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Global Illicit Drug Trends <strong>2003</strong> Table of contents 2.2. Trafficking 2.2.1. Opiates: Seizures, 1996-2001 .............................................................................. 213 2.2.2. Opiates: Wholesale, street prices and purity levels.............................................. 243 2.2.3. Cocaine: Seizures, 1996-2001 ............................................................................. 249 2.2.4. Cocaine: Wholesale, street prices and purity levels ............................................. 259 2.2.5. Cannabis: Seizures, 1996-2001 ........................................................................... 263 2.2.6. Cannabis: Wholesale, street prices and purity levels ........................................... 291 2.2.7. Amphetamine-type stimulants: Seizures, 1996-2001 ........................................... 297 2.2.8. Amphetamine-type stimulants: Wholesale, street prices and purity levels........... 327 2.3. Consumption 2.3.1. Opiates: Annual prevalence of abuse as percentage of population aged 15 and above.... 334 2.3.2. Cocaine: Annual prevalence of abuse as percentage of population aged 15 and above.... 337 2.3.3. Cannabis: Annual prevalence of abuse as percentage of population aged 15 and above.... 339 2.3.4. Amphetamine-type stimulants (excluding ecstasy): Annual prevalence of abuse as percentage of population aged 15 and above.... 342 2.3.5. Ecstasy: Annual prevalence of abuse as percentage of population aged 15 and above.... 344 SOURCES AND LIMITATIONS................................................................................................. 346 6
Global Illicit Drug Trends <strong>2003</strong> Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This summary presents, first, an analysis of the main <strong>illicit</strong> markets for heroin, cocaine, cannabis and amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS); and secondly synthesizes the main <strong>trends</strong> in <strong>illicit</strong> <strong>drug</strong> production, trafficking and consumption. The analysis of the main <strong>illicit</strong> markets focuses on the period between 1998 and <strong>2003</strong> since the international community is presently reviewing progress in achieving the targets set at the twentieth special session of the General Assembly (UNGASS) in 1998. The <strong>illicit</strong> <strong>drug</strong> production, trafficking and consumption <strong>trends</strong> focus on 2001/2002, updating last year’s edition of the present publication. I. Main Trends in Illicit Drug Markets The evolution of the main <strong>illicit</strong> <strong>drug</strong> markets in recent years provides an uneven picture, depending on the <strong>drug</strong>s and the regions considered. Overall, the evolution of world heroin and cocaine markets shows some positive tendencies. The picture is confused for synthetic <strong>drug</strong>s and fairly negative for cannabis. • Heroin Treatment data consistently shows that <strong>illicit</strong> heroin use has the most severe health consequences for <strong>drug</strong> abusers. In 2000-2001, UNODC estimated that about 15 million people abused opium and heroin in the world. Although this figure has not changed much since the late 1990s, gaps in the data prevent precise monitoring of changes in <strong>global</strong> demand for <strong>illicit</strong> opium and heroin from year to year. The impression of the relative stability of the <strong>global</strong> heroin market since the end of the 1990s can be supported by an assessment of the supply situation, for which there is more robust data. About 4,400 metric tons (mt) of <strong>illicit</strong> opium were produced in 1998. Four years later, in 2002, the production (approximately 4,500 mt) is more or less at the same level. Underneath the apparent stability of <strong>global</strong> production, however, major shifts are at work. Statistics on agricultural land devoted to <strong>illicit</strong> opium poppy cultivation in the world show that the market is changing. While <strong>global</strong> opium production remained basically stable over a four-year period, <strong>illicit</strong> opium poppy cultivation declined by 25%. The answer to this apparent paradox can be found in a considerable shift of production from South-East to South West Asia. Progress made in Myanmar and the Lao PDR has resulted in a 40% reduction in the area under opium poppy cultivation in that region between 1998 and 2002. This downward trend continued in <strong>2003</strong>. If the current rate of reduction in South-East Asia is sustained, the Golden Triangle could well become a minor source of <strong>illicit</strong> opium it the next few years. This would close a century long chapter in the history of <strong>drug</strong> control. Meanwhile, a 16% increase was recorded in South West Asia from 1998 to 2002. The higher productivity of the irrigated opium fields in Afghanistan explains why the world’s opium output remained stable while the level of cultivation was going down. The result has been an increasing concentration of <strong>illicit</strong> opium production in a single country, Afghanistan. Regional shifts have also reshaped the patterns of heroin abuse in the world. There are some improvements in West Europe, but the rapid growth of opium production in Afghanistan has fuelled the development of a large heroin market in the region and, further, in Central Asia, the Russian Federation and East Europe. Largely caused by the increase in intravenous heroin abuse, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has been expanding at an alarming rate. The new heroin markets in East Europe, Russia and Central Asia are not yet as lucrative as the West European markets. The economic incentive they provide to traffickers is thus lower. They do, however, offer the potential to offset the reduction in profitability per transaction by expanding the consumer base. 7
Page 1 and 2: GLOBAL ILLICIT DRUG TRENDS
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SEIZURES 1996 - 2001 Region/country
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Region/country or territory SEIZURE
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Region / country or territory Range
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WHOLESALE AND STREET PRICES OF OPIU
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WHOLESALE AND STREET PRICES OF HERO
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WHOLESALE AND STREET PRICES OF COCA
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RETAIL PRICE (per gram) WHOLESALE P
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WHOLESALE AND STREET PRICES OF HERB
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WHOLESALE AND STREET PRICES OF CANN
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RETAIL PRICE (*) WHOLESALE PRICE (*
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RETAIL PRICE (per gram) WHOLESALE P
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WHOLESALE AND STREET PRICES OF L.S.
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WHOLESALE AND STREET PRICES OF ECST
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OPIATES Annual prevalence of abuse
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COCAINE Annual prevalence of abuse
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CANNABIS Annual prevalence of abuse
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CANNABIS Annual prevalence of abuse
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EUROPE Eastern and Central Europe A
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ECSTASY Annual prevalence of abuse
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ECSTASY Annual prevalence of abuse
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