for the evolution of the drug problem. Since the time of the League of <strong>Nations</strong>, data on international drug seizures have been gathered in developed and developing nations alike. Seizures thus represent our most comprehensive data set on drugs, although they do suffer from one important shortcoming. <strong>Drug</strong>s rarely drop into the laps of law enforcement authorities, and large seizures are often the result of considerable detective work. Law enforcement capacity, as well as the share of that capacity dedicated to the drug issue, varies considerably between nations. As a result, drug seizures can confirm the presence of drugs in an area, but the lack of seizures does not demonstrate their absence, and it is never absolutely clear what share of drugs in circulation are being intercepted. In combination with other indicators, however, seizure data are a powerful tool for investigating trafficking flows and their trends. To understand seizure data, both the number of seizures and the volumes seized need to be taken into account. A total of 95 countries reported the number of drug seizures made to the UNODC in 2003. Between 1985 and 2003, the number of seizures increased four fold. In the last few years, with the exception of a dip in 2002, the number of seizures seems to have plateaued at about 1.3 million cases. More than half of these were cannabis seizures, about a quarter involved opiates; amphetamines were seized in 10% of the cases, and cocaine in 7%. Fig. 10: Number of seizure cases, 1985-2003 number of seizures 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 - 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 Cannabis Coca/Cocaine Ecstasy Others Trend 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 Opiates Stimulants Depressants Grand Total Sources: UNODC, Annual <strong>Report</strong>s Questionnaire Data / Delta. In the last decade, the most significant trend has been the increase in the number of seizures of amphetaminetype stimulants (ATS). In 2003, however, this trend reversed sharply, mainly as a result of the decline in ATS seizures from Thailand following a major crackdown on the drugs in the same year. It is also estimated that ATS consumption dropped globally since 2000, so that the reduction in seizures is probably more than just an artefact of changing enforcement patterns. In contrast, the proportion of opiates seizures rose significantly in 2003, mainly reflecting the revival of Afghan opium production and more seizures in the countries surrounding Afghanistan. The number of cannabis cases has been on the rise since the early 1990s, and its rate of growth exceeded that of other drugs in 2002-2003, in line with a growth in global consumption. Cocaine has remained relatively stable. Fig. 11: Proportion of seizure cases according to drug category, 1990-2003 in % of all reported seizures 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 4% 0% 4% 5% 7% 1% 1% 6% 4% 2% 2% 4% 4% 1% 5% 5% 6% 5% 6% 7% 7% 10 % 1% 11% 12 % 9% 2% 13 % 10 % 7% 1% 3% 6% 7% 3% 3% 8% 3% 10 % 20% 21% 24%22% 20% 23%19 % 25%30%29% 22% 27% 27% 11% 25% 61%62% 59% 59% 22% 58% 21% 55% 57% 52% 54% 55% 51% 52% 46% 44% Cannabis Opiates Stimulants Ecstasy Coca/Cocaine Depressants Others Sources: UNODC, Annual <strong>Report</strong>s Questionnaire Data / Delta. Quantities of drugs seized increased substantially in 2003. Turning from the number of seizures to the quantities seized, 115 countries reported total tonnages in 2003. Expressed in terms of weight, quantities increased between 2002 and 2003 in all of the major drug categories: depressants (up 51%), opium (up 38%), heroin/morphine (up 32%), cocaine (up 33%), cannabis (up 24%), and ATS (up 18%). While the quantities of drugs seized has increased, year on year, for 30
1. Trends in world drug markets The dynamics of the world drug market the last decade, last year’s increases were higher than average in all categories, except ATS, which was about the same. The reasons for this surge are still unclear. By weight, cannabis tends to top the rankings of quantities seized, and 2003 was no exception, with cocaine, opium, heroin/morphine, and ATS following. This ranking is different than that of the number of seizures made, particularly for cocaine. This is because cocaine tends to be transported in large quantities, the global average per seizure being 3.1 kg, almost 35 times the size of the average ecstasy seizure (0.09 kg). A more meaningful comparison can be made by reducing total volumes to dose-units. In 2003, global drug seizures increased by 10% and more than doubled between 1985 and 2003, from 14.3 billion to 31.3 billion doses. Cannabis still remains the top drug seized, with 70% of all drug doses seized being cannabis, followed by cocaine (16%), opiates (9%) and ATS (3%). Thus, in terms of the quantities involved, trends for most substances tend to be upward in recent years, and this increase is not confined to any geographic region. Europe shows the strongest growth rate of seizures (13% per annum), followed by Oceania (9% per annum). The largest seizures, however, continue to be made in the Americas (40% of the world’s seizures by weight in 2003, down from 58% in 1985), followed by Europe (30% in 2003, up from 7% in 1985)), Asia (16%), Africa (13%), and Oceania (0.4%). Fig. 12: Global cannabis seizures (in weight equivalents), 2001-2003 Cannabis herb Cannabis resin 934 1,361 1,091 4,745 4,849 5,845 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 metric tons 2001 2002 2003 Source: UNODC, Annual <strong>Report</strong>s Questionnaire Data / DELTA. Fig: 13: Global drug seizures, excluding cannabis (in weight equivalents), 2001-2003 Coca leaf Cocaine Opium Heroin Morphine Methamphetamine Amphetamine Ecstasy Depressants Methaqualone 201.1 133.7 97.1 10 5.8 53.3 48.5 54.1 43.7 24.7 11.4 21.6 15.4 21.1 5.6 4.4 4.0 4.2 6.7 5.0 3.3 1.0 2.6 2.9 11.4 10 .4 495.4 372.1 365.7 938.4 825.3 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 metric tons 2001 2002 2003 Source: UNODC, Annual <strong>Report</strong>s Questionnaire Data / DELTA. Fig. 14: Average annual change in seizures, 1993- 2003 Depressants* Coca leaf Ecstasy Amphetamines Heroin Cocaine Cannabis herb Cannabis resin Opium Morphine Cannabis plants LSD* -14.3% Methaqualone -15.9% * seizures in units 6.1% 5.7% 4.9% 4.6% 4.2% 3.9% 7.2% 17.9% 25.8% 22.5% 31.0% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Source: UNODC, Annual <strong>Report</strong>s Questionnaire Data / DELTA. 31
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Page 5 and 6: Contents Volume I. Analysis Preface
Page 7 and 8: Preface Last year the Unite
Page 9: Explanatory notes This report has b
Page 13 and 14: Executive Summary analysis of these
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summary Potential cocaine
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2. ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF ILLICIT
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3. HIV/AIDS AND DRUGS
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4. Towards the creation of an Illic
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