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Unique Solutions for Engineering Education
®®
Engineering
Spring 2011
Compression Igniter
Page 68
Pressure data is calculated using the force
measured by a Force Platform. Temperature is
calculated assuming adiabatic compression.
Adiabatic
Compression
Ignites Paper!
Engineering
COMPRESSION IGNITER
TD-8577 SEE PAGE 68
Force
Platform
Page 54

New Products
Density Circulation Model
ME-6816
See page 88
Allows students to model, measure
and understand the complex density
driven circulation associated with heat
transfer through convection.
Blue­—­
Hot­water
Clear­—­
Cool­water
Black­—­
Ice­cold­water
Bicycle
Gyroscope
ME-6837
Rotating
Chair
ME-6856
See page 42
New Design
features precision ball
bearings that result in
extremely low-friction for
both the Bicycle Gyroscope
and the Rotating Chair.
Bicycle Gyroscope
Mass Set
ME-6972
See page 42
Model­of­smoke­rising­beneath­an­inversion­layer.­The­risingplume­is­caused­by­a­heating­resistor­(not­included)­placed­atthe­bottom­of­the­tank.
MR 100 Analog Breadboard
SE-9981
See page 100
MR 200 Digital/Analog Breadboard
SE-9982
See page 100
Reinventing Edison:
Build Your Own
Light Bulb
SE-7145
See page 98
Reinventing Morse:
Build Your Own Telegraph
SE-7146
See page 98
www.pasco.com/engineering

New Products – Table of Contents
Large Structures Set
ME-7003
See page 18
Baltimore
Truss Bridge
3 m long
Destructible Bridge
Members
ME-7004
See page 13
Metal Plate
Breakable Link
A broken link can be easily
replaced with a new one by
simply sliding it onto the posts.
CI Load Cell Amplifier
CI-6464
See page 9
Build this bridge and
15 other HUGE structures with
this one comprehensive set!
Dual Humidity/Temp/Dew Point
PS-2156
See page 62
Atmospheric Properties
Chamber ME-6813
See page 69
Adjustable Focal
Length Lens
OS-8494
See pages
103, 104
Investigate structural
failure by inserting these
breakable links into your
structures.
www.pasco.com/engineering
DATA ACQUISITION ...................................2-7
Computer Interfaces and Sensors .......2-5
Graphing Datalogger .....................................6-7
STRUCTURES SYSTEM .......................8-20
MATERIALS ...........................................................21
STATICS .............................................................22-25
MECHANICS .................................................26-55
Carts and Tracks ........................................ 26-31
Projectile Motion ....................................... 32-33
Springs and Resonance ........................ 34-39
Rotation ............................................................ 40-43
Energy ............................................................... 44-51
Human Body Mechanics ...................... 52-55
BIOLOGY ...........................................................56-60
ENVIRONMENTAL ..................................61-65
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ...........66-67
THERMAL .........................................................68-83
Gas Laws......................................................... 68-69
Temperature Sensors ............................. 70-71
Heat Conduction ........................................ 72-73
Equivalent of Heat ..................................... 74-75
Thermal Expansion ................................... 76-77
Thermoelectric ............................................ 78-79
Thermal Radiation ............................................ 80
Heat Engines................................................. 81-83
FLUIDS .................................................................84-89
Bernoulli .......................................................... 84-85
Atmospheric Pressure .................................. 86
Density .............................................................. 87-89
CIRCUITS .......................................................90-101
Electromagnetism ..................................... 90-93
Coils ........................................................................... 94
Electric Field Mapping .................................. 95
Electrostatics ...................................................... 96
Resistance ............................................................ 97
Circuits............................................................98-101
OPTICS ......................................................... 102-105
Optics Bench .....................................................102
Lenses ....................................................................103
Human Eye Model ..........................................104
Diffraction ............................................................105
LAB SUPPLIES .................................... 106-109
Mechanical Supplies ......................... 106-107
Rods and Clamps .................................. 108-109
Index .............................................................. 110-112
Contact Information ....Inside back cover
1

Data Acquisition—ScienceWorkshop ®
PASCO’s Most Powerful Interface
ScienceWorkshop ® 750
Computer Interface - USB
CI-7650
Uses PASCO’s
DataStudio ®
Software
(See page 4)
P Fast: 250,000 Hz
P Built-in function generator
P Built-in DC power supply (300 mA, ±5 V)
P Accessory Power Amplifier (CI-6552A)
increases power to 1 A, ±10 V
P DataStudio Lite included
P NI LabVIEW compatible
Order Information:
750 Interface - USB ..........................................................CI-7650
(USB-compatible computers)
DataStudio Software Site License .......................CI-6871G
Power Amplifier (not shown) ...................................CI-6552A
AC/DC Circuit Board
(See page 101)
Over 45 ScienceWorkshop Sensors Available
P Analog sensors
P Signal conditioning built-in
P Sturdy cases for easy
mounting
Acceleration
CI-6558
Barometer
CI-6531A
Carbon Dioxide
CI-6561
Charge
CI-6555
CI Load Cell Amplifier NEW CI-6464
Colorimeter
CI-6747
Conductivity
CI-6729
Current
CI-6556
Current, High
CI-6740
Dissolved Oxygen
CI-6542
Drop Counter
CI-6499
EKG
CI-6539A
Flow Rate
CI-6730A
Force
CI-6537
Force, Economy
CI-6746
Force Platform
CI-6461
Freefall Adapter
ME-9207B
G-M Tube
SN-7927A
Heart Rate
CI-6543B
Humidity, Relative
CI-6559
Ion Probes
Ion-Selective Electrode
Amplifier Box
CI-6738
Laser Switch
ME-9259A
Light
CI-6504A
Light, Broad Spectrum CI-6630
Light, High-Sensitivity CI-6604
Light, Infrared
CI-6628
For sensor specifications, visit
www.pasco.com/engineering/data-acquisition
Light, UVA
CI-9784
Magnetic Field
CI-6520A
Motion Sensor II
CI-6742A
Oxygen Gas
CI-6562
pH
CI-6507A
Photogate, Accessory ME-9204B
Photogate Head
ME-9498A
Photogate/Pulley System ME-6838A
Pressure Sensor— Absolute CI-6532A
Pressure Sensor—Low CI-6534A
Respiration Rate
CI-6535
Rotary Motion
CI-6538
Sound
CI-6506B
Temperature
CI-6605A
Temperature, High Accuracy CI-6525
Temperature, High,
Type K Probe
CI-6536
Temperature with
Type K Probe
CI-6526
Thermistor Temperature CI-6527A
Thermocline
CI-6731
Time-of-Flight Accessory ME-6810
Voltage
CI-6503
Motion Sensor II
(CI-6742A)
Rotary Motion (CI-6538)
CI Load Cell Amplifier
CI-6464
This amplifier allows users of the 500
and 750 ScienceWorkshop Interfaces to
collect data using the Structures System
100N and 5N Load Cells. This system has
been successfully used at sample rates
up to 10,000 Hz. The sample rate limit
is determined by the interface and
computer used.
A separate amplifier is required for
each load cell.
See page 9 for more information.
Order Information:
CI Load Cell Amplifier* ...............CI-6464
Required for Use:
ScienceWorkshop Interface
Load Cell 100N* .................................PS-2200
Load Cell 5N* .......................................PS-2201
*Patents pending
Photogate/Pulley
System
(ME-6838)
2
www.pasco.com/engineering

Data Acquisition—ScienceWorkshop ® 3
Use ScienceWorkshop
Sensors with NI ELVIS
and LabVIEW
NI ELVIS Adapters for
PASCO Sensors
To collect data, plug an Analog or Digital
Adapter into the prototyping board and
insert a sensor. Connect the adapter to
the appropriate I/O ports on ELVIS and the
system is ready to use.
Once data has been collected, students can
use the power and flexibility of LabVIEW
software to display and condition the
data as needed. This system provides the
perfect opportunity for students to learn
about digital and analog data processing
techniques.
Use ScienceWorkshop sensors in your own
circuits without a computer interface
CI Sensor Voltage Monitor
CI-6611
P Take advantage of PASCO’s numerous fine quality sensors already
mounted in a case and ready to use
Plug up to five ScienceWorkshop sensors at
a time into the front of the CI Sensor Voltage
Monitor. The sensors’ output voltages are
accessed at the buss on the back of the
CI Sensor Voltage Monitor.
Back
Force Sensor
(See page 2)
Fan Accessory
(See page 30)
Front
Force Sensor
Force Accessory
Bracket
Dynamics System
(See page 27)
Voltage reading is
proportional to the
force applied
Sensor plugs into
CI Sensor Voltage
Monitor
1 kg
mass
The NI ELVIS and LabVIEW software are used to control
the Fan Accessory based on measurements from the Force
Sensor.
Analog NI ELVIS
Adapter
CI-6718
CI Sensor Voltage Monitor
Output voltage from sensor
Digital NI ELVIS
Adapter
CI-6719
(Used with
Photogates,
Motion Sensor, and
Rotary Motion Sensors).
NI ELVIS combines instrumentation, data
acquisition and a prototyping board in one unit.
For more information on NI LabVIEW and
NI ELVIS, visit www.ni.com.
Virtual instruments for using PASCO sensors
are available FREE at www.pasco.com/labview.
Use these VIs to get started or modify them to
fit the needs of your laboratory.
Order Information:
Analog NI ELVIS Adapter ...................CI-6718
Digital NI ELVIS Adapter ....................CI-6719
The CI Sensor Voltage Monitor accepts any ScienceWorkshop CI sensor, supplies power to
the sensor, and gives access to the output voltage of the sensor through the terminal strip
on the back of the box. Monitor the output voltage using a voltmeter or an oscilloscope or
wire the sensor output directly into your own circuit. The instruction sheet includes calibration
data for relating the output voltage to the sensor reading (for example, 8 V = 50 Newtons for
a Force Sensor).
Includes
CI Sensor Voltage Monitor
Power Adapter: 9 VDC @ 500 mA
Calibration Data in Manual
Order Information:
Specifications
Accepts all ScienceWorkshop Sensors
5 Voltage Outputs
Power adapter: 9 VDC, 500 mA
Not compatible with PASPORT sensors.
CI Sensor Voltage Monitor ............................................................................................................................. CI-6611
Recommended:
Any ScienceWorkshop Sensor .................................................................................................................... See page 2
Basic Digital Multimeter ................................................................................................................................... SE-9786A
www.pasco.com/engineering

Data Acquisition—PASPORT ®
Hand-held Computer with Interface
XplorerGLX ®
PS-2002
P Includesavoltageprobe,twotemperatureprobes,abuilt-in
speakerandmicrophone,andsignalgenerator
P FourportsforPASPORTsensors
P PrintsdirectlytoselectHPUSBprinters
P UseasaUSBinterfacewhenconnectedtoacomputer
XplorerGLX
(PS-2002)
PASPORT
Interfaces
Work Together
Use any combination
of PASPORT Interfaces
together by plugging the
interfaces into multiple
USB ports or a USB hub.
Order Information:
Xplorer GLX............................................................................PS-2002
Xplorer GLX Power Amplifier...................................PS-2006 p. 7
Connect One PASPORT Sensor
to a Computer
USBLink
PS-2100A
P DirectlylinkonePASPORT
sensortoaUSBport
P Usemultiplelinksfor
moresensors
P 1000Hzmaximum
samplingrate
withPASPORT
sensors
Connect Two PASPORT Sensors
to a Computer
PS-2009
P TwoPASPORTsensorports
P Built-inTemperatureandVoltage
SensorswithProbes
P SimpleUSBconnectivity
tocomputer
P Ruggedpolycarbonatecase
case
P PoweredthroughUSBport
Order Information:
USB Link ................................................................................................PS-2100A
Connect Three PASPORT Sensors to a Computer
USBPowerLink
PS-2001
P Idealforexperimentsusingmultiplesensors
P ThreesensorportsinoneUSBconnection
P 1000HzmaximumsamplingratewithPASPORTSensors
P Built-inUSBhub
Desktop or Field Use. PowerLink functions as a computer-based interface
when connected to a USB port, and can also collect data in the field using
a laptop computer. Includes sensor extension cable.
Order Information:
PowerLink..................................................................................................PS-2001
Order Information:
SPARKlink......................................................................................................PS-2009
USBConnectiontoComputer
LongBatteryLife
Two “C” batteries
(not included) will
provide several days
of use in the field.
4
PASCO’s DataStudio ® Software
P ControlsScienceWorkshopandPASPORTInterfaces
P Powerfuldataanalysistools
P Curve-fitting
P Built-incalculator
P Oscilloscopemodesupportsuptofivetraces
P FunctionGeneratorforScienceWorkshop750Interface
P WindowsandMACcompatible
Gotowww.pasco.com/datastudioformoreinformation.
Order Information:
DataStudio Software
Single User....................................CI-6870G
Site License..................................CI-6871G
www.pasco.com/engineering

Data Acquisition—PASPORT ® 5
Over 70 PASPORT Sensors Available
P PASPORTDigitalSensors
P Self-identifying
For sensor specifications, visit
www.pasco.com/engineering/data-acquisition
AnalogAdapter PS-2158
3-AxisAcceleration/Altimeter PS-2136 p.55
3-AxisAcceleration PS-2119 p.55
2-AxisAcceleration PS-2118
Accelerometer-Visual PS-2128 p.30
BreathRate PS-2187 p.56
CarbonDioxideGas PS-2110 p.58,63
Charge PS-2132
Chemistry PS-2170 p.66
Colorimeter PS-2121 p.67
Conductivity PS-2116A p.67
Current(High) PS-2193 p.94
CurrentProbeNEW PS-2184
DigitalAdapter PS-2159 p.7
DisplacementSensor PS-2204 p.8,15
DropCounter PS-2117 p.67
DualLoadCellAmplifier PS-2205 p.9
DualLoadCellAmplifierSet PS-2206 p.9
EKG PS-2111 p.57
Ethanol PS-2194 p.58,63
FlowRate/Temperature PS-2130 p.65
Force PS-2104 p.25
Force(HighResolution) PS-2189 p.91
ForcePlatform PS-2141 p.54
ForcePlatform(2-axis) PS-2142 p.54
FreefallAdapter ME-9207B p.2
Galvanometer PS-2160
Geiger-Muller SN-7927A
GeneralScience PS-2168
Goniometer PS-2137 p.56
GPSPosition PS-2175 p.6,61
HeartRate(Exercise) PS-2129
HeartRate(HandGrip) PS-2186 p.57
Humidity/Temp/DewPoint PS-2124A
Humidity/Temp/DewPoint–DualNEW PS-2156 p.62
LaserSwitch ME-9259A p.35
Light PS-2106A
Light(BroadSpectrum) PS-2150
Light(HighSensitivity) PS-2176 p.105
Light(Infrared) PS-2148
LightLevel
PS-2177
Light(UVA) PS-2149
LoadCell&AmplifierSet PS-2199 p.9
LoadCell,5N PS-2201 p.9
LoadCell,100N PS-2200 p.9
MagneticField PS-2112
MagneticField(2-axis) PS-2162 p.94
Motion(Ultra-SonicPositionSensor) PS-2103A p.20,25
Oxygen,Dissolved PS-2108 p.59
OxygenGas PS-2126A p.58
pH PS-2102 p.66
pHFlatElectrode PS-2182
pH/ORP/ISE PS-2147
Photogate,Accessory ME-9204B
(RequiresDigitalAdapter)
PhotogateHead ME-9498A p.44
(RequiresDigitalAdapter)
Pressure-Absolute
PS-2107
Pressure-Barometer/LowPressure PS-2113A
Pressure-Dual PS-2181 p.82
Pressure-Quad PS-2164 p.84
Pressure-Relative PS-2114
Pressure/Temperature PS-2146 p.69
Relay CI-6462 p.7
RespirationRate PS-2133
RotaryMotion PS-2120 p.40
Salinity PS-2195 p.62
SoilMoisture PS-2163 p.62
SoundLevel PS-2109
Spectrometer PS-2635 p.6,60
Spirometer PS-2152 p.56,84
Temperature PS-2125 p.70
Temperature-Array PS-2157 p.71
Temperature-FastResponse PS-2135 p.70
Temperature-Quad PS-2143 p.70
Temperature-Skin/Surface PS-2131 p.70
Temperature-StainlessSteel PS-2153 p.70
Temperature-TypeK PS-2134 p.71
Temperature-TypeK-4port PS-2127 p.71
Temp/SoundLevel/Light PS-2140
Temperature-Non-contact PS-2197 p.64
Thermocline PS-2151 p.65
Time-of-FlightAccessory ME-6810 p.32
(RequiresDigitalAdapter)
Turbidity PS-2122 p.65
UVA PS-2149
Voltage/Current PS-2115 p.78
Voltage(1MHz2-channel) PS-2190 p.7
WaterQuality PS-2169 p.64
WaterQualityColorimeter PS-2179 p.65
Weather PS-2154A
Weather/AnemometerSensor PS-2174 p.61
WindVelocityAccessory
ME-6812
CurrentProbe
PS-2184
The PS-2184 attaches
to a PASCO voltage sensor
to allow the measurement of current between -4 A and +4 A.
The probe contains a precision 0.10 ohm resistor and allows
the precise measurement of the
voltage drop across the resistor.
The current is
measured
by creating a
DataStudio
calculation: I=V/R.
Specifications
Current
Resistor: 0.10 Ohm, 3.0W, 1.0%
Maximum Current: 4A
Maximum Voltage: 10V
Maximum Voltage Without Damage: 30V
Terminals: 4mm Banana Jacks
The current is calculated from the voltage
across the precision 0.10 ohm resistor.
Order Information:
Current Probe..........................................................................................PS-2184
Current
Voltage
Sensor
(notincluded)
www.pasco.com/engineering

Data Acquisition—PASPORT ®
Special Features of the Xplorer GLX ®
1. Remote Datalogging
Take data anywhere, anytime with the Xplorer GLX. Display and analyze the data on
the Xplorer GLX screen. Later, just connect the Xplorer GLX to the USB port on your
computer and all stored data can be downloaded ready for writing reports or further
analysis. Data can also be stored on a USB flash drive and printed
directly to many HP printers.
Equipment Shown:
Rocket Engine Test Bracket.......................................ME-6617
Xplorer GLX.............................................................................PS-2002
Force Sensor..........................................................................PS-2104
Lab Stand..................................................................................PS-2526
See.pages.108-109.for.rods.and.clamps.
The Xplorer GLX is shown with the Rocket Engine
Test Bracket attached to a Force Sensor. Students
can measure and graphically display the impulse of
Estes and other model rocket engines.
2. Record Latitude and Longitude
of Sensor Measurements
GPS.Position.Sensor
PS-2175
The GPS Position sensor utilizes satellite triangulation
to determine the sensor’s position and velocity
in outdoor environments. Obtain sensor data
simultaneously linked to your latitude, longitude,
altitude, and velocity. Pinpoints your location in the
world and reports the latitude and longitude with a
resolution of 2 meters. This data can be imported
into My World GIS software to overlay sensor data
on maps or aerial photos. Relative Position Mode
enables a higher resolution (0.2 meters), suitable
for experiments involving bicycles or people running
or walking, in which the position in the world is not
required.
3. Display Full-scan Spectra with
Ocean Optics Red Tide Spectrometer
Emission.Spectrometer.System.for.Xplorer.GLX
PS-2635
P .Uses.Ocean.Optics.Red.Tide.Spectrometer
P .Full-scan.spectroscopy.without.a.computer!
The Xplorer GLX controls the Ocean Optics Red Tide
Spectrometer which detects the spectrum using a 2048
pixel CCD linear array. The Xplorer GLX does a full sweep
in less than 1 second.
Specifications
Range: VIS-NIR, 350-1000 nm
Optical Resolution: 2 nm
Includes
Ocean Optics Red Tide Spectrometer
Fiber Optics Cable
USB Cable
License key for Ocean Optics GLX feature set
Car acceleration was measured with an Acceleration Sensor, and position and velocity were
measured with the GPS Position sensor, then plotted on an aerial photo in My World software.
The size of the plotted data point indicates the speed of the car, and the data is color
coded to indicate the car’s centripetal acceleration.
Order Information:
GPS Position Sensor......................................................................... PS-2175
Recommended:
3-Axis.Acceleration.Altimeter.................................................... PS-2136..
My.World.GIS.Software.Student.License.......................... SE-7382C.
(For.volume.licensing,.see.www.pasco.com/myworld/)
Light from a Hydrogen tube is sampled using
the fiber optics cable connected to the Ocean
Optics Spectrometer. The Spectrometer is
plugged into the USB port on the Xplorer GLX.
(Light Source sold separately.
Absorption Spectrometer System
for Xplorer GLX on page 66.
Order Information:
Emission Spectrometer System for Xplorer GLX.....................................PS-2635
Required:
Xplorer.GLX..........................................................................................................................PS-2002.
Shown in use with::
Spectral.Tube.Power.Supply...................................................................................SE-9460.
Hydrogen.Tube...................................................................................................................SE-9461.
6
www.pasco.com/engineering

4. Control a Relay Using Xplorer GLX
Calculator Functions
Relay
CI-6462
Data Acquisition—PASPORT ®
The Xplorer GLX controls the Relay
to turn a light on when the temperature
sensor above the bulb reads less than
25 °C. Shown in use with EM-8678
Charge/Discharge Circuit (see page 101).
7
P .Single-pole.
Double-throw.switch
P .Use.with.Xplorer.GLX.Interface
P .For.Sense.and.Control.projects
Order Information:
Relay.....................................................................................................CI-6462
Required for use with Xplorer GLX:
Digital.Adapter...............................................................................PS-2159.
5. Power and Measure Circuits
Power.Amplifier.for.the.Xplorer.GLX
PS-2006
P .Amplifies.the.signal.output.from.the.Xplorer.GLX
P .Built-in.current.sensor
P .10.V,.1.A
P .Signals.available:
DC,.Sine,.Square,.
Triangle,.Sawtooth
1.MHz.2-channel.Voltage.Sensor
Measure two channels simultaneously at up to
1 MHz sampling rate. It has three gain settings with fullscale
input ranges of ±10 V, ±1 V, and ±0.1 V.
Xplorer.GLX.Power.Amplifier
Generate an AC signal to power the RLC
circuit.
Graph shows driving voltage and voltage
drop across the resistor.
Control the output signal from the GLX
Power Amplifier and monitor
all measurements directly from
the Xplorer GLX.
1.MHz.2-channel.
Voltage.Sensor
PS-2190
For more experiments
using the GLX
Power Amplifier
see pages 29 and 37.
P .Measure.two.channels.at.sample.
rates.up.to.1.MHz.
Use the Xplorer GLX and the PS-2190
1 MHz Voltage Sensor to measure the
phase shift between the driving voltage
and the resulting current in an RLC Circuit.
Compare the voltage drop across the
resistor to the voltages across the inductor
and capacitor. All measurements can be
made directly using the displays and tools
included with the Xplorer GLX.
Specifications
Two differential channels
1 MHz max sample rate
± 10 V max input
Three gain settings
Overvoltage protection
The CI-6512 RLC Circuit Board is perfect for studying introductory
AC circuit theory. Vary all parameters, including resistance, capacitance,
and even the inductance of the coil by using the included iron core.
Order Information:
Xplorer GLX
Power Amplifier.................................................PS-2006
1 MHz 2-channel
Voltage Sensor....................................................PS-2190
Required for use:
Xplorer.GLX............................................................PS-2002. p..4.
Recommended:
RLC.Circuit.Board..............................................CI-6512. p..101.
Short.Patch.Cords.............................................SE-7123. .
www.pasco.com/engineering

Structures System – Overview
Structures Overview
Experience real-world design building a large variety of structures. This reconfigurable
system allows students to measure static and dynamic forces using load cells, and
still have time to redesign and test again. See the following pages for ordering
information, and details on individual structures sets.
Numerical displays of load cell forces are generated in PASCO’s
DataStudio® software.
See page 4.
Load Cell & Amplifier Set
See page 9
Measure support forces
with a Force Platform
Measure the support forces of a crane by connecting
it to a Force Platform (PS-2141) using the special
Force Platform Structures Bracket (ME-6988A). The
Force Platform is supported by four individual load
cells which combine to measure the total vertical
force on the platform. These four readings can also
be viewed separately, to measure the unequal forces
on the crane supports.
Tower.Crane
2.3 m tall
Large Slotted
Mass Set
See page 107
Motion Sensor
See page 5
Xplorer GLX®
Hand-held Computer
See page 4
Specifications
Maximum Travel: 10 mm N to +100 N
Maximum Sample Rate: 5 Hz
Resolution: 0.013 mm (0.0005 in)
Displacement of the bridge is measured by the
Xplorer GLX and the Motion Sensor as the 1/2 kg
masses are added to the mass hanger.
Measure bridge deflection with a
Displacement Sensor
The PS-2204 Displacement Sensor measures
the travel of a spring-loaded indicator pressed
against a bridge as the bridge is loaded. It
consists of a PASPORT sensor which plugs
into the included Digital Indicator, a digital
travel indicator which has its own digital LED
readout and can be used as a stand-alone
device. When the PASPORT sensor is plugged
into a PASPORT interface, the reading can be
recorded.
See page 15 for more uses.
Order Information:
Displacement Sensor...............PS-2204
Shown in use with:
Hooked.Mass.Set........................SE-8759. p..107.
Small.“A”.Base.............................ME-8976. p..109.
60.cm.long.Steel.Rod.
(threaded)..........................................ME-8977. p..109.
Required for use:
PASPORT.Interface.(p..4)
PS-2204 Includes
Sensor
Bracket
Dial Gauge
ME-6988A Includes
Brackets (2)
Screws (4)
Force Platform (PS-2141)
Crane built
using the
Large Structures Set
shown on
page 18.
Order Information:
Force Platform
Structures Bracket.........................ME-6988A
Force Platform...................................PS-2141 p. 54
8
www.pasco.com/engineering

Structures System – Load Cells and Amplifiers
Choice of Load Cell Amplifiers:
CI.Load.Cell.Amplifier
CI-6464
Dual.Load.Cell.Amplifier
PS-2205
Load.Cell.Amplifier
(6.ports)
PS-2198
This amplifier allows users of the 500
and 750 ScienceWorkshop Interfaces to
collect data using the Structures System
100N and 5N Load Cells. This system has
been successfully used at sample rates
up to 10,000 Hz. The sample rate limit
is determined by the interface and
computer used.
A separate amplifier is required for
each load cell.
Order Information:
CI Load Cell Amplifier*................CI-6464
Required for Use:
ScienceWorkshop Interface....p..2
Load.Cell.100N*..................................PS-2200.
Load.Cell.5N*.......................................PS-2201.
Also available at a discount:
CI Load Cell and
Amplifier Set*..........................CI-6465
Set Includes:
CI.Load.Cell.Amplifier*..
(CI-6464)
Load.Cell.100N*..
(PS-2200)
Required for use:
ScienceWorkshop Interface.(p..2)
Two types of Load Cells:
The Amplifier accepts either the 100N load
cell or the 5N load cell or a combination
of both. The maximum data sample rate is
1000 Hz for each port.
A PASCO PASPORT USB interface is
required: Use a USBLink (PS-2100A) for
just one Load Cell Amplifier or use an
Xplorer GLX (PS-2002) or PowerLink
(PS-2001) for multiple Load Cell Amplifiers.
Order Information:
Dual Load Cell Amplifier*..........PS-2205
Required for Use:
PASPORT.Interface.........................p..4
Load.Cell.100N*..................................PS-2200.
Load.Cell.5N*.......................................PS-2201.
Also available at a discount:
Load Cell and
Dual Amplifier Set*.............PS-2206
Set Includes:
Dual.Load.Cell.Amplifier*..
(PS-2205)
Load.Cell.100N*..
(PS-2200)
Required for use:
PASPORT.Interface.(p..4)
Load cells are available in two different ranges: ±100 N and ± 5 N. These load cells are
designed to be inserted into structures without changing the length of the member. A load
cell attached to two shorter beams is equal in length to a longer beam. Both types of load
cells can be used with the same amplifier in any combination. The semi-transparent case
lets students see the strain gauge and beam inside.
This Load Cell Amplifier can accommodate
up to six load cells and only needs a single
USBLink (PS-2100A) to connect to the
USB port on a computer. This is useful for
doing an extensive analysis of a bridge by
inserting six load cells at various points
in the structure to see if theory matches
reality.
The Amplifier accepts either the 100N load
cell or the 5N load cell or a combination
of both. The maximum data sample rate is
500 Hz for each port.
Order Information:
Load Cell Amplifier*
(6 ports).................................................PS-2198
Required for Use:
PASPORT.Interface......................p..4
Load.Cell.100N*...............................PS-2200.
Load.Cell.5N*....................................PS-2201.
Also available at a discount:
Load Cell and
Amplifier Set*..........................PS-2199
Set Includes:
Load.Cell.Amplifier*..
(PS-2198)
Load.Cell.100N*..
(qty.4).(PS-2200)
Required for use:
PASPORT..
Interface.(p..4)
Load Cell 5N
(PS-2201)
Load.Cell.
100N
PS-2200
Load.Cell.5N
PS-2201
Specifications
Range: -100 N to +100 N
Accuracy: ±1% (± 1 N)
Resolution: 0.02 N
Safe Overload: -150 N to +150 N
Specifications
Range: -5 N to +5 N
Accuracy: ±1% (±0.05 N)
Resolution: 0.001 N
Safe Overload: -7.5 N to +7.5 N
2 1/4”
Load Cell 100N
(PS-2200)
Order Information:
100 N Load Cell*...............PS-2200
Order Information:
5 N Load Cell*....................PS-2201
www.pasco.com/engineering
Mix 5N and 100N load cells on the same amplifier
*Patents pending
9

Structures System – Truss Set
Truss Set
ME-6990
P Teach the basics of trusses
P Demonstrate the properties
of I-Beams
Through Truss
with Verticals
Plastic I-Beams
Plastic Connectors
Steel Thumb Screws
Use the Truss Set to
build a variety of
structures to investigate
the principles of trusses.
The ABS plastic I-Beams
fasten securely together using
the provided connectors and thumb
screws. Load cells can be inserted
anywhere into the design by replacing one
beam at a time. Students can load
the truss by hanging weights.
Measure the compression
and tension in the I-Beam
members by adding
optional Load Cells.
Construction is easy: I-Beams fit into the connectors and are secured
with thumb screws. Thumb screws are also slotted so a screwdriver can be used.
I-Beams key into the load cell and
are fastened with thumb screws.
Students can construct a roof truss
to study how the roof is supported
in buildings.
Deck Truss Bridge
Truss Set Includes
I-Beam #5 (8) 24 cm long
I-Beam #4 (18) 17 cm long
I-Beam #3 (18) 11.5 cm long
I-Beam #2 (8) 8 cm long
I-Beam #1 (8) 5.5 cm long
Connectors (14), Screws (75), and Instruction manual
10
Order Information:
www.pasco.com/engineering
Kingpost Roof Truss
Truss Set* ................................................................................ME-6990
Recommended:
Load Cell & Amplifier Set*
(includes four load cells) ...............................................PS-2199 p. 9
*Patents pending

Structures System – Bridge Set
Bridge Set
ME-6991
P Larger quantity of I-beams and connectors
P Study the principles of bridge
construction
P Road bed and car add realism
to bridges
P Add Load Cells to see
dynamic loading as car
traverses bridge
Warren with Verticals
1.5 m long
Car with Mass
Cross bracing
Verticals to
support road
bed
Flexible Road Bed
The Bridge Set includes all the I-beams and connectors required to build the
structures shown on this page. Special cord locks allow tensioning of cord (cables)
for cross bracing. A flexible plastic road bed clips to the cross-beams and, using
load cells, the tension and compression of each element can be displayed in real time.
Add Load Cells to measure forces
anywhere in the structure.
A positive value represents
compression.
Howe
Pratt
Warren
Students can build several types of fundamental bridges,
including Howe, Pratt, and Warren bridges.
Design your own roller coaster!
Deck Truss
80 cm long
Add Load Cells to measure the
forces needed to support the track
as the car goes up and over the
loop. See p. 45 for more roller
coasters.
Waddell
“A” Truss
1 m long
Bridge Set Includes
I-beam #5 (16) 24 cm long
I-beam #4 (36) 17 cm long
I-beam #3 (36) 11.5 cm long
I-beam #2 (16) 8 cm long
I-beam #1 (16) 5.5 cm long
Connectors (28)
Screws (150)
Flexible road bed (3 m)
Track coupler
Road bed clips (24)
Car with flag and mass
Starter bracket
Cord tensioning clips (32)
Yellow cord (1 roll)
Instruction manual
The Waddell “A” Truss uses a cord (cable) for the
center vertical member.
Order Information:
Bridge Set* .............................................................................ME-6991
Recommended:
Load Cell & Amplifier Set*
(includes four load cells) ..............................................PS-2199 p. 9
*Patents pending
www.pasco.com/engineering
11

Structures System – Advanced Set
Advanced.Structures.Set
ME-6992B
P .Build.larger.bridges
P .Build.cranes,.catapults,.cars
The Advanced Structures Set includes more
components to build a larger variety of structures.
Axles and pulleys allow construction of cranes,
cars and even a working catapult!
Camelback.
Truss.Bridge
1.4 m long
See pages 13, 14, 16 and 17
for more examples of
Advanced Structures.
Add Load Cells to measure forces
anywhere in the structure.
Falling mass
Catapult
60 cm tall
Throws a projectile over 10 meters!
Wheels allow catapult to move.
Use pulleys to
investigate
mechanical
advantage.
Angle.Crane
1.5 m tall
Flexible I-Beams
Straight
Connector
Mass Set
Suspension.
Bridge
2.2 m long
Flat Members
For cross-bracing
Round Connector
Advanced Structures Set Includes
Force Platform Bracket (2) Round and Flat Connectors (6 ea.)
I-Beam #5 (24) 24 cm long PAStrack Fasteners (6)
I-Beam #4 (54) 17 cm long Angle and Straight Connectors (24 ea.)
I-Beam #3 (54) 11.5 cm long Sliding Connector (12)
I-Beam #2 (24) 8 cm long Pulleys, O-rings, Spacers (12 ea.)
I-Beam #1 (24) 5.5 cm long Collets (24)
Flex I-Beam #5 (10) 24 cm long Drive Wheel with Rubber Tire (4)
Flex I-Beam #4 (18) 17 cm long Structures Rod Clamps (2)
Flex I-Beam #3 (18) 11.5 cm long Screws (300)
Flat Beams (16 ea. of 3 lengths) Yellow Cord (1 roll)
Axles (2 ea. of 3 lengths) Instruction Manual
Connectors (42)
Cord Tensioning Clips (32)
Order Information:
Flexible.I-Beams
Dramatically demonstrate
structural failure
Advanced Structures Set*.............ME-6992B
Shown in use with:
Load.Cell.&.Amplifier.Set*.
(includes.four.load.cells).................PS-2199
Hooked.Mass.Set.................................SE-8759 .
Large.Slotted.Mass.Set....................ME-7566
*Patents pending
12
www.pasco.com/engineering

Destructible.Bridge.Members
ME-7004
Because the standard blue I-beams are so strong, it requires too
much weight to break them. To investigate structural failure, we
have created a bridge member that is weaker, and has a fail-safe
mechanism so the bridge will not catastrophically collapse.
In addition, you can measure the tension and the displacement
during the failure.
Structures System – Hydraulics/Destruction
Destructible Bridge
Fixture
Metal plate
Breakable
Link
The black metal plate of the Destructible
Bridge Fixture allows the Breakable Link
to stretch and fail but keeps the bridge
from falling down completely.
The Destructible Bridge Fixture
is reusable. A broken link can be
easily replaced with a new one by
simply sliding it onto the posts.
Displacement Sensor
Load Cell
As each weight is added, the stretch of the Breakable Link is measured with the
Displacement Sensor and the tension in the member is measured with the Load Cell.
The tension decreases when the link is in the final stage of failure.
Includes
Destructible Bridge Fixtures (2)
Breakable Links
(100 each of two
different strengths)
A tensile stress tester can be constructed from the Advanced
Structure Set. Using a 100 N Load Cell and the Displacement
Sensor, Young’s Modulus for the material can be determined.
Order Information:
Destructible Bridge
Members....................................ME-7004
Advanced..
Structures.Set*......................ME-6992B. p..12.
Load.Cell.&..
Amplifier.Set*.........................PS-2199. p..9.
Displacement.Sensor........PS-2204. p..8.
Large.Slotted...
Mass.2.kg.Set.........................ME-7589. p..107.
Destructible.Bridge..
Members.Spares..................ME-7005. p..19.
*Patents pending
www.pasco.com/engineering
13

Structures System – Hydraulics
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Structures
ME-6984
Add a hydraulic/pneumatic ram to make your structures
move and do work. Not only will students see the
cranes and bridges in action, they can directly
measure the pressure and volume to calculate
how much work was done.
Drawbridge
is built using
Large Structures Set
shown on page 18.
Student uses a syringe to raise
the drawbridge.
Valves are used with the syringe to
pump up this fork lift. The use of
different size syringes shows how
a smaller force requires a greater
number of pumps to do the same
amount of work as a larger force.
An Ideal Gas Law Syringe (TD-8596A), which has
an internal thermistor, is used to pump air into the
cylinder. A Pressure/Temperature Sensor (PS-2146)
records the air pressure and temperature while
the Rotary Motion Sensor (PS-2120) records the
movement.
Pressure and volume are
recorded as the weight is
lifted, and the work done is
the area under the curve.
Rotary Motion
Sensor
Pressure
Sensor
The weight is lifted using a syringe of water
to fill the master cylinder. An Absolute Pressure
Sensor (PS-2107) measures the pressure and a Rotary
Motion Sensor (PS-2120) records the movement of the piston.
Order Information:
Includes
Master Cylinder
Pressure Sensor “T”
Check Valves and Tubing
10 ml Syringe
20 ml Syringe
60 ml Syringe
Drive belt for Rotary Motion Sensor
(Not shown)
14
Hydraulic/Pneumatic Structures ....................................................ME-6984
Shown in use with:
Large Structures Set* ..............................................................................ME-7003
Advanced Structures Set* ...................................................................ME-6992B
Steel Rod (45 cm) ........................................................................................ME-8736
Absolute Pressure Sensor ....................................................................PS-2107
Rotary Motion Sensor ..............................................................................PS-2120
Pressure/Temperature Sensor ..........................................................PS-2146
Ideal Gas Law Syringe ............................................................................TD-8596A
*Patents pending
www.pasco.com/engineering

Structures System – Cast Beams
Cast Beam Structures Set
ME-7009
Make your own cast beams which look like pre-stressed
concrete beams. Test them and you’ll find they perform
like them, too. These beams are cast with a mixture of
sand and plaster of Paris (not included). The rebar is made
of the same plastic used for the I-beams. Students can
explore how the strength of the beam is affected by the
amount of tension put on the rebar, the mixture of sand
and plaster of Paris, or using one or two rebar.
The graph of hanging mass
versus displacement shows
the relative strengths of
three beams: One cast
beam made with no preload;
one cast beam made
with 60 N of pre-load; and
one normal plastic I-beam.
Notice that the traces
for the cast beams show
discontinuities when the
beams cracked. Also notice
that the pre-loaded cast
beam is stronger than the
plastic I-beam until the cast
beam cracks.
Tension Fixture
Displacement Sensor
Cast Beam
Both the tension fixture and
the test fixture can be built
concurrently with this set.
The beam rebar is kept under tension
while the beam is drying.
Test Fixture
Displacement of
beam is measured
as load is increased.
Rebar
Cast Beam
Mold
Step 1: The rebar with connecting ends snaps into the
plastic mold.
Step 2: Insert rebar into tensioning apparatus and pour a
mixture of sand and plaster of Paris into the mold.
Step 3: After it dries, it is easy to remove the flexible plastic
mold from the cast beam.
Cast Beam Structures Set ME-7009 Includes
I-Beam #5 (8) 24 cm long
Collets (24)
I-Beam #4 (18) 17 cm long
Screws (150)
I-Beam #3 (18) 11.5 cm long Pulleys, O-rings, spacers (12 ea.)
I-Beam #2 (8) 8 cm long
Sliding connector (12)
I-Beam #1 (8) 5.5 cm long
Reusable Plastic Molds (10)
Axles (2 ea. of 3 lengths)
Rebar (30)
Connectors (14)
Yellow cord (1 roll)
Cord tensioning clips (32)
Instruction manual
Round and flat connectors (6 ea.) Required but not included:
PAStrack fasteners (6)
Sand and Plaster of Paris
Angle and straight connectors (24 ea.)
Measure Young’s
Modulus for the rebar.
The connecting ends can
be cut off from the rebar
allowing the rebar to fit
into the Stress/Strain
Apparatus (AP-8213).
Cast Beam Spares
ME-6983
Consumable replacement parts for Cast
Beams. These can also be used with the
Advanced Structures Set (page 12).
Includes
10 Reusable Plastic Molds
30 Rebar with Connectors
Order Information:
Cast Beam Spares ....................ME-6983
Order Information:
Cast Beam Structures Set ................ME-7009
Also shown in use on this page:
Displacement Sensor ...........................PS-2204
Stress/Strain Apparatus .....................AP-8213
Base and Support Rods ......................page 109
Large Slotted Mass sets ....................page 107
www.pasco.com/engineering
15

Structures System
Classic Statics using the PASCO Structures System
Forces on a Boom
Vary all parameters including length and angle of the boom. Directly measure
the horizontal and vertical forces exerted by the pivot (axle) on the
boom, and the tension
in the supporting cord.
T
q
W
F x
.
W b
Classic statics problem of
pivoted boom supported by
a cable.
F y
Support structure uses 1/2 kg masses from the
ME-7566 Large Slotted Mass Set (sold separately)
for counter balance.
Use the Angle Indicator
(sold separately) to accurately
measure the angle of the
boom and supporting cord.
A Lesson in
Balance
Circus performer
not included!
Teeter Totter
Take “meter stick” torque to a new level! By
building their own unique structures, students
learn about center of mass, torque, and static
equilibrium as never before.
The examples shown on this
page can be built using the
Advanced Structures Set.
Ladder Against Wall
How does the required
frictional force (measured
by the load cell at bottom)
change as the location
of the hanging mass
is moved further
up the ladder?
N
W L
f
W
N
Human Leg
Build and test structural
models of the human
body, like the leg shown
here. See page 52 for
more applications.
Order Information:
Advanced Structures Set* ............................................ME-6992B p. 12
Shown in use with:
Load Cell & Amplifier Set*
(includes four load cells) ................................................PS-2199 p. 9
Additional 100 N Load Cell* ..........................................PS-2200 p. 9
Hooked Mass Set .................................................................SE-8759 p. 107
Large Slotted Mass Set ...................................................ME-7566 p. 107
Angle Indicator ......................................................................ME-9495A
Mass and Hanger Set .......................................................ME-8979 p. 107
Large Table Clamp ...............................................................ME-9472 p. 108
Steel Rod (90 cm) .................................................................ME-8738 p. 109
*Patents pending
16
www.pasco.com/engineering

Structures System
Combine the rigid, plastic PAStrack sections with the
Structures System.
PAStrack Cable-Stayed Bridge
The cable-stayed bridge shown here was constructed
using components from the Advanced Structures Set
and two ME-6997 Round Connector Spares sets. The
roadbed uses four sets of PAStrack and four sets of
curved PAStrack.
Cable-Stayed
Bridge
1.5 m Long Graph shows the change in tension and compression
of the supporting members as the Motorized
Cart moves across the span.
PAScar
PAStrack Curved
Sections
PAStrack
Mass
Load
Cells
Add Load Cells to
measure the support
forces in the bridge.
Motorized Cart
PAStrack Arch Bridge
4 m Long
PAStrack Truss Bridge
The arch bridge shown here was constructed using
components from the Advanced Structures Set and six
ME-6997 Round Connector Spares sets. The roadbed
uses four sets of PAStrack.
Adjustable
Endstop
PAScar
Load Cell &
Amplifier Set
Load cells are used to measure the tension and
compression in the members.
Order Information:
Advanced Structures Set* ........ ME-6992B p. 12
PAScar (set of 2) ............................... ME-6950 p. 26
PAStrack (2 sections) .................... ME-6960 p. 28
Curved PAStrack ............................... ME-6841 p. 28
Motorized Cart .................................... ME-9781 p. 29
250 g Mass ............................................ ME-6756 p. 29
Adjustable Endstop ......................... ME-8971 p. 28
Round Connector Spares ........... ME-6997 p. 19
Load Cell & Amplifier Set*
(includes four load cells) ............ PS-2199 p. 9
*Patents pending
www.pasco.com/engineering
17

Structures System – Large Structures Set
Large Structures Set
ME-7003
The Large Structures Set includes all the components
contained in the ME-6992B Advanced Structures Set plus
additional parts to build even bigger structures. It also
includes the Mini Cars with plastic track to build roller
coasters, and to add realistic roadbeds to your bridges.
Build this crane and
15 other HUGE structures with
this one comprehensive set!
Double Tied
Arch Bridge
2.8 m long
Student uses the Hydraulic/Pneumatic
System (page 14) to raise and lower the
drawbridge.
Arch Truss
2 m long
Add load cells (page 9) to
measure forces anywhere
in the structure.
Cable Stayed
3.8 m long
Suspension Bridge
3 m long
Large Structures Set Includes
I-Beam #6 (24) 35 cm long
I-Beam #5 (24) 24 cm long
I-Beam #4 (54) 17 cm long
I-Beam #3 (54) 11.5 cm long
I-Beam #2 (24) 8 cm long
I-Beam #1 (24) 5.5 cm long
Flex I-Beam #5 (10) 24 cm long
Flex I-Beam #4 (18) 17 cm long
Flex I-Beam #3 (18) 11.5 cm long
Flat Beams (16 ea. of 3 lengths)
Axles (2 ea. of 3 lengths)
Connectors (70)
Cord Tensioning Clips (32)
Yellow car and green car, each
with ballast mass and flag
Force Platform Bracket (2)
Round and Flat connectors (6 ea.)
Angle and Straight Connectors (24 ea.)
Drive Wheel with Rubber Tire (4)
Pulleys, O-rings, Spacers (12 ea.)
Structures Rod Clamps (2)
Sliding Connector (12)
PAStrack Fasteners (6)
Collets (24)
Screws (450)
Yellow Cord (1 roll)
Flexible road bed (9.1m)
Road bed clips (24)
Starter bracket (1)
Track coupler (2)
Instruction Manual
Order Information:
Large Structures Set* ............................... ME-7003
Shown in use with:
Hydraulic/Pneumatic
Structures .......................................................... ME-6984 ...p. 14
Load Cell & Amplifier Set*
(includes four load cells) ........................ PS-2119 ....p. 9
Slotted Mass Set .......................................... ME-7589 ...p. 107
*Patents pending
18
www.pasco.com/engineering

Structures System – Replacement Spares Sets
Truss Set Members
ME-6993
Includes
I-beam #5 (8) 24 cm long
I-beam #4 (18) 17 cm long
I-beam #3 (18) 11.5 cm long
I-beam #2 (8) 8 cm long
I-beam #1 (8) 5.5 cm long
Connectors (14)
Order Information:
Truss Set Members .............................ME-6993
Truss Set Screws
ME-6994
Includes 75 screws.
All components in the Structures System
use this same 6-32 thumb screw.
Order Information:
Truss Set Screws .................................ME-6994
Connectors Spares
ME-7002
Set of 14 connectors used
to join truss members. This is
the same connector included
in the ME-6993 Truss Set.
Order Information:
Connector Spares ................................ME-7002
Flexible I-Beams
ME-6985
Includes
Flex I-beam #5 (10) 24 cm long
Flex I-beam #4 (18) 17 cm long
Flex I-beam #3 (18) 11.5 cm long
Order Information:
Flexible I-Beams ...............................ME-6985
Flat Beams
ME-6987
Includes 16 each
2x3 beams 12 cm long
F4 beams 17 cm long
3x4 beams 19 cm long
Order Information:
Flat Beams ..............................................ME-6987
Cord Lock Spares
ME-6996
Includes 32 cord
tensioning clips
and a spool of
yellow cord.
Order Information:
Cord Lock Spares .................................ME-6996
Yellow Cord (2 pack) .........................ME-9876
Axle Spares
ME-6998A
Includes drive wheel with rubber tire (4),
pulleys with “O” rings (12 each), axles (two
each of three lengths), spacers (12) and
collets (24).
Order Information:
Axle Spares ..............................................ME-6998A
Destructible Bridge
Members Spares
ME-7005
Consumable replacement Breakable Links
for the ME-7004 Destructible Bridge
Members (page 13). Each sprue contains
10 each of two different diameter links,
giving a total of 200 links.
Order Information:
Destructible Bridge
Members Spares ..................................ME-7005
Structures Rod Clamps
(Set of 2)
ME-6986
Connects structure
members to 1/2 inch rod.
Order Information:
Structures Rod Clamps (2) ............ME-6986
Angle Connector Spares
ME-6999A
Includes sliding connector (12) angle
connectors (24), and straight
connectors (24).
Order Information:
Angle Connector Spares ................ME-6999A
Round Connector Spares
ME-6997
Includes six each of round
connectors, flat connectors,
and bolts with nuts.
Order Information:
Round Connector Spares ...............ME-6997
www.pasco.com/engineering
Roller Coaster Track (9.1 m)
ME-9814
Longer replacement roll of flexible plastic
track for use with the Bridge Set (ME-
6991), Physics Structures Set (ME-6989),
Large Structures Set (ME-7003), and
Roadbed Spares (ME-6995).
Order Information:
Roller Coaster Track ..........................ME-9814
Roadbed Spares
ME-6995
Includes flexible road bed (3 m), road bed
clips (24), car with flag and extra mass,
mini car starting bracket and
track couples (2).
Starter
Bracket
Order Information:
Roadbed Spares ....................................ME-6995
Mini Car Starter Bracket
(purchased alone) ...............................ME-9856
Cast Beam Spares
ME-6983
Consumable replacement parts for
ME-7009 Cast Beams (page 172).
Includes 10 Reusable Plastic Molds and
30 Rebar with Connectors. These can also
be used with the Advanced Structures Set
(page 12).
Order Information:
Cast Beam Spares .............................ME-6983
#6 I-Beam Spares
ME-7008
Longer beam to supplement
the ME-6990 Truss set.
Has the same cross
section as the
shorter beams.
Includes 24 of the #6 I-beams, 35 cm long.
Order Information:
#6 I-Beam Spares ................................ME-7008
19

Structural Demonstrations
Super-Flex I-Beam
ME-8987
P Super-Flex I-beam for demonstrations
P Show bending in two directions
P Show torsion and buckling
P Grid shows deformation
Includes
Super-Flex I-Beam
(24 inches long, 2 inches tall)
Instructions
Order Information:
Super-Flex I-Beam ..................................... ME-8987
Flexible I-Beam
ME-9891
P Demonstrate the difference in stiffness between
the two directions
P Show that I-beams twist easily
P Do quantitative studies using a Force Sensor
and a Motion Sensor
Who is stronger?
Ultrasonic
Motion
Sensor
Strain Gauge
Force Sensor
Quantitative studies of the bending of the I-beam
can be performed with a Motion Sensor and a
Force Sensor. The graph shows the force applied
to the end of the cantilever beam versus the
displacement for both directions of bending.
The direction of bending makes all the difference: Although she appears to be much stronger,
the beam is four times stiffer in the direction he is bending it.
Order Information:
Flexible I-Beam ..........................................ME-9891
Shown in use with:
Motion Sensor ........................................... PS-2103A
Force Sensor ..................................................PS-2104
DataStudio Software
Site License ...................................................CI-6871G
PASPORT PowerLink Interface or Xplorer GLX
required, see page 4.
See pages 108-109 for Rods and Clamps
Structures Flexible I-Beam
ME-6985
Dramatically demonstrate
structural failure
Includes
Flexible I-Beam #5, 24 cm long (10)
Flexible I-Beam #4, 17 cm long (18)
Flexible I-Beam #3, 11.5 cm long (18)
Use these flexible I-Beams to make a
bridge which dramatically demonstrates
how a bridge fails and yet the beams will
return to their original shape when the load
is removed.
Order Information:
Structures Flexible
I-Beam ............................................ME-6985
Shown in use with:
Truss Set ........................................ME-6990 p. 10
20
www.pasco.com/engineering

Tensile Tester
Material Strength
Aluminum strip
Poly Carb strip
P Compact and inexpensive
P Plot Stress vs. Strain in real-time
P Determine Young’s Modulus
P Determine the breaking point of various
materials
Brass strip
Steel strip
The samples are stretched by cranking the knob by hand. The photos above show different
sample strips that have been stretched until fracture.
Hand Crank
Base Plate
Sturdy, 9 mm aluminum plate.
Test Sample
Available in different materials and thicknesses.
Easily changed with just to screws.
Drive Belt
Connects Rotary
Motion Sensor to
lead screw.
These are the characteristic curves for four
different test coupons. Graph produced with
ScienceWorkshop 750 Interface and DataStudio
Software (See page 4).
Rotary Motion Sensor
Optical Encoder
Resolves changes in sample
length to 0.063 mm.
Test Coupons
The set of test coupons included with the
Stress/Strain Apparatus includes: steel,
annealed steel, aluminum, two types of
plastic, and two different thicknesses of
brass. Ten test coupons of each material are
included with the unit.
Order Information:
Replacement Test Coupons Full Set
(70 coupons) ..........................................AP-8217
Force Sensor Strain Gauge
Provides a continuous measurement
of the force applied to the sample.
Force Lever Arm
The 5 to 1 arm allows the Force Sensor to
measure up to 250 Newtons.
Order Information:
Materials Stress/Strain
Apparatus
(includes PASPORT Sensors) .......AP-8213
USB PowerLink (page 4) ..................PS-2001
Matter Model
ME-9825A
The atoms of the Matter Model are brightly colored plastic spheres
that can be connected using three different types of springs.
P Dynamic model of solid
materials
P Two spring constants
P Two spring lengths
P Easily assembled into a variety
of configurations
Includes
40 atoms, and 60 each of Heavy Springs (350 N/m),
Light Springs (70 N/m) and Long Springs.
Order Information:
Torque and shear forces can be
applied to the Matter Model to help
students visualize the response in
the material.
Matter Model .....................................................................................................ME-9825A
www.pasco.com/engineering
21

Tension Protractor
ME-6855
Statics
Measure Tension and Angle with One Device
P Large scale for viewing demonstrations
P Zero-adjust for torsion spring scale
P Built-in rod clamp
The Tension Protractor is a spring scale and a protractor integrated into one
device. Perfect for static equilibrium experiments, the rotary dial indicates
the tension in the string and the angle is read where the string passes over
the degree scale on the outer ring.
The string is wrapped once around a small pulley which is spring loaded.
The torsion spring scale is carefully calibrated at the factory and can be
zeroed by the user using the thumb screw on the back. The red arrow
which indicates tension is color-coded to match the Newton scale.
A 50 gram mass hangs vertically
from the Tension Protractor: The
tension reads 0.5 N as expected
and the outer degree scale is
dialed to align the 90° mark with
the string. This compensates for
unlevel tables or bent rods.
The tension in the left
string is greater than in
the right string because
the angles are different.
Why Do Objects Tip Over?
Stability Model
ME-8975
Use the Stability Model to visualize the relationship between
center of gravity and stability. The durable plastic indicator arrow
pivots about the block’s center of gravity, showing the position of
the c.g. relative to the support base.
Doesn’t fall:
The arrow (pinned at the center of gravity) shows
clearly that gravity pulls down within the base
support so the object does not fall over.
See it demonstrated at
www.pasco.com/videos
Specifications
Force Range: 0 N to 10 N
Smallest Force Division: 0.1 N
Force Accuracy: ±4% of Reading
Angle Range: -90° to +90°
Smallest Angle Division: 1°
Diameter: 15 cm
String
30° angle reading
Arrow indicates tension
reading (5.0 N)
Order Information:
Tension Protractor.....................................................ME-6855
(Includes one Tension Protractor)
Recommended:
Large Table Clamp .....................................................ME-9472 p. 108
90 cm Long Rod ...........................................................ME-8738 p. 109
Multi-clamp.....................................................................SE-9442 p. 108
Hooked Mass Set .......................................................SE-8759 p. 107
Structures System Stability Models
Advanced Structures Set
ME-6992B
Investigate center of mass and stability for a large variety of shapes
using the components from the Advanced Structures Set (page 12).
Each object can be suspended from several different pivot points
using the included axles to locate the center of mass.
The structures shown here were built with a foam
core center (not included).
Axle
Falls:
Turn the Stability Model upside-down.
Now, the arrow points down at a point
outside the base support, so the object
will fall over.
Order Information:
Stability Model ........................................................................................ME-8975
Is the structure on the right stable or unstable?
(Plumb bob not included)
Equipment Shown:
Advanced Structures Set ..................................................ME-6992B p. 12
22
www.pasco.com/engineering

Statics
Demonstrations in Statics
Introductory Mechanics System
ME-9299A
P Everything required for 15 experiments
P Comprehensive – from vector addition
to simple machines
P Easy setup – magnetic mounting
A versatile lab system
for demonstrating the basic
concepts of simple machines,
vector forces, torques and more.
Durable, Lowfriction
Pulleys
will withstand years
of classroom use.
40 cm x 45 cm
Experiment Board
Porcelain-coated Steel
Three Accurate Scales,
on sensitive spring balance shown
here, are provided for measuring
forces, angles and loads.
Formulas and Variables
can be written on the experiment
board with a dry erase marker then
wiped clean.
Magnetic
Mountings
allow precise
repositioning
for constructing
accurate vector
angles.
Convenient Storage Box
A Degree Scale
(in this experiment) gives
the angle of the vector force
required to balance two others.
Porcelaincoated
Steel
Pulley
All the
Accessories
Required
including thread,
mass hangers
and masses.
Order Information:
Introductory Mechanics System ....................ME-9299A
Circular Magnets
Experimental devices are secured to the board
by magnets that will not slide around but are
easily repositioned.
Circular
Magnet
Force Vectors
Force Table
ME-9447
P High accuracy
P Easy, compact storage
P Inexpensive!
Built-in Scale
Measure angles quickly and
accurately.
Laminated Surface
Draw vectors directly onto the tabletop,
then wipe them off as needed.
25 cm diameter.
String
Attach to centering ring (or knot string
at center for greater accuracy) and
place over pulleys.
Equilibrant
A
Resultant
Students hang masses to produce force
on vectors A and B. Then the balancing
vector (equilibrant) can be easily and
accurately determined on the Force Table.
Order Information:
Super Pulley Force Table.....................................ME-9447
B
Screw-in Legs
Snap under the table
for easy, compact
storage.
Low Friction Super Pulley
Change a mass by one gram or an angle by one degree —
and see an immediate change in the equilibrium position.
Mass Hangers
Six included.
(Masses sold separately.
See page 107.)
www.pasco.com/engineering
23

Statics: Pulleys
Structures.Pulleys
P .Build.your.own.pulley.blocks
Use the PASCO Structures System
to design and build pulley blocks to
demonstrate mechanical advantage.
Use a Force Sensor to measure
the force needed to lift the weight.
Compare the force, distance of pull,
and the work needed to raise the
weight with various number of pulley
wheels.
Pulley.Demonstration.System
SE-8685
P .Demonstrate.the.mechanical.advantage.of.single.or.
combination.pulleys
P .Complete.stand-alone.pulley.apparatus,.simple.setup
Set up a double pulley and
a single pulley each with a
200 g mass. Pull the string of
each from the same vertical
height down to the base
simultaneously. Observe that
the mass of the single pulley
moves twice as high as the
double pulley with twice
the force.
Order Information:
Physics Structures Set*............................................ME-6989
Shown in use with:
Force.Sensor......................................................................PS-2104 p..5.
Large.Slotted.Mass.Set.............................................ME-7589 p..107. .
Rods.and.Stands...............................................................................................p..109
*Patents pending
Equipment Shown:
Pulley Demonstration System......................................................SE-8685
24
www.pasco.com/engineering

Statics
Support Reactions
Force.Distribution.System
ME-8093
P .Real-time.plot.of.Forces.vs..Position
P .Static.equilibrium
4.inch.
diameter.
ball
Ultrasonic.
Motion.
Sensor
PASPORT
PowerLink
Interface
Strain.Gauge.
Force.Sensors
Force Distribution System includes
Support Rods and Clamps
Force vs. Position of the ball for both support force
and the total force using DataStudio software. Green
line is addition of the forces.
Developed in cooperation with Professor
Matt Ohland at Clemson University.
To request a copy of the Force Distribution Lab
go to http://www.ces.clemson.edu/ge/expert/
Dynamics Track Support Reactions
Combine the plastic PAStrack sections (page 28) with the components from the Advanced Structures
Set (page 12) to measure the support reactions as the Motorized Cart climbs the hill. The Load Cell
and Amplifier Set (page 9) directly measures the forces in the structure as the Motion Sensor
measures the carts position.
Order Information:
Force Distribution System..............................ME-8093
Required:
Force.Sensor.(2).....................................................PS-2104.
Motion.Sensor..........................................................PS-2103A.
PASPORT.PowerLink.Interface...................PS-2001.
DataStudio.Software.Site.License............CI-6871G.
Ultrasonic.Motion.
Sensor
Motorized.Cart
PAStrack
PAStrack.Curved.
Sections
Components.
from.Advanced.
Structures.Set
Load.Cell.Amplifier
Load cells are used to measure
the compression in the supporting
members.
Equipment Shown:
PAStrack......................................................................... ME-6960 p. 28
Motorized Cart............................................................ ME-9781 p. 29
250g mass....................................................................... ME-6756 p. 29
Advanced Structures Set*................................. ME-6992B p. 12
Load Cell & Amplifier*......................................... PS-2199 p. 9
Motion Sensor............................................................ PS-2103A p. 5
*Patents pending
Force vs. Position of the cart for each of the support forces as the
Motorized Cart climbs the hill.
www.pasco.com/engineering
25

Dynamics Carts
Classic Cart
ME-9430
Mechanics
Mounting Holes
for accessories.
PAScar (set of 2)
ME-6950
Aluminum Body
Total mass: 500 g
Mass Tray
Add mass to easily double
or triple car mass.
Magnetic Bumpers
For elastic collisions.
Polycarbonate Body
Total mass: 250 g
Mass
Two 250 g masses are
included with Classic Cart.
Three-position Plunger
Provides reproducible
impulses and explosions.
Features
Three-position Plunger: Provides reproducible impulses and explosions
Magnetic Bumpers: For elastic collisions
Velcro Tabs: For completely inelastic collisions
Low-Friction Ball Bearing Wheels: Retractable Spring-loaded
Velcro Tabs
For inelastic collisions.
Mass
One 250 g mass is
included for each PAScar.
Order Information:
Classic Plunger Cart ........................................................ME-9430
PAScar (set of 1 red, 1 blue) ......................................ME-6950
Dynamics Systems with Magnetic Damping
The spring-and-car oscillation experiment shown here
uses a Motion Sensor to measure the position and
velocity of the cart. The Magnetic Damping Accessory
induces eddy currents in the aluminum track, causing
friction which is proportional to the velocity of the cart.
Students can vary all of the parameters, including the
amount of damping, track angle, cart mass, and spring
constant.
Motion Sensor
measures position and
velocity of cart.
The cart is displaced from equilibrium
and then released from rest. The
green line shows a system that is
under-damped, with the magnets
far from the track. The cart is overdamped
(blue line) when the magnets
are very close to the track, and it
takes over four seconds for the cart to
reach its equilibrium position. When
the cart is critically damped (red line)
it reaches its equilibrium position
in the minimum amount of time,
which for this system is just over two
seconds.
Magnetic Damping
The steel bracket of the
Magnetic Damping Accessory
slides up and down to adjust the
amount of damping.
Equipment Shown:
PAScar Expanded Dynamics System (1.2 m) .......................ME-9431
Rods and Clamps ........................................................................................p. 108-109
Magnetic Damping Accessory ........................................................ME-6828
Motion Sensor ..............................................................................................PS-2103A
26
www.pasco.com/engineering

Mechanics
Dynamics Systems
P Collisions
P Newton’s Laws
P Vibrations
P Friction
PASCO’s dynamics systems are designed to incorporate sensors to do studies of Newton’s Laws and
collisions. Brackets are available to connect Force Sensors to the track or the carts, and Motion Sensors
clip on to the ends of the track to measure position, velocity and acceleration.
See pages 2 and 5 for the list of sensors.
3.
1.
11. 2.
4.
10.
8.
6.
7.
5.
12.
9.
Order Information:
1.2 m Classic Dynamics System ................................ME-9429B
2.2 m Classic Dynamics System ................................ME-9452A
13.
Classic Dynamics System Components (Aluminum Track)
1. Plunger Cart
8. Rod Clamp
2. Collision Cart
9. Spring Cart Launcher
3. Track
10. Adjustable Feet (2)
4. Adjustable Endstop (2) 11. 500 gram Mass
5. Super Pulley with Clamp 12. Angle Indicator
6. Spring Set
13. 250 gram Mass (2)
7. Friction Block
Included Experiment Manual (not shown)
PAScar Expanded Dynamics Systems
1.2 m Track 2.2 m Track
ME-9431
ME-9432
10.
1.
2.
3.
9.
7.
11.
P High Quality Aluminum Track
P Colorful PAScars
P Springs, Friction Block, Pulley, Angle Indicator
These systems include extra equipment for doing additional
experiments such as oscillations, friction, Hooke’s Law,
spring potential energy, and conservation of energy.
The new Spring Cart Launcher provides an economical
way to launch carts in a repeatable fashion and do energy
experiments.
To launch the cart, the plunger is pulled through the hole
in the new endstop, compressing the spring, and then
released. To add repeatability, a second endstop can be
used with the supplied pin to hold the plunger at a specified
compression position. Three different strength springs are
provided with the Spring Cart Launcher.
10.
8.
5.
The Spring Cart Launcher rides in the cart so nearly all the
energy from the spring is transferred to the cart.
6.
4.
PAScar Expanded Dynamics
System Components
1. PAScar (set of 2) ME-6950
2. Track
3. Adjustable Endstop (2) ME-8971
4. Super Pulley with Clamp ME-9448A
5. Spring Set ME-8999
6. Friction Block ME-9807
7. Rod Clamp ME-6986
8. Spring Cart Launcher ME-6843
9. Adjustable Feet (2) ME-8972
10. 250 gram Mass (2) ME-6756
11. Angle Indicator ME-9495
Included Experiment
Manual (not shown)
Order Information:
1.2 m PAScar Expanded Dynamics System ...........................ME-9431
2.2 m PAScar Expanded Dynamics System ...........................ME-9432
www.pasco.com/engineering
27

PAStrack
Plastic PAStrack! Create as long a track as you want!
P .Molded.PAStrack.has.straight.and.curved.sections.that.
just.snap.together!
The collision demonstration shown here uses five
of the 1 meter, two-piece molded PAStracks. Just keep
adding 1/2 meter track sections by snapping them
together to form a long, rigid track.
Adjustable.Endstop..
(ME-8971)
PAScar.Magnetic.Bumper..(ME-6952)
PAScar.(ME-6950)
Collision.Cart..(ME-9454)
Track just snaps together.
Connect multiple sets to make a track as long as you want!
Works with all PASCO
carts and accessories!
Experiment Shown in use with:
PAStrack....................................................ME-6960
PAScars (sets of 2).............................ME-6950
Collision Cart..........................................ME-9454
PAScar Magnetic Bumper............ME-6952
Adjustable Endstop............................ME-8971
Straight.PAStrack
ME-6960
Curved.PAStrack
ME-6841
Built-in.scale
Six.leveling.feet
Includes
Two Track Pieces (50 cm each)
Connector Clip (2)
Leveling Feet (6)
T-slot
Accepts Dynamics Track
accessories.
See curved sections
in use on next page.
Includes
Concave-up Curved Piece
Concave-down Curved Piece
Connector Clip (2)
Order Information:
PAStrack...........................................................................................................................................................................ME-6960
PAStrack Bridge
Combine the plastic PAStrack sections with the components from the
Advanced Structures Set (page 12) to build a rigid deck to support
dynamics carts. Use load cells (page 9) to
directly measure the forces as the
cart traverses the bridge.
Order Information:
Curved PAStrack................................ME-6841
PAStrack
PAScar
Mass
Adjustable.
Endstop
28
Components.from.
Advanced.Structures.Set
Load.Cells.&.Amplifier.Set
See page 17 for
more applications.
www.pasco.com/engineering
Load cells are used to measure the tension and
compression in the members.
Equipment Shown:
PAScar (set of 2)............................. ME-6950 p. 26
PAStrack.............................................. ME-6960
250g Mass........................................... ME-6756
Adjustable Endstop...................... ME-8971
Advanced Structures Set*...... ME-6992B p. 12
Load Cell & Amplifier Set*
(includes four load cells)........ PS-2199 p. 9
*Patents pending

Motorized Cart
Motorized.Cart
ME-9781
P .Battery.powered/adjustable.speeds
P .External.power.jack
P .Climbs.up.a.30°.slope
P .Durable.construction
On/Off.
Switch
Speed.
Adjustment
External.Power.
Jack
Screw.Holes
For mounting accessories.
The tank-like molded casing and a rugged internal gear mechanism
are built for the harshest student environment. Runs on four
“C” batteries and has variable speed adjustment knob. External
power input accepts phone plug cable (included) to power the car
using a DC power supply, or a programmable power supply such
as the Xplorer GLX Power Amplifier (p. 7). See page 25 for more
applications.
Four.“C”.Batteries
(not included)
Strong.Traction
Rear rubber wheels.
Tow.Hook
Front and back.
Front.Wheels
Compatible with
Dynamics Tracks.
Order Information:
Motorized Cart........................................................................ME-9781
Motorized Cart Efficiency
P .Convert.electrical.energy.to.mechanical.work
P .Measure.the.efficiency.of.a.real.system
Curved.PAStrack
Use the Motorized Cart (ME-9781) to study the conversion of electrical
energy to mechanical work. Measure the energy delivered to the cart’s
electric motor, and compare to the work the cart does against gravity
climbing a ramp. Investigate how varying the parameters (such as the motor
voltage and amount of weight lifted) changes the efficiency of the system.
In this experiment the Xplorer GLX® hand-held data logger controls
the output voltage of the Power Amplifier, and records all
the data, including power delivered to the motor.
Motorized.
Cart
External.
Power.
Cable
Xplorer.GLX®
PAStrack
GLX.Power.
Amplifier
Equipment Shown:
Motorized Cart........................................ME-9781
PAStrack.....................................................ME-6960 p. 28
Curved PAStrack...................................ME-6841 p. 28
Xplorer GLX...............................................PS-2002 p. 4
GLX Power Amplifier.........................PS-2006 p. 4
250g Mass..................................................ME-6756
Base and Support Rods...................See page 109
The above graph shows effect of increasing motor voltage
on the efficiency, and the graph at left shows the
efficiency as a function of load lifted. The efficiency is
the ratio of the work done lifting the load divided by the
electrical energy used.
www.pasco.com/engineering
29

Fan Cart/Cart Accessories
Super.Fan.Cart..
ME-6977
P .Constant.force
P .Rechargeable
P .Programmable
Pulse.Duration
Program fan to be pulsed on for specific time to demonstrate acceleration only
occurs when a force is applied. Includes time delay and auto-repeat option.
Adjust.thrust.angle.
to.teach.about.
vector.forces
Fan turns through 180°
Vary.the.Mass.without.
changing.the.Force
Accessory Mass Tray for
ME-6755 Compact Masses
Retractable.
Wheels.
with low friction
ball bearings
Rechargeable.Battery
Lithium-Polymer battery runs fan continuously on
medium thrust for about 1.5 hour. Recharges in about 1 hour.
Adjustable.Fan.Speed
Apply different forces using three standard
settings or the continuously variable setting.
Regulated power supply gives constant thrust
even as the battery discharges.
The.Net.Force.is.Zero
Removable sail can be used two ways: When positioned
as shown, the sail cancels the forward air flow and
there is no thrust. If the sail is reversed, its curved shape
reflects the air backwards, causing the cart to move in
the opposite direction.
Order Information:
Super Fan Cart.....................................ME-6977
Includes: Fan cart, sail and charger
Recommended:
PAStrack...................................................ME-6960.
Compact.Cart.Mass.........................ME-6755.
Motion.Sensor......................................PS-2103A.
Force.Accessory.Bracket
CI-6545
The Force Accessory Bracket with Bumpers mounts the
CI-6746 Economy Force Sensor, CI-6537 Force Sensor or the
PS-2104 PASPORT Force Sensor directly to a dynamics track.
Includes five collision attachments for the Force Sensor and
conveniently stores each attachment
on the bracket itself.
Using any of these
attachments, the bracket
serves as an excellent
support or target for
collision studies using
the Force Sensor.
Includes
Spring Bumpers (2)
(different spring constants)
Magnetic Bumper (1)
Rubber Bumper (1)
Clay Cup for Inelastic Collisions (1)
(clay included)
#0 Phillips Head Screwdriver
(to attach to Force Sensor)
PASPORT.Visual..
Accelerometer.
PS-2128
P .Clearly.demonstrates.the.difference.
between.velocity.and.acceleration
P .Shows.both.direction.and
magnitude.of.acceleration
P .Can.be.used.without.a.computer
Includes
Visual Accelerometer
Plastic M5 screws for attachment to a
dynamics cart (2)
PASPORT Sensor Cable
3 AA Batteries
Force time data for a clay, spring and magnet.
Order Information:
Force Accessory Bracket................CI-6545
Recommended:
Force.Sensors...........................................p..2,.5
30
Note the bumper springs and
various mounting
options.
www.pasco.com/engineering
The acceleration is directed down the track as the cart coasts
up the inclined track.
Order Information:
PASPORT Visual
Accelerometer.......................................PS-2128

Projectile.Catcher.Accessory
ME-6815
P .For.use.with.Short.and.Long.Range.Launchers
Use the Projectile Catcher as a ballistic pendulum or attach it to
a Dynamics Cart. Fire the steel ball into the catcher. Measure the
maximum catcher height to determine the potential energy of the
catcher and ball. From the conservation of momentum and energy
laws, determine the
ball’s initial velocity.
Cart Accessories
The Ballistic Pendulum Experiment
Catcher Accessory. Thread passes
through Velcro strips on the back
of the launcher stand to measure
the resulting motion of the catcher.
Use the rotating platform with the ME-6800 Short Range launcher
to investigate Conservation of Angular Momentum. Use Photogates
to measure the launch speed of the steel ball and the resulting
rotational speed of the rotating platform.
Photogates can be used
to measure the speed of
the cart after catching the
fired ball.
Includes
Projectile Catcher (170 g)
String holder plate and clamp
2.5 cm steel balls (2) (67 g each)
Spool of string
Velcro strips (not shown)
Instruction manual and experiment guide
Order Information:
Projectile Catcher Accessory..................................ME-6815
Recommended:
Rotating.Platform................................................................ME-8951. .
Projectile.Launcher.(Short.Range)........................ME-6800. p..32. .
Right.Angle.Clamp..............................................................SE-9444. p..108.
Large.Table.Clamp..............................................................ME-9472. p..108.
90.cm.Steel.Rod...................................................................ME-8738. p..109.
45.cm.Steel.Rod...................................................................ME-8736. p..109.
Ballistic.Cart.Accessory
ME-9486
P .Demonstrate.the.independence.of.x-.and.y-.motion
P .Non-contact.release
P .Adjustable.barrel
Mounted on a dynamics cart, the Ballistic Cart Accessory launches a
ball vertically, continues down the track and then catches the ball as
it falls — every time. Offers an exciting demonstration of projectile
motion.
Includes
Ballistic Launcher
Trigger Bracket
Plastic Balls (2)
9V Battery
Order Information:
Ballistic Cart Accessory......................................................................ME-9486
Drop.Rod.Accessory...............................................................................ME-9487.
Compatible with all PASCO Carts
www.pasco.com/engineering
31

CAUTION!
DO NOT L OK
Projectile Motion
Highly Repeatable Launchers
Short Range Launcher ME-6800 Ranges: 1, 3, 5 meters
Long Range Launcher ME-6801 Ranges: 2, 5, 8 meters
Plumb Bob
Indicates
angle to 1/2°.
Features
Multiple Ranges — PASCO offers
launchers for all classroom arrangements.
Flexible Launch Positions—
Stable stands offer horizontal and
variable angle launching positions.
Fixed Firing Height at Any Launch Angle —
Firing height of ball is same for any launch angle.
Spring Mechanism — Fully enclosed for safety.
Unique Piston Design — Minimizes projectile
spin to ensure repeatability of impact position.
Drop Shoot Accessory
ME-9859
2.5 cm
Nylon Balls
Three Repeatable Launch Ranges
Visible through viewing ports.
Includes
Launcher with base
Projectile Balls
Loading Rod
Safety Glasses
2-D Collision Accessory
Manual
Order Information:
Projectile Launcher
(Short Range) .......................................ME-6800
Projectile Launcher
(Long Range) .........................................ME-6801
P Simultaneously drops one ball and launches a second ball horizontally
P Mounts on PASCO Projectile Launchers (short and long range)
Connect the accessory to either the short or long range projectile launchers,
hang one ball from the magnet and fire away. The fired ball strikes the
hanging ball, causing one ball to shoot horizontally at the same
instant the other ball falls straight down.
When the (included) hollow steel ball is used,
the two balls are both fired horizontally at
two different speeds.
Launcher Timing
These timing options require either a
computer interface (pages 2-4) or a Smart
Timer (shown in use on page 44).
Order Information:
Smart Timer ...........................................ME-8930
Photogate Mounting Bracket
ME-6821A
P Measure the time between the ball
blocking the photogates to find the
launcher speed
Mount one or two photogates on any
Projectile Launcher. Compatible with
ME-9498A and
ME-9204B
Photogate Heads.
Order Information:
Photogate Mounting
Bracket ................................ME-6821A
Photogate Head .............ME-9498A p. 5
Accessory
Photogate ...........................ME-9204B p. 5
Time-of-Flight Accessory
ME-6810
P For use with
all PASCO
Launchers
When the projectile
is launched, the photogate
mounted on the launcher starts timing.
When the projectile hits the receptor pad
on the Time-of-Flight Accessory an electric
signal is sent to stop timing.
Which ball hits
the floor first?
The fired ball strikes the hanging ball,
causing one ball to shoot horizontally at
the same instant the other ball falls straight down.
DOWN BA REL!
Photogate
Receptor
Pad
Includes
Drop Shoot Bracket
2.5 cm Steel Balls (2)
2.5 cm Hollow Steel Ball
Mounting Hardware
Loading Rod
Order Information:
Drop Shoot Accessory ..................ME-9859
Required:
PASCO Projectile Launcher
(short range) .........................................ME-6800
PASCO Projectile Launcher
(long range) ...........................................ME-6801
Includes
Time-of-Flight Accessory
Instruction manual and experiment guide
Order Information:
Time-of-Flight
Accessory ........................................... ME-6810
32
www.pasco.com/engineering

Ballistic Pendula
Ballistic Pendulum Accessory
ME-9892
P Accessory to the Rotary Motion Sensor
P Both Elastic and Inelastic Experiments
The rigid pendulum can be attached to the Rotary Motion Sensor
at two locations (at the end of the rod and at its center) to vary
the Rotational Inertia. In addition, the included Ballast Mass can be
added to the end of the pendulum to increase the inertia. The Rotary
Motion Sensor can also be mounted with its rotation axis vertical,
allowing the pendulum to swing around in a horizontal circle, to
measure the rotational inertia, and study collisions without involving
gravity and changes in potential energy.
Ballistic Pendulum
ME-6830
P Extremely Accurate— ±2.5% of Predicted Values
P Both Elastic and Inelastic Experiments
P Projectile Launcher Experiments
Unique Angle
Measurement Design
Easily measures pendulum
angle to 0.5 degrees.
Low friction gives repeatable
results.
Rotary Motion
Sensor
The ME-9892 Ballistic
Pendulum Accessory is
designed for use with the
ME-6800 Projectile Launcher.
Rigid
Pendulum
Foam
Catcher
Removable
Pendulum
Mass can be easily
determined. Reverse the
pendulum for
elastic collisions.
Ballast Mass
Projectile Launcher
Durable with three repeatable
launch settings.
Projectile Catcher
Securely captures ball.
Rotary Motion Sensor (required for use)
allows measurement of instantaneous
velocity of catcher immediately after
collision, as well as total angle of rotation
of the pendulum arm.
Includes
Pendulum Arm with Catcher
Ballast Mass
Steel Ball
Add Masses
Two 50 g masses (included)
may be added to change
the pendulum mass and
rotational inertia.
Mount the launcher on
the other side of the
base and perform the
full range of projectile
launcher experiments.
Order Information:
Ballistic Pendulum Accessory .....................................ME-9892
Required:
Projectile Launcher ...............................................................ME-6800 p. 32
Rotary Motion Sensor ..........................................................PS-2120 p. 5
Recommended:
Foam Spares (5)........................................................................ME-9894
Shown In Use With:
Table Clamp .................................................................................ME-9472 p. 108
Steel Rod (90 cm) ....................................................................ME-8738 p. 109
Order Information:
Ballistic Pendulum ................................................................ME-6830
Ballistic Pendulum
(No Launcher) ............................................................................ME-6831
Recommended:
Spherical Mass Set ...............................................................ME-8968
Shoot-the-Target ......................................................................ME-6853
Time-of-Flight ..............................................................................ME-6810 p. 32
Large C Clamp (6 pack) .......................................................SE-7285 p. 108
www.pasco.com/engineering
33

Spring Sets
Equal Length Spring Set
ME-8970
P Equal length (30 cm)
P Color coded by spring
constant
P Set of five springs
P 25 N/m to 50 N/m
These springs appear to be the
same except for their color.
But, when equal masses are
hung on them, each stretches a
different amount. The extension
springs are made of steel and
are closed, requiring a slight
initial force to separate the
coils. The unstretched length of
each spring is 30 cm and the
approximate diameter is 1.4
cm. Springs come with a white
storage box with cardboard
separators to keep the springs
from touching each other.
The five color-coded springs stretch different
amounts when a 1 kg mass is hung from each
spring.
Order Information:
Equal Length Spring Set ....................................................ME-8970
Shown in use with:
Hooked Mass Set ....................................................................SE-8759 p. 107
Clamps and Rods ................................................................................................. p. 108
Series/Parallel Spring Set
ME-6842
P Equal length (15 cm)
P Color coded by spring constant
P Six springs, three spring constants
P 10 N/m, 20 N/m, 40 N/m
The set of six springs
consists of two each of
three different spring
constants. These
springs are 15 cm long,
half the length of the
Equal Length Spring
Set (ME-8970), making
it possible to combine
two series short springs
in parallel with one long
spring.
Shown in use with the
ME-6844 Parallel Spring
Bracket and the SE-8759
Hooked Mass Set
(see page 105).
Order Information:
Series/Parallel Spring Set ..............................................................ME-6842
Parallel Spring Bracket ....................................................................ME-6844
Multi-Length Spring Set
ME-6848
P Equal spring constant
Parallel Spring Bracket
ME-6844
This unique bracket allows springs of different spring constants to
be hung in series and parallel. The masses can be hung in an offset
position to compensate for the stronger spring.
Parallel Spring Bracket is shown at right
in use with the ME-6842 Series/Parallel
Spring Set, the ME-8970 Equal Length
Spring Set, and the SE-8759 Hooked
Mass Set.
The four springs in this set appear to have
the same diameter and wire material,
but are actually designed to have the
same spring constant even though they
have different lengths. It makes a perfect
companion to the ME-8970 Equal Length
Spring Set and the ME-6842 Series/Parallel
Spring Set.
Springs have an approximate diameter
of 1.5 cm with a spring constant of 40 N/m.
Lengths are 13 cm, 19 cm, 24 cm, and
29 cm.
Order Information:
Multi-Length Spring Set ..............ME-6848
Includes
Suspension bracket
Parallel hook bar
Set-up at left includes the use of the
ME-9866 Demonstration Spring Set. Note the
cm markings (see inset) on the Parallel Hook Bar.
By calculating the applied torques, the relative
forces from the two springs can be investigated.
Order Information:
Parallel Spring Bracket ....................................................................... ME-6844
Recommended:
Equal Length Spring Set ....................................................................... ME-8970
Series/Parallel Spring Set ................................................................... ME-6842
Multi-Length Spring Set ....................................................................... ME-6848
Demonstration Spring Set ................................................................... ME-9866
34
www.pasco.com/engineering

Demonstration Spring Set
ME-9866
Three 11 cm long springs
and one 22 cm long
spring, with Spring
Constants ranging from
4 N/m to 14 N/m.
Spring Sets
Hooke’s Law Set
ME-9827
Includes
Stand with heavy base
Transparent scale with
mm resolution
Horizontal support for spring
Brightly colored stretch indicator
Three springs with identical
diameter and length, but
different spring constants
Three of each spring included,
for a total of nine springs: spring
constants are 5 N/m, 8 N/m,
70 N/m.
Spring Set
Included
Brightly colored
stretch indicator
allows students
to easily measure
the stretch of the
spring.
Transparent Scale
is adjustable.
Included stand with
heavy base.
Order Information:
Demonstration Spring Set ...............................................................ME-9866
Recommended:
Pendulum Clamp .....................................................................................SE-9443
Wilberforce Pendulum
ME-8091
P Use as a traditional Wilberforce to show coupled oscillations
P Accommodates computer measurements
Diode Laser
Force
Sensor
Wilberforce
Pendulum
The vertical position, velocity and
acceleration of the Wilberforce
Pendulum are measured with a
Motion Sensor placed below the
pendulum. A laser and a Laser
Switch measure the angular
speed in the torsional mode as
the spokes of the wheel break
the laser beam. A Force Sensor
attached to the end of the spring
measures the spring force as the
pendulum oscillates.
Order Information:
Hooke’s Law Set ...................................................................................ME-9827
Recommended:
Replacement Spring Set .................................................................SE-8749
Shown in use with:
Mass and Hanger Set .......................................................................ME-8979
How It Works
Wilberforce
Spring
When the Wilberforce Pendulum is initially
displaced vertically, it oscillates in a purely
up-and-down motion. The translational
oscillation gradually transfers to a purely
torsional mode and then back to the
translational mode. The translational and
torsional periods must be the
same. This is accomplished by
adjusting the position of the
masses on the crossbar.
Includes
Spring and Mass
Force Sensor attachment
Rod Clamp
Photogate Wheel
Photogate
Wheel
Crossbar
and
Masses
Laser Switch
Motion
Sensor
The height is measured using a Motion Sensor,
angular velocity using a Laser Switch and
Photogate Wheel, force using a Force Sensor.
Order Information:
Wilberforce Pendulum ......................................................ME-8091
Shown in use with:
Force Sensor ............................................................................CI-6537 p. 2
Motion Sensor II ....................................................................CI-6742A p. 2
Laser Switch ..............................................................................ME-9259A p. 2
x-y Adjustable Diode Laser .............................................OS-8526A
750 Interface ..............................................................................CI-7650 p. 2
Recommended:
Rods and Clamps ........................................................................................................p. 108, 109
www.pasco.com/engineering
35

Forced Vibrations
The oscillating spring and cart system shown
here is forced to vibrate by the Mechanical
Oscillator/Driver. The frequency of the
driver is controlled by the DC Power Supply,
and the resulting motion is measured by
the Rotary Motion Sensor and Track String
Adapter. As the frequency is ramped
through resonance, both the amplitude
and frequency of the car’s oscillation are
recorded. The Magnetic Damping Accessory
provides a friction that is proportional to
velocity, and can be adjusted by changing
the distance from the aluminum track.
Dynamics..
Track.Mount
Rotary.Motion.
Sensor
Magnetic.
Damping
Track.String.Adapter
PAScar
Additional.
Mass
Spring
Oscillator.
Driver
DC.Power.
Supply
Resonance
Driven Damped
Harmonic Motion
Driven.Damped.
Harmonic..
Oscillator
EX-9906
P .Includes.all.
equipment.
shown
P .Includes.
Experiment.
Manual..
on.CD
Adjustable.
Mount.
for.
Damping
ME-8750.
Mechanical.
Oscillator/.
Driver
Downloads Available
Experiment manual and the DataStudio
files may be downloaded free at
www.pasco.com
Type the experiment number
(EX-9906) into the search box to find
the download information.
Physical
Pendulum
String..
and..
Springs
Structures Resonance
PASCO’s Structures System is perfect for
demonstrating resonance in complex systems.
The plastic I-Beams clearly show two different
bending moments, and can be connected
together to build a variety of structures.
Composite.
I-Beam.
1.2 m tall
The velocity amplitude is plotted as a function of driving
frequency. The four resonance curves show the effect of
varying the strength of the magnetic damping.
Equipment Shown:
1.2 m PAScar
Dynamics System....................ME-6955
Dynamics Cart Springs ......ME-8999
Dynamics Cart
Magnetic Damping.................ME-6828
Dynamics Track Mount.......CI-6692
Track String Adapter.............ME-6569
Rotary Motion Sensor..........PS-2120 p. 5
DC Power Supply....................PI-9877 p. 99
Mechanical
Oscillator/Driver......................ME-8750
36
Angular velocity vs. frequency graph shows effects of
magnetic damping on amplitude of resonance peak.
Order Information:
Driven Damped
Harmonic Oscillator....................... EX-9906
Required:
ScienceWorkshop
750.Interface......................................... p..2
DataStudio.Software...................... p..4
www.pasco.com/engineering
The long plastic I-Beam is constructed of
components from the Advanced Structures
Set (p. 12). It is driven using the SF-9324
Mechanical Wave Driver and the PI-8127
Function Generator, demonstrating the three
lowest harmonics.
Equipment Shown:
Advanced
Structures Set*..................ME-6992B p. 12
Function Generator........PI-8127 p. 99
Mechanical
Wave Driver.........................SF-9324 p. 37
Large Slotted
Mass Set................................ME-7566 p. 107
5 N Load Cell*....................PS-2201 p. 9
Rods and Stands..............p. 109
*Patents pending

Resonance
Resonance
Three examples of resonance are shown below: A vibrating circular wire loop,
vibrating metal strips having different lengths and vibrating plates. All are
vibrated using a speaker driver (the Mechanical Wave Driver).
Resonance.Wire.Loop
SF-9405
Metal.Resonance.Strips
SF-9404
Wire.Loop
Xplorer.GLX.
Interface
(See page 4)
Speaker.
Driver
Xplorer.GLX.Power.
Amplifier
(See page 7)
Order Information:
Metal Resonance Strips ............ SF-9404
Shown in use with:
Mechanical.Wave.Driver............ SF-9324.
Chladni.Plates.Kit
WA-9607
Order Information:
Resonance Wire Loop.................................................................................................SF-9405
Shown in use with:
Mechanical.Wave.Driver...........................................................................................SF-9324
Sand patterns on vibrating plate. Plate is vibrated with the
Mechanical Wave Driver (SF-9324).
Order Information:
Chladni Plates Kit ........................... WA-9607
Vibrating String
String.Vibrator
WA-9857
P .Includes.power.supply.for.constant.
frequency,.constant.amplitude
P .Use.with.WA-9867.Sine.Wave.
Generator.to.vary.amplitude.and..
frequency
Sine.Wave.Generator
WA-9867
P .Sine.wave.output.up.to.800.Hz
P .Ideal.for.driving.speakers.and.
String.Vibrator
P .Auto-scan.of.resonant.frequencies
Order Information:
String Vibrator.................................... WA-9857
Order Information:
Sine Wave Generator.................... WA-9867
www.pasco.com/engineering
Clearly demonstrate various standing wave patterns.
Shown in use with: String Vibrator (WA-9857) and
Sine Wave Generator (WA-9867)
37

Structures Resonance.
This building frame is built with an Advanced
Structures Set using the Flat Members. A
pendulum with drag caused by strings is
suspended from the top of the building. The
Motion Sensor is positioned to record the
oscillation of the building.
Resonance
Shaking Tower
75 cm tall
This building frame is built with an Advanced
Structures Set which now includes the new
Flat Members. The building is being shaken
with the Mechanical Wave Driver. Additional
mass is added to the foam core floors
(not included).
Mechanical
Wave Driver
(SF-9324)
Function
Generator
(PI-8127)
The gray graph shows the oscillation without the pendulum.
The red graph shows the damping caused when the pendulum
is allowed to oscillate.
Equipment Shown:
Advanced
Structures Set* .................ME-6992B p. 12
Motion Sensor ...................PS-2103A
Function Generator ........PI-8127 p. 99
Mechanical
Wave Driver ........................SF-9324 p. 37
Large Slotted
Mass Set ................................ME-7566 p. 107
5 N Load Cell* ...................PS-2201 p. 9
Rods and Stands ..............p. 107
*Patents pending
Measure acceleration
with a 5N Load Cell
Connect one end of a load cell to
the structure and attach a mass
to the other end of the load cell.
The acceleration of the structure
is measured in real-time as the
structure shakes.
Inertial
Mass
5N Load
Cell
38
www.pasco.com/engineering

Resonance
Demonstrate resonance in
complex systems.
The bridge shown here was constructed using
the Advanced Structures Set (page 12), plus
additional Truss Sets (page 10). The bridge
is driven using the SF -9324 Mechanical
Wave Driver and the PI-8127 Function
Generator. The load cells on the bridge
measure the response of the bridge
by recording the accelerations at
various points. Another load
cell is used to
monitor the
driving force.
Tied Arch Bridge
2 m long
Load Cell Amplifier
(PS-2198)
Short Slotted Mass Set
(ME-7589)
Mechanical Wave Driver
(SF-9324)
Function Generator
(PI-8127)
The resonance of the bridge
is characterized by driving the
bridge at different frequencies,
and measuring the resulting
accelerations using Load Cells
at various locations. The graph
at right (orange trace) shows
the response in the 1 Hz to
10 Hz frequency range.
Skyscraper
This building frame
was built using the
Large Structures Set
shown on page 18.
Wave
Driver
Motion
Sensor
Function
Generator
The students can also
look at the free vibration
of the bridge by simply
hitting it with a hammer!
The resulting FFT (blue
trace) shown in graph at
left shows the correlation
between the forced
and free vibrations.
The building frame is driven using the Mechanical Wave
Driver, and the resulting oscillation is measured by the
Motion Sensor. The graph above shows the response in the
1 Hz to 8 Hz frequency range.
Equipment Shown:
Advanced Structures Set* ..........................ME-6992B p. 12
Large Structures Set* .....................................ME-7003 p. 18
Load Cell Amplifier* ........................................PS-2198 p. 9
5 N Load Cell* ......................................................PS-2201 p. 9
Function Generator ...........................................PI-8127 p. 99
Mechanical Wave Driver ............................SF-9324 p. 37
Motion Sensor ......................................................PS-2103A p. 5
Mass and Hanger Set .....................................ME-8979 p. 107
Short Slotted Mass Set .................................ME-7589 p. 107
Rods and Stands ........................................................................................ p. 109
*Patents pending
www.pasco.com/engineering
39

Rotation
Physical Pendula
This set of six objects is perfect for studying Physical
Pendula, Moments of Inertia, and the Parallel Axis
Theorem. Each piece fastens directly to a Rotary Motion
Sensor to measure the objects acceleration due to an
applied torque, or the period when the pendulum freely
oscillates.
Each piece is made from 1/4 inch thick aluminum plate.
Apply a known torque and measure the angular acceleration
to calculate the moment of inertia of the object.
Multiple holes in the plate allow investigation of the
Parallel Axis Theorem.
Center.hole.is.at.
Center.of.Mass.
The Pendulum Bar has holes spaced
at 2 cm intervals. A graph of
oscillation period vs. pivot hole
position shows that there is a
unique placement that gives a
minimum period. This location
can be verified using calculus.
Moments of Inertia
Add the Mini-Rotational Accessory to the Rotary Motion Sensor
(pages 2 and 5) to study Moments of Inertia of an aluminum
disk, a steel ring and a metal rod. Additional experiments
can be performed using the same apparatus: The period of a
physical pendulum and conservation of angular momentum
when a ring is dropped on a rotating disk.
Includes
Rotating Disk
Large Ring Mass
Pendulum Rod
Point Mass (2)
Clamp-On Super Pulley
Unique design allows pivot
exactly at the edge. Measure
the period of the thick ring
oscillating at either the inner
or outer radius.
ME-9833 Includes
Solid Disk, Thick Ring, Thin Ring, Offset
Hole, Pendulum Bar, Irregular shape
Six mounting screws
Order Information:
Physical Pendulum Set.......................................................ME-9833
Shown in use with:
Xplorer.GLX..................................................................................PS-2002. p..4.
Rotary.Motion.Sensor..........................................................PS-2120. p..5.
Base.and.Support.Rods.................................................................................... p..109
Super.Pulley.with.Clamp....................................................ME-9448B. p..106.
Mass.and.Hanger.Set...........................................................ME-8979. p..107.
Finding the moment
of inertia of point
masses using the
graph of angular
velocity vs. time for
masses at different
distances from the
center.
Order Information:
Mini Rotational Accessory.............................................................CI-6691
40
www.pasco.com/engineering

Rotational.Inertia.Wands
ME-9847
The.red.and.blue.wands.have.the..
same.mass.but.the.red.wand.is.easier.
to.rotate:.The.red.wand.has.less..
rotational.inertia.
These two wands have the same mass and
the same dimensions and yet the red wand
is easier to rotate. This is because the red
wand has two metal slugs near it’s center,
while the blue wand has two similar metal
slugs at it’s ends. This demonstrates that
rotational inertia depends on the distribution
of the mass.
These sturdy plastic wands have small holes
near the center and at the ends to enable
students to see where the metal is located
in each wand. So that what initially seems a
mystery can be explained to the students by
allowing them to examine the wands more
closely.
Rotation
Centripetal Force, Angular Momentum, Moments of Inertia
Complete.Rotational.System
ME-8950A
P .Most.versatile.rotational
system.available
P .Stable,.4.kg.cast.iron.base
P .Dual,.low-friction
ball.bearings
New improved manual with experiments!
Rotational.Motor.Drive
ME-8955
Order Information:
Complete Rotational System..................... ME-8950A
See pages 85 and 91 for additional applications.
“A”-base.Rotational.Adapter
CI-6690.
Easily change the gear
ratio of the motor
drive by moving the
drive belt to one of
the three possible
pulley steps.
The CI-6690 “A”-base Adapter allows
students to mount a Rotary Motion Sensor
to the Rotation Platform (shown above) to
obtain high resolution data.
To demonstrate the difference in rotational inertia of the
two rods, ask two students to grab the center of a wand and
instruct them to rotate the wand back-and-forth as rapidly
as they can. No matter how strong the student with the blue
wand is, he is not able to rotate it as fast as the student who
has the red wand.
Specifications
Length: 1 m
Diameter: 4 cm
Ratio of Blue Rotational Inertia to Red: Approx. 6
Includes
One red wand
One blue wand
Order Information:
Rotational
Inertia Wands.......................................ME-9847
The ME-8955 Motor Drive is used with the
Rotational Platform (shown above) to power
continuous rotational motion. The motor
requires a 12 V DC power supply.
Specifications
Motor: 12 V maximum, 0.2 A minimum
Base Spindle Speed Range: 10 to 600 rpm
3-step Pulley
Includes
Motor
3-step Pulley
Drive Belt
Order Information:
Rotational Motor Drive.................ME-8955
Shown with PS-2118 2-Axis Acceleration Sensor (p. 5).
Close-up of
Rotary Motion
Sensor mounted
on “A”-base.
Includes
Mounting Post
O-Ring Drive Belt
3-Step Pulley
Pulley Mounting Screw
Order Information:
“A”-base Rotational
Adapter.......................................CI-6690 p. 43
Required:
Rotary.Motion.Sensor................................p..2,.5
www.pasco.com/engineering
41

Rotation
Torsion Pendulum
Aluminum Disk from CI-6691
Rotational Accessory
Optical
Encoder
Rotary
Motion
Sensor.
See pages
2 and 5.
A Force Sensor is used to pull on a string wrapped around
the pulley, creating a real-time plot of torque versus angular
displacement.
Torsion Wire
The slope of the
resulting straight line
is the torsional spring
constant.
Bicycle Gyroscope
From a plot of amplitude versus time, the period of the
torsional pendulum can be determined.
Conservation of Angular Momentum
ME-6837
Precision ball bearings result in extremely low-friction for both
the Bicycle Gyroscope and the Rotating Chair.
Wrap rope around
groove to apply
torque.
Non-marking
Rubber Tire
Order Information:
Torsion Pendulum Accessory ...................................ME-6694
Required:
Rotary Motion Sensor .....................................................CI-6538
ScienceWorkshop 750 Interface .................................................................p. 2
DataStudio Software ............................................................................................p. 4
See page 109 for Rod and Base.
Use a photogate (not included) with built-in spokes
to measure the rotational speed and acceleration
Bicycle Gyroscope Mass Set
ME-6972
Adding masses to the wheel increases its
rotational inertia by over 60%.
Mass securely clamps to the wheel
rim using included screws.
Order Information:
Bicycle Gyroscope Mass Set ...................................ME-6972
(Includes four 400 g masses)
Steel Base
This 6 lb. Bicycle Gyroscope
has a solid 1/2” steel shaft
with cushioned hand grips.
Includes pull-cord to spin up
the wheel.
Rugged design and incredibly low-friction make
this far superior to any office chair.
Order Information:
Bicycle Gyroscope ............................................................................ME-6837
Rotating Chair ........................................................................................ME-6856
(Includes platform & chair)
Shown in use with:
Photogate Head ....................................................................................ME-9498A
42
www.pasco.com/engineering

Gyroscopic Motion
Demonstration Gyroscope
ME-8960
Dual Ball Bearings
Low friction allows
long observation times.
Gyroscope Disk
25-cm diameter.
Spin up by hand.
Rotation
Features
Low Friction: The disk takes almost six minutes to slow to half of its
original speed due to low-friction bearings in the gyroscope axle and
vertical shaft.
Large Inertia Disk: With the large rotational inertia of the disk,
PASCO’s gyroscope generates precession rates similar to smaller,
enclosed gyroscopes. The slow rotation speed of PASCO’s disk lets
students study fast as well as slow precession and use a stopwatch to
make measurements.
Angle Indicator
Accurate and easy
to read.
Pulley
For rotating
the disk with
a string.
Dual Ball
Bearings
Accessory Disk:
Add a second disk
spinning in same or
opposite directions.
Fine and Coarse
Adjust Masses
Makes counter-balancing
quick and easy.
Sensor Mounting Accessories
With two Rotary Motion Sensors, the ME-8963
Mounting Bracket and the CI-6690 “A”-base
Rotational Adapter, the PASCO ME-8960
Gyroscope becomes a quantitative instrument
for advanced rotational motion experiments.
Stable Base
Won’t move when
the gyro precesses
or nutates.
Order Information:
Demonstration Gyroscope ..........................................ME-8960
Recommended:
Accessory Disk and Mass...........................................ME-8961
Rotary Motion Sensor/
Gyroscope Mounting
Bracket
ME-8963
CI-6690 “A” base Adapter
Mounts a Rotary Motion Sensor
to measure the Gyroscope’s
precession rate.
Quantitative Measurements
Graph shows nutation pattern for three cases:
The blue trace results when Gyroscope is released
from rest, with no initial push forwards or backwards.
ME-8963 Mounting
Bracket
Aligns a Rotary
Motion Sensor with
the Gyroscope’s angle
indicator to measure
the nutation angle.
Brass Mass
Adds known
torque to cause
precession.
Order Information:
For Recording Nutation Data:
Rotary Motion Sensor/
Gyroscope Mounting
Bracket .................................................ME-8963
Required:
Rotary Motion Sensor ................p. 2 or 5
Interface...............................................p. 2 or 4
“A”-base Rotational
Adapter
CI-6690
Order Information:
For Recording Precession Data:
“A”-base Rotational
Adapter .................................................CI-6690
Required:
Rotary Motion Sensor ................p. 2 or 5
Interface...............................................p. 2 or 4
www.pasco.com/engineering
43

Energy
Roller Coaster: Conservation of Energy
P Quantitative studies of
energy conservation
P Easy to change
track configurations
Rigid Support Pegs
Low-Friction Mini Cars
Mini Car
Catcher
“Whiteboard”
Support Panels
Variety of Track
Configurations
The Roller Coaster’s Mini Cars are low
friction, yet rugged; mass can be added
to the cars on top or in the ballast
position.
Support Feet
Flexible
Track
Bumpers mount on Mini Cars
to allow rubber band or clay
collisions. Also used to couple
Mini Cars into a train.
Brachistochrone:
A Mini Car traveling between two points
along a brachistochrone path takes less
time compared to the straight line path. A
Mini Car released from any place on the
brachistochrone takes the same amount
of time to reach the bottom.
Plastic track guides the cars on their path, yet is flexible enough to
form loops and hills. The three mini cars (one red, one yellow and
one green) feature low-friction ball bearings, and ABS construction
to withstand repeated impacts. Threaded support pegs and mini-car
photogate flags allow photogates to be used and allow the track to
measure velocity and acceleration.
Complete
System
ME-9812
Conservation of Energy: Release the Mini Car and measure its velocity
and height at several points along the track. Use these values to calculate total
energy of the Mini Car. Frictional losses are less than 5%. Shown in use with
photogates and Smart Timer.
Includes
Support panel (3 sections)
Support feet (4)
Flexible track (9.1 meters)
Mini Cars (3)
Support pegs for track (43)
Photogate support pegs (4)
Track clips (50)
Mini Car catcher (2)
Starter bracket (2)
Mini Car collision accessory (3)
Mini Car photogate flags (3)
Water cup (3)
Mini Car ballast mass (3)
Photogate brackets (4)
Track couplers (2)
Ballast masses (3)
Order Information:
Complete Roller Coaster ....................................................ME-9812A
Recommended:
Photogate Head .........................................................................ME-9498A
Photogate Bracket (2)...........................................................ME-9806
Smart Timer ..................................................................................ME-8930
Replacement Supplies:
Mini Car Set (3 cars) ..............................................................ME-9813
Roller Coaster Track (9.1 meters) .................................ME-9814
44
www.pasco.com/engineering

Energy
Design your own Roller Coaster with PASCO’s Structure System
PASCO’s Structures System allows students to design and build their own roller coaster for detailed
studies of conservation of energy and centripetal force. The flexible track is perfect for building hills,
valleys and even a loop! Car with low friction ball bearing wheels minimizes energy losses. Measure
the speed of the car using photogates or a Motion Sensor.
Roller Coaster
1.3 m long
Flag works with photogates
to measure speed of car
along track.
This Roller Coaster can
be constructed with a
Bridge Set ME-6991.
Car jump
Adjust the launch speed and angle so the car lands
safely on the top of the building.
Constructed using the
Large Structures Set ME-7003.
Position Accessory
Photogate anywhere along
the track to measure speed.
Add Load
Cells to
measure the
forces needed
to support
the track.
Add a loop to your
roller coaster
Investigate the effect of changing
the size and shape.
Large Roller Coaster
2.3 m long
Constructed using the
Large Structures Set ME-7003.
Graph shows support forces exerted on the track as
the car goes up and over the loop.
Order Information:
Bridge Set* ......................................................ME-6991 p. 11
Large Structures Set* ............................ME-7003 p. 18
Shown in use with:
Load Cell & Amplifier Set* ....................PS-2199 p. 9
Accessory Photogate ...............................ME-9204B p. 2, 5
*Patents pending
www.pasco.com/engineering
45

Energy
Fuel Cell Tutorial Set
SE-8837
This complete fuel cell tutorial kit includes everything
needed to study the operation of fuel cells. Students
cover the metal base-plate with templates from the
tutorial book. These act as guides to which students
attach the magnetically mounted components.
Solar cells, fuel cells, gas storage tanks and fan can be
combined for numerous experiments such as solar car,
hydrogen production in a solar hydrogen gas station,
air-breathing fuel cell car, solar hydrogen system and
reversible fuel cell system. A detailed textbook, “Fuel
Cell Technology for Classroom Instruction” with
exercises is included.
Specifications
Electrolyzer Cell 5:
5 cm 3 /min H 2 ;
2.5 cm 3 /min O 2 ;
1.16 W
Reversible Fuel Cell H 2 /O 2 /Air
H 2 /O 2 mode: 500 mW
H 2 /Air mode: 150 mW
Gas storage: 30 cm 3 H 2 ; 30 cm 3 O 2
Solar module: 2.0 V / 600 mA; 13 cm x 9 cm
Battery Box: 4.5 VDC / 0.8 A
Power supply: 1.2 A
Load (fan): 10 mW
Load (car): 150 mW
Cable length: 250 mm
H x W x D: 140 x 450 x 380 mm
Weight: 3.5 kg
Includes
Reversible Fuel Cell H 2 /O 2 /Air: for production of hydrogen and
oxygen and conversion of hydrogen to electricity
PEM Electrolyzer Cell 5: for hydrogen and oxygen production
2 Hydrogen/Oxygen Storage Tanks
Solar Cell
Fan: to use as an electrical load
Car: to use as an electrical load
Experimentation Plate with Templates
Power Supply: for use when solar is not available
Battery Box
Connector Cables and Tubing
250 ml Distilled Water
Fuel Cell Technology Textbook
Carrying Case
Template
This template for the Solar Hydrogen Setup
shows students how to connect the components.
The components mount magnetically to
the steel backing plate.
Solar Hydrogen Car Setup
The car can also be powered directly by the
solar cell outside in full sunlight.
Solar Hydrogen Setup
Uses solar energy to power the electrolyzer
which separates the hydrogen from the
oxygen in the water. Then the hydrogen
and oxygen are used in the fuel cell to run
electricity through the fan.
Hydrogen Gas Station and
Fuel Cell Car H 2 /Air Setup
Students can construct this hydrogen
gas station to fill the tanks on the fuel
cell car.
Order Information:
Fuel Cell Tutorial Set (110V) ..........................SE-8837
46
www.pasco.com/engineering

Energy
Dissectible Fuel Cell
SE-8834
Exploded View of Fuel Cell
This fully functional fuel cell can be completely taken apart and
then reassembled in working condition. Satisfy your students’
curiosity about what is inside a fuel cell.
Specifications
Fuel Cell Power Output H 2 /O 2 : 600 mW
Fuel Cell Power Output H 2 /Air: 200 mW
Dimensions: 56 x 42 x 50 mm
Weight: 60 g
Fuel Cell 10-Stack
SE-8835
This stack of 10 fuel cells can be used as a
2-Watt power source. Cells can be demounted
to meet lower power needs. The voltage of
each cell can be monitored.
Specifications
Power 10 Cells: 2 W
Dimensions:
60 x 175 x 70 mm
Weight: 430 g
Order Information:
Dissectible Fuel Cell .......................................................................SE-8834
Required (Hydrogen Fuel Source):
Electrolyzer 10 ......................................................................................SE-8836
Solar Cell.............................................................................................SE-8838
or
Power Source .................................................................................SE-8839
Hydrogen Fuel Supply
Electrolyzer 10
SE-8836
This electrolyzer supplies hydrogen
by separating the hydrogen from
water. It requires a power source:
Either a solar cell or an AC power
adapter (see below)
Includes Double-cell PEM
electrolyzer with water tanks,
hydrogen and oxygen tanks
Specifications
Hydrogen Production: 10 cm 3 /min
Oxygen Production: 5 cm 3 /min
Power: 2.33 W
Dimensions: 200 x 180 x 120 mm
Solar Cell
SE-8838
Power Source
SE-8839
Order Information:
Fuel Cell 10-Stack .............................................................SE-8835
Required (Hydrogen Fuel Source):
Electrolyzer 10 ......................................................................SE-8836
Solar Cell.............................................................................SE-8838
or
Power Source .................................................................SE-8839
Recommended to Measure Voltage:
ScienceWorkshop (p. 2) or PASPORT Interface (p. 4)
Voltage Sensor ...................................................................CI-6503 p. 2
PASPORT Voltage/Current Sensor .......................PS-2115 p. 5
13 cm x 9 cm
This solar cell outputs 4 V at
350 mA in full sunlight. Used
to power the Electrolyzer.
Equipped with 2mm diameter
banana jacks.
This 110 VAC power source
plugs into line voltage and
outputs 5 VDC at 3 A. Used to
power the Electrolyzer when
sunlight is not available.
Order Information:
Electrolyzer 10 .......................................................................................... SE-8836
Solar Cell ..................................................................................................... SE-8838
Power Source (110 VAC) .................................................................. SE-8839
www.pasco.com/engineering
47

Energy
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
SE-8573
A hydrogen fuel cell is a clean and efficient
way of storing energy and generating
electricity. With this Hydrogen Fuel Cell,
students see a real-world example of
cutting-edge energy technology.
Electricity from the solar panel is used in
the process of electrolysis to split water
into oxygen and hydrogen.
The hydrogen is used as fuel in the fuel cell.
The process that takes place in the fuel cell
is the opposite of electrolysis: the hydrogen
is combined with oxygen to make water
and produce electricity.
In this demonstration, the electricity
produced by the fuel cell is used to operate
a fan. The fuel cell has an efficiency of
about 50%.
This apparatus uses Proton Exchange
Membrane (PEM) technology. A PEM is a
proton-conducting polymer membrane that
is covered with a layer of catalyst material
on both sides. These two layers form the
cell’s cathode and anode. One PEM is used
to separate the hydrogen from the water,
and a second PEM is used to re-combine
the hydrogen with oxygen to make water.
Electrolyzer
Solar Cell
Order Information:
Water
Specifications
Dimensions: 15 cm x 53 cm x 18 cm
Solar Cell: 2.5 V, 300 mA
Fuel Cell Voltage Range: 0.3-0.9 V
Fan Power: 20 mW
Hydrogen Storage Tank
2H2
2H2 4H + + 4e-
4e-
4e-
Fuel Cell
02
2H20
4H + + 4e-+ 02
Fan
PEM = Proton Exchange Membrane
Hydrogen Fuel Cell .......................................................................................................................SE-8573
Recommended for use with ScienceWorkshop:
Voltage Sensor .................................................................................................................................CI-6503 p. 5
Current Sensor .................................................................................................................................CI-6556 p. 5
Recommended for use with PASPORT:
Voltage/Current Sensor .............................................................................................................PS-2115 p. 5
The fuel cell contains
a Proton Exchange
Membrane which
facilitates energy
production.
2H20
Hyrunner Hydrogen Car
SE-7341
P Uses distilled water as a
hydrogen source
P Top speed of 20 cm/s
P Ready to drive
in minutes
The hydrogen and oxygen accumulate
in their respective tanks. Since there are
two hydrogen atoms for each oxygen atom
in a water molecule, twice as much hydrogen
gas is collected. The hydrogen gas
collection tank will fill completely in about
two minutes.
Disconnect the power supply and the
Hyrunner is ready to hit the road!
PASCO’s Hyrunner Hydrogen Car is an
outstanding example of a promising energy
source for the future. The hydrogen fuel cell
is an amazing device that combines hydrogen
with oxygen to produce water and energy.
Hydrogen fuel cells boast an efficiency that
is roughly twice that of internal combustion
engines.
The energy from a fuel cell can be used to
do work on any system. In the case of the
Hyrunner, the energy is used to move the
car across the floor at a maximum speed of
20 cm/s. The Hyrunner is well-constructed,
with all components visible for student
inspection and a more thorough
understanding of its workings.
How it Works
Place distilled water into the two storage
tanks to force any air out of the gas collection
chambers.
Next, plug the included power supply into
the hydrogen fuel cell. Using the energy
from the power supply, the water in the
storage tanks is electrolyzed, creating both
hydrogen and oxygen gas.
Includes
Hyrunner Car
Power Supply
Two Gas Collection Chambers
Reversible Fuel Cell
Distilled Water
Safety Glasses
Instruction Books
Order Information:
Hyrunner ................................................SE-7341
48
www.pasco.com/engineering

Solar Energy
Energy Transfer – Solar
ET-8593
P Converts solar energy to thermal energy
P Demonstrates the greenhouse effect
P Built-in thermistor for measurement of temperature
Energy Transfer – Solar shown in use. The Xplorer GLX, with its
two built in temperature ports, measures both the ambient outside
temperature and the temperature inside the Energy Transfer – Solar.
The sturdy plastic housing is covered with a transparent plastic lid
to transmit visible light. The black aluminum plate (23 cm x 16 cm)
inside is removable so its mass can be measured.
Solar Constant Set
TD-8497
P Measure the temperature of three cylinders in real-time
P Discover the rate at which radiant energy is received
from the sun
The Solar Constant
Set includes five
cylinders, three of
which have identical
size and mass.
One cylinder is
painted white, one
is painted black and
one has a shiny
finish. A black brass
cylinder of equal
size and a black aluminum
cylinder of
twice the radius are
also included. Using
the included bracket
and a standard ring
stand, these cylinders can be used to discover the solar constant or
to simply compare the energy transfer to the various cylinders.
The slope of the temperature vs. time graph
shows the rate of temperature change
when the black cylinder reaches ambient
temperature. This slope, along with the
mass and surface area of the cylinder,
gave a value for the solar constant of
1150 W/m2.
Graph shows the difference in heating with the clear plastic lid on (light gray line)
and a subsequent run with the lid off.
Includes
Plastic box with lid
Black aluminum plate (23 cm x 16 cm)
with 10 kΩ thermistor
Cable for PASPORT
Temperature Sensor
Order Information:
Energy Transfer – Solar................................................ET-8593
Shown in use with:
Xplorer GLX ............................................................................PS-2002 p. 4
(Temperature Sensor Included with Xplorer GLX)
Includes
Black, White and Polished
Aluminum Cylinder
1.9 cm dia x 3.8 cm long
Black Brass Cylinder (same size)
Black Aluminum Cylinder
(twice the radius)
Mounting Bracket with Rod Clamp
Order Information:
Solar Constant Set ..........................................................................TD-8497
Required:
Quad Temperature
(includes two temperature probes) ....................................PS-2143 p. 70
Temperature Probe (one more needed) ..........................PS-2153
PASPORT Xplorer Interface...................................................................................p. 4
Shown in use with:
Xplorer ......................................................................................................PS-2000
Rods and Bases ..............................................................................................................p. 109
www.pasco.com/engineering
49

Energy Transfer – Generator
ET-8771A
P Transfers gravitational potential energy to electrical energy
P Open design: 19 mm neodymium magnet can be seen
spinning between the two Coils
P Real-Time computer measurement of output power
Coil
Transparent Case
Energy
Rod Clamp
Energy Transfer –
Flywheel Accessory
ET-8773
The Flywheel Accessory is attached to the
Generator (ET-8771) See photo below left, to
demonstrate the storage of rotational kinetic
energy. The solid aluminum disk (6.3 cm
diameter, 80 g mass) keys into the shaft of
the Generator to prevent slipping. A thread
attached to a hanging weight easily wraps
around the built-in pulley.
Magnet
ET-8773 Flywheel
Accessory has a
built-in pulley and
a spiral pattern on
the label to show
rotational motion.
Includes
Generator with three-step pulley
Red-Green LED mounted on plug
100-ohm load resistor mounted on plug
Spool of thread
Power Output
Shown using
optional ET-8773
Flywheel
As the hanging mass
falls, rotational kinetic
energy is stored in
the flywheel,
and converted to
electrical energy.
Three-Step
Pulley
PASCO’s Energy Transfer Generator demonstrates
the conversion of gravitational
potential energy into electrical energy as
a falling weight turns a magnet between
two coils. The open design permits easy
identification of the essential parts of the
generator. The supplied lamp or load resistor
can be plugged into the output banana
jacks. A Voltage/Current Sensor can be used
to measure the generated current, voltage
and power.
By wrapping the string around different sized
steps on the three-step pulley, the generator
will spin at different speeds. The smaller
the pulley radius, the slower the weight falls
and the greater percentage of the potential
energy is converted to electrical energy.
The AC power generated by spinning the
shaft by hand easily lights the included
red-green LED. The LED goes from red to
green, indicating the direction of the current.
The built-in rod clamp is used to mount the
generator on a rod stand.
Order Information:
Energy Transfer –
Generator ................................ ET-8771A
Recommended:
Flywheel Accessory ........ ET-8773
Hydro Accessory ............... ET-8772 p. 51
Hooked Mass Set .............. SE-8759 p. 107
Large Rod Base .................. ME-8735 p. 109
Steel Rod (90 cm) .............. ME-8738 p. 109
No Bounce Pad ................... SE-7347 p. 107
Required for use with PASPORT:
Voltage/Current
Sensor........................................ PS-2115 p. 5
Order Information:
Energy Transfer –
Flywheel Accessory ........................ET-8773
Required:
Energy Transfer – Generator .....ET-8771A
Energy Transfer –
Generator Gearing
ET-8775
Use the Generator
Gearing with the Energy
Transfer – Generator to create a
measurable power output with
a few turns of the hand. Simply
connect the gearing to the same
rod stand as the generator and
stretch the drive belt over the
two pulleys. Use the LED on the
generator or voltage and current
sensors to monitor the output.
Includes
Generator Hand
Crank Disc
Built-in Rod Clamp
Drive Belt (2)
Order Information:
Energy Transfer –
Generator Gearing ............................. ET-8775
Required:
Energy Transfer – Generator ...... ET-8771A
Large Base and Support Rod ..... ME-9355
Recommended for use with PASPORT:
Xplorer or Xplorer GLX ......................p. 4
Voltage/Current Sensor ....................PS-2115
50
www.pasco.com/engineering

Energy
Energy Transfer – Hydro Accessory
ET-8772
P Demonstrates Hydroelectric
Power Generation
P Open Design Gives View of Spinning Turbine
and Water Stream
P Falling Water Lights an LED
Energy Transfer –
Wind Turbine
ET-8783
Attach this clear propeller to the Energy
Transfer – Generator for a complete wind
energy turbine. Students will better understand
the process of electrical energy production
from wind after using the turbine.
The Hydro Accessory is used with the Energy Transfer-Generator (ET-8771) to demonstrate
how falling water generates electricity. The gravitational potential energy of the water is converted
into electrical energy as the falling water turns the turbine. The water can be supplied
using the optional Water Reservoir (ME-8594). The water that has passed through the turbine
is caught in a beaker and measured to determine the total mass that has fallen.
The water nozzle size and angle can be adjusted to optimize performance. By changing the
height of the Water Reservoir, different efficiencies are achieved.
Power generated by the Wind Turbine is measured using
the Xplorer GLX, and the wind speed is measured using
the PS-2174 Weather/Anemometer Sensor (see page 61).
The resulting data, in the graph below, shows that power
generated by a wind turbine, depends on the cube of the
wind speed.
Includes
Turbine housing
Plastic turbine (4 cm diameter)
Water nozzles (5)
Tubing (2-meter long)
Plastic hose clamp
Screw driver for attaching
Hydro Accessory to Generator
Power data as water falls from the reservoir through
the turbine.
Order Information:
Energy Transfer – Hydro Accessory ................................................................................ET-8772
Required:
Energy Transfer – Generator .................................................................................................ET-8771A
Recommended:
Water Reservoir ..............................................................................................................................ME-8594
Large Rod Base ...............................................................................................................................ME-8735 p. 109
Steel Rod (90 cm) ...........................................................................................................................ME-8738 p. 109
Three-Finger Clamp ......................................................................................................................SE-9445 p. 108
1000 ml Beaker (6 pack) ............................................................................................................SE-7288
Includes
Fan and mounting
hardware
Order Information:
Energy Transfer –
Wind Turbine .....................................ET-8783
Required:
Energy Transfer –
Generator .............................................ET-8771A
www.pasco.com/engineering
51

Human Body Mechanics
PASCO Structures System
Use the components from the Advanced Structures Set (page 12) to build
and test structural models of the human body. Use load cells (page 9) to
directly measure the forces as parameters are changed.
Human Back Model
Model the forces acting on a human back. Vary all parameters
including position of back muscle attachment and angle of the
torso. Directly measure the force exerted by the back muscles
(tension in supporting cord) and the horizontal and vertical
forces exerted by the pivot. For the example shown here,
the net force exerted
on the base of the
spine is 29.2 N.
Lumbar
Muscles
Torso
Arm
The PASCO Structures System
allows students to build models
that represent real life problems.
Support Structure
allows the angle of
the back to be easily
adjusted.
Load cells directly
measure forces exerted on
back model.
T
F x
F y
W
W b
Human Arm Model
The Advanced Structures Set allows students
to build a realistic arm model and directly
measure the forces exerted by the biceps
muscle (tension in supporting cord).
Vary the length and angle
of upper and lower arm,
as well as the point of
attachment
of the muscle.
W
W A
F
θ
Hand
Load cell represents
the biceps muscle.
Axle allows arm to pivot
freely at the elbow.
Support Structure
allows the angle of the
upper arm to be easily
adjusted.
Human Leg Model
The articulated leg shown below has a load cell on the foot to measure
the force that the “toe” exerts on the ball. The impulse (area under the
curve) is equal to the resulting momentum of the ball.
The leg model shown at right uses a load cell for the quadriceps muscle
to directly measure the force needed to support the leg at various angles.
Load cell represents
quadriceps muscles.
θ
T
Rubber Band
Directly measure the force
needed to support the leg at
various angles.
W
Load Cell
Order Information:
Advanced Structures Set* ................................ME-6992B p. 12
Shown in use with:
Load Cell & Amplifier Set* .................................PS-2199 p. 9
Hooked Mass Set .....................................................SE-8759 p. 107
Large Slotted Mass Set .......................................ME-7566 p. 107
*Patents pending
52
www.pasco.com/engineering

Human Body Mechanics
Working Human Arm Model
Cord Locks
To easily adjust position.
P Working model of the human arm
P Associate tricep/bicep muscle action
with arm motion
P Measure torque resulting from
lifting weights
P Actually throws a ball
Mounting Bracket
Use with rod
or clamp directly to a
table with a C-clamp.
Bicep
Multiple Insertion
Points
Adjustable
Wrist
Color Graphics
Hand
Tricep
The Human Arm Model simulates the muscles and motion of an actual human
arm. To activate the arm motion, students pull on the cord with a Force Sensor.
Changes in position are measured at the shoulder and elbow using the two
built-in potentiometers plugged into one Angle Sensor (PS-2139), included with
PS-2611. From this information, the torque applied
when lifting an object can be determined. Also,
students can evaluate the work done by the arm
in throwing a ball and the resulting kinetic energy
delivered to the ball.
The Arm can perform many types of motion such
as extending and lifting an object, curling, or
throwing a ball overhand. Different arm muscles
are activated depending on which pulleys are
selected. Static force measurements can also be
made to see how the muscle tension changes at
various arm positions.
Elbow Angle Sensor
Measure Angle of forearm.
Adjustable Stops
To fix position of arm.
Shoulder Angle Sensor
Measure angle of arm.
Removable Mass
Measure work and torque with
and without mass.
Rod Clamp
Angles and Forces During
Extension: The upper graph
shows the angles of the elbow
(violet trace) and the shoulder
(blue) as the arm is extended as
shown in the picture at right.
Shown in the lower graph, the
bicep tension (red) has little
change at first and then rises
sharply as the arm reaches out,
while the tricep tension (green)
rises steadily.
Extension
As the tricep muscle cord is pulled with a Force Sensor, another fixed Force
Sensor records the tension in the bicep muscle cord.
Free throw
To perform this motion, an elastic
cord is used as the bicep
muscle cord and the tricep
muscle cord is pulled with a
Force Sensor. The motion of the
arm and the release speed of
the ball are measured with the
built-in potentiometers using
the Angle Sensor.
PS-2611 Includes
Arm
Angle Sensor
Removable Mass
Cord & Cord Locks
Mounting Bracket with Rod
Force Sensor Mounting Rod
Rubber Ball
Curl
As the bicep muscle cord is pulled a short distance, the
end of the arm moves through a very large distance, showing
the mechanical advantage of the arm. The load at the
end of the arm can be varied.
Order Information:
Human Arm Model ..............................................................................................................PS-2611
Required:
C Clamp or Large Table Clamp .....................................................................................p. 108
Required for sensor measurement:
PASPORT Force Sensor (2) .............................................................................................PS-2104 p. 5
PASPORT GLX or PowerLink ..........................................................................................p. 4
www.pasco.com/engineering
53

Human Body Mechanics
Forces on the
Human Body
ForcePlatforms
F wall
P Measureforcesonhumanbody
P 1-Axisand2-AxisForcePlatforms
Measure position, velocity
and acceleration of the body
PhotogateTapeSet
ME-6664
P Tapeguideslidesonto
PASCOPhotogates
By standing on a 2-Axis Force Platform
while pushing against the wall with a
1-Axis Force Platform, a real-life statics
problem can be analyzed.
Friction
Velocity profile of a thrown tennis ball.
Normal
Typical Applications
Measure the sideways force during a broad jump
Measure the normal and parallel forces on a wall as a
ladder leans against the wall
Measure the normal and parallel forces as a person
walks or runs across the platform
Pull an object across the platform and measure the
normal and frictional forces
Confirm Newton’s Third Law by pushing
on a Force Platform using two sets of
handles (available separately). Handles
bolt onto the Force Platform (1-axis or
2-axis). Can be mounted on either
side or both sides.
The normal and parallel
forces are recorded as
the girl jumps off the
platform.
Slide the included bracket onto the arm
of a PASCO photogate (ME-9498A or
ME-9204B) and feed the photogate tape
through the bracket to measure position,
velocity and acceleration.
Typical Applications
Throwing: Investigate the relationship between the
motion of the arm and speed of a thrown ball
Running: Connect the tape to a sprinter and measure
speed “out of the blocks”
Kicking: Measure the speed of a kicked soccer ball
for a variety of students
Includes
Photogate Tape (30 m)
Tape Adapter Bracket (2)
Double-Adhesive Tape (not shown)
TwoBrackets
included
Order Information:
2-Axis Force Platform.....................PS-2142
1-Axis Force Platform.....................PS-2141
Shown in use with:
XplorerGLX.............................................PS-2002
ForcePlatformHandleSet..........PS-2548
p.4
Order Information:
Photogate Tape Set..........ME-6664
Recommended:
PhotogateTape,
HighResolution(30m)....ME-6666
XplorerGLX.............................PS-2002 p.4
PhotogateHead...................ME-9498A p.2,5
DigitalAdapter.....................PS-2159 p.5
54
www.pasco.com/engineering

Human Body Mechanics
Measure acceleration and
altitude simultaneously
3-AxisAccelerometer/
Altimeter
PS-2136
P 0.01gResolution
P 30 cmAltitudeResolution
PASCO’s 3-Axis Acceleration Altimeter allows
students to measure acceleration in all three
dimensions along with changes in altitude.
Students can easily read changes in altitude
with 0.30 m resolution. In addition, all three
dimensions of acceleration are automatically
combined by the sensor, making resultant
acceleration an available measurement.
Acceleration and altitude can be displayed on
the same DataStudio graph, leading students
to a better understanding of the physics of
rides and other outdoor activities.
Investigate the
Mechanics of Sports
3-AxisAcceleration
PS-2119
P 100Hz
samplerate
P Measuresx,y
andzacceleration
simultaneouslythroughoneport
High sensitivity for small accelerations and
fast response for collisions.
Specifications
Acceleration for each axis:
±10g with 0.01 g resolution
Response rate button allows smoother data at lower
data rate
Max Sample Rate: 100 Hz
Altitude and acceleration are simultaneously measured
on a playground swing.
Acceleration and altitude data
from a roller coaster.
Altitude and acceleration are
simultaneously measured
on a trampoline.
During a bench press, the weightlifter accelerates and then
decelerates the weights. The acceleration is zero at the top of
the lift where the weights are held at rest. This graph shows
the resultant acceleration calculated from all three axes, so
the orientation of the sensor does not affect the measurement.
Order Information:
3-Axis Acceleration/
Altimeter .......................................PS-2136
Shown in use with:
XplorerGLX.................................PS-2002
XplorerVest................................PS-2517
p.4
Order Information:
3-Axis Acceleration .............PS-2119
Shown in use with:
XplorerGLX.................................PS-2002
p.4
www.pasco.com/engineering
55

Goniometer
PS-2137
P Accurately
measuresjoint
movements
P Flexible
mounting
options
The Goniometer can be connected to the
knee, hip or elbow joints. Measure the
angular position, velocity and
acceleration for the arm or leg.
The sensor includes one
Goniometer
Probe and
Velcro
connection kit.
To measure the
motion of two
joints simultaneously,
purchase another
Goniometer Probe
separately.
Specifications
Range: 0 to 120º
Accuracy: 2% of measurement
Resolution: 0.25º
Maximum Sample Rate: 500 Hz
Physiology Sensors
Spirometer
PS-2152
Measure airflow and lung volume. Disposable
mouth pieces available for student safety.
Typical Applications
Compare a student’s airflow before and
after exercise
Investigate the lung volume of
athletes vs. non-athletes
Specifications
Displays volume in liters
Minimal resistance to air flow
Bi-directional air flow
Sample Rate Range: 50 to 100 Hz
BreathRate
PS-2187
The Breath Rate Sensor uses standard
disposable dust masks and gives stable
output even when exercising. Breath rate is
measured by sensing the pressure changes
inside the mask. Tubing from the sensor connects
to the disposable pressure clips which
fasten on the side of the mask.
Two Modes
One reading every breath
Running average over last four breaths
Data collected with Xplorer
GLX while exercising.
Position and velocity
of knee joint while
running.
Measuring lung
capacity.
Includes
Developed in
cooperation with
Nancy Beverly,
Assistant
Professor of
Physics at Mercy
College, Dobbs
Ferry, New York.
Replaceable
mouthpiece
clips in.
Sensor with Tubing
Pressure Clips (10)
Masks (10)
Order Information:
Goniometer Sensor...........PS-2137
Recommended:
Additional
GoniometerProbe..............PS-2138
XplorerGLX.............................PS-2002
p.4
Order Information:
Spirometer Sensor...................................PS-2152
Spirometer Mouth Pieces
(10-pack)..........................................................PS-2522
Order Information:
Breath Rate Sensor.................................PS-2187
Replacement Clips (10).........................PS-2568
Replacement Masks (10).....................PS-2567
56
www.pasco.com/engineering

EKG
PS-2111
The EKG Sensor measures electrical signals
produced by the heart. As cardiac muscle
depolarization and repolarization occurs,
the EKG trace graphically illustrates the beating
of the heart. The sensor comes with 100
self-adhesive conductive patches that are
easily removed from the skin after use.
Typical Applications
Generate a personal EKG graph
Compare EKG graphs before and after mild
exercise
Specifications
EKG Waveform:
Voltage: 0 to 4.5 mV
Resolution: 4.5 µV
Sample Rate: 50 to 200 samples per second (sps)
Default Sample Rate: 200 samples per second (sps)
Heart Rate (Beats):
Range: 47 to 250 beats per minute (bpm)
Resolution: 1 beat per minute (bpm)
Physiology Sensors
HandGripHeartRate
PS-2186
The Hand Grip Heart Rate Sensor allows
students to measure heart rate without
the restriction and inconvenience of belts
or clips. Extra long cords allow students
to freely increase their physical activity
in order to determine exercise heart rate.
Simply grip the handles while the sensor
measures cardiac muscle contraction in
beats per minute.
Typical Applications
AP Biology Lab 10: Physiology of the Circulatory
System
Measure and compare resting, exercise and recovery
heart rate to determine physical fitness levels
Specifications
Measurement Range: 40-240 beats per minute
Time to acquire heart beat: 8-10 seconds
Typ ical LED Indicators:
Standby: handgrips not held
Acquire: acquiring heart beat
Beat: flashes with each beat
BloodPressure
PS-2207
With PASCO’s Blood Pressure Sensor
students easily measure heart rate (bpm),
systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure
(mmHg). Students gain a greater understanding
of the physiology of the circulatory
system when they also learn about the
physiology of blood pressure. The systolic
and diastolic pressure provided in the digits
display can be used by the student to verify
their own determination of blood pressure
from the graph.
A student “patient” remains still while another student uses
the pump to increase the pressure in the cuff. The students
observe the graph as the pressure in the cuff slowly decreases.
On the digits display, students observe the patient’s heart
rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
NOTE: The EKG Sensor has been designed for educational
purposes only and is not suitable for medical diagnoses.
Order Information:
Additional EKG Electrode
Patches (CI-6620) may be
ordered separately.
EKG Sensor....................................................PS-2111
EKG Patches (100 each).......................CI-6620
Order Information:
Heart Rate Sensor....................................PS-2186
www.pasco.com/engineering
Includes
Blood Pressure Sensor, medium arm cuff*,
bladder and pressure
release valve.
*small and large
cuffs are also
available
Order Information:
Blood Pressure Sensor.........................PS-2207
Recommended:
SmallCuff........................................................PS-2531
MediumCuff..................................................PS-2532
LargeCuff........................................................PS-2533
57

Metabolism Chamber
ME-6936
P A great solution for Cellular
Respiration!
The Metabolism Chamber is a 250 mL
sample bottle that allows simultaneous
measurements of carbon dioxide gas and
oxygen gas. One of the most popular
methods to explore cellular respiration in
the biology lab is to measure the production
of carbon dioxide by germinating
seeds using a carbon dioxide sensor. The
study of cellular respiration becomes richer
when students simultaneously obtain carbon
dioxide gas data and oxygen gas data.
Place 25 germinating
Alaska peas in the
Metabolism Chamber
at room temperature.
Measure CO 2 gas and O 2
gas in the chamber with
the Carbon Dioxide Gas
sensor and the Oxygen Gas
sensor. Collect and analyze
the data for oxygen gas
consumption and carbon
dioxide gas production by
the germinating pea seeds.
CO 2 Gas Sensor
(PS-2110)
O 2 Gas
Sensor
(PS-2126)
O 2 Gas
PS-2126A
Biology
PASCO’s Oxygen Gas Sensor accurately
measures oxygen concentration in the
atmosphere or in enclosed spaces, such
as terrariums. The sensor’s wide range
(0-100%) means students can use it with
any experiment or investigation. Use in
combination with the CO 2 Gas Sensor
to perform an even wider variety of environmental
and physiology activities in the
classroom or in the field.
Specifications
Flow Range: 0 to 100%
Accuracy: ±1% (at constant temperature)
Resolution: 0.025%
Maximum Sample Rate: 100 Hz
Probe Shelf-life: 3 years
Special Features
Single point calibration requires just the touch
of a button
Automatic temperature compensation ensures
consistent measurements
Usable in any orientation
Order Information:
O 2 Gas Sensor .......................................PS-2126A
CO 2 Gas
PS-2110
EcoChamber
ME-6667
PASCO’s acrylic EcoChamber is specially
designed to accommodate up to three
PASCO sensors. The EcoChamber can be
used as a fermentation chamber in yeast
fermentation experiments, a model ecosystem
in photosynthesis and respiration
experiments and a temperature regulation
chamber when exploring the differences
between endothermic and ectothermic animals.
Its sturdy design and custom molding
makes PASCO’s EcoChamber a versatile
science learning tool that is easy to use and
easy to clean.
CO 2 Gas Sensor
(PS-2110)
Ethanol Sensor
(PS-2194)
In this experiment, PASCO’s
EcoChamber is filled with
approximately 500 ml of 0.5
M sucrose solution and 1000
mL of yeast solution. The
PASPORT oxygen, carbon
dioxide and ethanol gas sensors
are inserted into the lid of
the EcoChamber and all other
holes are filled with stoppers
to create an airtight environment.
Students will observe
the fermentation of sucrose
as ethanol concentration
increases in the chamber, and
the simultaneous production of
CO 2 and consumption of O 2 .
O 2 Gas Sensor
(PS-2126)
O 2 and CO 2 Concentration (ppm) vs. Time (hours).
Order Information:
Metabolism Chamber ......................ME-6936
Shown in use with:
O 2 Gas Sensor .......................................PS-2126A
CO 2 Gas Sensor ....................................PS-2110
The CO 2 Gas Sensor measures carbon
dioxide concentration in the atmosphere
or in an enclosed volume, such as a
terrarium. Using the included 250-ml
sample bottle, students can even measure
the exhalation of small organisms such as
crickets. PASCO’s proprietary design uses
infrared detection to measure the energy
absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules.
Specifications
Range: 0 ppm to 300,000 ppm
Accuracy: For range of 0 to 10,000 ppm:
100 ppm or 10% of value, whichever is greater
Calibration: User presses one button while sampling
outside air
Default Sample Rate: CO 2 concentration updates
once each second
Operating Temperature: 20 °C to 30 °C
Maximum Sample Rate: 10 Hz
Order Information:
CO 2 Gas Sensor ....................................PS-2110
O 2 (ppm), CO 2 (ppm), and Ethanol (%) Concentration vs.
Time (hours)
EcoChamber includes
Acrylic chamber and rubber stoppers
Order Information:
EcoChamber ............................................ ME-6667
Shown in use with:
O 2 Gas Sensor ....................................... PS-2126A
CO 2 Gas Sensor .................................... PS-2110
Ethanol Sensor ...................................... PS-2194
Magnetic Stirrer ................................... SE-7700
PASPORT Sensor
Extension Cable .................................... PS-2500
58
www.pasco.com/engineering

Biology
Aquatic Productivity Bottles
ME-6937
P A great solution for Primary Productivity studies!
The Aquatic Productivity Bottles rest in a rack that provides
consistent and reliable light control for quantitative aquatic
productivity studies. The identical transparent bottles nest
in each of five rack positions. The custom design of the rack
shields the bottles from light by blocking a fixed percentage
of light in 25% increments from zero to 100%.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis Tank
PS-2521A
Typical experiments involving
photosynthesis require students
to infer photosynthetic rate
changes by using chloroplasts
and dye. Help students
understand this concept more
completely by directly measuring
the production of oxygen.
P Measure O 2 production directly
P Control the environment of the aquatic plant
P Study changes in photosynthesis/respiration rates
The Aquatic Productivity Bottles were completely filled with algae solution, and the initial
dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations of the solutions were determined with a DO sensor. The
bottles were then placed into the cradle of the apparatus and the specially molded, light-varying
lid was locked into place over the bottles. After 24 hours of incubation in fluorescent light, the
bottles were removed from the cradle and the DO concentration was again determined with a
DO sensor. Using the initial and final [DO], students calculate Net Primary Productivity and Gross
Primary Productivity.
Water in the outer tank
is used to control large
fluctuations in temperature
when the light is
used. Students can further
their understanding
of photosynthetic rates
by adding chemicals as
colored filters.
Net Primary Productivity (mg/L) vs. Light Intensity (%): Notice
that for the bottle in the dark, the Net Productivity is negative.
Kit includes
Plastic bottles w/lids (5)
and case with slotted lid
Photosynthesis Tank includes
Acrylic chamber and rubber stoppers
Order Information:
Aquatic Productivity Bottles ........................................................ME-6937
Shown in use with:
Dissolved Oxygen Sensor ...............................................................PS-2108
Order Information:
Photosynthesis Tank............................................................................PS-2521A
Shown in use with:
Xplorer GLX .................................................................................................PS-2002
Dissolved Oxygen Sensor ................................................................PS-2108
Magnetic Stirrer ......................................................................................SE-7700
www.pasco.com/engineering
59

Biology
Diffusion/OsmosisApparatus
ME-6940
Diffusion/Osmosis
Apparatus shown in
use with Dual Pressure
Sensor PS-2181.
Patent
Pending
EmissionSpectrometerSystemfor
XplorerGLX
PS-2635
P UsesOceanOpticsRedTideSpectrometer
P Full-scanspectroscopywithoutacomputer
The Xplorer GLX controls the Ocean Optics Red Tide Spectrometer
which detects the spectrum using a 2048 pixel CCD linear array. The
Xplorer GLX does a full sweep in less than one second.
Open any biology textbook to the osmosis section and you will
find the image of a U-shaped tube composed of two clear columns
separated by a semi-permeable membrane. This classic figure is the
most commonly used model to visualize the osmotic movement of
water due to a concentration gradient. PASCO’s Diffusion/Osmosis
Apparatus is a U-shaped apparatus consisting of two cylinders separated
by a semi-permeable membrane. The transparent, graduated
cylinders allow students to observe and measure volume changes
due to osmosis. In conjunction with PASCO’s Dual Pressure Sensor,
the apparatus allows students to measure the changes in pressure
and volume caused by the osmotic movement of water across a
semi-permeable membrane.
Now your students can easily measure the
absorption spectra of photosynthetic pigments!
The graph shows the wavelengths
of light that are best absorbed by the three
types of photosynthetic pigments found in
the cholorplasts; Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll
b and Carotenoids.
Order Information:
Diffusion/Osmosis Apparatus
(includes 20 membranes).................................................................ME-6940
Diffusion/Osmosis Kit
(includes Diffusion/Osmosis Apparatus and
Dual Pressure Sensor) ......................................................................ME-6942
Replacement Membranes (20 membranes).......................ME-6941
Dual Pressure Sensor .......................................................................PS-2181
In this experiment, cylinder
#1 was filled with 40 mL
of 1.0 M sucrose solution.
Cylinder #2 was filled with
40 mL of distilled water. The
two cylinders were separated
by a semi-permeable
membrane and the pressure
within the cylinders was
monitored using the Dual
Pressure Sensor.
Specifications
Range: VIS-NIR,350-1000nm
Resolution: 2nm
Includes
Ocean Optics Red Tide Spectrometer
Fiber Optics Cable
USB Cable
License key for Ocean Optics Xplorer GLX feature set
Order Information:
Emission Spectrometer System
for Xplorer GLX...............................................................PS-2635
Required:
XplorerGLX........................................................................PS-2002
See pages 6 and 66
for more applications.
p.4
60
www.pasco.com/engineering

Aerial photograph in My
World GIS software showing
humidity index and
wind chill from PASCO’s
Weather/Anemometer
Sensor. The size of the
block indicates the humidity
index and the color
indicates the wind chill.
Environmental
Study the Environment with the Xplorer GLX
Students use the
Xplorer GLX, GPS Position
Sensor and the Weather
Anemometer to make environmental
measurements
around the perimeter
of a park.
GPSPositionSensor
PS-2175
Use PASCO’s GPS Position Sensor to
collect GPS data simultaneously with
other sensor measurements, automatically synching the data to
your latitude, longitude, altitude, and velocity.
The GPS Position sensor utilizes satellite triangulation to determine
the sensor’s position and velocity in outdoor environments. The
highly-sensitive receiver is able to track satellites even under tree
canopies often found along rivers.
The sensor provides latitude,
longitude, horizontal speed, course
over ground, altitude and the
number of tracked satellites. LED
indicators let the user know if the
GPS Position sensor is currently
computing position reports.
Overlay sensor data on aerial
photos and maps using
My World GIS software (see
pasco.com/myworld for more
information).
Aerial Photo and GPS position data, color-coded
by number of satellites in fix, on a hike through
dense forest in Costa Rica.
Specifications
Measures: Latitude, longitude, elevation, velocity (speed and bearing), number of
satellites
Position Accuracy: 10 meters, 2D RMS; 5 meters, 2D RMS, WAAS enabled
Position Resolution: 2 meters, full Latitude/Longitude mode; 0.2 meters relative
position mode
Velocity Resolution: 0.1 m/s
Time to First Fix (average): 42 sec, cold start; 38 sec, warm start; 1 sec, hot start
Channels: 20
Refresh Rate: Once per second
Order Information:
GPS Position Sensor.....................................................................PS-2175
Recommended:
XplorerGLX...........................................................................................PS-2002
MyWorldGISSoftwareStudentLicense......................SE-7382C
PASPORTSensorExtensionCable......................................PS-2500
p.4
Display digital readings of position data with your
other measurements on the Xplorer GLX, or even
graph latitude and longitude to track your movement.
Weather/AnemometerSensor
PS-2174
The Weather/Anemometer Sensor
measures wind speed and wind chill
in addition to temperature, barometric
pressure, relative
and absolute
humidity, and
dew point.
Order Information:
Weather/Anemometer Sensor................................................PS-2174
www.pasco.com/engineering
61

Soil.Moisture.Sensor
PS-2163
Environmental
Salinity.Sensor
PS-2195
Dual.Humidity/Temp/Dew.
Point
PS-2156
The Soil Moisture Sensor measures the
water content of soil and reports it in percent.
It can be used to conduct experiments
in environmental science, agricultural science,
horticulture and biology.
Typical Applications
Measure the loss of soil moisture over time
due to evaporation and plant uptake.
Evaluate optimum soil moisture contents for various
species of plants.
Monitor soil moisture
content to
control
irrigation in
greenhouses.
Specifications
Sensor Range: 0 to 45% volumetric water
content in soil
Sensor Probe Length: 5.5 cm
Sensor Probe Cable Length: 5 m
Accuracy: ± 4%
Resolution: 0.1%
Power: 3 mA at 5 V DC
Operating Temperature: -40 to 60 °C
Default Sample Rate: 10 samples per second
Order Information:
Soil Moisture Sensor....................PS-2163
Recommended:
Soil.Water.Potential.Probe........PS-2513.
Soil.Water.Potential.Probe
PS-2513
P .For.use.with.
Soil.Moisture..
Sensor
Water potential is often preferred over
water content because it shows how
water will move in soil or from the soil to
the plant. The Soil Water Potential Probe
measures the dielectric permittivity of
its ceramic disk to determine its water
potential.
Order Information:
Soil Water Potential Probe.........PS-2513
Required:
Soil.Moisture.Sensor.......................PS-2163.
The PASPORT Salinity Sensor works with
the 10X Salinity Sensor Probe to measure
salinity, conductivity, and temperature. The
sensor determines salinity based on electrical
conductivity. The sensor has a built in
calculation to compensate for the change
in conductivity due to temperature change
based on the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS).
Graph shows temperature as a function
of depth below the surface. The numbers
on the right give the approximate salinity
at various depths.
Cool.water
Warm.water
PS-2195 Salinity Sensor is used to measure temperature and
salinity simultaneously to investigate a fresh water/ salt
water inversion layer in the ME-6816 Density Circulation
Model (page 88).
Specifications
Measurement Ranges:
Conductivity: 1,000 to 100,000 μS
Temperature: 0 to 50 degrees C
Salinity: 1 to 55 ppt ±1% (with calibration)
Sample rate (maximum): 50 Hz
Temperature compensation: ±0.5 ppt from
0 to 45 °C at 33 ppt
Cell constant: 10X
Order Information:
Salinity Sensor..................................PS-2195
Recommended:
PASPORT.Extension.Cable........PS-2500.
Shown in use with:
Density.Circulation.Model.........ME-6816...p..88.
The Dual Humidity/Temperature/Dew Point
Sensor measures relative humidity and air
temperature. From these measurements, it
calculates absolute humidity and dew point.
The sensor comes with two probes, to
measure humidity and temperature in two
locations at the same time.
Typical Applications
Measure humidity at two locations at the same time
such as in the EcoZone System
Compare humidity, dew point and temperature as
they change over time
Compare indoor and outdoor environments
Specifications
Range: 3 0% to 100% (RH), 0 g/m3 to
50 g/m3 (AH)
Accuracy: from 10% to 95%, ±3% to ±5% (RH), 10%
of reading (AH)
Resolution: 1% or better (RH), 0.1 g/m3 or better (AH)
Temperature: -20°C to 55°C ±0.5°C
Dew Point: -50°C to 55°C ±2°C
Cable Length: 1m
PS-2156 shown in use measuring the difference in relative
humidity between foliage and open area in EcoZone System
ME-6668 (page 63).
Order Information:
Dual Humidity/Temp/
Dew Point Sensor................... PS-2156
Shown in use with:
EcoZone .System................... ME-6668.....p..63.
Dual.Humidity/Temp/Dew.
Point.Replacement.
Sensor
PS-2161
Order Information:
Dual Humidity/Temp/Dew Point
Replacement Sensor......................... PS-2161
62
www.pasco.com/engineering

Environmental
EcoZone.System
ME-6668
P .Three.EcoChambers,.interconnected.or.
standalone
P .Designed.for.sensor-based.measurements
Keep the system closed during chemical
testing – use the included syringe to extract
water. Or “inject” pollutants into the system
and see how the ecosystem responds.
PASCO’s EcoZone System is designed to
help students model and understand the
complex interactions within, and among,
different ecosystems. The three clear acrylic
EcoChambers are specially designed to
accommodate PASCO sensors, making
quantitative measurements as easy as
observing.
With three interconnected chambers,
students can model the interaction
between three different ecosystems.
Choose the traditional terrestrial, aquatic,
and decomposition arrangement or create
unique biomes to model and measure.
Decouple the system for isolated
investigations - how does the availability
of light affect the ecosystem? Students
can create two identical ecosystems and
monitor one in light conditions and one in
dark.
Opening.connects.the.chambers.and.
allows.the.interaction.between.the.
living.and.non-living.components.of.
each.unique.ecosystem.
Clean up is easy, and the chambers are durable enough
to use again and again. The unique design of the PASCO
EcoZone System allows you to use your environmental
science probes* to actively measure a model ecosystem.
The.included.cord.efficiently.‘wicks’.
water.between.the.chambers.
Also see the EcoChamber (ME-6667)
on page 58 for a single chamber.
Terrestrial.Chamber
Decomposition.Chamber
Aquatic.Chamber
Monitor.the.physical.environment!
This graph shows the relationship between the
relative humidity and temperature within the terrestrial
chamber over a
24 hour period.
Includes
Three individual EcoChambers
including lids
Custom tray for holding
EcoChambers in a
connected ecosystem
Stoppers and connectors
Cotton wick
Syringe and plastic tubing
* For more information on sensors and probes available for use with
the EcoZone System, see www.pasco.com/ecozone; select
Order Information tab.
Order Information:
EcoZone System.........................................................ME-6668
Shown in use with:
CO 2 .Gas.Sensor...........................................................PS-2110.
O 2 .Gas.Sensor..............................................................PS-2126A.
Ethanol.Sensor.............................................................PS-2194.
Temperature.Sensor................................................PS-2125.
p..58.
p..58.
p..58.
p..70.
www.pasco.com/engineering
63

Environmental Sensors
Water Quality
PS-2169
Conduct a wide range of water studies
with this single sensor: temperature, pH,
dissolved oxygen and conductivity. All measurements
can be made simultaneously.
Specifications
Temperature*: –35 °C to +135 °C, ±0.5 °C
pH*: 0–14, ±0.1 (with calibration)
Dissolved Oxygen: 0 to 20 mg/l, ±0.2
(with calibration)
Conductivity: user selectable, 0 to 1,000;
0 to 10,000;
0 to 100,000 µS/cm;
±0.1% (with calibration)
Update Rate: Every 1.3 seconds
*Ranges are probe dependent.
Includes
Stainless Steel
Temperature Probe
pH Probe
Dissolved Oxygen Probe
Conductivity Probe.
Noncontact Temperature
PS-2197
P Non-contact
P -70° C to 380° C
The Noncontact Temperature Sensor measures surface temperature by detecting the
emitted infrared light. Record the temperature of objects without touching them!
Typical Applications
Compare temperature of hands, skin, face and clothes
Measure the temperature of different outdoor ground surfaces
Map the temperature profile of an exterior wall
Specifications
Range: -70° C to 380° C
Accuracy: ±0.5° C
Response time: Less than 0.1s
Max sample rate: 200 Hz
Field of view: ±35°
The student measures the ground temperature (late
morning) over four distinct surfaces: Starting in the
shade under the distant tree, she then crosses bare
dirt (in sun), a rock border, pavement and lawn.
pH and conductivity in a lake are measured simultaneously
as simulated acid rain falls into the lake.
Order Information:
Water Quality Sensor ................... PS-2169
64
Order Information:
Noncontact Temperature Sensor ......................................................................PS-2197
Shown in use with:
Xplorer GLX ........................................................................................................................PS-2002 p. 4
www.pasco.com/engineering

Water Quality
Colorimeter
PS-2179
Environmental Sensors
Turbidity
PS-2122
Flow Rate/Temperature
PS-2130
This PASPORT Water
Quality Colorimeter is
designed specifically to support chemical
analysis of water samples using PASCO’s new
ezSample Snap Vial water quality test kits.
1. Snap tip of ampoule
and sample instantly
flows into tube.
2. Read concentration
using Xplorer GLX.
This Water Quality Colorimeter is complete
with built-in calibration curves to determine
the concentration of ions in the solution for
the ions listed on this page. Simple to use in
the field and students avoid direct contact with
chemicals!
Measurable Ranges:
ezSample Snap Vials (Colorimetric)
Iron
0-7 mg/l
Nitrate 0-2 mg/l
Ammonia 0-3 mg/l
Phosphate 0-8 mg/l
Chlorine 0-6 mg/l
ezSample Field Titrators
Total Hardness 20-200 mg/l
CO 2
10-100 mg/l
Alkalinity 10-100 mg/l
Order Information:
Water Quality Colorimeter .............PS-2179
Available Test Kits: (30 tests per kit)
ezSample Snap Vials (Colorimetric)
Iron ....................................................EZ-2331
Nitrate ..............................................EZ-2333A
Ammonium ....................................EZ-2334
Phosphate .....................................EZ-2337
Chlorine ...........................................EZ-2339
ezSample Field Titrators
Total Hardness ...........................EZ-2338
CO 2 ......................................................EZ-2341
Alkalinity .........................................EZ-2340
The Turbidity
Sensor measures the
cloudiness of liquid samples
by quantifying the degree to which light
passing through the solution is scattered by
suspended particles. Calibration is done with
the touch of a button in less than a minute.
The sensor’s black, opaque housing assures
accuracy of data. The Turbidity Sensor is
packaged along with 2 empty glass cuvettes
and a Hach StablCal 100-NTU standard in a
sturdy plastic case.
Typical Applications
Compare the turbidity of water samples from various
field locations
Determine the rate of settling of a sample
Conduct water quality studies
Measure the formation of a precipitate
Specifications
Range: 0 NTU to 400 NTU
Accuracy: 0 to 20 NTU: ±0.2 NTU
20 to 100 NTU: ±0.5 NTU
100 to 400 NTU: ±1.0 NTU
Temperature Range: 5 °C to 40 °C (recommended)
Maximum Sample Rate: 5 Hz
Over time, turbidity increases in a solution of suspended
E. Coli.
Order Information:
Turbidity Sensor .....................................PS-2122
www.pasco.com/engineering
PASCO’s Flow Rate Sensor allows students
to measure the rate of movement and temperature
of streams, rivers and other flowing
systems. The propeller is a rugged, singlepiece
unit encased by protective material.
Specifications
Flow Range: 0 m/s to 3.5 m/s
Temperature Range: -10 °C to 50 °C
Maximum Length: 1.8 m (6 feet)
Telescoping handle to reach deep levels
Maximum Sample Rate: 20 Hz
Order Information:
Flow Rate/Temperature
Sensor............................................................PS-2130
Thermocline
PS-2151
Measure temperature
as a function of depth in
local streams and lakes.
PASCO’s Thermocline
measures depth automatically — no need
to read markings on a cable and enter
data manually. Weighted housing provides
depth measurement stability in fast-flowing
streams.
Specifications
Depth (pressure) -sensing element:
Range: 0 to 10.5 m
Accuracy: 0.15 m (in fresh water after
barometric pressure compensation)
Resolution: 0.03 m
Temperature-sensing element:
Range: 0 °C to 100 °C
Accuracy: ± 1.5 °C
Maximum Sample Rate: 10 Hz
Order Information:
Thermocline Sensor ...........................PS-2151
65

AbsorptionSpectrometer
SystemforXplorerGLX
PS-2642
P UsesOceanOpticsRed
TideSpectrometer
P Full-scanspectroscopy
withoutacomputer
Spectrometer
Cuvette
LightSource
pH
PS-2102
Chemical Engineering
PASCO’s pH Sensor measures the hydronium
ion concentration in a solution and
reports it as a pH value. This sensor is wellsuited
for a variety of activities where testing
or monitoring of acidity is important.
Typical Applications
Titrate an acid into a base
Investigate the chemistry of buffers
Monitor water quality
ChemistrySensor
PS-2170
In this Spectrometer System, the Xplorer
GLX controls the Ocean Optics Red Tide
Spectrometer which detects the spectrum
using a 2048 pixel CCD linear array. The
Xplorer GLX can display 2048 wavelengths in
less than 1 second as intensity, absorbance,
transmittance, or relative irradiance.
Graph shows two absorption bands due to the two colors
of food dye added to the water in the cuvette.
Specifications
Range: VIS-NIR, 370-980 nm
Resolution: 2 nm
Includes
Ocean Optics Red Tide Spectrometer
Light Source and Cuvette holder
USB Cable
10 Plastic Cuvettes
License key for Xplorer GLX Spectrometer
Emission Spectrometer System
for Xplorer GLX on page 60
Order Information:
Absorption Spectrometer
System for Xplorer GLX............... PS-2642
Required:
XplorerGLX........................................... PS-2002
Recommended:
FiberOpticsCable............................ SE-7194
Specifications
Range: 0 to 14 (Probe dependent)
Accuracy: ±0.1*
Resolution: 0.01
Repeatability: 0.02
Electrode: gel-filled Ag-AgCl combination electrode
Maximum Sample Rate: 50 Hz
*After calibration
pH vs. volume graph
Order Information:
pH Sensor.............................................. PS-2102
Gas laws, acid/base, thermochemistry and
redox all with one sensor! Measure temperature,
pH, gas pressure and voltage. Easy to
store. Easy to use. All measurements can
be made simultaneously.
Specifications
Temperature*: –35 °C to +135 °C, ±0.5 °C
pH*: 0 to 14, ±0.1 (with calibration)
Absolute Pressure: 0 to 700 KPa
Voltage: ±10 V
Maximum Sample Rate: 20 Hz
*Ranges are probe dependent.
Includes
Stainless Steel Temperature Probe
pH Probe
Voltage Probe
Gas Law Syringe with Tubing
Or use with the following
optional Ion Selective Electrodes
Order Information:
Ammonium............................................ CI-6717
Calcium.................................................... CI-6727
Chloride................................................... CI-6732
CO 2 .............................................................. CI-6726
Lead............................................................ CI-6736
Fluoride.................................................... CI-6728
Nitrate....................................................... CI-6735
Oxygen Reduction
Potential (ORP).................................. CI-6716
Potassium.............................................. CI-6733
Sodium..................................................... CI-6734
Order Information:
Chemistry Sensor............................. PS-2170
66
www.pasco.com/engineering

Colorimeter
PS-2121
Chemical Engineering Sensors
DropCounter(High-Accuracy)
PS-2117
Conductivity
PS-2116A
The Colorimeter Sensor allows a solution’s
concentration to be determined based on
the ability of the solution to transmit or to
absorb colored light. PASCO’s Colorimeter is
the perfect tool for analyzing reactions indicated
by color changes, or reactions where
concentration changes over time. The sensor’s
black, opaque housing assures accuracy
of data. The Colorimeter is packaged in
a sturdy plastic case with two empty glass
cuvettes so students can begin experimenting
immediately.
Typical Applications
Study absorbance vs. concentration
(Beer’s Law experiments)
Determine the concentration of an
unknown solution
Measure reaction rates
Measure four wavelengths simultaneously
Specifications
Range: 0 to 100% transmittance
Accuracy: ±0.5% transmittance
Resolution: 0.1% transmittance
Operating Temperature: 0 °C to 40 °C
At last, a professional Drop Counter can
become part of the student lab. PASCO’s
Drop Counter has a wider (18 x 13mm) drop
window for better drop detection and easier
alignment with burettes. Works equally well
with large or small, fast or slow drops. Easy
calibration requires entering just one number
into the computer.
Typical Applications
Determine the equivalence point
Simple count activities
Special Features
Measures up to 40 drops per second with drops as
small as 0.5 mm.
Silicone rubber-sealed polypropylene is fluid resistant
and protects sensor from mild acids and bases.
Automatically recalibrates for maximum
sensitivity each time the unit is turned on.
Holds up to three sensors in a 150 mL beaker
LED drop indicator
UV filter rejects all visible light –
not susceptible to variations in room lighting
PASCO’s Conductivity Sensor measures
conductivity (µS/cm) in aqueous solutions.
DataStudio software can convert data to
total dissolved solids. The electrode houses
rugged, research-grade conductors that provide
superior accuracy over the entire range
Typical Applications
Accurately compare conductivity of
different water samples
Study the effects of chemical flocculants on
conductivity
Conduct environmental studies
Investigate drinking water purity
Specifications
Range: 0 to 1,000 µS; 0 to 10,000 µS;
0 to 100,000 µS
Accuracy: ±10% of full scale without
calibration
Accuracy: ±0.1% after calibration
Resolution: better than 0.05% of full scale
Repeatability: better than 0.01% of full scale
Maximum Sample Rate: 20 Hz
Typical Beer’s Law Standardization curve showing
absorbance vs. concentration.
Order Information:
Colorimeter........................................... PS-2121
Replacement
Cuvettes/Caps (6 each)................ PS-2509
Order Information:
High-Accuracy
Drop Counter....................................... PS-2117
Graph showing the change in conductivity of water as salt
is added.
Order Information:
Conductivity Sensor....................... PS-2116A
www.pasco.com/engineering
67

Adiabatic Compression
Adiabatic Gas Law Apparatus
TD-8565
P Investigate the Compression
of Gases
P Computer Monitors Temperature,
Pressure and Volume
Volume Transducer
A linear potential divider
monitors the position of
the piston.
Compression Igniter
TD-8577
P Adiabatic compression ignites paper!
P 20:1 compression ratio
P Works every time
P Durable and cleanable
Put a small piece of tissue paper into
the cylinder and quickly push down on
the piston. In a quick compression there
is no time for heat to be exchanged between
the air inside and its surroundings, causing the
temperature to rise well above the combustion
temperature of paper.
Students will be amazed
to see the paper catch
on fire without a match.
Plastic Safety Shield
Precision Glass Tube
Optional Force Platform
Three Signal Cables
Carry the volume, pressure
and temperature signals to
the computer.
Temperature Sensor
Measures rapid changes in
temperature as the resistance
of a fine nickel wire changes.
Piston
DataStudio
monitors
pressure,
temperature
and volume
as a gas is
compressed
rapidly.
Experiments
PASCO’s Adiabatic Gas Law can be used
with the ScienceWorkshop Interface. The
computer functions as a 3-channel storage
os cil lo scope, plotting graphs of pressure,
temper a ture and volume as well as integrating
the area under a pressure versus
volume curve to determine the work done
on the gas.
Includes
Adiabatic Gas Law Apparatus
Instruction manual, experiment guide
Signal Cables: (3.5 mm plug to 5-pin DIN)
Power Adapter: 9V DC @ 1A
Order Information:
Adiabatic Gas Law Apparatus ...............TD-8565
Required:
A computer with an interface that will accept three
analog signals simultaneously via 5 or 8-pin DIN connectors
such as: PASCO’s ScienceWorkshop 500 and
750 Interfaces.
Bottom
Easy Cleanout
This Compression Igniter has been specially
designed to be cleanable. The bottom screws off
to clean out the soot and to load the paper. The
large piston handle decreases the pressure on
your hand and makes it easier to hit the piston
quickly.
The glass tube is surrounded by plastic for safety,
and in the event that the glass tube breaks, the
glass tube can be replaced.
Includes
Compression Igniter
Spare Glass Tube with “O” Rings
Cleaning Wire
Complete instructions with theory
Pressure data is calculated using the force measured
by the Force Platform. Temperature is calculated
assuming adiabatic compression.
Order Information:
Compression Igniter ..........................TD-8577
Replacement Tubes (2).....................TD-8498
Shown in use with:
Force Platform
PASPORT ....................................................PS-2141 p. 54
Force Platform
ScienceWorkshop ...............................CI-6461 p. 2
68
www.pasco.com/engineering

Absolute Zero Sphere
TD-8595
P Constant volume sphere with
embedded thermistor
P Measure pressure and temperature
directly using PASCO sensors
P Empirically determine the absolute
zero temperature
Temperature and Pressure data is taken for
three temperature water baths. The experiment
is repeated with a different amount
of gas initially in the sphere. The slopes of
the two graphs reflect the change in the
number of moles of gas, and both graphs
extrapolate to about the same value for
absolute zero.
Ideal Gas Law
TD-8596A
Gas Laws
P Built-in fast-response thermistor
P Large syringe for accurate volume
measurements
P Experimentally determine the Ideal
Gas Law
A low thermal mass thermistor is mounted
within the syringe for real-time measurement
of temperature changes inside the
syringe. Tubing and a quick connect port
allows a Pressure Sensor to be directly connected
to the syringe. As the plunger of the
syringe is depressed, the volume decreases
while pressure and temperature increase. A
mechanical stop is included on the syringe
plunger to allow quick (adiabatic) volume
changes.
Atmospheric Properties
Chamber
ME-6813
P Recreate the conditions
that lead to cloud formation
P Measure changing temperature
and pressure
P Built-in Fast Response Temperature
Probe
Add a small amount of water to the reservoir
at the bottom of the chamber. Then
seal the chamber, and press the rubber
stopper into place on the top of the chamber.
Students add pressure to the chamber
using the included syringe. When the pressure
is high enough, the rubber stopper
will blow out and a cloud will form.
Included for safety is a stopper catcher,
which keeps the stopper contained within
the apparatus.
Directly measure the pressure and
temperature of the gas inside the
syringe as the plunger is pushed.
Pressure/Temperature
Sensor
Graph of
temperature
and pressure
as stopper
blows.
Built-in Fast Response Thermistor measures air
temperature inside the syringe.
Quick decompression, as stopper blows, causes cloud to
form in chamber.
Pressure/Temperature
Sensor
Order Information:
Absolute Zero Sphere .......TD-8595
Required:
PASPORT Interface ........................................ p. 4
Absolute Pressure/Temp
Sensor...........................................PS-2146 p. 5
USB Link
The syringe plunger is quickly compressed and then released.
Temperature and Pressure of the air inside the syringe are
directly measured by the sensor.
Order Information:
Ideal Gas Law Apparatus ....TD-8596A
Required:
PASPORT or ScienceWorkshop
Interface.................................................................... p. 2, 4
Absolute Pressure/Temp
Sensor.................................................PS-2146 p. 5
www.pasco.com/engineering
Order Information:
Atmospheric Properties
Chamber ...................................... ME-6813
Recommended:
Absolute Pressure/Temp
Sensor........................................... PS-2146 p. 5
69

Temperature Sensors
Temperature
PS-2125
PASCO’s Stainless Steel
Temperature Sensor offers fast
response and superior range,
resolution and accuracy.
Typical Applications
Conduct general temperature experiments
Measure rapid temperature changes found in
endothermic-exothermic reactions
Conduct environmental studies
Order Information:
Temperature Sensor......................PS-2125
Temperature,.Quad
PS-2143
Connect up to four
Temperature Probes for an
experiment. Use with any
combination of Stainless Steel,
Fast Response or Skin/Surface Temperature probes for a wider
variety of temperature measurements in the classroom or in
the field. Sensor includes two Stainless Steel Temperature
Probes (PS-2153) and one Fast Response Probe.
Typical Applications
Thermal heat flow (one or two dimension)
Comparative body temperatures
Side-by-side chemical reactions
Solar radiation
Properties of insulation
Order Information:
Quad Temperature
Sensor......................................................PS-2143
Stainless.Steel.Temperature.Probe*
PS-2153
Specifications
Range: -35 °C to +135 °C
Accuracy: ±0.5 °C
Resolution: 0.0025 °C
Maximum Sample Rate: 10 Hz
Displays: °C, K and °F
Repeatability: 0.1 °C
Specifications
Accuracy: -35 to +135 °C at ±0.5 °C
Displays: °C, K and °F
Resolution: .0025 °C
Maximum Sample Rate: 100 Hz
Fast.Response..
Temperature.Probe
(3-pack).PS-2135
P .Attach
to.any.
surface
P .Includes.
10.adhesive.patches
The Fast Response Temperature probe is
an accessory for all PASPORT Temperature
Sensors.
Specifications
Range: -30 to +105 °C
Order Information:
Fast Response Temperature
Probe (3 pack)..................................PS-2135
Replacement Adhesive
Patches (10 pack)..........................PS-2525
Required:
Temperature.Sensor....................PS-2125.
or.
Quad.Temperature..
Sensor....................................................PS-2143.
Skin/Surface.Temperature
PS-2131
Use an
Adhesive
Patch (10
included) to
measure skin
temperature.
P .Flat.sensing.
element.ideal.for.surfaces
P .Quickly.reaches.equilibrium.
temperature.with.surface
The Skin/Surface Temperature probe is ideal
for measuring the temperature of most flat
surfaces. The probe plugs into all PASPORT
Temperature Sensors (see above).
Specifications
Range: -35 to +135 °C
Order Information:
Stainless Steel Temperature Probe........................PS-2153
Recommended:
Teflon®.Sensor.Covers.(10.Pack)..............................CI-6549. .
*Stainless Steel Temperature probe requires one of the following
temperature sensors:
Temperature.Sensor.........................................................PS-2125. .
Quad.Temperature.Sensor...........................................PS-2143. .
Temperature.Array.............................................................PS-2157. .
Make a temperature profile of the human hand.
Specifications
Range: -10 to +70 °C
Order Information:
Skin/Surface
Temperature Probe................PS-2131
Required:
Temperature.Sensor.............PS-2125. .
70
www.pasco.com/engineering

Temperature.Array
PS-2157
This array has eight 3.5 mm stereo jacks
to plug in temperature probes. Only one
PASPORT Channel is required to measure
eight temperatures at once! Applications
include measuring temperatures along the
length of a metal rod as one end is heated
or measuring surface temperature at eight
different points on a body. The Temperature
Array also has a “multiport” for plugging in
a special cable (included) with eight colorcoded
thermistor sensors connected to a
single 8-pin mini-DIN plug. The Temperature
Array accepts PASPORT temperature
probes: Stainless Steel, Fast Response and
Skin/Surface.
Specifications
Range: -35 °C to 135 °C*
Accuracy: ±0.5 °C
Resolution: 0.0025 °C
Repeatability: 0.01 °C
Maximum Sample Rate: 100 Hz per Temperature
Sensor
Displays: °C, K and °F
* Sensor Dependent
Includes
Temperature Array Cable Assembly
Fast Response Temperature Probe (3)
Adhesive Patches (10)
See page 73 for more applications.
Order Information:
Temperature Array...........................PS-2157
Recommended:
Stainless.Steel.
Temperature.Probe.........................PS-2153. .
Fast.Response.
Temperature.Probe..........................PS-2135. .
Skin/Surface.
Temperature.Probe..........................PS-2131. .
Replacement..
Temperature.Array.Cable............PS-2552. .
Replacement.Adhesive.
Patches.(100.Pack)..........................PS-2525. .
Temperature Sensors
Absolute.Pressure/.
Temperature
PS-2146
This combination sensor is specifically
designed for use in studying gas laws. The
included thermistor temperature probe has
both a fast response and very low thermal
mass.
Typical Applications
Extrapolate absolute zero
Explore Gas Laws (Ideal, Charles’, Boyle’s)
Specifications
Pressure: 0 to 700 kPa with ±2 kPa accuracy, 0.1 kPa
resolution and 1 kPa repeatability (Displays pressure
in kPa, N/m2, and psi)
Maximum Sample Rate: 100 Hz
Temperature with included Fast Response
Probe: -30 to 105 °C with ±0.5 °C accuracy (Displays
Temperature in °C, K and °F)
Sensor Extension Cable: Included
Extrapolating
Absolute Zero
Measure pressure
and temperature
of air in the
sphere.
See pages 68 & 69 for more applications.
Order Information:
Absolute Pressure/
Temp Sensor............................................PS-2146
Recommended:
Absolute.Zero.Sphere......................TD-8595.
Ideal.Gas.Law.Syringe.....................TD-8596A.
www.pasco.com/engineering
Temperature.(Type.K)
PS-2134
The PS-2134 is a single
channel sensor that uses
the same Type K thermocouple
probe as the PS-2127 shown
below. Includes one Type K
Thermocouple.
Specifications
Temperature Range: -200 °C to +1000 °C
Maximum Sample Rate: 10 Hz
Accuracy: ±3 ºC or 3%, whichever is greater
Order Information:
Temperature Type K Sensor..............PS-2134
Replacement Supply:
Type.K.Thermocouple............................PS-2155.
Temperature.(Type.K.4-Port)
PS-2127
The PS-2127 measures up to four temperatures
using Type K thermocouple probes
(two included). It utilizes dynamic variable
oversampling to greatly reduce noise at
lower sampling rates.
Typical Applications
Accurately measure surface temperatures:
for example, across the surface of an iron
Map the temperature of a candle flame
Measure temperatures down to -200 °C
(liquid nitrogen)
Includes
4-Port Sensor
Type K Thermocouples (2)
Specifications
Temperature Range: -200 °C to +1000 °C
Maximum Sample Rate: 250 Hz
Accuracy: ±3 ºC or 3%, whichever is greater
Resolution: 0.01 °C
Displays: °C, K and °F
Order Information:
Temperature
(Type K 4-Port) Sensor.....................PS-2127
Replacement Supply:
Type.K.Thermocouple.......................PS-2155.
71

Thermodynamics – Thermal Conductivity
ThermalConductivityApparatus
TD-8561
P MeasureHeatFlowthroughFiveDifferentMaterials
P ConstantTemperatureDifferentialMakesCalculationsEasy
P EasytoUse,NoMess
IceMeltingBlocks
SE-7317
P GreatThermalConductivityand
HeatCapacityDemonstration
Constant
Temperature
Differential0°C
WaterRun-off
Channel
For retrieving water
from melted ice.
PlasticTubing
For connecting a steam
generator.
100°C
Not Shown
Two Ice Molds,
Instruction Manual
and Experiment
Guide.
Standwith
InsulatingPads
Keeps hot reservoir
well above the table.
DurableTestMaterials
12.7 cm square: glass, wood,
polycarbonate, Masonite and
Sheetrock.
One of the most important considerations
for buildings in the modern world is their
ability to provide good thermal insulation.
This apparatus provides students a means of
observing and quantifying heat flow across
a constant temperature differential. Students
use five common materials as test samples—
glass, wood, polycarbonate, Masonite ® and
Sheetrock.
Features
No Mess:Waterfromthemeltingicerunsoffinto
themeasuringcup—notonthelabtable.
Durable Test Materials:Wood,Masoniteand
Sheetrockarecoveredwithathinaluminumsheet
forwaterproofingandtoensuregoodthermal
contact.
Elevated Steam Reservoir: Hotreservoiriswell
abovethelabtabletoeliminateheatdamage.
Steam Generator
and cup not
included.
How It Works
A block of ice is placed against one side of
the test material. The other side is clamped
against a steam chamber, establishing a
constant 100 °C temperature differential. The
rate at which the ice is converted to water is
a measure of the rate at which heat passes
from the steam, through the test material
and into the ice.
Includes
Stand with insulating pads
Steam chamber
Ice molds (2)
Materials; 12.7 cm square: glass, wood,
polycarbonate, Masonite, Sheetrock
Plastic tubing for connecting steam
generator
Instruction manual and experiment guide
The Ice Melting Blocks look similar, but are
composed of different materials. One block
feels cold to the touch while the other block
feels slightly warm. Both blocks are at room
temperature but have very different thermal
conductivities and heat capacities.
After allowing students to hold the blocks,
ask them which block would melt ice more
quickly. Place an ice cube on each block and
watch their amazement as the “cold” block
melts the ice cube within two minutes. The
melting of the ice cube is barely noticeable
on the “warm” block. The “cold” block is
aluminum and has a much greater ability to
transfer heat to the ice cube or the hand.
The “warm” block is plastic, which does
not conduct heat as well.
Includes
Aluminum Block
Plastic Block
O-rings (2)
Order Information:
Thermal Conductivity Apparatus.......................................TD-8561
Required:
SteamGenerator............................................................................TD-8556A
GraduatedCylinder
72
www.pasco.com/engineering
Order Information:
Ice Melting Blocks.............................SE-7317

Thermodynamics – Conduction/Calorimetry
HeatConductionApparatus
TD-8513
P HeatFlowThroughMetals
P ThreeTypesofMetals,TwoCross-sections
P Angstrom’sMethod
The Heat Conduction
Apparatus shows the difference
in the rate of heat conduction
through bars made
of different materials and
through bars of the same
material that have different
cross-sectional areas. The
difference in temperature
between points along each
bar is measured to quantify
the rate of heat conduction.
The Heat Conduction
Apparatus has four metal
A Peltier device heats one end of each of the different metal bars.
bars (one aluminum,
Embedded thermistors detect the rise in temperature along the bars.
one stainless steel, two
brass having different cross-sections). One
end of each bar is heated or cooled by
applying power to the Peltier device which
is attached to one end. Each bar has two 10
kΩ thermistors embedded in it about 3 cm
apart from each other. A cable (male 8-pin
mini-DIN to male 8-pin mini-DIN) is supplied
to connect the thermistors in this apparatus
to the PASPORT Temperature Array
(PS-2157) so data can be recorded from all
eight sensors simultaneously. Foam insulators
are supplied to cover the bars during
the experiment.
The DC Power Supply (PI-9877) powers the Peltier Device and
the thermistors are read by the required Temperature Array
(PS-2157).
Temperature sensors at the end of each type of bar show the
different rates of conduction.
The two temperature sensors in the aluminum bar record
the difference in time of the temperature rise as heat is
conducted through the bar.
Specifications
Aluminum, stainless steel, brass bar dimensions:
6.5 cm x 1.2 cm x 0.4 cm
Second brass bar dimensions:
6.5 cm x 0.7 cm x 0.4 cm
Maximum Voltage Input for Peltier: 15 VDC
Board Size: 10 cm x 18.5 cm
Includes
Heat Conduction
Apparatus Circuit Board
Cable
Foam Insulation (2)
Order Information:
Heat Conduction
Apparatus....................................TD-8513
Required:
TemperatureArray.............. PS-2157 p.71
PASPORTInterface...........................................p.4
Recommended:
DCPowerSupply.................. PI-9877 p.99
www.pasco.com/engineering
BasicCalorimetrySet
TD-8557A
P AnAffordableIntroductionto
Thermodynamics
Styrofoam calorimeter cups (7.5 cm inside
diameter, 10 cm deep) have 1.3 cm thick walls
for excellent thermal properties. Set includes
three different metal samples, a thermometer,
plastic tubing and a water trap that
prevents unwanted condensation of steam.
Includes
Six calorimeters
Alcohol Thermometer:
20 °C to 110 °C in 1° increments
Samples of aluminum, copper and tungsten:
200 grams each
Water trap and plastic tubing
Instruction manual and experiment guide
Order Information:
Basic Calorimetry Set.....TD-8557A
Required:
SteamGenerator.................TD-8556A p.72
OhausTriple-Beam
Balance.......................................SE-8723
Replacement Supplies:
CalorimetryCups
(setof6)......................................TD-8825A
SpecificHeatSet
SE-6849
This specific heat set has five different materials,
all having the same mass (80 g). Each
has a hole to tie a loop of string to hang the
samples in water.
Includes
Aluminum:
1.25” D x 1.5” h
Brass:
3/4” D x 1.5” h
Stainless Steel: 3/4” D x 1.44” h
Zinc: 3/4” D x 1.58” h
Copper: 0.625” D x 1.8” h
Order Information:
Specific Heat Set...............................SE-6849
Recommended:
CalorimetryCups(setof6)..........TD-8825A
73

Thermodynamics – Equivalent of Heat
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Apparatus
TD-8551A
P Accurate to 5%
P Rugged ball-bearing construction
P Thermistor— no thermometer to break
This Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
Appara tus provides an updated
version of one of Joule’s most
important experiments;
converting mechanical
work to thermal energy.
Crank Counter
Counts the number of turns on
the handle.
Double Ball Bearings
Minimize the wear on
moving parts.
Energy Transfer – Friction
ET-8770
P Demonstrates frictional heating
P Real-time computer measurement of work done and
resulting temperature increase
P Brass and aluminum cylinder
Work is done by pulling on the yellow cord wrapped around the
2.5 cm diameter cylinder and lifting the mass. Using a Rotary
Motion Sensor and a Force Sensor, a real-time graph of power
versus time can be generated by DataStudio. The area under this
curve is the work performed.
A 10 kΩ thermistor is used to determine the temperature of the
cylinder. A PASPORT Temperature Sensor (PS-2125) is used to
graph the temperature real-time in DataStudio.
Thermistor
Embedded in the
cylinder, it has lower
thermal mass than a
thermometer and is less
breakable.
How It Works
Turn the crank to perform a measurable amount of work. The
crank turns an aluminum cylinder. A flat nylon rope is wrapped
several times around the cylinder. As the crank is turned, the friction
between the rope and the cylinder is just enough to support a
mass hanging from the other end of the rope. This ensures that the
torque acting on the cylinder is constant and measurable. A counter
keeps track of the number of turns of the crank. The thermal energy
is measured by monitoring the temperature of the cylinder using the
embedded thermistor.
With this apparatus, the equivalence of work and heat is easily
established to within 5%.
Includes
Base, cylinder, crank and counter with a
built-in table clamp
2.7 meters of flat nylon rope
1-gallon can that can be filled with a
measured mass of sand or water (if
Durable Construction
Constructed primarily of steel
and aluminum, there’s virtually
nothing to break. The thermistor
is protected in the cylinder.
10 kg of laboratory masses are not
available)
Laboratory manual including theory,
step-by-step instructions and data
tables
Order Information:
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Apparatus ...........TD-8551A
Required:
Basic Digital Multimeter ......................................................SE-9786A
Triple-beam Balance...............................................................SE-8707
A refrigerator (or ice) for cooling the cylinder below room temperature.
Calipers and a thermometer for measuring room temperature are
helpful, but not necessary.
Replacement Supplies:
Brush (single) ...............................................................................TD-8583
Cylinder .............................................................................................TD-8582
The area under the power vs.
time curve shows 68.4 J of
work done. The temperature
increase of 2.7 °C results
in 51.3 J (75%) of the work
done converted to thermal
energy.
Includes
Support base with
plastic mounting bolt
Brass and aluminum cylinders
Yellow friction cord
Thermistor Temperature Cable
The work done is measured using
a Force Sensor and a Rotary
Motion Sensor. The amount of
thermal energy transferred to
the cylinder is measured using a
Temperature Sensor.
Order Information:
Energy Transfer – Friction ..................................................ET-8770
Required:
Small C Clamp (6 pack) .........................................................SE-7286 p. 108
Hooked Mass Set ......................................................................SE-8759 p. 107
Required for use with PASPORT:
Force Sensor ................................................................................PS-2104 p. 5
Rotary Motion Sensor ............................................................PS-2120 p. 5
Temperature Sensor................................................................PS-2125 p. 70
74
www.pasco.com/engineering

Thermodynamics – Equivalent of Heat
Mechanical Equivalent of
Heat Tube
ET-8781
P Compare change in gravitational
energy to change in
thermal energy
P Monitor real-time
temperature changes
How It Works
As the tube is turned over,
the steel balls fall the length
of the tube and strike the
thin, metal plate at one end.
Embedded in the metal
plate is a fast-response
thermistor which is used
to continuously measure
the temperature of the
plate. The thermistor
can be directly plugged
into either the PASPORT
Temperature Sensor
(PS-2125) or
ScienceWorkshop
Thermistor Temperature
Sensor (CI-6527A).
Thermal Hammer
ET-8779
P Converts mechanical energy to
thermal energy
P Monitor real-time temperature
changes
How It Works
Students hit the hammer on a foam square
(included) and the small, steel balls within
the hammer strike a thin, metal plate.
Embedded in the metal plate is a fastresponse
thermistor which is used to
continuously measure the temperature
of the plate.
Electrical Equivalent
of Heat
ET-8499
P Compare electrical
energy input to
changes
in internal energy
The Energy Transfer – Calorimeter
includes two nested aluminum cups with
an air space in between for insulation.
While most calorimeters use a coil to heat
the water, PASCO’s design features a 10 Ω
heating resistor mounted to a circuit board.
Using temperature, voltage and current
sensors students can investigate the
relationship between the input energy and
heat transfer into the water.
Approximately 470 Joules of energy were added to the
water using the Hand Crank Generator (EM-8090)
The “loss” in gravitational energy is compared to the
increase in thermal energy of the metal plate.
Typical Applications
Conservation of Energy studies
Analogy for the “disappearance” of kinetic energy
during a collision
Includes
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Tube
(70 cm length, 4 cm diameter)
Built-in Fast Response Thermistor Probe
Steel Balls (60)
Order Information:
Mechanical Equivalent
of Heat Tube ............................. ET-8781
Required for use with ScienceWorkshop:
ScienceWorkshop Interface ................... p. 2
Thermistor
Temperature Sensor........... CI-6527A p. 2
Required for use with PASPORT: PASPORT
Interface................................................................. p. 4
Temperature Sensor........... PS-2125 p. 70
The temperature of the thin, metal plate rises
each time the steel balls impact its surface.
Includes
Thermal Hammer
Built-in Fast Response
Thermistor Probe
Steel Balls (60)
Foam Squares (2) (10 cm x 10 cm)
Order Information:
Energy Transfer –
Thermal Hammer .................. ET-8779
Required for use with ScienceWorkshop:
ScienceWorkshop Interface ................... p. 2
Thermistor
Temperature Sensor...........CI-6527A p. 2
Required for use with PASPORT: PASPORT
Interface................................................................. p. 4
Temperature Sensor...........PS-2125 p. 70
www.pasco.com/engineering
Includes
Outer Aluminum Cup (8.9 cm tall, 4.7 cm dia)
Inner Aluminum Cup (7.5 cm tall, 3.8 cm dia)
Plastic Lid
Two-Hole Rubber Stopper
Heating Resistor with
Input Cables
Order Information:
Energy Transfer –
Calorimeter ............................... ET-8499
Required for use with ScienceWorkshop:
ScienceWorkshop Interface ....................p. 2
Hand Crank Generator ......EM-8090
Temperature Sensor...........CI-6605A p. 2
Voltage Sensor .......................CI-6503 p. 2
Current Sensor .......................CI-6556 p. 2
Required for use with PASPORT:
PASPORT Interface .........................................p. 4
Hand Crank Generator ......EM-8090
Temperature Sensor...........PS-2125 p. 70
Voltage/Current Sensor ...PS-2115 p. 5
75

Thermodynamics – Thermal Expansion
ThermalExpansionApparatus
TD-8558A
P Easier,MoreSophisticatedandMoreAccuratethan
TraditionalEquipment
P Steel,CopperandAluminumTubesIncluded
ThermalExpansion
TD-8579A
P Brass,copper
andaluminum
tubes
Built-inDialGauge
Simple and very accurate
measurements with 0.01 mm
resolution.
Built-inThermistor
Together with a digital ohmmeter,
directly measures the
temperature of the tube (not
the fluid moving through it).
Resistance/Temperature
ConversionChart
Tube temperature is easily calculated
from this permanently affixed chart.
HeatwithSteamorWater
Steam or water at any temperature
can be fed directly through the tube
rather than using a troublesome
water jacket.
Now students can see the length of the rod increase on a graph as
the temperature rises. In this computerized version of the PASCO
Compact Thermal Expansion Apparatus, the change in rod length is
measured by a Rotary Motion Sensor with a special adapter pin that
turns when in contact with the expanding rod.
The temperature of the rod is measured using a 10 kΩ thermistor.
The included cable can be connected to either a PASPORT Temperature
Sensor or a ScienceWorkshop Thermistor Sensor to read the
temperature directly without need of a resistance-to-temperature
conversion chart.
The Rotary Motion Sensor measures
the change in length of the
expanding tube.
ThreeDrop-inMetalTubes
Steel, copper and aluminum.
InputJacksforDigitalOhmmeter
Resistance of the 100 kΩ thermistor is
proportional to the temperature of the tube.
Temperature (blue line),
Expansion (brown line)
With PASCO’s Thermal Expansion Apparatus, students can
accurately and easily investigate the expansion of metals with
increasing temperature.
How It Works
Measure the length of a metal tube at room temperature.
Then vary the temperature of the tube and remeasure its
length to determine the coefficient of linear expansion.
The concept is simple (ΔL = αLΔT).
Includes
Base: 70 cm long extruded aluminum, with builtin
dial gauge and thermistor
Expansiontubes: steel, copper and aluminum;
16 mm dia.
Foam insulator
Laboratory manual
Order Information:
Thermal Expansion Apparatus.................................. TD-8558A
Required:
SteamGenerator.................................................................. TD-8556A
BasicDigitalMultimeter(ohmmeter).................... SE-9786A
Includes
ThreeSampleTubes:
copper, brass and
aluminum.
Order Information:
Thermal Expansion............................................................. TD-8579A
Required:
PASPORTInterface.............................................................................................. p.4
SteamGenerator.................................................................. TD-8556A
TemperatureSensor........................................................... PS-2125 p.70
RotaryMotionSensor....................................................... PS-2120 p.5
76
www.pasco.com/engineering

Thermodynamics – Thermal Expansion
LargeScaleThermalExpansion
SE-7327
P Seethepipemoveasitexpands
P Visualproofoftheneedforexpansionjoints
P Pipedisassemblesforstorage
In most thermal expansion apparatus a micrometer is required to
measure the expansion. With this apparatus the expansion is on the
order of 2 cm and students can actually see it expand on, and easily
calculate the coefficient of expansion for the plastic.
The assembled pipe is about six meters long and has a plate to
clamp one end to a table. The clamped end has an upward turn for
pouring hot water into and the free end has a downward turn for
emptying into a bucket. An o-ring on the free end marks the position
of the pipe. Pouring a kettle full of hot (about 80°C) water through
the pipe causes it to expand about 2 cm.
ThermalExpansionHoles
SE-7328
P Plateexpandsvisibly
P Holediameterincreasesastemperaturerises
P Viewonanoverheadprojector
Similar to the classic ball and ring demonstration, the large disk initially
fits in the large hole with a gap showing. Then when the large
disk is immersed in hot water, it expands and no longer fits into the
hole. But this set has many other advantages. The expansions are
large enough to see and measure with a meter stick.
The large disk sitting in the hole can be put in a clear container and
placed on an overhead projector so students can see the gap. Then
when hot water is poured over both the disk and the sheet with the
hole, students can still see the gap because both the disk and the
hole are expanding.
Also, the sheet has another smaller hole and a smaller disk which is
slightly greater in diameter than the hole. Heating the plate causes
the hole to expand and the disk will then fit into the hole. Then if the
plate and the disk are allowed to cool with the disk in the hole, the
disk will be stuck in the hole (although you can easily push it out).
Hot water is poured into
the funnel, and flows
down the pipe.
As the hot water
flows down the
pipe, students
can see the
pipe expand.
Pipeexpands
over2cm.
Plate dimensions: 20cmx28cmx0.5cm
12.4cmdiameterhole
12.2cmdiameterdisk
7.07cmdiameterhole
7.15cmdiameterdisk
Includes
Four 1.5 m long plastic
pipes with fittings
Order Information:
Large Scale Thermal Expansion.............................. SE-7327
Required:
Large“C”Clamp(6pack)............................................... SE-7285
MeterStick(6pack)........................................................... SE-8827
MetricMeasuringTape................................................... SE-8712A
Hotorcoldwater
p.108
p.107
Includes
Plate with two holes
Large disk
Small disk
Manual with demonstrations
and experiment
Order Information:
Thermal Expansion Holes.................................................................SE-7328
Required:
Panlargerthantheplate
Hotandcoldwater
www.pasco.com/engineering
77

Thermodynamics – Thermoelectric
EnergyTransfer–Thermoelectric
ET-8782
P FullyFunctionalHeatPumpandHeatEngine
P UseVoltageandCurrentSensorstoMeasureEnergyConversions
P TemperatureSensorscanMonitorbothReservoirTemperatures
P ModelsaRefrigerationSystem
OutputPorts
Measure current and
voltage in Peltier device
to determine energy input.
CoolingFan
Provides additional heat
dissipation from hot side
of Peltier device.
TemperaturePorts
A 10 kΩ thermistor
mounted in each
aluminum plate of the
Peltier device is used
to continuously measure
temperature.
KnifeSwitch
Use to toggle
between heat
engine and heat
pump modes of
operation.
LoadResistors
For output
efficiency
studies of the
Peltier device.
PeltierDevice
Two aluminum plates are fastened to each side of the semi-conductor
Peltier device. One plate heats while the other cools when
DC current passes through the device.
The Energy Transfer - Thermoelectric circuit board helps students better understand heat
engines and heat pumps. Using a Peltier device, cooling and heating effects can be observed
and measured using PASCO probeware. In addition, a cooling fan, heat sink and foam insulation
can be used to determine their effect on the heating and cooling of the Peltier device.
ThermoelectricConverter
TD-8550A
P Demonstratethe
FirstLawof
Thermodynamics
P Reversible
Features
Demonstrates that a temperature differential is
essential for extracting usable energy
Produces electrical energy from a temperature
differential
Produces a temperature differential
with electrical energy
15 cm tall with 6 cm diameter fan
How It Works
The Thermoelectric Converter uses a series
of semiconductor thermoelectric cells to
convert thermal energy into electrical energy.
The output from the cells drives a small
electric motor.
Heat to Electrical Energy
Place one leg of the Thermoelectric
Converter into cold water, the other into
hot. The fan turns as the converter draws
energy from the hot source (typically a 50°C
temperature differential is required).
Electrical Energy to Heat
Pass a current (3 A DC at 5 V) through the
Thermoelectric Converter. It acts as a “heat
pump.” One leg becomes warmer while the
other becomes cooler.
As the device is switched from heat pump to heat
engine, DataStudio displays Power, Energy, Heat
Transfer, and Temperature.
Includes
Energy Transfer –
Thermoelectric Circuit Board
Heat Sink
Foam Insulation (2)
Thermistor Temperature Cables (2)
Short Patch Cords (8)
Order Information:
Energy Transfer – Thermoelectric....................................................................................ET-8782
Required:
PowerSupply(18VoltDC,5A)............................................................................................SE-9720A
Recommended for use with PASPORT:
Voltage/CurrentSensor.............................................................................................................PS-2115 p.5
QuadTemperatureSensor......................................................................................................PS-2143 p.70
FastResponseTemperatureProbe...................................................................................PS-2135 p.70
PASPORTInterface..............................................................................................................................................................p.4
When a
temperature
differential is
established
between the
two legs, the
fan turns.
Order Information:
Thermoelectric
Converter..................................................TD-8550A
Required:
Containersforholdinghotwater,coldwater,etc.
TripleOutput
PowerSupply........................................SE-8587
Alcohol
Thermometer.........................................SE-9084A
78
www.pasco.com/engineering

Thermodynamics – Thermoelectric
ThermalEfficiencyApparatus
TD-8564
P RealInvestigationintoCarnotEfficiency
P HeatEngines&HeatPumps
P 5%Accuracy
The Thermal Efficiency Apparatus is a real heat engine
that can be used to investigate and clarify the principles
at work in Carnot’s ideal heat engine. Like Carnot’s model,
it can be operated as a heat engine, converting heat into
work, or operated in reverse as a heat pump, transferring
heat from a cold source to a hot source. Results are
typically accurate to better than 5%.
How it Works
The key element is a Peltier device, a semiconductor that turns
thermal energy into electrical energy. The device is sandwiched
between two blocks of aluminum which act as the hot and cold
reservoirs. One block is water-cooled using the built-in pump. The
other is electrically heated. A 100 kΩ thermistor is implanted in each
block so temperatures can be measured with a digital ohmmeter.
The energy supplied to this heat engine is the electrical energy used
to heat the aluminum block. The heat engine does work by running
a current through the load resistor. Both the energy in and the work
out are easily determined by measuring currents and voltages.
To9VDC
Adapter
(included)
Cooling
Water
In/out ports
Load
Resistors
ThermistorConnections
PeltierDevice
TypicalExperiments
1. Real Efficiency vs. Temperature Difference
2. Carnot Efficiency
3. Heat Pump Coefficient of Performance
4. Thermal Conductivity
5. Load for Optimum Performance
PowerSupply
Inputs for heater
Thermistor
Conversion
Chart
Measure the real efficiency
of a heat engine when
operated between different
temperature differentials.
Check out the experiments on the web at
www.pasco.com
Order Information:
Thermal Efficiency Apparatus........................................TD-8564
Required:
Basic-DigitalMultimeter(s)(fourneeded)..............SE-9786A
TripleOutputPowerSupply...............................................SE-8587
or:
Twovoltmeters,twoammeters,oneohmmeterandapowersupply
providing12VDC@upto3A
How Peltier Devices Work
The apparatus on these two pages use a thermoelectric Peltier device as the basis of the heat engine/heat pump system.
Heat Pump
A Peltier device is constructed of two ceramic plates
with p and n semiconductors in between. As DC current
is passed through the device, one plate warms and the
other plate cools and the voltage across and current
through the Peltier device can be measured.
Work
Aluminum
(Hot Side)
Q h
Peltier Device
Q c
Aluminum
(Cold Side)
Hot Side
Cold Side
I
I
+
–
DC
Voltage
Heat Engine
Using the temperature difference across its plates, the Peltier
device generates current as the plates move to an equilibrium
temperature. The current and voltage generated by the Peltier
device can be used with output load resistors to determine
the energy generated. The generated energy can be compared
to the input energy to determine appropriate efficiencies.
Furthermore, the effects on efficiency when changing the load
resistance or temperature difference between the plates can
be examined.
Work
Aluminum
(Hot Side)
Q h
Peltier Device
Q c
Aluminum
(Cold Side)
Hot Side
Cold Side
I
I
Load
Resistor
www.pasco.com/engineering
79

Thermodynamics – Radiation
Thermal Radiation Laboratory
TD-8855
Why are car radiators
black?
Radiation Cans
TD-8570A
With the Radiation Sensor, a versatile Radiation Cube and the Stefan-Boltzman Lamp,
four key experiments in thermal radiation can be performed.
Students begin with a study of thermal radiation from different types of surfaces at the
same temperature. The Thermal Radiation Cube has four different surfaces which can be
monitored (black matte, white matte, polished aluminum and dull aluminum). The cube is
heated electrically with a 100-watt bulb (its output can be varied). The thick aluminum walls
assure the same temperature on all four walls to within a fraction of a degree. The Radiation
Sensor provides an accurate measure of thermal radiation throughout the infrared region.
Its output is a voltage that is proportional to the intensity of radiation.
Another important introductory experiment is the Inverse Square Law. The Stefan-Boltzman
Lamp uses a special bulb to provide a near-perfect point source, providing accurate results.
Finally, students can verify the Stefan-Boltzman Law for both low and
high temperatures using the Radiation Cube for the low temperatures and
the Stefan-Boltzman Lamp for the high temperatures.
(Temperature probes not included)
Typical
Experiments
With Teacher’s Guide and Sample Data.
1. Introduction to Thermal Radiation
2. Stefan-Boltzman Law at Low
Temperatures. (Rrad = σT 4 )
3. Inverse Square Law
4. Stefan-Boltzman Law at High
Temperatures
Includes
Thermal Radiation Cube (TD-8554A)
Stefan-Boltzman Lamp (TD-8555)
Radiation Sensor (TD-8553)
Order Information:
Thermal Radiation
Laboratory................................................TD-8855
Required:
Basic Digital
Multimeter ...............................................SE-9786A
Power Supply ........................................SF-9584B
The Black, White,
and Silver Radiation
Cans are filled with
hot water, and
allowed to cool.
Order Information:
Radiation Cans
(set of 3) .................................TD-8570A
Quad Temperature
Sensor .....................................PS-2143 p. 70
Temperature
Probe ........................................PS-2153
PASPORT Interface ........................................p. 4
80
www.pasco.com/engineering

Thermodynamics – Stirling Engines
Glass Stirling Engine
SE-8636
Low Delta-T Stirling Engine
SE-8576A
P Runs on 4˚C ΔT
P Ultra-low
Friction
“Visible” Stirling Engine
SE-8575
See the pistons at work. Look inside the
glass cylinders at the Stirling Cycle principle
in action. This engine is extremely
interesting to watch, is well built, and runs
at speeds up to 1500 RPM. To illustrate the
versatility of a Stirling Engine, we provide a
burner for denatured alcohol and a platform
for solid fuel. A sample quantity of ESBIT
dry fuel is supplied with the engine as well.
The SE-8576A Stirling Engine runs on the
heat from a warm hand (approximately a
4 °C differential from room temperature).
This beautifully made engine featuring
high precision components, low- friction
graphite piston, ball bearings and counterweighted
cranks will amaze students.
When it’s not used in class, teachers can
set it on the back of their computer monitor
and explain thermodynamics to students
who come into their office.
Order Information:
Low Delta-T
Stirling Engine ...................................SE-8576A
Stirling Engine
SE-8562
A Stirling Engine is a straightforward, practical
example of a heat engine. A piston
coupled to a foam air displacer shuffles
air back and forth between hot and cold
reservoirs. The expansion and contraction
of air as it is heated and cooled drives the
engine.
This “Visible” Stirling Engine will run while
sitting on top of an ice bath, a hot coffee
mug or even a dish of ice cream.
It provides a vivid demonstration of the
thermodynamics of a Stirling Engine.
Features
Easily Visible: All movable parts are clearly
visible for a more in-depth demonstration
Small Temperature Differences: Runs on
temperature differentials as low as 20 °C
Flexible Piston: Piston is a grey silicone
rubber diaphragm that moves so students can
see the air expand and contract
Both cylinders are transparent so the action of the pistons
can be viewed.
Features
Gyro-quality ball bearings
Machined flywheel
Aluminum cooling fins
Replaceable,adjustable Pyrex® heat cap
Replaceable Pyrex® power cylinder
Dual fuel capability
Solid hardwood platform
Completely assembled and ready to run
Specifications
9” length x 4” height x 6” width.
Order Information:
Glass Stirling Engine ....................... SE-8636
This sturdy engine is manufactured completely
from precision-machined metal
parts. Simply add a little alcohol (denatured
is recommended— do not use “rubbing”
alcohol) for fuel and a match.
The included book, Stirling Cycle Engines,
includes over 100 pages of history, illustrations
and descriptions of the operation of
various Stirling engines.
Order Information:
Stirling Engine ...................................SE-8562
Required: Denatured Alcohol
Order Information:
“Visible” Stirling
Engine .......................................................SE-8575
Visible Stirling Engine Kit
SE-8590
This kit includes all the parts and instructions
to build the Visible Stirling Engine
SE-8575 shown above. No machining is
required. Some common hand tools and
glue are required but not included.
Order Information:
Visible Stirling
Engine Kit .................................................. SE-8590
www.pasco.com/engineering
81

Heat Engine Efficiency
P Measuretheactualefficiencyofarealheatengine,and
bringtheconceptofP-Vdiagramstolife.
Thermodynamics – Heat Engine
PASCO Heat Engine: Extracts heat from a large hot-water reservoir
and does work to lift a weight.
Real-time Graph: The heat engine cycle is traced on a
Pressure vs. Volume graph as the engine goes through each
part of its cycle, closing the cycle as waste heat is exhausted to the
ice-water reservoir.
Heat Engine Efficiency: Students compare the area inside the
P - V cycle to the actual work done lifting the weight,
and see how the efficiency of this heat engine
compares to the theoretical maximum.
The DataStudio® graph above shows an isobaric/isothermal heat engine cycle
operating between a cold water bath at 0.5°C and a hot water bath at 53.0°C.
Rotary
Motion
Sensor
Work
(Lifting Mass)
Cold Reservoir
(Ice water bath)
Hot Reservoir
(Hot water bath)
When the air chamber is moved from
the cold water bath to the hot bath,
the piston moves up and lifts the
200 g mass, doing work. The mass is
removed, and then the air chamber
is returned to the cold bath, creating
an isobaric/isothermal cycle.
HeatEngine
200g
Mass
T c
Q c
Q h
Heat Engine
(Air filled cylinder with piston)
Give meaning to the abstract drawing of a heat engine cycle
and let your students see the connection to the real world.
T h
Cold Bath
AirChamber
GraphitePiston
Ultra-Low Friction
The built-in temperature ports of the Xplorer
GLX monitor the Hot and Cold water baths,
the Rotary Motion Sensor measures the
position of the Heat Engine piston, and the
pressure of the air inside the Heat Engine is
measured using the Dual Pressure Sensor.
The graph is drawn in real time on the
Xplorer GLX screen as the heat engine is
taken through its cycle.
Includes
Dual
Pressure
Sensor
Heat Engine
Air Chamber
Rubber Stoppers
(one and two hole)
Tubing with Quick
Connect Fittings
Shut-off Valve and One-way Valve
Hot Bath
Temperature
Sensors
XplorerGLX®
Order Information:
Heat Engine ..................................TD-8572
Rotary Motion Sensor ...........PS-2120 p. 5
Dual Pressure Sensor ...........PS-2181 p. 5
Xplorer GLX ..................................PS-2002 p. 4
3-liter Plastic
Container Set ..............................ME-7559
See page 107 for mass sets, page 109 for bases
and support rods.
82
www.pasco.com/engineering

Thermodynamics – Heat Engine
SmallPistonHeatEngine
TD-8592
P SmallPiston(8.1mmdia.)isMoreSensitivetoPressure
andTemperatureChanges
P ConnecttoHeatEnginetoStudyPascal’sPrinciple
ThermobileNitinolHeatEngine
SE-9089
P SimpleHeatEngineBasedon
NitinolMemoryWire
P InstructionsIncluded
The Small Piston Heat Engine features a piston with one-quarter
the surface area of the original Heat Engine (TD-8572). It includes
the same high-quality Pyrex cylinder and low-friction graphite
piston. In addition, the Quick Connect ports allow the two heat
engines to be used with one another or with the same set of
accessories.
Pascal’s Principal is demonstrated by
connecting two pistons of different diameters.
More weight is required on the bigger piston
to balance the weight on the smaller piston.
Shown with TD-8572 Heat Engine.
Typical Applications
Investigate Pascal’s Principle
Demonstrate a Real-Time Heat Engine Cycle
Includes
Small Piston Heat Engine
Air Chamber with Rubber Stopper
Plastic Tubing with
Quick-Connect Fittings
The Thermobile is a Nitinol wire (memory wire) loop around two
wheels. Nitinol (nickel-titanium) wire is called memory wire because
it returns to its original shape when heated. In this case, the wire
has been programmed by holding it in a straight line while heating it
to a high temperature. After cooling, the straight wire was wrapped
around the two pulleys.
When the brass wheel is immersed in hot water, the wheels will
begin to turn. When the brass wheel heats up, the wire in contact
with it is heated, and tries to straighten out. When the wheel is
spinning, the wire on one side of the wheel is hotter and bows out
more than the other end. This results in an unbalanced torque on the
wheel, causing it to turn.
Thermobile Heat Engine
includes instruction
manual and
storage box.
Order Information:
Small Piston Heat Engine ..................................................................TD-8592
Order Information:
Thermobile Nitinol Heat Engine .................................................SE-9089
www.pasco.com/engineering
83

Fluid Flow
Venturi Apparatus
ME-8598
P Bernoulli effect
P Continuity equation
The Venturi apparatus has a channel with
varying cross-section to study the relationship
between flow speed and pressure. The open
design (2D cross section) allows students to
see inside and directly measure all needed
dimensions.
There are four built-in ports to attach pressure
sensors to measure the pressure at four places
along the stream line simultaneously. Pressure
changes caused by both fluid speed and
viscosity (drag) can be measured.
Designed to work with both air (see photo at
right), and water (see below).
Spirometer
(Measures air flow)
P 1 P 2 P 3 P 4
P 2 and P 4 are in Venturi Constriction
Quad Pressure Sensor
Venturi Apparatus
The Venturi Apparatus (above) is
shown using a shop vacuum
as the air source. A Spirometer
(PS-2152) measures air flow and a
Quad Pressure Sensor (PS-2164)
measures air pressure in four
locations. See graph at left. P 2 and
P 4 are in the Venturi constrictions,
and P 4 is downstream from P 1 .
Note: the captured O-ring
seal in the cover.
The graph (above shows
water pressure data at three
different flow rates. The
flow rate is calculated using
Motion Sensor data of the
water level in the graduated
cylinder.
The clear plastic cover can be easily removed so that students can measure
the dimensions of the Venturi channel.
Venturi Apparatus shown with Quad Pressure Sensor
(PS-2164), Motion Sensor (PS-2103A),
and the Water Reservoir (ME-8594)
Includes
Venturi Chamber
Tubing
(for both air and water)
Restriction Clamps (2)
Quick Connect Couplers
Order Information:
Venturi Apparatus ................................................. ME-8598
Shown in use with:
Quad Pressure Sensor ...................................... PS-2164
Motion Sensor ......................................................... PS-2103A
Water Reservoir ..................................................... ME-8594
Spirometer Sensor ............................................... PS-2152 p. 5, 56
PASPORT Interface ...................................................................................p. 4
84
www.pasco.com/engineering

Fluids
Bernoulli Cart Accessory
ME-9481
P Bernoulli forces
This 5 cm diameter cylinder with precision ball bearings, easily set spinning
by pulling a string, provides an excellent demonstration of the Bernoulli
Principle. Requires a fan to provide airflow across the rotating cylinder.
Compatible
with all
PASCO Carts.
this direction.
Cart moves in this direction.
Track
Front of Cart
Using the Super Fan Cart to create wind, the Bernoulli Cart Accessory accelerates
down the Dynamics Track. (See pages 26-27 for information on carts and tracks.)
Fan
Lower Higher Air Air
Speed–– Speed— Lower
Higher Pressure
Pressure
Fan
Lower Air
Speed––
Higher
Pressure
Top view of the rotating cylinder on the Bernoulli Cart Accessory.
Order Information:
Bernoulli Cart Accessory ........................................ME-9481
Super Fan Cart ..................................................................ME-6977 p. 30
Cart & Track ........................................................................................................ p. 26-27
Air Cannon
SE-7370
The Air Cannon uses a vortex of
air for ammunition. Its unique
shape creates a stable toroidal
vortex. Pull back the flexible
membrane, release and the
invisible wave front of air can hit
a target 20 feet away!
A great demonstration of the energy that
can be stored in waves.
Rotational Acceleration Tank
ME-8957
ME-8957 Rotational Acceleration
Tank mounted on ME-8950A
Rotating Platform.
Order Information:
Air Cannon .................................................................................SE-7370
Order Information:
Rotational Acceleration Tank .....................................ME-8957
Recommended:
Rotating Platform ...................................................................ME-8950A p. 41
Rotational Motor Drive ......................................................ME-8955 p. 41
www.pasco.com/engineering
85

Atmospheric Pressure
Magdeburg Plates
SE-9717
Air is evacuated using a syringe; no vacuum pump needed. Clear
plastic design lets students see everything. Two different “O” rings
allow two different size areas.
Atmospheric Properties Chamber
ME-6813
P Recreate the conditions that lead to cloud formation
P Measure changing temperature and pressure
P Built-in Fast Response Temperature Probe
Add a small amount of water to the reservoir at the bottom of the
chamber. Then seal the chamber, and press the rubber stopper into
place on the top of the chamber. Students add pressure to the chamber
using the included syringe. When the pressure is high enough,
the rubber stopper will blow out and a cloud will form.
Graph of temperature and
pressure as stopper blows.
Order Information:
Magdeburg Plates ...................................................................................SE-9717
Quick decompression,
as stopper blows,
causes cloud to
form in chamber.
Magdeburg Plates Accessory Kit
SE-9718
When added to the
Magdeburg Plates,
these accessories provide
a vacuum chamber
in which balloons can
be inflated or water
made to boil just by
evacuating the air. A
suction cup will lose its
“suction” when the air
around it is evacuated.
Order Information:
Atmospheric Properties Chamber................................. ME-6813
Recommended:
Absolute Pressure/Temp Sensor .................................... PS-2146 p. 5
Atmospheric Pressure
Demonstrator
ME-8966A
12”
Includes
0.95 cm thick, 9.7 cm diameter circular polycarbonate plate
6.5 cm tall, 7.5 cm diameter cylindrical acrylic pipe
80 cc plastic cup, two small balloons and a suction cup
Demonstrate the effect of a
pressure differential. Easily lift
a box or stool by simply placing
the rubber sheet on a smooth
surface of the object and lifting
up on the handle.
As you pull up on the handle, a
low-pressure region is created.
Order Information:
Magdeburg Plates Accessory Kit ........................................SE-9718
Order Information:
Atmospheric Pressure Demonstrator ...................................ME-8966A
86
www.pasco.com/engineering

Understanding
Pressure Kit
SE-7329
Feel the pressure of one atmosphere!
This long steel bar, with a crosssectional
area of one square
centimeter and a weight of about
10 N, exerts a pressure on your
hand equal to one atmosphere. The
pressure can be reduced without
reducing the weight by placing the
supplied plastic end pad under the
bar, spreading the force over a larger
area.
In addition to the long bar, other
size samples are supplied which
demonstrate the feeling of other
standard pressures. An instruction
manual with a student lab is included.
Fluids
Hydraulic and Pneumatic
Structures
ME-6984
Use the Structures System (page 14) to
study hydraulics.
Pressure and volume are recorded as
the weight is lifted, and the work
done is the area under the curve.
Rotary Motion
Sensor
Hydraulic/Pneumatic System
SE-8764
This system allows students to investigate
the differences between a hydraulic and
a pneumatic lift system. Water or air can
be used to lift heavy objects with a small
amount of force. The mechanical advantage
can be changed by varying the size of the
input syringe. In addition, a Pressure Sensor
can be used to monitor the pressure of the
pneumatic system as air is added with the
input syringe. Finally, the system can be
used with a Pressure Sensor to collect pressure
and volume data for the discovery of
Boyle’s Law.
Pressure
Sensor
The weight is lifted using a syringe of water to
fill the master cylinder. An Absolute Pressure Sensor
(PS-2107) measures the pressure and a Rotary Motion Sensor
(PS-2120) records the movement of the piston.
Includes
Steel atmospheric
pressure bar (stamped
with letters):
1 cm 2 x 133 cm,
weight 10.13 N
Brass Torr sample
(stamped T):
1 cm 2 x 1.6 mm, weight 0.013 N
Brass millibar sample (stamped M):
1 cm 2 x 0.1.3 mm, weight 0.01013 N
Paper Pascal sample (stamped Pa):
1 cm 2 x 0.11 mm, weight 0.001 N
Steel rectangular solid (stamped H):
1 cm 2 x 1.7 mm, weight 0.132 N
Black plastic end pads (2) to reduce the pressure
Teacher manual with student worksheet
Order Information:
Understanding
Pressure Kit ........................................SE-7329
Includes
Master Cylinder
Pressure Sensor “T”
Check Valves and Tubing
Three Syringes (10 ml, 20 ml, 60 ml)
Drive belt for Rotary Motion Sensor (Not shown)
Order Information:
Hydraulic/Pneumatic
Structures ............................................ME-6984
Advanced Structures Set* .......ME-6992B
Also shown in use on this page:
Absolute Pressure Sensor ........PS-2107
Rotary Motion Sensor ..................PS-2120
Steel Rod (45 cm) ............................ME-8736
(Not shown but required for sensor measurements)
PASPORT Interface ........................Page 4
*Patents pending
www.pasco.com/engineering
Using DataStudio and a Pressure Sensor, the pressure-time
graph is created real-time as air is added to the system
with a syringe. (Masses not included. See page 105.)
Includes
Stable base unit with mounted 60 cc syringe
Three input syringes; 3 cc, 12 cc and 20 cc, to
vary the mechanical advantage
Connecting tubing with one-way valve with
inline connector for optional Pressure Sensor
Order Information:
Hydraulic/Pneumatic
System ........................................................SE-8764................
Pressure Sensors ...............................p. 5
87

Fluids/Density
Float.and.Chain.Engineering..
Problem-Solving.Kit
SE-8727
P .Counter.buoyant.force.
with.a.chain.partially.
resting.on.the.bottom.of.
the.container
P .Build.a.hydrometer,.
thermometer,.barometer,.
and.a.mass.balance
P .Redesign.each.
instrument.to.achieve.
different.measurement.
ranges
Using a sensitive
mass balance to
weigh a leaf.
Hydrometer
Find the density of various
fluids by putting the float and
chain into the fluid, measuring
the amount of chain which floats. Students can produce a calibration
graph and determine the range and resolution that can be measured.
Thermometer
The expansion of the plastic float causes it to float at different
heights, lifting more or less chain. Different floats and different
chains are supplied to produce an engineering problem.
Barometer
A tube containing air is weighted by the chain and as the pressure
changes, the amount of chain supported changes.
Mass Balance
The mass and volume of small objects can be measured by adjusting
the chain so the float remains in the same place. This method
gives a sensitive balance which would otherwise be quite expensive.
The example shown in the photo is measuring the mass of a
leaf.
Density.Circulation.Model
ME-6816
P .Model.density.driven.circulation
based.on.temperature,.dissolved.
substances.or.different.liquids
P .Demonstrate.the.driving.forces
of.vertical.ocean.currents
P .Measure.temperature.inversions
based.on.density.difference.
The PASCO ME-6816 Density Circulation
Model allows students to model, measure
and understand the complex density driven circulation associated
with heat transfer through convection. Students can recreate vertical
ocean currents driven by water bodies with density differences.
They can extend this learning by using sensors to collect data and
create graphs showing the thermocline, halocline and pycnocline
using PASCO Salinity Sensor PS-2195 (page 62).
Data showing temperature
versus depth. Rapid
temperature change
occurs in the region
where the two water
bodies mix.
The chain rests on the bottom, giving a
variable force.
(fig. 4)
With the valves closed (fig. 1) two bodies of liquid can be created
that differ in temperature, dissolved materials or other properties.
When the valves are opened a smooth flow of liquid occurs between
the chambers (fig. 2 & fig. 3). Minimal mixing occurs and clearly
defined layers of liquid based on density result (fig. 4).
Includes
Four cylinders, Floats, Air Tube and
Balance Float with Pan
Order Information:
Float and Chain Engineering Problem-Solving Kit...................... SE-8727
Order Information:
(fig. 1) (fig. 2) (fig. 3)
Density Circulation Model............................................................................. ME-6816
Shown in use with:
Stainless.Steel.Temperature.Probe......................................................... p..70
88
www.pasco.com/engineering

Density
Density Sets
Density.Set
P .Different.
materials
P .Cylinders.
(2.2.cm.dia..x.
6.4.cm.long)
Includes
Three cylinders: aluminum, brass, plastic;
2.2 cm dia. x 6.4 cm long (plastic is less dense than
water), aluminum block, brass block and irregular
shape aluminum.
This set has different shapes and materials having the same volume to
show students that the buoyant force depends only on the volume of
displaced water. Overflow Can and Glassware sold below.
Order Information:
Density Set...............................................ME-8569
Discover.Density.Set
P .Different.shapes.and.sizes
P .Plastic
Glassware
Mystery.Density.Set.
This set is made from two plastics that look
identical, but have two different densities.
Order Information:
Discover Density Set........................SE-9719
Order Information:
100 ml Beaker (12 pack).................SE-7287
1000 ml Beaker (6 pack).................SE-7288
50 ml Graduated Cylinder
(12 pack).....................................................SE-7289
Classroom.Density.Set.
Includes
8 Cylindrical Pieces (density = 1.41 g/cm3)
7 Cylindrical Pieces (density = 1.15 g/cm3)
Storage Stand
Order Information:
Mystery Density Set..........................SE-7316
Mole.Set
Overflow.Can.
This aluminum
Overflow Can provides
volume measurements
by dispensing the
displaced water into
a separate container.
Order Information:
Overflow Can..........................................SE-8568
Includes each of the following
materials in four different sizes
Maple
Acrylic (two colors)
Phenolic
Polypropylene
Polyurethane PVC (three colors)
Nylon
Aluminum
Teflon
Order Information:
Classroom Density Set....................SE-7226
www.pasco.com/engineering
Each sample (Copper, Iron, Zinc and
Aluminum) contains approximately one
mole of the element.
Order Information:
Mole Set.....................................................SE-7586
Shown in use with:
Stainless.Steel.Calipers..................SF-8711.
89

Electromagnetism
Ring Launcher
EM-8661
Aluminum Ring
Ring Launcher Accessories
EM-8662
P Electromagnetic induction
P Shoots ring 2 meters high
P Improved design with thermal shutoff
In this classic demonstration of electromagnetic
induction, an aluminum ring is
propelled straight up a maximum distance
of 2 meters. The changing magnetic
field from the AC powered coil causes
a changing magnetic flux through the
aluminum ring. The induced EMF in the
ring sets up a current which produces a
magnetic field. The induced magnetic field
opposes the field of the coil, pushing the
ring up.
The PASCO Ring Launcher has been
optimized to launch the ring higher and
to maximize safety by enclosing all wiring
inside the case. A thermal shutoff switch
protects the coil by preventing overheating
when the momentary launch switch is
held down for a prolonged time. A red
light indicates when the thermal switch
is activated, and further launches are
prohibited until the device cools.
Ring Launcher design ideas contributed by Carl Schneider and
John Ertel from the U.S. Naval Academy.
Power
Indicator
Light
Iron Core
Coil
Rod Clamp
is attached to the
back for attaching
to a ring stand
Launch
Switch
Includes a coil with a bulb that lights by
induction when the coil is placed over the
launcher core. Also includes three additional
rings: one split aluminum ring that will not
launch, one copper ring and one shorter
aluminum ring.
Lighting a bulb connected to a coil by induction. The coil and
bulb are included in the Ring Launcher Accessories (EM-8662).
Order Information:
Ring Launcher ...................................EM-8661
Overheat Light
Order Information:
Ring Launcher Accessories .........EM-8662
Magnetic Levitation Demonstration
SE-7339
P Demonstrate Magnetic Levitation
P Shipped Ready for Display
How it Works
The force of earth’s gravity pulls the cube magnet downward.
Simultaneously, the ceramic ring magnets exert an upward force.
Two diamagnetic graphite plates, one above and below, repel
either pole of the cube, creating a stable equilibrium.
Features
Visually Appealing: Clear plastic bell housing is viewable from
360 degrees.
No Setup: Shipped ready to display. Only a minor finger-tight
adjustment of the hex nut may be necessary.
Easy to Use: Adjust the hex nut manually. No tools necessary to
levitate the cube. A hex key is supplied for reassembling the device
or making precise measurements.
Complete Manual: Ships with a detailed manual including a
theoretical explanation, disassembly/reassembly instructions and an
experiment with illustrated instructions.
Includes
A sealed unit (10 cm high) of high
purity diamagnetic graphite plates, a
gold-plated rare earth levitating magnet
and adjustable field magnets.
Clear plastic plates (2), Hex key,
Complete Manual
Order Information:
Magnetic Levitation Demonstration.................................. SE-7339
90
www.pasco.com/engineering

Electromagnetism
Magnetic Levitation
P Determine lift and drag forces
on a permanent magnet suspended
over a spinning aluminum disk
P Quantitative results
Neodymium
Magnet
Aluminum Disk
Eddy currents are produced as the
aluminum disk spins, creating a
magnetic field that repels the
magnet. Amount of lift varies with
angular velocity of disk.
Use PASCO’s Magnetic Levitation Accessory to
determine lift and drag forces and show students
immediate, quantitative results. Perform the
experiment with or without sensors. Spin the
aluminum plate by hand or achieve faster, continuous
speeds using the ME-8955 Motor Drive (not included).
The versatile arm assembly mount allows students to
measure vertical lift and horizontal drag forces.
High Resolution
Force Sensor
Sold separately.
Photogate
Sold separately.
Motor Drive
Sold separately.
Sensor-based experiment
shown using a Force
Sensor (to measure lift
and drag) and Photogate
(to measure speed). The
blue line is a plot of drag
force versus speed (a linear
relationship at low speeds).
The red curve is a plot of
lift force versus speed (a
quadratic relationship at
low speeds).
Magnet with Added Weight
Add weight to magnet for
quantitative measurement
of force versus speed.
Rotating Platform
Sold separately.
Lift and Drag
forces can be
measured
without
sensors.
Drag Force on the magnet may be measured
by mounting the arm assembly horizontally. Drag
force is measured by hanging mass over pulley.
Equilibrium Position
Move the counterweight left or right along the arm assembly to achieve
an initial equilibrium. After adding the weight, spin the disk until the arm
once again reaches equilibrium. At equilibrium you know the lift force
equals the force of the added weight.
EM-8947 Includes
Aluminum Disk
Arm Assembly
45 cm Rod
Order Information:
Magnetic Levitation Accessory........... EM-8947
Required:
Rotating Platform ............................................. ME-8951
Shown in use with:
Super Pulley with Clamp ............................ ME-9448B p. 106
Mass and Hanger Set .................................. ME-8979 p. 107
High Resolution Force Sensor ............... PS-2189 p. 5
Motor Drive .......................................................... ME-8955 p. 41
Photogate Head ................................................ ME-9498A p. 5
PASPORT Interface ..........................................................................p. 4
www.pasco.com/engineering
91

Variable Gap Magnet
EM-8641
P Variable Field Strength (70 - 7500 Gauss)
P Great for Induction Experiments
Magnetic Forces
Neodymium Magnets
3/4-inch diameter on an iron base.
Field strength can be adjusted
between 70 and 7500 Gauss.
Adjustment Screws
Gap can be varied between
0.5 cm and 8.9 cm.
PASCO’s Variable Gap Magnet demonstrates difficult ideas such as
force on a current-carrying wire, eddy currents, paramagnetism and
diamagnetism. Vary the pole separation of this ultra strong lab magnet
to provide field strengths from 0.007 to 0.75 Tesla (70 to 7500 Gauss).
It’s a strong, general purpose lab magnet convenient for experiments in
magnetic induction.
The neodymium magnets are plastic-coated to prevent chipping. The
heavy-duty iron base is stable in four different freestanding positions
and also mounts on standard 12.7 mm (1/2 in.) rods.
Versatile Iron
Base
May be used in
four freestanding
positions or
mounted on a
threaded rod.
On
End
pside Down
Upright
Upside-down
Down On Side
On side Side
On On
End end
The Variable Gap Magnet may be used in four different
freestanding positions as well as on a stand.
Flat Pole Pieces
Supplied to provide a more
uniform field when needed.
Order Information:
Variable Gap Magnet ...................................................................................................EM-8641
(Includes Variable Gap Magnet with Pole Pieces)
Magnetic Demonstration System .......................................................................EM-8644A
(Includes EM-8641 and EM-8642A, shown below)
Magnetic Force Accessory
EM-8642A
The Magnetic Force Accessory includes
items required to perform three
demonstrations with the Variable Gap
Magnet:
1. Magnetic Damping
Swing the solid aluminum paddle through
the gap and it stops dead, the motion
damped due to eddy currents. Now try
the slotted paddles. One swings freely
while the other is immediately damped.
2. Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism
Diamagnetic and paramagnetic rods are
placed in the strong magnetic field of the
Variable Gap Magnet.
3. Force on a Current-Carrying Wire
Swing the wire through the gap
and detect the induced EMF with a
galvanometer. Or, pass a current through
the wire and watch it move in the
magnetic field.
(b)
(a)
The diamagnetic glass rod (figure a) aligns transverse to the
field; the paramagnetic (figure b) aluminum rod aligns with
the field.
Includes
Three aluminum paddles
(solid, slotted, closed slotted)
Glass rod
Aluminum rod
Wire swing
Special mounting rod
Order Information:
Magnetic Force
Accessory ...............................EM-8642A
Required:
Power Supply
(18 V DC, 5A) .........................SE-9720A
or
Mini-Generator....................SE-8645
Base and Support
Rods.............................................p. 109
92
www.pasco.com/engineering

1.5 meter tube
AC/DC Motor (Accessory to
Variable Lab Magnet)
SE-8657
Induction
Induction Wand
EM-8099
Eddy Current Rods
SE-7361
The SE-8657 Motor Accessory is an
electromagnet designed as an armature that
will rotate when placed in a magnetic field
and connected to an AC or DC power supply.
The Motor Accessory can transform:
P The EM-8641 Variable Gap Magnet into
a DC and a synchronous AC motor and
generator. Students can explore the
relationships between motor speed,
voltage and AC frequency, as well as
armature direction, rotation and polarity.
P The SF-8616 Coils and Cores Set into
a universal motor. Students learn the
relationships between current and
magnetic field direction the effects of
voltage, AC current frequency and DC
voltage changes on motor speed.
Experiments
All experiments with the Motor
Accessory can be performed with either
a Digital Function Generator or with the
ScienceWorkshop 700 or 750 Interface
and the Power Amplifier.
Includes
Armature
Brushes
Mounting Rod
Motor Accessory with
the SF-8616 Coils and
Cores Set
Order Information:
AC/DC Motor
Accessory ..................................SE-8657
Required:
Function Generator .............PI-8127 p. 99
or
ScienceWorkshop 750
with Power Amplifier .................................p. 2
Variable Gap
Magnet .........................................EM-8641
Basic Coil Set ..........................SF-8616 p. 94
The Induction Wand is a rigid pendulum
with a coil at the bottom end, connected
to the banana terminals at the other end.
A through-hole allows the pendulum to
be connected to a Rotary Motion Sensor
(pages 2 and 5 (not included)), for detailed
investigations of induction, as the coil is
swung through a magnetic field.
The energy of the pendulum decreases with each pass of the
coil through the magnet. The energy dissipated in the resistor
is obtained from the area under a power versus time plot.
Includes
Wand with screw
Resistive load
Order Information:
Induction Wand .....................EM-8099
Shown In Use With:
Variable Gap Magnet ........EM-8641 p. 92
Rotary Motion Sensor ................................p. 2, 5
This dramatic demonstration uses falling
ring-shaped neodymium magnets to create
eddy currents in four rods of differing
materials. Due to the difference in
conductivity of the rods, the magnets fall
at different rates. The demonstration is
performed by turning the apparatus upside
down and can be repeated by continuing to
invert the apparatus. The 15-cm long rods are
made of (in order of decreasing conductivity)
copper, aluminum, brass, plastic.
Order Information:
Eddy Current Rods ............................SE-7361
Lenz’s Law
Demonstrator
MG-8600
Drop a mass through
the 1.5 meter tube.
It takes about half a
second to drop. Then
drop a magnet with an
identical mass. It takes
over 10 times as long
to fall. As the magnet
falls, it generates a
current in the tube,
moving in one direction
above the magnet and
in the opposite direction
below. Both currents
obey Lenz’s Law
and induce magnetic
fields that oppose the
magnet’s motion.
(Scale included).
Order Information:
Lenz’s Law
Demonstrator........................................MG-8600
www.pasco.com/engineering
93

Coils and Cores
Coil Set
SF-8617
Field Coils
(500 Turn)
EM-6723
Air Core
Solenoid
SE-7585
Primary and
Secondary
Coils
SE-8653
(200 Turn)
EM-6711
Order Information:
Coil Set ..........................................................................................................SF-8617
Air Core Solenoid
(14.5 cm length) .......................................................................................SE-7585
High Current Sensor
PS-2193
P 10 Amp
P Over-Current LED
The High Current Sensor has a low (0.01 Ω) resistance sensing
element, can measure up to 10 A, and has an LED over-current
indicator. Dynamic variable over-sampling greatly reduces the
measurement noise at low sample rates.
Order Information:
Field Coil, 22 cm diameter
(200 Turn) ..............................................................................................EM-6711
(500 turn) ...............................................................................................EM-6723
Helmholtz Coil Base (without coils) ...............................EM-6715
(not shown)
Primary and Secondary Coils ...............................................SE-8653
Magnetic Field Sensor
(2-Axis)
PS-2162
The capacitor is charged with a power supply
to 10 volts, and then discharged through the Air
Core Solenoid.
Specifications
Current Range: ± 10 A, resolution of 0.5 mA
Sensing Element Series Resistance: 0.01 Ω
Maximum Common Mode voltage: 10 volts
Maximum Sample Rate: 1000 samples/second
Order Information:
High Current Sensor (PASPORT).................................PS-2193 p. 5
Shown in use with:
Capacitor (0.025 F) 2 pack .................................................EM-8632
Switch (SPSP) 6 pack .........................................................EM-8815
Air Core Solenoid ....................................................................SE-7585
Magnetic field is measured
from the center out to twice the
radius of the coil. The angle of
the resultant field is calculated
in DataStudio.
Order Information:
2-Axis Magnetic Field Sensor ......................................PS-2162 p. 5
Shown in use with:
Rotary Motion Sensor ..........................................................PS-2120 p. 5
Field Coil .........................................................................................EM-6711
Linear Motion Accessory ..................................................CI-6688
PASPORT Interface .............................................................................................. p. 4
Recommended:
Zero Gauss Chamber ............................................................EM-8652
94
www.pasco.com/engineering

Field Mappers
3-D Magnetic Field
Demonstrator
SE-8603
(Magnet not included)
With this 3-D Magnetic Field Demonstrator,
the iron filings are suspended in oil in a
sealed acrylic container. Insert a magnet
into the opening, or two magnets with
opposing polarities, and watch the filings
line up. View the demonstration directly or
with an overhead projector.
Magnaprobe
SE-7390
The Magnaprobe is a
great way to demonstrate
the 3-D nature of
magnetic fields. The
probe features a gimbalmounted
Alnico magnet
which is free to move in
the x, y and z dimensions.
As the probe is brought
near a magnetic field, the
alnico magnet aligns itself
with the field.
Use it to investigate the
magnetic field around
various geometries of
magnets or the magnetic
fields around common
electrical devices.
Suggested activities are
included with each probe.
Magnaprobe is 12 cm
long.
Order Information:
3-D Magnetic Field
Demonstrator........................................SE-8603
Recommended:
Bar Magnets
(set of 2) ....................................................SE-8604
or:
any magnet, 4-5 cm long, dia.

Electrostatics – Van de Graaff Generator
Van.de.Graaff.Generator,.
High.Voltage
SE-8691
P .Large.Sphere.Creates.Higher.Voltage
P .Sparks.up.to.35.cm.in.Length
P .Large.Size.Ideal.for.Demonstrations
The High Voltage Van de Graaff Generator features
a 25 cm diameter sphere which can generate
approximately 400,000 Volts. The size of the sphere,
the rounded edges of the sphere and the height of
the sphere from the demonstration table contribute to
the high voltages generated.
Its large size, long sparks and high voltages make it
ideal for use in larger rooms or lecture halls. An extra
belt is included.
Van.de.Graaff.
Replacement.Belt
Order Information:
Replacement Belt..............................SE-7355
Order Information:
Van de Graaff Generator,
High Voltage..........................................SE-8691
Electric Plume.....................................SE-7232
Discharge Sphere.............................SE-7231
Electric Whirl.......................................SE-7233
Replacement Supplies:
Replacement.Belt..............................SE-7355.
Basic.Electrostatics.System
ES-9080A
P Quantitative.Electrostatics
P .Comprehensive.Experiment
Manual.Included
P Individual.or.Demonstration.Use
The PASCO Basic
Electrostatics System
includes all the
components necessary
for a quantitative
investigation into the
basics of electrostatics.
With this integrated set
of equipment, students
can study:
P Production of charges,
equal and opposite
P Charge by induction
P Principle of the Faraday Ice Pail
P Charge transfer
P Charge distribution in electric fields
P Capacitors and the Q=CV relationship
P Moving charges and current
Order Information:
Basic Electrostatics Systems................................................................ES-9080A
Recommended:
Charge,.Equipotential.and.Field.Mapper........................................ES-9060.
Includes
ES-9078 Basic Electrometer
ES-9057C Charge Producers and
Proof Plane
ES-9042A Faraday Ice Pail and Shield
ES-9059C Conductive Spheres, 13 cm
ES-9061 Conductive Shapes
ES-9079 Basic Variable Capacitor
ES-9077 Electrostatics Voltage Source
Experiment Manual
96
www.pasco.com/engineering

Electricity
What does resistance depend on?
Resistance.Apparatus
EM-8812
P .Measure.resistance.and.resistivity
P .Four.wire.diameters,.five.wire.materials
Features
Vary wire length: Slide-wire potentiometer
pick-up makes it easy. Use the built-in scale
to measure the length of the wire.
Vary wire diameter: Four different diameters
of brass wire are included. Investigate the
difference between resistance and resistivity.
Interchange wires quickly and easily.
Vary wire material: Five different material
wires are included. Investigate how
resistivity depends on the wire material.
Storage: Built-in storage tray holds wires.
Built-in.cm.scale
and slide wire probe make
it easy to measure the
voltage drop across various
wire lengths.
Slide.wire.probe
Spring-loaded wire probe
slides easily along the wire,
making contact at a single
point.
Sample.wire
Wires are held securely
and straight by the wire
guides and lugs.
Hand-Crank.Generator
EM-8090
P .Heavy-duty.geared.generator.
outputs.up.to.25.Watts
For the experiment shown, the Xplorer GLX Power Amplifier produces a 10 second voltage ramp to apply a varying current through
a brass wire. The current is measured directly by the Power Amplifier, and the voltage drop over the selected section of wire is
measured by the Galvanometer Sensor. Slide wire potentiometer utilizes four wire hook-up to accurately measure the voltage drop.
Includes
Two each of the following (30 cm long) wires:
Copper (1.0 mm diameter)
Aluminum (1.0 mm diameter)
Stainless Steel (1.0 mm diameter)
Nichrome (1.0 mm diameter)
Brass (0.5 mm, 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.3 mm diameter)
Graph shows voltage drop across various lengths for three
different material wires. The slope of the line (along with
wire diameter and current) is used to calculate the resistivity
of the material.
Order Information:
Resistance Apparatus........EM-8812
Shown in use with:
Galvanometer.Sensor.........PS-2160.
Power.Amplifier......................PS-2006.
Xplorer.GLX................................PS-2002.
p..5.
p..7.
p..4.
www.pasco.com/engineering
This generator produces up to 12 Volts with a sturdy handle,
designed to be cranked by hand. When used to power the
light bulbs on the Series/Parallel Circuit board (sold separately),
students can feel the difference in effort required
for lighting one bulb, two bulbs or no load.
Order Information:
Hand-Crank Generator..................EM-8090
Shown in use with:
Series/Parallel.Circuit.....................EM-8677.
97

Reinventing Edison: Build Your Own Light Bulb
SE-7145
P Experiment with different filaments
P Discover how vacuum effects light bulb
P Durable components last for years
The Reinventing Edison Kit gives students the ability to experiment in
just the way Edison did. They can use any one of the filament materials
included to find out how the filament material impacts current flow,
filament heating and light emission. The role that vacuum plays in filament
life, and the color of light emitted from different
filaments expand the learning opportunity to many
different topics in science.
Electricity – Projects
Students explore how a vacuum affects the life of a light bulb they constructed
from a plastic cylinder and various filaments.
Includes
Safety Vacuum Chamber
Hand Vacuum Pump
Filament Materials (including tungsten and carbon)
Test Leads
28 Page Instruction Manual
Storage Box
Order Information:
Reinventing Edison: Build Your Own
Light Bulb .............................................SE-7145
Light Bulb
Refurbishment Kit ..........................SE-7147
Reinventing Morse: Build Your Own Telegraph
SE-7146
P Build a Working Telegraph
P Explore Electrical Topics with Real Activities
P Learn Morse Code
The Reinventing Morse Kit includes everything needed to build a
working telegraph. Students build a solenoid and explore the relationship
between current and magnetic field strength and extend
into building a sounder, buzzer and relay.
With multiple kits in the classroom a working
telegraph system can be built and messages
sent from one station to another.
Includes
Coil Bobbins
Telegraph Key
100’ Hookup Wire
Test Leads
24 Page Instruction Manual
Storage Box
Students wind their own coils to construct a telegraph.
They also learn Morse Code and how to connect simple circuits.
Order Information:
Reinventing Morse: Build Your
Own Telegraph.................................SE-7146
Required:
6 V Lantern Battery, 9 V, or two D Cells
98
www.pasco.com/engineering

Programmable DC Power Supply
PI-9877
P 1 Amp at 18 VDC
P Digital display
P Ramp or step
positive voltage
up or down
Power Output
Standard banana
jacks allow the DC
Power Supply
to be easily
connected to
circuits.
Indentations
For stacking
during storage.
Circuits – Power Supplies
Display Selection
Current, voltage, cycle time.
Green LED indicates which measurement
has
been selected.
Start/Stop
Cycle
Choice of steps,
ramps, or cycle
on and off.
Available Functions:
Step Voltage Up
Cycle On and Off
Step Voltage Down from Max to Min
Cycle On and Off with Different
Duty Cycles
LED Display
Red LEDs make the
display easy to read.
Amplitude Adjustment
Sets maximum current,
voltage, cycle period.
Ramp Up with Offset
Programmable
Order Information:
DC Power Supply ..............................PI-9877
Function Generator
PI-8127
P 0.001 Hz to 150 kHz
P Programmable Frequency Sweep
P 10 Volts at 1 Amp
P Use for circuits and/or driving speakers
P Use the ramp function to vary the speed of DC motors
The Function Generator outputs sine, square, triangle, positive and
negative ramps in addition to DC. It’s powerful output, 1 Amp at 10 Volts,
makes it useful for driving speakers, string vibrators, and circuits. Set
maximum current and voltage outputs for safety. The LCD display is used
to show readouts of frequency, voltage amplitude and rms current.
Features
P Frequency Resolution of 0.001
Hz over entire range
P Upgradable Firmware
Download the latest new features for your PI-8127: The built-in USB
port allows users to access and upgrade firmware whenever the unit is
attached to a computer running current versions of DataStudio (page 4).
Specifications
Voltage Output: ±10 V @ 1 A.
Frequency Range: DC to 100 kHz. Sine Wave retains its form to 150 kHz.
Frequency Resolution: 0.001 Hz for the 0.001 to 100 Hz range;
1 Hz for the 0.001 to 150 kHz range.
Offset Voltage: ±10 V.
Waveforms: Sine, Triangle, Square, Positive Ramp, Negative Ramp, DC
External Voltage Input: ±10 V Maximum
Trigger Output: TTL Compatible; BNC jack on back of unit
Display: LCD Graphics Monochrome Display, 128 x 64, with Two-Level Backlight
Displays: Frequency, Waveform, Voltage, Current, Offset Voltage.
Amplitude Modulation: Modulate the signal of one function generator using another.
Order Information:
Function Generator ..........................................................................PI-8127
Menu driven selection makes the Function Generator intuitive to use.
LCD displays
frequency, voltage,
current and menus.
Power Button
Frequency
Selection
Standby push-button
enables/disables
output voltage
Resolution
Selection
Buttons
Voltage Adjust/
Menu Item
Selection
Output Jacks
www.pasco.com/engineering
99

Circuits
MR200Digital/AnalogBreadboard
SE-9982
PlasticCover
over ferromagnetic strips has holes to guide the
magnets on the components.
P MagneticConnections
P LockingMetalStorageCase
P IncludesWideVarietyof
DigitalComponents
The MR Board is a reusable magnetic
breadboard that eliminates the need to
solder or strip wires when constructing
an electronic circuit. By using components
that connect through magnetic attraction
to the board, students are able to quickly
check and expand their knowledge of
electronics concepts.
Components are protected from damage. DIP sockets are
provided to allow users to insert their own devices.
Components are securely mounted to the
special magnetic holder.
Magnet
makes the electrical
connection to the
conducting strips.
Experiments
Basic Circuits
Parallel and Series Circuits
Short Circuit
Kirchhoff’s Law
Bias Circuits
RC and RL Circuits
Basic Gates
Combinational Gates
Boolean Expressions
De Morgan’s Theorems
Duality of Logic Function
Binary System
Half Adder
Full Adder
Half Subtractor
Full Subtractor
Magnitude Comparator
Decoder
Encoder
Multiplex
Demultiplex
Seven Segments
Clipper
Clamper
RS Latch
RS Flip-Flops
JK Flip-Flops
D Flip-Flops
Shift Register
Timer
Synchronous Sequential Circuit
Asynchronous Sequential Circuit
Counter Schmidt Trigger
Multivibrator
Includes
Locking Storage Case
Magnetic Breadboard
Pre-mounted Digital and Analog Components
Mounted DIP Sockets to Accept Customers Components
Order Information:
MR 200 Digital/Analog
Breadboard.....................................SE-9982
Required:
9VBattery
MR100AnalogBreadboard
SE-9981
P MagneticConnections
P FiberboardStorageCase
P IncludesAnalog
Components
Components
are stored on
a separate
labeled
board.
The MR Board is a reusable magnetic
breadboard that eliminates the need to
solder or strip wires when constructing an
electronic circuit. By using components that
connect through magnetic attraction to the
board students are able to quickly check
and expand their ideas regarding electronics
concepts.
Components are protected from damage
and user provided components can be
inserted in pre-mounted sockets.
100
Experiments
Basic Circuits
Ohm’s Law
Parallel and Series Circuits
Short Circuit
Kirchhoff’s Law
Bias Circuits
RC and RL Circuits
www.pasco.com/engineering
Includes
Storage Case
Magnetic Breadboard
Pre-mounted Analog Components
Mounted Sockets to Accept Customers Components
Order Information:
MR 100 Analog
Breadboard.....................................SE-9981
Required:
9VBattery

AC/DCCircuitBoard
EM-8656
P Springsforeasyconnectiontocomponents
P Includescoilandironcore
P Includesresistors,capacitors,LED’s,transistors
P Includesstoragebox
P IncludescomprehensiveExperimentManual
PushButton
Switch
IronCore
LightBulbs
andSockets
Potentiometer
Coil
Circuits
RLCCircuit
CI-6512
This board offers a unique
set of com po nents for
demonstrating:
Voltage/Current
Phase
RLC Resonance
Non-ohmic
Characteristics.
Shown with 750 Interface
(See page 4)
BatteryHolder
(batteries not included).
ComponentSprings
Hold circuit components securely.
Order Information:
AC/DC Electronics Laboratory................................................EM-8656
Banana
Jacks
For external
power supply.
Components include resistors, capacitors
and an inductor coil.
Phase relationships between the
voltage across the capacitor, resistor
and inductor can be studied using
DataStudio’s oscilloscope display.
Order Information:
RLC Circuit.................................................................................................. CI-6512
Charge/DischargeCircuit
EM-8678
The Charge/Discharge Circuit offers a unique way to observe and
measure the behavior of DC circuits including batteries, capacitors,
light bulbs and resistors. It also includes an open slot to allow a
component of choice to be inserted for further experimentation.
Experiment Example
Charge the capacitor using batteries, then discharge through a
resistor or light bulb. Students measure the voltage and current as
the capacitor discharges, and can graph the relationship between
voltage and current for various components.
Resistors
LightBulbs
1FCapacitor
Batteries
(not included)
Charge/DischargeSwitch
Experiment Example
Use your own rechargeable batteries to investigate
the efficiency of energy storage and recovery.
Voltage vs. Current for a 33 Ω resistor, a 10 Ω resistor,
and a light bulb. Note the non-linearity for the bulb.
Includes
1 Farad Capacitor
#14 Light Bulbs (3)
10 Ω Resistor
33 Ω Resistor
100 Ω Resistor
Battery Holders
(uses AA or AAA)
Double Throw Knife
Switch
Instruction Manual
The area under the power versus time graph is energy.
99 J of energy is delivered to the battery. During
discharge, 51 J (52%) is delivered to the bulb.
Order Information:
Charge/Discharge Circuit................................................................ EM-8678
Recommended:
#14LightBulbs(25pack).................................................................. EM-8627
BatteriesAA(4pack).......................................................................... PI-6601
www.pasco.com/engineering
101

Optics
Basic Optics System
OS-8515C
P Geometric and ray optics
P Concave and convex lenses
P Concave/convex
mirror
Light Source: Has a lighted
crossed arrow target with
metric scale for focusing
images through lenses or
using with the concave mirror.
Four 50 mm diameter Lenses
+100, +200, +250, -150 mm lenses are
mounted in protective holders.
Adjustable Lens Holder
Use your own lenses
(from 19 mm to 75 mm
in diameter) or choose
from our lens sets.
Viewing Screen
White plastic screen snaps
into the optics bench and
the position of the screen
can be read directly on the
bench scale.
Concave/Convex Mirror
50 mm diameter plastic mirror with reflective
surface on both sides. Includes “half-screen”
upon which the image is focused.
Ray Table
Two-piece construction allows the
table to be rotated for studying
Snell’s Law or the Law of Reflection.
Includes D-shaped acrylic lens.
Optics Bench (1.2 m)
The lenses, mirrors, light source,
and screen snap into this rugged
aluminum extrusion. The metric tape
makes position measurements easy.
Ray Optics Kit
Concave/convex lenses, concave/convex/
plane mirrors, acrylic rhomboid for prism
spreading of white light and refraction
experiments, hollow lens for teaching the
lensmaker’s equation. Includes storage
tray which is also used as a water tank for
the hollow lens.
“Half Screen”
with image
Mirror
Components from the Ray Optics Kit showing
Refraction and Reflection.
Ray Table in use showing both the
Reflected and Refracted rays.
The primary color mask allows experiments in
color addition using components from
the Ray Optics Kit.
Versatile Light Source: Has a crossed arrow
target, a point light source for inverse-square
law experiments, and acts as a ray box
for table-top ray optics experiments.
Red-green-blue rays are
also available for color
addition experiments.
Storage Box
All components (excepting the track)
fit in this custom foam box.
Includes
1.2 m Optics Bench
Basic Optics Light Source
50 mm diameter glass lenses
in holder (focal lengths:
+100 mm, -150 mm,
+200 mm, +250 mm)
Adjustable lens holder
Concave/Convex mirror with screen
Ray Optics Kit
Ray Table with D-shaped lens
Viewing Screen
Storage Box
Rotate the selector knob to choose between rays
(1, 3 or 5) or the primary color mask.
Order Information:
Basic Optics System .......................................................................OS-8515C
102
www.pasco.com/engineering

Ground Glass Lenses
(set of 6)
SE-9013
These precision ground glass lenses
provide a useful range of focal lengths.
Each lens has a 50 mm diameter— small
enough for easy mounting, yet large
enough for effective viewing. The set of six
comes in a convenient storage box.
Focal
Focal
Length Description Length Description
500 mm concave convex -167 mm double concave
333 mm plano convex -333 mm plano concave
167 mm double convex -500 mm convex concave
Order Information:
Ground Glass Lenses
(set of 6) ....................................................SE-9013
Lens Holder Set
OS-8522
These holders for the
Basic Optics System are
an excellent way
to permanently
mount 50 mm
diameter lenses.
Order Information:
Lens Holder Set (2 pack) .............OS-8522
Adjustable
Lens Holder
OS-8474
The Adjustable
Lens Holder
for the Basic
Optics System
is designed for
use with lenses
and mirrors
with diameters
between 19 mm
and 75 mm.
Place the lens
or mirror in the holder and adjust the three
arms to hold the component. A set screw in
each adjustable arm ensures the mirror or
lens will remain in place.
The holder snaps into the Basic Optics Track
and is designed to position all mirrors and
lenses at the same height as the rest of
the Basic Optics System components.
Order Information:
Adjustable Lens Holder .................. OS-8474
Optics
50 mm Diameter
Lens Assortment
SE-7581
This set of six lenses is made of polished
glass with ground edges, and comes in a
wooden storage box.
Focal
Focal
Length (mm) Description Length (mm) Description
+1000 double convex -1000 double concave
+300 double convex -200 double concave
+150 double convex -150 double concave
Order Information:
50 mm Diameter
Lens Assortment ................................SE-7581
50 mm Diameter Convex Lens
Class Sets
These class sets each contain six identical
50 mm diameter lenses made of polished
glass with ground edges, and come in a
wooden storage box.
Order Information:
100 mm Focal Length
Class Set ..................................................SE-7582
200 mm Focal Length
Class Set ..................................................SE-7583
75 mm Diameter Convex Lens
Class Set
SE-7584
This class set contains four identical 75
mm diameter 200 mm focal length lenses
made of polished glass with ground
edges. Shipped in a cardboard box with
thermoform packing.
Order Information:
75 mm Diameter Class Set .........SE-7584
www.pasco.com/engineering
Adjustable Focal
Length Lens
OS-8494
Use the syringe to adjust the amount of
water in the lens. Changing the curvature of
the clear flexible membranes changes the
focal length of the lens.
Light
Source
Use the Adjustable Focal Length Lens with
your Basic Optics System
See page 104 for use with Human Eye Model.
Syringe
Includes
Syringe
Tubing
Lenses (2)
Clear Flexible
Membrane
Adjustable
Lens Holder
Clear Flexible
Membrane
Water-filled Lens
Removable membranes make it
easy to clean.
Order Information:
Adjustable Focal
Length Lens ......................OS-8494 ......
Shown in use with:
Basic Optics
System ..................................OS-8515C.... p. 102
Viewing
Screen
Retaining
Ring
103

Optics
Working Human Eye Model
P Classic eye model at an affordable price
P 3-dimensional working model of the human eye
Features
Working Model of the Human Eye: Two lenses are used to form images
on the retina. Sealed tank holds water to simulate the vitreous humor.
Study the Optics of Normal Vision and Vision Correction:
Use the included plastic lenses to create images for normal vision,
far-sightedness, near-sightedness and astigmatism. Additional
lenses are placed in front of the eye to correct for vision problems.
Fixed Corneal Lens and Interchangeable Crystalline Lens:
The crystalline lens is surrounded by water (vitreous humor). By changing
the crystalline lens, the eye can focus on both near and far objects.
Moveable Retina: Three positions to demonstrate near-sightedness,
far-sightedness and normal vision.
Variable Pupil Size: Students can observe the change in
brightness and clarity of the image as the pupil size is reduced.
Image of
crossed
arrow target
is focused on
the retina.
Water Filled
The water
acts like the
vitreous
humor.
Reading
glasses are
put in front
of the eye to
focus on a
close object.
Retina
Three positions
for near-sighted,
far-sighted and
normal vision.
Crystalline Eye Lens
Interchangeable lenses
to focus on near and
far objects.
Additional slots
for pupil and
asymmetric lens.
Basic Optics Light Source
Plastic Eyeball
Holds water to
simulate the
vitreous humor.
Adjustable Focal Length Lens
OS-8494
Order Information:
Adjustable Focal Length Lens ........................................................OS-8494
Shown in use with:
Human Eye Model ....................................................................................OS-8477
Eyeglass
Lens Slots
Change to
correct vision.
Corneal Lens
Fixed glass lens.
Use the syringe to adjust the amount of water in the lens.
Changing the curvature of the clear flexible membranes
changes the focal length of the lens.
Demonstrate
Retina
accommodation:
Show how the
eye lens changes
focal length by
changing its surface
curvature.
See page 103 for more
information.
Human
Eye
Model
Includes
Syringe
Tubing
Lenses (2)
Shown in use with Basic Optics
Bench (see page 100) and the
OS-8469 Eye Model Bracket.
The bracket holds the Eye
Model securely on the track at
the correct optical height.
The use of the optics track
simplifies distance
measurements and keeps
the components aligned.
OS-8477 Includes
Molded Plastic Eyeball
Plastic Lenses
(2 sets of 6)
Pupil Aperture
Retina Screen
Experiment Manual Included
Order Information:
Human Eye Model ................................................................................. OS-8477
Recommended:
Basic Optics System ............................................................................ OS-8515C
Eye Model Bracket ................................................................................ OS-8469
Adjustable Focal Length Lens ....................................................... OS-8494
104
www.pasco.com/engineering

Optics
Scan Diffraction Patterns
P Single-Slit Diffraction
P Double-Slit Interference
P Real-Time Intensity Graphs
Single-Slit
Set
Aperture
Bracket
High Sensitivity
Light Sensor
Rotary Motion
Sensor
Multiple-Slit
Set
Red Diode
Laser
Linear
Translator
Optics
Bench
The Sensor-Based Diffraction System enables students to scan
many diffraction and interference patterns during one lab period.
They can study the differences caused by changing the slit width,
slit separation, and number of slits. And, with the addition of the
Green Diode Laser, they can study the difference caused by
changing the wavelength.
Computer scan of
a single-slit and
double-slit having the
same slit width.
How It Works
Scanning with the Linear Translator
In this unique scanning system, the diffraction pattern is scanned
using a light sensor attached to a Rotary Motion Sensor. As
the wheel on the Rotary Motion Sensor is rotated by hand, the
Rotary Motion Sensor moves along a gear rack (called the Linear
Translator). Students make the association between the diffraction
pattern they see and the real-time graph of the light intensity versus
position.
The DataStudio computer scan of an interference pattern
is shown above a photograph of the actual laser pattern.
The pattern was produced with a double-slit, having a slit
width 0.08 mm and slit separation 0.50 mm.
Easy Laser Alignment
The laser beam can be aimed
through the slits using two thumb
screws. Once the beam is aligned,
either the laser or the slits can be
removed from the optics bench
and returned to the bench without
re-aligning the beam.
Change slits in the dark without re-aligning everything.
The slit wheels eliminate the frustration of trying to change the
slits in a darkened room. Simply rotate to the next positive click
to lock a different slit into position. The alignment of the disk only
has to be done once; thereafter all the slits on that wheel will be
in aligned.
Light Sensor
Aperture
Bracket
OS-8452 Includes
Red Diode Laser OS-8525A
Diffraction Slits OS-8453
Linear Translator OS-8535
Aperture Bracket OS-8534A
Optics Bench OS-8508
Linear
Translator
Rotary Motion Sensor
Order Information:
Sensor-Based Diffraction .................................................OS-8452
Required for use with PASPORT:
High Sensitivity Light Sensor ..........................................PS-2176 p. 5
Rotary Motion Sensor ..........................................................PS-2120 p. 5
PASPORT Interface .............................................................................................. p. 4
Recommended:
Green Diode Laser ..................................................................OS-8458
www.pasco.com/engineering
105

Mechanical Supplies
PASCOStopwatch
ME-1234
P Noalarmorclock
P Memoryforstored
eventtimes
P UsesoneAAbattery
(included)
P Durablebuttons
Order Information:
PASCO Stopwatch..........................................ME-1234
StainlessSteelCalipers
SF-8711
These metric/English (18 cm/6 in.)
calipers have an expanded Vernier
scale of 20 divisions (instead of the usual 10),
so it’s easier to read and more accurate.
The sliding mechanism is smooth and durable.
A case is included for added protection.
Order Information:
Stainless Steel Calipers...................................................................SF-8711
DigitalCalipers
SE-8710
This metric/English (15 cm/6 in.)
digital caliper measures to 0.01 mm
(0.0005 in.). It has auto power-off and
includes a sturdy plastic storage case.
Spring Scales
Order Information:
Metric Spring Scales
Model Range Resolution
SE-8713 0.2N 0.002N
SE-8714 1.0N 0.01N
SE-8715 2.0N 0.02N
SE-8716 5.0N 0.1N
SE-8717 10N 0.1N
SE-8718 20N 0.2N
DemoSpringScales
(20N)
20 cm diameter
PASCO
Stopwatch
(10-pack)
ME-1235
Includes fitted
foam storage
box.
Order Information:
PASCO Stopwatch 10-pack.......................ME-1235
DialSpringScale
(10N)
7.6 cm diameter
Order Information:
Digital Calipers.......................................................................................SE-8710
SuperPulley
ME-9450A
P Lo w inertia P Durable
P Nearly P 5cmdiameter
frictionless
Dual precision ball bearings keep friction to
a bare minimum, support heavier loads and minimize wear.
Order Information:
Super Pulley .............................................................................................ME-9450A
Stainless Steel
Pulley Mounting Rod (not shown) ...........................................SA-9242
SuperPulleywithMountingRod
ME-9499
This Super Pulley mounted
on a rigid plastic mounting rod
(12.7 mm diameter, 14 cm long)
fits most standard laboratory clamps.
Order Information:
Pulley with Mounting Rod..............................................................ME-9499
Order Information:
Demo Spring Scale (20 N)...............................................................SE-7349
Dial Spring Scale (10 N)...................................................................SE-7348
SuperPulley
withClamp
ME-9448B
Pulleys height is fully
adjustable to match
height of string.
Clamp on to surfaces
up to 2 cm thick.
ShownwithPAStrack
Order Information:
Super Pulley with Clamp.................................................................ME-9448B
106
www.pasco.com/engineering

Mechanical Supplies
MeterStick(6pack)
SE-8827
Hardwood meter stick with metric graduations.
Scale reads left to right on one side, right to
left on the other.
No-BouncePad
SE-7347
Stop falling
objects from
damaging
the floor with
this 12”x12”
No-Bounce
Pad.
Order Information:
Meter Stick (6 pack).......................SE-8827
Mass Sets
MassandHangerSet
ME-8979(1/2gresolution)
PASCO’s Mass and Hanger Set features precision 5 gram mass hangers with steel posts,
and “holed” masses that will not fall off the hanger. All the masses have their values
marked, and each hanger can hold around 250 g.
Order Information:
No-Bounce Pad..................................SE-7347
LaboratoryJacks
Raise, support and
align equipment with
these lab jacks. They’re
rugged, stable and
ensure precise height
adjustment. Three sizes
are available.
SteelPost
For strength
Wrapthreadin
notchtohang
withouttying
Order Information:
Max.
Model Platform Height Load
(cm) (cm) (kg)
SE-9374 10x10 5.5 - 14 10
SE-9373 15x15 7 - 25 25
SE-9372 20x20 7 - 25 25
UniqueDesign
Allows visibility of
smaller masses
HookedMassSet
SE-8759
This rugged Hooked Mass Set is made from cast iron
and coated with enamel.
Includes
Masses: 1 x 1000 g 1 x 500 g 2 x 200 g
1 x 100 g 1 x 50 g 2 x 20 g
1 x 10 g
Molded mass holder
Order Information:
Hooked Mass Set.....................................................SE-8759
Includes
Four mass hangers (5 g each) ± 2%
Brass masses: ± 1%
3 x 100 g 3 x 50 g 6 x 20 g
Aluminum masses: ± 1%
3 x 10 g 3 x 5 g
Plastic masses: ± 2%
3 x 2 g 3 x 1 g 3 x 1/2 g
Molded storage case
Order Information:
Mass and Hanger Set.........................................................................ME-8979
Recommended:
MassandHangerSparesKit........................................................ME-8980
(Contains four mass hangers and 10 each of 2g, 1g, and 1/2g plastic masses)
LargeSlottedMassSets
ME-7589(2kgSet)
Set Includes
One 1/2 kg mass hanger, and
three 1/2 kg slotted masses.
Diameter of masses: 8 cm.
Height of hanger: 15 cm.
Order Information:
Large Slotted
Mass Set (2 kg Set).........................ME-7589
ME-7566(5kgSet)
Set Includes
One 1/2 kg mass hanger, and
nine 1/2 kg slotted masses.
Diameter of
masses: 8 cm.
Height of
hanger: 36 cm.
Order Information:
Large Slotted
Mass Set (5 kg Set).........................ME-7566
www.pasco.com/engineering
107

Lab Supplies
Braided Physics String
SE-8050
P 30-lb. Test
This braided Dacron
string is tough, resists
stretching and won’t
unravel. Withstands up
to 133 Newtons of force (equivalent to 13.6
kg). Each roll provides 320 meters of string.
Order Information:
Clamps
Table Rod Clamps
Both clamps hold
up to 12 mm (1/2”)
diameter rods that
can be mounted
either horizontally or
vertically.
Large
Table
Clamp
ME-9472
Aluminum
Table
Clamp
ME-8995
Accepts
threaded
rod.
Braided Physics String .................SE-8050
Elastic Wave Cord
SE-9409
Unlike a Slinky, the
tension can be varied.
In addition to the
Slinky, this Wave
Cord is great for wave demonstrations.
The cord is 3 mm in diameter. Each roll
provides 90 meters of cord.
Order Information:
Elastic Wave Cord ............................SE-9409
Yellow Cord
ME-9876
Use non-threaded rods
in two directions.
Order Information:
Large Table Clamp ........................................................................................................................................ME-9472
10 cm grip range
Aluminum Table Clamp .............................................................................................................................ME-8995
6 1/2 cm grip range
Two rolls of highly visible braided
yellow cord. Total length of 140 meters.
Order Information:
Yellow Cord (2 pack) ......................ME-9876
Pendulum Clamp
SE-9443
Hang up to three pendula from
precisely the same height.
Adjustable Angle Clamp
ME-8744
Rubber Cord
(30 meters)
ME-8986
For Elastic Bumper (ME-8998)
Also fits Air Track Bumpers
Order Information:
Rubber Cord
(Spool of 30 m) ....................................ME-8986
Black Thread
ME-9875
Includes three
spools of Nylon
black thread.
Order Information:
Black Thread (3 pack) ...................ME-9875
108
Order Information:
Pendulum Clamp ...............................SE-9443
Double Rod
Clamp
ME-9873
Order Information:
Double Rod Clamp
(3-pack).....................................................ME-9873
C Clamps
Order Information:
Small “C” Clamp (6 pack) ...........SE-7286
Large “C” Clamp (6 pack) ...........SE-7285
www.pasco.com/engineering
Order Information:
Adjustable Angle Clamp ..............ME-8744
Multi Clamp
SE-9442
Holds two rods either
parallel or at right
angles. Fit rods up to
1/2 inch in diameter.
Order Information:
Multi Clamp ...........................................SE-9442

Lab Supplies
Large Rod Base
ME-8735
P Stable 4 kg Casting
P Leveling Feet
P Supports
25 cm
Two Rods
Two Rod Mounts
9 to 12 mm dia.
(3/8” to 1/2”)
Special
Three Point
Design
Inside
mounting
hole assures
stability.
Stainless Steel Rods
ME-8741
120 cm Long
ME-8738
90 cm Long
Leveling
Feet
Certain experimental setups require extra stability.
The PASCO ME-8735 is designed for just such
experiments. This sturdy 4 kg cast-iron base
provides stability that just can’t be achieved
any other way than with a large mass. The
A-frame design provides a wide base to
support one or two rods. Rods from
9.5 to 13 mm (3/8 to 1/2 inches) can
be supported. (See below). The rod
mounting holes have a special threepoint
contact design to assure stability.
Two adjustable feet provide the
necessary leveling capabilities.
Order Information:
Large Rod Base .......................................................................................ME-8735
Small “A” Base
ME-8976
26 cm
19 cm
This 1.7 kg cast iron base is
smaller than the Large Rod Base
(ME-8735) and does not have
leveling feet. This base can be
used with both threaded and nonthreaded
rods. Non-threaded rods from
9.5 to 13 mm (3/8 to 1/2 inches) diameter
19 cm
can be supported. Threaded rods must be
12.7 mm (1/2 inch) in diameter with 1/2”-13
thread, such as ME-8977 shown at right.
Steel
Rods
ME-8988
25 cm
Long
Threaded Rod
ME-8977
60 cm
Long
Threaded Rod
ME-8736
45 cm
Long
Order Information:
Small A Base .............................................................................................ME-8976
Small Round Base (2 pack)
ME-8974A
Great for those times when you just
need a small support with a low profile,
this 525 g cast iron base is 12.5 cm
in diameter and has a 1/2”-13 threaded
hole to accept threaded rods, such as
ME-8988 or ME-8977 (shown at right).
Order Information:
Small Round Base (2 pack) ............................................................ME-8974A
These 12.7 mm (1/2 in.) diameter stainless steel rods do not mar
like aluminum rods. They are non-magnetic, very rigid, and durable.
Three different lengths are available in the non-threaded version. The
60 cm long rod and 25 cm long rod are threaded (1/2”-13) and fit
the small A-Base ME-8976, the small round base ME-8974 and the
ME-9376B Universal Table Clamp.
Order Information:
Stainless Steel Rods (bases not included) 12.7 mm (1/2 in.) in diameter:
45 cm Long (non-threaded).............................................................ME-8736
90 cm Long (non-threaded).............................................................ME-8738
120 cm Long (non-threaded).........................................................ME-8741
25 cm Long (threaded)........................................................................ME-8988
60 cm Long (threaded)........................................................................ME-8977
www.pasco.com/engineering
109

Product and Topic Index
A
“A”-base Rotational Adapter .................................... 41, 43
Absolute Zero Sphere ...................................................... 69
Acceleration Sensor .......................................................... 2
Acceleration Sensor, 2-Axis ............................................. 5
Acceleration Sensor, 3-Axis ....................................... 5, 55
Acceleration/Altimeter Sensor, 3-Axis ...................... 5, 55
Accelerometer, Visual .................................................. 5, 30
Adiabatic Gas Law Apparatus ........................................ 68
Advanced Structures Set ...........12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 22, 25,
28, 36, 38, 39, 52, 87
Air Cannon ......................................................................... 85
Analog Adapter ................................................................... 5
Aquatic Productivity Bottles ........................................... 59
Atmospheric Pressure Demonstrator ........................... 86
Atmospheric Properties Chamber ........................... 69, 86
Axle Spares ........................................................................ 19
B
Ballistic Cart Accessory .................................................. 31
Ballistic Pendulum ............................................................ 33
Ballistic Pendulum Accessory ........................................ 33
Ballistic Pendulum without Launcher ........................... 33
Barometer ............................................................................ 2
Bases ................................................................................ 109
Batteries AA ...................................................................... 99
Beakers, 100 ml ................................................................. 89
Beakers, 1000 ml ............................................................... 89
Bernoulli Cart Accessory ................................................ 85
Bernoulli Effect .................................................................. 84
Bicycle Gyroscope ........................................................... 42
Bicycle Gyroscope Mass Set ......................................... 42
Blood Pressure Cuffs ....................................................... 57
Blood Pressure Sensor .................................................... 57
Bracket, Force Accessory ............................................... 30
Breath Rate Clips .............................................................. 56
Breath Rate Masks ........................................................... 56
Breath Rate Sensor ...................................................... 5, 56
Bridge Set .................................................................... 11, 45
Bridge Set Roller Coaster ................................................ 45
Bridge, PAStrack ............................................................... 28
Buoyancy............................................................................ 88
C
Calipers ............................................................................. 106
Calipers, Digital ............................................................... 106
Calorimetry Cups ............................................................... 73
Calorimetry Set, Basic ..................................................... 73
Carbon Dioxide Sensor ...................................... 2, 5, 58, 63
Cart, Classic Plunger ........................................................ 26
Cast Beam Set, Structures ............................................. 15
Cast Beam Spares ...................................................... 15, 19
Charge Sensor ................................................................. 2, 5
Chemistry Sensor .......................................................... 5, 66
Chladni Plates Kit .............................................................. 37
CI Load Cell Amplifier and Set .......................................... 9
CI Sensor Voltage Monitor ................................................ 3
Circuit Board, AC/DC ...................................................... 101
Circuit, Charge/Discharge ............................................. 101
Circuit, RLC ....................................................................... 101
Circuit, Series/Parallel ..................................................... 97
Clamps .............................................................................. 108
Coil Base, Helmholtz (without coils) .............................. 94
Coil Set ................................................................................ 94
Coil, 200 Turn Field ............................................................ 94
Coils, 500 Turn Field .......................................................... 94
Coils, Primary and Secondary ........................................ 94
Collision Cart ...................................................................... 28
Colorimeter................................................................. 2, 5, 67
Colorimeter Cuvettes ........................................................ 67
Colorimeter ezSamples .................................................... 65
Compression Igniter ......................................................... 68
Conductivity Sensor ................................................. 2, 5, 67
Connector Spares ............................................................ 19
Constant Volume Gas Thermometer .............................. 69
Container Set, 3-liter Plastic ........................................... 82
Cord Lock Spares .............................................................. 19
Cord, Elastic Wave ......................................................... 108
Cord, Rubber .................................................................... 108
Cord, Yellow ............................................................... 19, 108
Current Probe ...................................................................... 5
110
Current Sensor .................................................................... 2
Current Sensor, High ................................................ 2, 5, 94
Current/Voltage Sensor ............................................... 5, 78
D
DataLogger, Xplorer GLX ............................................... 4, 6
DataStudio Software Single License .............................. 4
DataStudio Software Site License ............................... 2, 4
Density Circulation Model ............................................... 88
Density Sets ....................................................................... 89
Density Set, Mystery ........................................................ 89
Destructible Bridge Members .................................. 13, 19
Diffraction, Sensor-Based ............................................. 105
Diffusion/Osmosis Apparatus ......................................... 60
Diffusion/Osmosis Kit ....................................................... 60
Diffusion/Osmosis Membranes ...................................... 60
Digital Adaptor ................................................................ 5, 7
Discharge Sphere ............................................................. 96
Displacement Sensor ............................................... 5, 8, 15
Dissolved Oxygen Sensor ........................................ 2, 5, 59
Driven Damped Harmonic Oscillator ............................. 36
Drop Counter ................................................................... 2, 5
Drop Counter, High Accuracy ..................................... 5, 67
Drop Rod Accessory ........................................................ 31
Drop Shoot Accessory ..................................................... 32
Dual Load Cell Amplifier ................................................ 5, 9
Dual Pressure Sensor ...................................................... 60
Dynamics Cart Springs .................................................... 36
Dynamics Cart Magnetic Damping ................................ 36
Dynamics System, 1.2m Classic ............................... 27, 36
Dynamics System, 1.2m PAScar Expanded ............ 26, 27
Dynamics System, 2.2m Classic ..................................... 27
Dynamics System, 2.2m PAScar Expanded .................. 27
Dynamics Track Mount .................................................... 36
E
EcoChamber....................................................................... 58
EcoZone System ............................................................... 63
Eddy Current Rods ............................................................ 93
Efficiency, Motorized Cart ............................................... 29
EKG Patches ...................................................................... 57
EKG Sensor ................................................................ 2, 5, 57
Electric Field Mapper ....................................................... 95
Electric Plume, Van de Graaff......................................... 96
Electric Whirl, Van de Graaff .......................................... 96
Electrical Equivalent of Heat .......................................... 75
Electromagnetic Induction .........................................90-93
Electrostatics System, Basic .......................................... 96
Endstop, Adjustable .......................................................... 28
Engineering Problem-Solving Kit ................................... 88
Ethanol Sensor ........................................................ 5, 58, 63
Eye Model Bracket ......................................................... 104
Eye Model, Human .......................................................... 104
F
Fan Cart .............................................................................. 30
Fiber Optics Cable, Spectrometer .................................. 66
Flat Beams Set .................................................................. 19
Flexible I-Beam ................................................................. 20
Flexible I-Beam Set .......................................................... 19
Flexible I-Beam, Structures ............................................ 20
Float and Chain Engineering Problem-Solving Kit ...... 88
Flow Rate Sensor ................................................................ 2
Flow Rate/Temperature Sensor .................................. 5, 65
Force Distribution System ............................................... 25
Force Platform ....................................................... 2, 5, 8, 54
Force Platform Handle Set .............................................. 54
Force Platform, 1-Axis .................................................. 5, 54
Force Platform, 2-Axis .................................................. 5, 54
Force Platform Structures Bracket ................................. 8
Force Sensor ...................................................2, 5, 6, 20, 25
Force Sensor, Economy ..................................................... 2
Force Sensor, High Resolution ................................... 5, 91
Force Table......................................................................... 23
Freefall Adapter .............................................................. 2, 5
Friction Energy Transfer .................................................. 74
Fuel Cell 10-Stack ............................................................. 47
Fuel Cell Electrolyzer 10 ................................................... 47
Fuel Cell Power Source ................................................... 47
Fuel Cell Tutorial Set......................................................... 46
Fuel Cell, Dissectible ........................................................ 47
www.pasco.com/engineering
Fuel Cell, Hydrogen ........................................................... 48
Function Generator ............................................... 36, 39, 99
G
Galvanometer ...................................................................... 5
Geiger-Muller Tube ......................................................... 2, 5
General Science Sensor .................................................... 5
Generator Flywheel Accessory, Energy Transfer ....... 50
Generator Gearing, Energy Transfer ............................. 50
Generator Hydro Accessory, Energy Transfer ............. 51
Generator Wind Turbine .................................................. 51
Generator, Energy Transfer ............................................. 50
Generator, Hand Crank .............................................. 75, 97
Goniometer..................................................................... 5, 56
Goniometer Probe ............................................................. 56
GPS Position Sensor ................................................ 5, 6, 61
Graduated Cylinder, 50 ml................................................ 89
Gyroscope Accessory Disk and Mass .......................... 43
Gyroscope Mounting Bracket, Rotary Motion Sensor 43
Gyroscope, Bicycle .......................................................... 42
Gyroscope, Demonstration ............................................. 43
H
Heart Rate Sensor .......................................................... 2, 5
Heart Rate Sensor, Exercise ............................................. 5
Heart Rate Sensor, Hand-Grip .................................... 5, 57
Heat Conduction Apparatus............................................ 73
Heat Engine ........................................................................ 82
Heat Engine, Nitinol .......................................................... 83
Heat Engine, Small Piston ............................................... 83
Hooke’s Law Replacement Spring Set .......................... 35
Hooke’s Law Set ................................................................ 35
Human Arm Model ............................................................ 53
Human Body Mechanics ................................................. 52
Humidity, Relative ............................................................... 2
Humidity/Temp/Dew Point Sensor ................................... 5
Humidity/Temp/Dew Point Sensor, Dual ................... 5, 62
Humidity/Temp/Dew Point Replacement Sensor,
Dual ................................................................................. 62
Hydraulic/Pneumatic System ......................................... 87
Hydraulic/Pneumatic, Structures ....................... 14, 18, 87
Hydrogen Tube .................................................................... 6
Hyrunner ............................................................................. 48
I
I-Beam Spares, #6 ............................................................ 19
Ice Melting Blocks ............................................................ 72
Ideal Gas Law Apparatus ................................................ 69
Induction Wand ................................................................. 93
Induction, Electromagnetic ........................................90-93
Interface, CI Voltage Monitor ........................................... 3
Interface, ScienceWorkshop 750 USB ............................ 2
Interface, SPARKlink .......................................................... 4
Interface, USB Link ............................................................. 4
Interface, USB PowerLink ................................................. 4
Interface, Xplorer GLX ....................................................... 4
Ion Probes ............................................................................ 2
Ion Selective Electrodes .................................................. 66
Ion-Selective Electrode Amplifier Box ............................ 2
J-K-L
Lab Jacks ......................................................................... 107
Lab Stand, Xplorer GLX ...................................................... 6
Laser Switch .............................................................. 2, 5, 35
Laser, Green Diode ......................................................... 103
Lens, Adjustable Focal Length ............................. 103, 104
Lens Assortment, 50 mm ............................................... 103
Lens Class Sets. .............................................................. 103
Lens Holder Set ............................................................... 103
Lens Holder, Adjustable ................................................. 103
Lenses, Ground Glass .................................................... 103
Lenz’s Law Demonstrator ................................................ 93
Levitation, Magnetic ....................................................90-91
Light Bulbs, #14 ............................................................... 101
Light Level Sensor .............................................................. 5
Light Sensor ..................................................................... 2, 5
Light Sensor, Broad Spectrum...................................... 2, 5
Light Sensor, High Sensitivity ............................... 2, 5, 105
Light Sensor, Infrared ..................................................... 2, 5
Light Sensor, UVA ........................................................... 2, 5

Linear Motion Accessory ................................................ 94
Load Cell Amplifier .............................................................. 9
Load Cell Amplifier, CI ........................................................ 9
Load Cell and Amplifier Set ........................................... 5, 9
Load Cell Amplifier Set, CI ................................................. 9
Load Cell and Dual Amplifier Set ................................. 5, 9
Load Cell, 100N ................................................................ 5, 9
Load Cell, 5N .................................................................... 5, 9
M
Magdeburg Plates ............................................................ 86
Magdeburg Plates Accessory Kit .................................. 86
Magnaprobe ...................................................................... 95
Magnet, Variable Gap ...................................................... 92
Magnetic Bumper ............................................................. 28
Magnetic Damping Accessory ....................................... 26
Magnetic Demonstration System .................................. 92
Magnetic Field Demonstrator, 3-D ................................. 95
Magnetic Field Sensor ................................................... 2, 5
Magnetic Field Sensor, 2-Axis .................................... 5, 94
Magnetic Force Accessory ............................................. 92
Magnetic Levitation .......................................................... 91
Magnetic Levitation Demonstration .............................. 90
Magnetic Stirrer .......................................................... 58, 59
Magnets, Bar ..................................................................... 95
Mass and Hanger Set .................................................... 107
Mass and Hanger Spares Kit ........................................ 107
Mass Set, Hooked ........................................................... 107
Mass Set, Large Slotted (2 kg) ..................................... 107
Mass Set, Large Slotted (5 kg) ..................................... 107
Matter Model ..................................................................... 21
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Apparatus .................. 74
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Brush .......................... 74
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Cylinder ...................... 74
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Tube ............................ 75
Mechanical Oscillator/Driver ......................................... 36
Mechanical Wave Driver .............................. 36, 37, 38, 39
Mechanics System, Introductory................................... 23
Metabolism Chamber ....................................................... 58
Meter Stick ...................................................................... 107
Mini Car Starter Bracket ................................................. 19
Mini Rotational Accessory .............................................. 40
Mole Set ............................................................................. 89
Moments of Inertia ........................................................... 40
Motion Sensor ...............................................2, 5, 20, 25, 26
Motor Accessory, AC/DC ................................................ 93
Motor Drive, Rotational .............................................. 41, 85
Motorized Cart ............................................................. 25, 29
MR 100 Analog Breadboard .......................................... 100
MR 200 Digital/Analog Breadboard ............................. 100
Multimeter, Basic Digital ............................... 74, 76, 79, 80
My World GIS Software ................................................... 61
N
NI ELVIS Analog Adapter .................................................. 3
NI ELVIS Digital Adapter .................................................... 3
No-Bounce Pad ............................................................... 107
O
Optics System, Basic ..................................... 102, 103, 104
Overflow Can ..................................................................... 89
Oxygen Gas Sensor .................................................. 2, 5, 58
P
PAScar Set ................................................................... 26, 28
PASPORT Extension Cable ........................................ 58, 61
PAStrack ................................................................. 25, 28, 29
PAStrack, Curved ........................................................ 28, 29
Pendulum, Physical .......................................................... 40
pH Flat Electrode ................................................................. 5
pH Sensor ................................................................... 2, 5, 66
pH/ORP/ISE Sensor ............................................................ 5
Photogate, Accessory .............................................. 2, 5, 32
Photogate Head .................................................. 2, 5, 32, 44
Photogate Mounting Bracket ......................................... 32
Photogate Tape Set .......................................................... 54
Photogate Tape, High Resolution ................................... 54
Photogate/Pulley System .................................................. 2
Photosynthesis Tank......................................................... 59
Physics Structures Set .................................................... 24
Power Amplifier, 750 ........................................................... 2
Product and Topic Index
Power Amplifier, Xplorer GLX ................................. 4, 7, 29
Power Supply .................................................................... 80
Power Supply, Programmable DC ...................... 36, 73, 99
Power Supply, Triple Output ..................................... 78, 79
Pressure Kit, Understanding ........................................... 87
Pressure Sensor, Absolute ............................................ 2, 5
Pressure Sensor, Barometer/Low .................................... 5
Pressure Sensor, Dual ................................................. 5, 82
Pressure Sensor, Low ........................................................ 2
Pressure Sensor, Quad ................................................ 5, 84
Pressure Sensor, Relative ................................................. 5
Pressure/Temperature Sensor ............................. 5, 69, 71
Projectile Catcher Accessory ......................................... 31
Projectile Launcher, Long Range ................................... 32
Projectile Launcher, Short Range .................................. 32
Pulley Demonstration System ......................................... 24
Pulley Mounting Rod ...................................................... 106
Pulley with Clamp, Super .............................................. 106
Pulley, Super with Mounting Rod................................. 106
Q-R
Radiation Cans .................................................................. 80
Reinventing Edison: Build Your Own Light Bulb .......... 98
Reinventing Morse: Build Your Own Telegraph ........... 98
Relay.................................................................................. 5, 7
Replacement Test Coupons, Stress/Strain ................... 21
Resistance Apparatus ...................................................... 97
Resonance Strips, Metal ................................................. 37
Resonance Wire Loop ...................................................... 37
Resonance, Structures ...............................................38-39
Respiration Rate Sensor ................................................ 2, 5
Ring Launcher ................................................................... 90
Ring Launcher Accessories ............................................ 90
RLC Circuit ........................................................................ 101
Roadbed Spares ................................................................ 19
Rocket Engine Test Bracket .............................................. 6
Rod Clamps, Structures ................................................... 19
Rods................................................................................... 109
Roller Coaster .................................................................... 44
Roller Coaster Track ......................................................... 19
Rotary Motion Sensor ............................2, 5, 36, 40, 82, 85
Rotating Chair .................................................................... 42
Rotating Platform .............................................................. 91
Rotational Acceleration Tank ......................................... 85
Rotational Inertia Wands ................................................. 41
Rotational System, Complete .......................................... 41
S
Salinity Sensor .............................................................. 5, 62
Scales ............................................................................... 106
Screws, Truss Set ............................................................. 19
Sensor Voltage Monitor, CI ............................................... 3
Sensors, PASPORT ............................................................. 5
Sensors, ScienceWorkshop.............................................. 2
Sine Wave Generator ....................................................... 37
Smart Timer ........................................................................ 32
Software, Interfacing ......................................................... 4
Soil Water Potential Probe .............................................. 62
Soil Moisture Sensor .................................................... 5, 62
Solar Cell ............................................................................ 47
Solar Constant Set ............................................................ 49
Solar Energy Transfer ...................................................... 49
Solenoid, Air Core ............................................................. 94
Sound Level Sensor ............................................................ 5
Sound Sensor ...................................................................... 2
SPARKlink ............................................................................. 4
Specific Heat Set .............................................................. 73
Spectral Tube Power Supply ............................................ 6
Spectrometer for Xplorer GLX ................................ 5, 6, 60
Spectrometer for Xplorer GLX, Absorption .................. 66
Spirometer................................................................ 5, 56, 84
Spirometer Mouthpieces ................................................. 56
Spring Bracket, Parallel ................................................... 34
Spring Sets ....................................................................34-35
Stability Model .................................................................. 22
Steam Generator ................................................... 72, 73, 76
Stirling Engine ................................................................... 81
Stirling Engine Kit, Visible................................................ 81
Stirling Engine, Glass ....................................................... 81
Stirling Engine, Low Delta-T ........................................... 81
Stirling Engine, Visible ..................................................... 81
Stopwatch 10-pack ......................................................... 106
www.pasco.com/engineering
Stopwatch, PASCO ......................................................... 106
Stress/Strain Apparatus .................................................. 21
String, Braided ................................................................ 108
Structures Bracket, Force Platform ................................ 8
Structures Set, Large ................................................. 18, 45
Structures System ................................. 8-19, 38-39, 45, 52
Structures System Overview ............................................ 8
Super-Flex I-Beam ............................................................ 20
T
Tank, Rotational Acceleration ........................................ 85
Temperature Array Sensor .................................... 5, 71, 73
Temperature Probe, Fast Response .......................... 5, 70
Temperature Probe, High Type K ..................................... 2
Temperature Probe, Stainless Steel .......................... 5, 70
Temperature Sensor ........................................... 2, 5, 63, 70
Temperature Sensor with Type K Probe ................... 2, 71
Temperature Sensor, High Accuracy .............................. 2
Temperature Sensor, Non-Contact ............................ 5, 64
Temperature Sensor, Quad ......................................... 5, 70
Temperature Sensor, Skin/Surface ............................ 5, 70
Temperature Sensor, Type K ....................................... 5, 71
Temperature Sensor, Type K 4-Port ........................... 5, 71
Temp/Sound Level/Light..................................................... 5
Tensile Stress Tester ........................................................ 21
Tension Protractor ............................................................ 22
Thermal Conductivity Apparatus.................................... 72
Thermal Efficiency Apparatus ........................................ 79
Thermal Expansion Apparatus ....................................... 76
Thermal Expansion Holes ................................................ 77
Thermal Expansion, Computer ........................................ 76
Thermal Expansion, Large Scale ................................... 77
Thermal Hammer .............................................................. 75
Thermal Radiation Laboratory ........................................ 80
Thermistor Temperature .................................................... 2
Thermobile Nitinol Heat Engine ..................................... 83
Thermocline ............................................................... 2, 5, 65
Thermocouple, Type K ..................................................... 71
Thermoelectric Converter ............................................... 78
Thermoelectric Energy Transfer .................................... 78
Thermometer, Alcohol ...................................................... 78
Thread, Black .................................................................. 108
Time-of-Flight Accessory ........................................ 2, 5, 32
Torsion Pendulum Accessory ......................................... 42
Track String Adapter ........................................................ 36
Truss Set ....................................................................... 10, 20
Truss Set Members .......................................................... 19
Truss Set Screws .............................................................. 19
Turbidity Sensor ............................................................ 5, 65
U
Understanding Pressure Kit ............................................ 87
USB Link ............................................................................... 4
USB PowerLink ............................................................. 4, 21
UVA Light Sensor ................................................................ 5
V
Van de Graaff Belt ............................................................ 96
Van de Graaff Generator ................................................. 96
Venturi Apparatus ............................................................. 84
Vest, Xplorer ...................................................................... 55
Vibrator, String ................................................................... 37
Visual Accelerometer....................................................... 30
Voltage Sensor .................................................................... 2
Voltage Sensor, 1 MHz 2-Channel ................................ 5, 7
Voltage/Current Sensor ............................................... 5, 78
W
Water Quality Colorimeter ........................................... 5, 65
Water Quality Sensor ................................................... 5, 64
Water Reservoir .......................................................... 51, 84
Weather Sensor .................................................................. 5
Weather/Anemometer Sensor.................................... 5, 61
Wilberforce Pendulum ..................................................... 35
Wind Turbine, Energy Transfer ....................................... 51
Wind Velocity Accessory .................................................. 5
X-Y-Z
Xplorer GLX ...................................................................... 4, 6
Zero Gauss Chamber ........................................................ 94
111

www.pasco.com/engineering
Part Number Index
112
AP-8213........................21
AP-8217........................21
CI-6461............................2
CI-6462........................5,.7
CI-6464........................2,.9
CI-6465............................9
CI-6499............................2
CI-6503............................2
CI-6504A.........................2
CI-6506B.........................2
CI-6507A.........................2
CI-6512........................101
CI-6520A.........................2
CI-6525............................2
CI-6526............................2
CI-6527A.........................2
CI-6531A.........................2
CI-6532A.........................2
CI-6534A.........................2
CI-6535............................2
CI-6536............................2
CI-6537............................2
CI-6538............................2
CI-6539A.........................2
CI-6542............................2
CI-6543B.........................2
CI-6545..........................30
CI-6552A.........................2
CI-6555............................2
CI-6556............................2
CI-6558............................2
CI-6559............................2
CI-6561............................2
CI-6562........................2,.7
CI-6604............................2
CI-6605A.........................2
CI-6611............................3
CI-6620..........................57
CI-6628............................2
CI-6630............................2
CI-6688..........................94
CI-6690....................41,.43
CI-6691..........................40
CI-6692..........................36
CI-6716..........................66
CI-6717..........................66
CI-6718............................3
CI-6719............................3
CI-6726..........................66
CI-6727..........................66
CI-6728..........................66
CI-6729............................2
CI-6730A.........................2
CI-6731............................2
CI-6732..........................66
CI-6733..........................66
CI-6734..........................66
CI-6735..........................66
CI-6736..........................66
CI-6738............................2
CI-6740............................2
CI-6742A.........................2
CI-6746............................2
CI-6747............................2
CI-6870G.........................4
CI-6871G.....................2,.4
CI-7650............................2
CI-9784............................2
EM-6711........................94
EM-6715........................94
EM-6723........................94
EM-8090..................75,.97
EM-8099........................93
EM-8627......................101
EM-8641........................92
EM-8642A.....................92
EM-8644A.....................92
EM-8652........................94
EM-8656......................101
EM-8661........................90
EM-8662........................90
EM-8677........................97
EM-8678......................101
EM-8812........................97
EM-8947........................91
ES-9080A......................96
ET-8499.........................75
ET-8593.........................49
ET-8770.........................74
ET-8771A.......................50
ET-8772.........................51
ET-8773.........................50
ET-8775.........................50
ET-8779.........................75
ET-8781.........................75
ET-8782.........................78
ET-8783.........................51
EX-9906.........................36
EZ-2331.........................65
EZ-2333A......................65
EZ-2334.........................65
EZ-2337.........................65
EZ-2338.........................65
EZ-2339.........................65
EZ-2340.........................65
EZ-2341.........................65
ME-1234......................106
ME-1235......................106
ME-6569........................36
ME-6617..........................6
ME-6664........................54
ME-6666........................54
ME-6667........................58
ME-6668........................63
ME-6694........................42
ME-6756............25,.28,.29
ME-6800........................32
ME-6801........................32
ME-6810................2,.5,.32
ME-6812..........................5
ME-6813..................69,.86
ME-6815........................31
ME-6816........................88
ME-6821A.....................32
ME-6828..................26,.36
ME-6830........................33
ME-6831........................33
ME-6837........................42
ME-6838A.......................2
ME-6841..................28,.29
ME-6842........................34
ME-6844........................34
ME-6848........................34
ME-6855........................22
ME-6856........................42
ME-6936........................58
ME-6937........................59
ME-6940........................60
ME-6941........................60
ME-6942........................60
ME-6950..................26,.28
ME-6952........................28
ME-6955........................36
ME-6960..................25,.28
ME-6972........................42
ME-6977..................30,.85
ME-6983..................15,.19
ME-6984............14,.18,.87
ME-6985..................19,.20
ME-6986........................19
ME-6987........................19
ME-6988A.......................8
ME-6989........................24
ME-6990........................10
ME-6991..................11,.45
ME-6992B...12-13,.16-17,.
....................22,.25,.28,.36,.
..................... 38-39,.52,.87
ME-6993........................19
ME-6994........................19
ME-6995........................19
ME-6996........................19
ME-6997........................19
ME-6998A.....................19
ME-6999A.....................19
ME-7002........................19
ME-7003..................18,.45
ME-7004........................13
ME-7005........................19
ME-7008........................19
ME-7009........................15
ME-7559........................82
ME-7566......................107
ME-7589......................107
ME-8091........................35
ME-8093........................25
ME-8569........................89
ME-8594........................84
ME-8598........................84
ME-8735......................109
ME-8736......................109
ME-8738......................109
ME-8741......................109
ME-8744......................108
ME-8750........................36
ME-8950A.....................41
ME-8951........................91
ME-8955........................41
ME-8957........................85
ME-8960........................43
ME-8961........................43
ME-8963........................43
ME-8966A.....................86
ME-8970........................34
ME-8971........................28
ME-8974A...................109
ME-8975................22,.108
ME-8976......................109
ME-8977......................109
ME-8979......................107
ME-8980......................107
ME-8986......................108
ME-8987........................20
ME-8988......................109
ME-8995......................108
ME-8999........................36
ME-9204B...................2,.5
ME-9207B...................2,.5
ME-9259A.............2,.5,.35
ME-9299A.....................23
ME-9429B.....................27
ME-9430........................26
ME-9431..................26,.27
ME-9432........................27
ME-9447........................23
ME-9448B...................106
ME-9450A...................106
ME-9452A.....................27
ME-9454........................28
ME-9472......................108
ME-9481........................85
ME-9486........................31
ME-9498A.............2,.5,.44
ME-9499......................106
ME-9781..................25,.29
ME-9812A.....................44
ME-9814........................19
ME-9825A.....................21
ME-9827........................35
ME-9833........................40
ME-9847........................41
ME-9856........................19
ME-9859........................32
ME-9866........................35
ME-9873......................108
ME-9875......................108
ME-9876................19,.108
ME-9891........................20
ME-9892........................33
MG-8600.......................93
OS-8452......................105
OS-8458......................105
OS-8469......................104
OS-8474......................103
OS-8477......................104
OS-8494..............103,.104
OS-8515C....................102
OS-8522......................103
PI-6601........................101
PI-8127.........36,.38,.39.99
PI-9877....................36,.99
PK-9023.........................95
PS-2001...........................4
PS-2002.......................4,.6
PS-2006...........................7
PS-2009...........................4
PS-2100A........................4
PS-2102.....................5,.66
PS-2103A......5,.20,.25,.26
PS-2104.................5,.6,.25
PS-2106A........................5
PS-2107...........................5
PS-2108.....................5,.59
PS-2109...........................5
PS-2110...............5,.58,.63
PS-2111.....................5,.57
PS-2112...........................5
PS-2113A........................5
PS-2114...........................5
PS-2115.....................5,.78
PS-2116A..................5,.67
PS-2117.....................5,.67
PS-2118...........................5
PS-2119.....................5,.55
PS-2120...............5,.36,.40
PS-2121.....................5,.67
PS-2122.....................5,.65
PS-2124A........................5
PS-2125...............5,.63,.70
PS-2126A............5,.58,.63
PS-2127.....................5,.71
PS-2128.....................5,.30
PS-2129...........................5
PS-2130.....................5,.65
PS-2131.....................5,.70
PS-2132...........................5
PS-2133...........................5
PS-2134.....................5,.71
PS-2135.....................5,.70
PS-2136.....................5,.55
PS-2137.....................5,.56
PS-2140...........................5
PS-2141.....................5,.54
PS-2142.....................5,.54
PS-2143.....................5,.70
PS-2146.........5,.68,.69,.71
PS-2147...........................5
PS-2148...........................5
PS-2149...........................5
PS-2150...........................5
PS-2151.....................5,.65
PS-2152...............5,.56,.84
PS-2153.....................5,.70
PS-2154A........................5
PS-2155.........................71
PS-2156.........................62
PS-2157.....................5,.70
PS-2158...........................5
PS-2159.......................5,.7
PS-2160...........................5
PS-2161.........................62
PS-2162.....................5,.94
PS-2163.....................5,.62
PS-2164.....................5,.84
PS-2168...........................5
PS-2169.....................5,.64
PS-2170.....................5,.66
PS-2174.....................5,.61
PS-2175.................5,.6,.61
PS-2176...................5,.105
PS-2177...........................5
PS-2179.....................5,.65
PS-2181...............5,.60,.82
PS-2182...........................5
PS-2184...........................5
PS-2186.....................5,.57
PS-2187.....................5,.56
PS-2189.....................5,.91
PS-2190.......................5,.7
PS-2193.....................5,.94
PS-2194...............5,.58,.63
PS-2195.....................5,.62
PS-2197.....................5,.64
PS-2198...........................9
PS-2199...........5,.9,.25,.28
PS-2200.......................5,.9
PS-2201.......................5,.9
PS-2204...........5,.8,.15,.18
PS-2205.......................5,.9
PS-2206.......................5,.9
PS-2207.........................57
PS-2500.........................61
PS-2509.........................67
PS-2513.........................62
PS-2517.........................55
PS-2521A......................59
PS-2522.........................56
PS-2525.........................70
PS-2526...........................6
PS-2531.........................57
PS-2532.........................57
PS-2533.........................57
PS-2548.........................54
PS-2567.........................56
PS-2568.........................56
PS-2611.........................53
PS-2635.................5,.6,.60
PS-2642.........................66
SA-9242......................106
SE-6849.........................73.
SE-7584.......................103
SE-7145.........................98
SE-7146.........................98
SE-7147.........................98
SE-7194.........................66
SE-7226.........................89
SE-7231.........................96
SE-7232.........................96
SE-7233.........................96
SE-7285.......................108
SE-7286.......................108
SE-7287.........................89
SE-7288.........................89
SE-7289.........................89
SE-7316.........................89
SE-7317.........................72
SE-7327.........................77
SE-7328.........................77
SE-7329.........................87
SE-7339.........................90
SE-7341.........................48
SE-7347.......................107
SE-7348.......................106
SE-7349.......................106
SE-7355.........................96
SE-7361.........................93
SE-7370.........................85
SE-7382C......................61
SE-7390.........................95
SE-7581.......................103
SE-7582.......................103
SE-7583.......................103
SE-7585.........................94
SE-7586.........................89
SE-7700.........................58
SE-8050.......................108
SE-8562.........................81
SE-8568.........................89
SE-8573.........................48
SE-8575.........................81
SE-8576A......................81
SE-8587.........................78
SE-8590.........................81
SE-8603.........................95
SE-8604.........................95
SE-8636.........................81
SE-8653.........................94
SE-8657.........................93
SE-8685.........................24
SE-8691.........................96
SE-8710.......................106
SE-8713.......................106
SE-8714.......................106
SE-8715.......................106
SE-8716.......................106
SE-8717.......................106
SE-8718.......................106
SE-8727.........................88
SE-8749.........................35
SE-8759.......................107
SE-8764.........................87
SE-8827.......................107
SE-8834.........................47
SE-8835.........................47
SE-8836.........................47
SE-8837.........................46
SE-8838.........................47
SE-8839.........................47
SE-9013.......................103
SE-9084A......................78
SE-9089.........................83
SE-9372.......................107
SE-9373.......................107
SE-9374.......................107
SE-9409.......................108
SE-9442.......................108
SE-9443.......................108
SE-9460...........................6
SE-9461...........................6
SE-9717.........................86
SE-9718.........................86
SE-9719.........................89
SE-9981.......................100
SE-9982.......................100
SF-8617.........................94
SF-8711.................89,.106
SF-9324................... 36-39
SF-9404.........................37
SF-9405.........................37
SF-9584B......................80
SN-7927A...................2,.5
TD-8497.........................49
TD-8498.........................68
TD-8513.........................73
TD-8550A......................78
TD-8551A......................74
TD-8556A......................72
TD-8557A......................73
TD-8558A......................76
TD-8561.........................72
TD-8564.........................79
TD-8565.........................68
TD-8570A......................80
TD-8572.........................82
TD-8577.........................68
TD-8579A......................76
TD-8582.........................74
TD-8583.........................74
TD-8592.........................83
TD-8595.........................69
TD-8596A......................69
TD-8855.........................80
WA-9607.......................37
WA-9857.......................37
WA-9867.......................37
Part # .......................Page Part # .......................Page Part # .......................Page Part # .......................Page Part # .......................Page Part # .......................Page

PASCO Support
Making decisions on what equipment best meets your needs? PASCO
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Roseville, California 95747-7100 USA
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916-786-3800
www.pasco.com/engineering
Large Structures Set
Build this crane and 15
other HUGE structures
with this one set!
See page 18.
Hundreds of Unique Solutions
for Your Engineering Labs!
Use hydraulics to raise
and lower the boom.
See page 14.
View PASCO’s complete line of lab equipment.
Request your FREE PASCO 2011 catalog at:
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See
you
in
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Visit PASCO’s booth
Insert load cells to measure
forces anywhere in the
structure. See page 9.
ASEE Meeting
Vancouver, B.C., Canada n June 27-28, 2011