M A R C H 1 9 4 0 ^ ^ ^ V O L U M E 30 No. 3 - Mines Magazine

MARCH 1940 ^ ^ ^ VOLUME 30 No. 3

STEARNSROGER
5 5 Y e a r s as M a n u f a c t u r e r s
New Type
Impeller
gives better
diffusion of
air and increased
metallurgical
recovery.
^044> jfieed a l l
of AKINS
improved classification 0
WHO says there ARE advantages ? Mill operators,
foremen, mill managers, company officials
—of the latter many of the biggest names in the
mining industry. Large and small plants alike, recent
purchasers and old customers, can and will
tell you that AKINS Classifiers do increase tonnage,
improve metallurgy, lower operating costs.
These days high-powered salesmanship is out.
But AKINS Classifiers are being BOUGHT. AKINS
Classifiers increase net mill earnings. We invite
careful investigation. WHY TAKE IT FOR GRANT­
ED THAT OPERATING COSTS IN YOUR MILL
ARE FIXED? Write for data of AKINS users.
Start your investigation of the profit
advantages of AKINS Classifiers by
sending for BULLETIN 24-H.
We also manufacture: Lowden Di-yers, Skinner
Roasters, Ball Rod and Tube Mills, Smelting Equipment,
Crushers, Rolls, Diaphragm Pumps.
A d v a n t a g e s
The AKINS Classifier delivers \
sand raking capacity ior ANY i
circulating load.
WiU close-ciicuit with dny i
grinding mill without auxiliary
elevators -ht^causc it Cfin operate
dt 4' in 12' slope, without
hack-slip or suzgo of sandload.
continuous
The sand is lifted bv
spiral movement, without reciprocal
"take hold and let go.''
t'i Greateroverflowperfootwidth
R J of classifier, with consequent
substdiitial gain in floor spdco in
the mill.
F/| Tlic AKINS does not stall on
t"' overload and siartu after
shutdown without unloading.
Dupcnding upon thu type of
S
cl£)ssifjer and how operated,
the AKINS will produce i.' i cithei
extremely fine or very coar.sc overflows
as required; or. (2i will operate
at extrcmelv high denHitie.*;.
The AKINS effects a substantial
saving in power cost.
C O L O R A D O I R O N W O R K S C O
Vancouver Iron Works, Ltd., Vanco'
Marsman Trading Corp., Manila, P.
Please Mention Mines Magazine When Writing to Advertisers
tO-cell Flotation Machine, 3 I'/(" cells requires 11/2 H. P. per cell, low peripheral speed
of impeller insures long life of wearing parts.
WRITE FOR
BULLETiN
1140
Flotation Machines Built To Your Needs
^ STEARNS RDGER
ENGINEERS
CDNTRACTIIRS
D E N V E R ^ C Q L a .
MF""
DESIGNERS
MANUFACTURERS
hKOR%E (^o^HfzJe/e M I L L I N
Heod, Wrightson & Co , Ltd
Stockton-on-Tees, Englond
XKL
1775 Broadway
New York City
ESTABLISHED 1898
P L A N T f
We. SiieciaUg^ in the manufacture
of all
machinery for complete Flotation,
Gravity Concentration, and Cyanide
Mills. All machines are made in
many sizes suitable for small or large
tonnage operations. If you plan increased
capacity for your present
mill or may plan a complete new
milL we are prepared to promptly
supply any individual machine or
complete plant equipment for any
flowsheet proposed. Send full details
and our recommendations for
modern and efficient Morse machinery
will be promptly submitted.
Write for
Heod, Wrightson & Co., IS.A.l Ltd. .
Johannesburg, South Africa ^
NORSE BROS MACHINERY CO.
P.O.BOX I708 DENVER.COLORADO,U.SA. CABLE "MORSE'
Perret Cr Brauen
Caixa Postol 3574
Sao Pouio, Brazil, S. A.
Bucchi C & Cia Ltda.
Casilia 4603
Sontiogo, Chile, S. A,
Perret & Brauen
Coixa Postol 288
Rio De Joneiro, Brazil, S. A
Please Mention Mines Magazine When Writing to Advertisers
literature

The Mines Magazine
SECTION EDITORS
A. L. MUELLER, '35
M. E. FRANK, '06
R. J. SCHILTHUIS, '30
BEN W. GEDDES, '37
A. M. KEENAN, '35
WILLIAM DOUGAN, Ex-'12
D. H. PEAKER, '32
C. W. BERRY. '36
RALPH KEELER, '31
R. I MALOIT, '37
H. M. STROCK, '22
KUNO DOERR, Jr., '27
WILLIAM I. RUPNIK, '29
HUBERT E. RISSER, '37
JOHN T. PADDLEFORD, '33
A. F. BECK, '25
JOHN H. WINCHELL, '17
Advertising
Official Organ of the Colorado School of Mines Alumni Association
Copyright 1940
JAMES DUDGEON, '13
Mining
CLAUDE L. BARKER, '31
Coal Mining
DONALD DYRENFORTH, '12
Metallurgy
RUSSELL H. VOLK. '26
Petroleum
FRANK C. BOWMAN, '01
Editor and Publication Director
W. K. SUMMERS
Production
- ASSOCIATE EDITORS -
ARTHUR W. BUELL, '08
Petroleum
FRED C. CARSTARPHEN, 'OS
Mathematics and Science
I. HARLAN JOHNSON, '23
Geology
DENT LEROY LAY, '35
Circulation
W. A. WALDSCHMIDT
Geology
ROBERT C. BERGGREN, '33
Manufacturers
JOHN A. BAILEY, '40
Athletics
ELLA J. COLBUBN
News
Vol. XXX MARCH, 1940 No. 3
ed Steel Grindin
Colorado Fuel s!!^ Iron Corporation
GENERAL OFFICES—DENVER. COLORADO
STEEL WORKS: PUEBLO, COLORADO
Please Mention Mines Magazine Wfien Writing to Advertisers
OFHCERS OF ALUMNI
ASSOCIATION
EDWARD J. BROOK, '23
President
FRANK C. BOWMAN, '01
Vice-President
FRANK J. NAGEL, '03
Secretary
GEORGE W. THOMAS, '26
Treasurer
FRED C. CARSTARPHEN, '05
Denver, Colo.
M. EDWARD CHAPMAN, '27
Tulsa, Okla.
CHARLES O. PARKER, '23
Denver, Colo.
n n n
COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN
BRUCE B. LaFOLLETTE, '22
Publications
JAMES W. DUDGEON, '13
Athletic
ALLAN E. CRAIG, '14
Capability Exchange
KEPPEL BRIERLY, '34
Instruction
RUSSELL H. VOLK, '26
Membership
T. C. DOOLITTLE, HON. '27
Budget and Finance
C. LORIMER COLBURN, '07
Alumni Foundation
A. GEORGE SETTER, '32
Legislation
DONALD DYRENFORTH, '12
Public Relations
KENN^H E. HICKOK, '26
Nomination
W. A. WALDSCHMIDT, Faculty
Junior Membership
n n P
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE
BRUCE B. LaFOLLETTE, '22
Chairman
J. HARLAN JOHNSON, '23
Vice -Chai rman
CHARLES W. HENDERSON, HON. '30
FRED C. CARSTARPHEN, '05
JOHN H. WINCHELL, '17
CLAUDE L. BARKER, '31
RUSSELL H. VOLK, '26
ARTHUR W. BUELL, '08
W. A. WALDSCHMIDT, Faculty
FRONT COVER ILLUSTRATION
The Colorado Portland Cement Company Quarry
at Boettcher, near Fort Collins, Colorado
CONTENTS
PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 104
By E. J. Brook
MANILA TO NEW YORK - - - 105
By Carl I. Dismant, '31
NON-METALLIC MINERALS
By Kenneth E. Hickok, '26
NBC PRESENTS MINES MEN IN "MAN AND MINERALS" - - - 113
MECHANIZATION AND LABOR IN THE MINERAL INDUSTRIES - 116
By Charles R. Cutler, '39
THE "DOODLEBUG" VS. APPLIED SCIENCE - - - - - - - - 119
By Dart Wantland
RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS IN COAL AND NON-METALLICS - - 125
DEPARTMENTS
PERSONAL NOTES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 102
IN MEMORIAM - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 122
WITH THE MANUFACTURER, NEW EQUIPMENT - - - - - - 123
WITH THE MANUFACTURER, PLANT NEWS - - - - - - - - 124
CATALOG AND TRADE PUBLICATIONS - - - - - - - - - - 126
CAMPUS TOPICS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 127
LOCAL SECTIONS 128
MINES IN WINTER SPORTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 129
WEDDINGS AND BIRTHS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 132
REVIEW OF ARTICLES WORTH WHILE 133
NEW BOOKS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 134
BOOKS FOR THE BUSY MAN - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 135
PATENT SERVICE - - - - - - - - - - - - - ^ - - - - 137
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS SEE PAGE 142
ENTERED AS SECOND CLASS MATTER AT THE POSTOFFICE AT DENVER, COLORADO, UNDER THE ACT OF CONGRESS OF MARCH 3, !S79.
SUBSCRIPTION PRICE ^3,00 A YEAR, SINGLE COPIES 50 CENTS. NO ADDITIONAL CHARGE FOR FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTION.
PUBLISHED EVERY MONTH IN THE YEAR BY THE COLORADO SCHOOL OF "MINES ALUMNI ASSOCIATION. ADDRESS ALL CORRESPOND­
ENCE, INCLUDING CHECKS DRAFTS AND MONEY ORDERS TO RUSSELL H. VOLK, 734 COOPER BLDG,. DENVER, COLO. ADDRESS ALL
CORRESPONDENCE RELATING TO MINES MAGAZINE TO FRANK C. BOWMAN, EDITOR, 734 COOPER BUILDING, DENVER, COLO.
Hi

102
The Mines Magazine
George R. Brown, '22, is at the Mayo
clinic, Rochester, Minn, under treatment.
He plans on coming to Colorado to convalesce
before returning to Houston, Texas
to resume his duties as vice-president of
Brown & Root, Inc.
Martin P. Brown, '36, employed by U.
S. Engineers at Midway Island, spent a
few days at his home in Atlantic City, N.
J. last month as a result of being subpoenaed
as a government witness in a
mining trial at Wilmington, Delaware.
This is the longest distance recorded of
a government witness having been subfor
March, 1940 103
DENVER
B A L L
AND
MILLS
CLASSIFIERS
Denver Ball Mills are made with
rolled steel shell and give the highest
capacity because the diameters are measured
inside the liners. Unique construction
makes it possible to double the capacity
by bolting two shells together
and strong design permits use of the
same trunnion bearings. This mill ia
often used with a Denver Spiral Screen
(il ii is 80 desiredl which gives a
Sized product. Denver Mills arc made
in 30", 3', 4' and 5' diameters and in
ball, rod, or tube mill lengths.
There is a standard Denver Rake
Classifier detigned lo meet your particular
conditions. For normal duty work
there is a Type "G" Rake Classifier and
for heavy duty operation for handling
high circulating loads or heavy ores
there is a Type "D" Rake Classifier.
Write for Bulletin No, E,S-Bt on Ball
Mills and Classifiers.
DENVER EQUIPMENT COMPANY
1400-1418 SEVENTEENTH ST R E EL D E N VE R, COtORADO
NiW YORK CITY, NIW YORK: SO Churdi Street
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAHl 735 Mclntyre Building
MEXICO, D.F.i Bokor Bldg., 16 de Sepliembre SB
SEND YOUR ASSAY WORK TO
TORONTO, ONTARIO! 43 Richmond Street Weit
LONDON, ENGLAND: B40 Salisbury Houie, E.C.2
JOHANNESBURG, SO. AFRICA: 18 Bon Attord Hid.
CHARLES O. PARKER & COMPANY
1901 Lawrence Street MAin 1852 Denver, Colorado
GOLD OR SILVER, 50c EACH
Complete Price List on Request. Prompt Service—Accurate Results
FIRE BRICK
FIRE CLAY
DRY PRESS — STIFF MUD DRY MILLED — TILE
for MINE — MILL — SMELTER
OUR SPECIALTY
The Golden Fire Brick Company
GENERAL OFFICE AND PLANT
GOLDEN, COLORADO
"Build with DENVER SALES OFFICE
Golden Brick" INTERSTATE TRUST BUILDING
For Distinctive MAin 2733
MULTIGRAPHING
J/uL
OR MIMEOGRAPHING
MJto/L Shop, 9nxL.
473 Gas & Electric Building DENVER, COLORADO
Manufacturers
"National" Brands Safety Fuse for use in all Blasting Operations
Brands
Sylvanite Black Monarch White Aztec Double Tape
White Monarch Bear Biack Aztec Triple Tape
T h e National Fuse &L Powder C o .
Denver, Colorado Established 1900
Rocky Mountain Distributors—Cordeau-Bickford Detonating Fuse for
deep well blasting.
of
Colorado School of
Mines Alumni
Association
NEW MEMBERS
FEBRUARY, 1940
ALUMNI
E. W. COWPERTHWAITE, '13, Clibtffola.
No. Rhodesia
RALPH C. DEWOODY, '33, Odessa,
Texas
WALTER H. DUMKE, '29, Dewver,
Colo.
R, D. FERNALD, '37, Chuquicamata,
ChUe
N. N. KoHANOwsKi, JR., '32, Oruro,
Bolivia
WALLACE LEE, '04, Lawrence, Kans.
GEORGE W. LEMAIRE, '26, Aruha,
N. IV. I.
BAILEY E. FKICE, '23, Norwalk,
Conn.
DONALD D. RIDDLE, '18,
Orlando,
Florida
EARL M. WOLTERS, '30, Denver,
Colo.
ASSOCIATE
ROY E. COLLOM, '04, Los
Calif.
• Personal
Angeles,
Notes
Ray a. Anderson, '18, listed in the
Alumni Directory as address unknown,
has recently been heard from. He is
Vice-President of the Samson Plasterboard
Company with offices in the Crosby
Building, Buffalo, N. Y.
Arthur C. Austin, '29, Seismologist for
the Seismograph Service Corporation, is
at present at Shawnee, Oklahoma, post
office address, Bos 992.
Alan A. Bakeivell, Jr., '38, who has
been with Braden Copper Company,
Rancagua, Chile, since his graduation, is
en route to the States and can be reached
thru his home, 1320 Moncado Drive,
Glendale, Calif.
Robert Barney, '35, Field Representative
for National Fuse & Powder Company,
has moved his residence to 131+ Vine
Street, Denver. The twins who are now
two years old wanted a larger place to
run around in than the apartment, so
"Mother and Dad" had to find a house
and a yard!
Jack M. Blalock, Jr., '39, Engineer for
the Celo Mines, Inc., has a change of residence
address to 300 Raleigh Street, Oxford,
No. Carolina.
Gary E. Block, '08, receives his mail at
his permanent address, +156-+th Avenue,
Los Angeles. He gets around the country
quite a bit but this address for him is
always good.
Earl Bristow, '37, has a change of address
to 2750-20th Street, Ensley Station,
Birmingham, Alabama. He is Engineer
for the Alabama By-Products Company.
poenaed. Mr. Brown sailed from San
Pedro on U. S. S. "Sepulga", March 6,
for Honolulu and thence to Midway,
Stuart S. Bruce, '99, is temporarily in
Oakland, California, with address, 2051
Telegraph Avenue.
Keith Buell, '39, Junior Chemist in the
research department of the Phillips Petroleum
Company, has been transferred from
Kaw City, Oklahoma to Phillips, Texas,
Lawrence E. Carpenter, '31, who was
recently transferred to Portland, Oregon,
by the U. S. Engineers for whom he is
Junior Mining Engineer, has taken up his
residence at 2170 N. E. Halsey Street.
Webster P. Cary, '10, is now being
addressed at Box J728, Reno, Nevada,
where he makes his headquarters as Consulting
Engineer.
WUIiani W. Cline, Ex-'29, Vice-President
of the Rocky Mountain Drilling Company,
moved recently from Bakersfield to
Los Angeles, California. His mailing
address there is 2718 Rock Glen Avenue.
Lawton Conger, '30, is with the Seismograph
Service Corporation and at present
working out of Woodward, Oklahoma.
R. S. Coulter, '19, Combustion Engineer,
Pacific Coast Operations of the Bethlehem
Steel Company, has moved his residence
to 1428 Castillo Avenue, Burlingame,
Calif.
F. W. Cowperthwaite, '13, stopped over
ill Denver for a few days last month en
route to New York City from where he
sailed on February 23 for South Africa,
to take over the duties of Assistant
Superintendent of the Enchanga Consolidated
Copper Mines, Ltd. His address is
in care of the company, Chingola, Northern
Rhodesia. W. E. Heinrichs, also of
'13, is booked to leave the latter part of
this month to join the staff of the same
company.
In Ernie Pyle's column of the Denver
Morning News, of February 24, where he
told of a dinner he attended at the home
of the American minister to Nicaragua,
it was noted that Mr. and Mrs. Ronald
Crawford, '23, were also guests. As Sales
Representative for Ingersoll-Rand Company,
Mr, Crawford covers that territory
pretty thoroughly but makes his headquarters
in Managua.
P. W. Cunningham, '29, Drilling
Superintendent for the U. S. Engineers,
has been transferred from Midway Island
to San Francisco, where his address is
414 Custom House.
Robert DeLand, '38, has returned to his
home, 20185 Briar Cliff Road, Detroit,
Michigan, after spending some time with
the Fairbanks Exploration Company, Fairbanks,
Alaska,
Ralph C. DeWoody, '33, is Petroleum
Engineer for the Great Western Oil Company
at Odessa, Texas.
W. F. Distler, '39, who is employed by
the Miami Copper Company receives his
mail through Box 489, Miami, Arizona.
McKay Donkin, '29, Oil Producer of
Houston, Texas, has moved his offices to
90S Bankers Mortgage Building.
Melvin Evans, '37, is now being
addressed at Pasadena, Texas, where he
is employed by the Phillips Petroleum
Company.
Mario Fernandez, '39, is Safety Engineer
for the Moctezuma Copper Company
at Nacozari, Sonora, Mexico.
Wendell W. Fertig, Ex-'24, resigned
as General Superintendent of Sta Rosa
Mining Company last November in order
to continue active supervision of Acoje
(Continued on page 131)
EATON
^^I get around at
little expense
IT PAYS TO TELEPHONE. You get an
immediate, spoken answer to your questions—no
waiting for a reply.
In a three minute conversation, two people
can exchange nearly 400 words. You can
get all the facts, discuss thera and make a
decision. A telephone call to another town
is really a two-way trip at one fare. For
rates, just ask the operator.
METAL PRODUCTS CO.
Manufacturers of Steel Tanks of All Kinds
Specializing in
Special Sheet and Plate Work - Equipment to the Oil Industry
Office and Factory 4800 York Street TAbor 7205 Denver, Colorado
Complete lines of technical and office supplies for all engineers.
K. & E. transits, levels and alidades with internally focusing telescopes.
Used-Instruments for rent. Expert repairing, all makes.
Brunton transits, plane tables. Vertical angle books. Magnetometer books,
Abney levels, Locke Levels, Planimeters, Anemometers, Tapes
K E N D R I C K B E L L A M Y CO.
Band Chaina etc., etc.
801—16th at STOUT Prompt Service Here DENVER, COLO.
F R A N C O W Y O M I N G OIL G O M P A J W
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION
601 Edison Bldg., Los Angeles 17 Boulevard Malesherbes, Paris, France
William D. Waltman, '99, Vice President
Lester S. Grant, '99; Lamont E. Smith, '24; Albert ?. Kleeman, '24; Associates
THE GOLDEN CYCLE CORPORATION
BUYERS OF GOLD AND SILVER
ORES
For Purchase Terms and Shipping Instructions, address
Mill Department — P. O. Box 86 — Colorado Springs, Colorado
MERRILL E. SIIOLIP, Pres.
Phone TAbor 7927
MAX W. BOWEN, '24, Mill M^r.
THE RUTH COMPANY
MANUFACTURERS OF
CRUSHERS
ROD MILLS
FLOTATION MACHINES
DIESEL MINE LOCOMOTIVES
Continental Oil Building
Denver

104 The Mines Magazine
E. J. BROOK
The facts contained in the reports
of committees, treasurer's statement
and the tentative budget for 1940,
published in last month's issue of our
magazine, have more or less dictated
the policies of our organization for
the coming year. This information
was published in conformity with our
announced policy of keeping the membership
advised as to "what goes on"
at all times. Those who gave this
association business more than a
cursory examination were impressed
with two salient features, (1) a
deficit existing in the treasury, and
(2) a lack of internal strength.
Your representatives, the Executive
Committee, have been so impressed by
these two facts that we have
determined to concentrate all our re- -
sources and energies to solve these
problems as the major objective of the
Association for 1940. It is the inflexible
purpose of this administration
to endeavor to remedy these situations.
The deficit in the treasury was the
direct result of the heroic efforts of
former administrations to maintain
the alumni association during the first
dark years of the depression. It will
be necessary to exercise rigid economy
in the conduct of the business of your
association if we are to operate on a
balanced budget by the first of next
year. As the year unfolds, adjustments
in our budget may be necessary
to affect these economies. Our membership
will be informed of pur progress
toward financial stability by a
budgetary report of the status of our
treasury at the middle of tbe year and
President's cMessage
the final result will be indicated in the
yearly report.
The income of our association is
from two sources, membership dues
and revenue derived frora the sale of
advertising in Mines Magazine. If
our members would remit their dues
early in the year instead of procrastinating
until a dozen reminders have
been sent them, the work of your
officers and office force would be
greatly expedited. Our publications
committee have entered whole
heartedly into the task of increasing
both the quantity and quality of advertising
displayed in our publication.
Internal strength of any group such
as ours is measured by the proportion
of alumni association members to the
number of graduates, and by their interest,
activity, and the solidarity of
their support of the functions of the
organization. This internal strength
is the most important element in the
entire structure of our association,
and without it we cannot plan any
constructive program or engage in
any external activities. If the yard
sticks of internal strength mentioned
above are true, our organization falls
far short of the boast often made.
"We have one of the strongest alumni
organizations in the country".
President Roosevelt continually refers
to the "ill-fed, ill-housed, illclothed"
one-third of our nation. This
figure must be an accepted American
factor for the underprivileged, because,,
by a strange coincidence, onethird
of the graduates of the Colorado
School of Mines have shown no interest
in affiliating with our alumni
group. Certainly, this figure should
be much lower. "Mines Spirit" seems
to be, or was, a campus reality and a
myth after graduation.
Internal strength is fostered by the
personal contact of our members with
each other. This is difficult to obtain
because of the scattered geographical
distribution of our membership. To
endeavor to remedy this situation,
fifteen local sections, thirteen throughout
the United States and two in the
Philippine Islands were granted
charters. It was thought and planned
that these local sections should be
centers of alumni activity, personal
contact between members, and of real
service to the men in their districts.
They can, and should be of immense
benefit to the members. They have
proven to be so where resourceful,
energetic officers have provided the
leadership so necessary to weld an interested
membership into an effective
unit. It is the hope of this administration
to revive the interest and active,
participation in association work of
those local sections which exist in
name only. We further hope to
organize new sections where a
sufficient concentration of members in
strategic location warrants this action.
With local sections as spearheads of
our contact work our membership
committee is going to endeavor to
prove to the "underprivileged" onethird
of Mines Graduates, who are
not members of the association that
our organization merits their support.
That puts the burden of proof upon
us and we are prepared to accept that
responsibility.
Your officers, this year, expect to
concentrate on building internal
strength in the organization and placing
our organization on a strong
financial basis. These problems, while
perplexing, certainly require no
council of Solomons for solution.
Their solution, however, demands
aggressive action along organized lines
not the pursuit of a cynically shiftless
course on a "cruise to nowhere." Your
officers are going to put forth every
effort to make this association mean
more than a luncheon club, a beer
bust, or a magazine once a month to
you. In the final analysis, however,
this association will be and can be
what you, as the members, wish it to
be. The amount of service it can be
to you is dependent upon the amount
of service you offer the organization!
It's activity depends upon your activity!
The final success or failure
of our program lies with ydu!
^Manila
to
zNew York
by way of Slieet scene in Singapore.
Singapore ^ C o l o m b o
After four years spent in the
Philippine Islands, it came tirae for
myself and family to return to the
States. On the way over we had
made stops at Honolulu and in Japan
and China too. We now decided to
satisfy a long-standing desire to see
more of the world by returning home
via Europe.
Our bookings were made on the
President Garfield, a round-the-world
boat, to Naples, Italy. We left
Manila late afternoon July 11 in a
typhoon. Needless to say, we were
very glad to get out of the Islands
before the heavy rains started.
Four and a half days out of Manila
we dropped anchor at Singapore—the
British strong hold in the Far East.
Singapore is an island 27 miles long
and 14 miles wide, located just off
the southern tip of the Malay
Peninsula, 1° 20' north of the Equator,
and is connected to the mainland
by a causeway. The city of a half
million people by the same name is
clean, beautiful and very modern. The
large stores remind one of the U. S. A.
Singapore is known as the crossroads
of the world, and in the crescent
harbor one will see ships from all
ports of the world as well as a conglomeration
of vivid colored Oriental
boats. On a drive around the island
one passes miles of beautiful rubber
trees, tropical foliage, and may visit
the Botanical Gardens where you will
find nearly every variety of palm tree
as well as wonderful collections of
lilies and orchids. The high light of
the drive is the experience of having
the wild, long-tailed monkeys come
* Address delivered before the February 16th
Meeting of the Colorado Local Section.
/ Bombay ^ Cairo ^ Naples ^ Paris
By CARL L DISMANT. '31
Bed Cliff, Colorado
down for bananas and peanuts when
you blow the car horn. There are
many Indian and Chinese temples
to see. A stop at the Palace
of Johore on the main land will fill
your mind with a memory of beautiful
treasures never to be forgotten. A
complete table service for 100 is of
solid gold, which will set the mind
of many a "Miner" to work calculating
the value of such a spectacle.
The greater part of the world's tin
and rubber comes from Singapore.
Our next port was Penang which
is a hilly island two and a half miles
off the west coast of the Malay
Peninsula, and approximately 400
miles northwest of Singapore. Penang
also is a British crown colony. The
island is a series of valleys and hills
of different heights which are covered
with jungle. The city is situated
between the hills and the ocean on a
more or less flat promontory. Penang
has many beautiful and well kept
stores and office buildings, but the
large residential section of attractive
stone homes surrounded by colorful
gardens filled with tropical foliage
and plants of every description, set off
by a background of the evergreen
jungle covered hills, makes it an exquisite
sight.
We watched the natives (mostly
Chinese, Malays, and Tomils) load
many bars of tin and some rubber into
the holds of the President Garfield
bound for Egypt, Europe, and the
United States.
On the morning of July 24, or
thirteen days out of Manila, we
arrived at Colombo, Ceylon. Ceylon
is a large island in the Indian Ocean
off the southern most part of India.
At one time it had been under the
rule of the Portuguese, and the city of
Colombo was named after Christopher
Columbus. Later it fell under Dutch
rule but in 1802 it was raade a crown
colony of Great Britain.
As we dropped anchor in the
artificial harbor possibly three miles
from shore, many barges loaded with
tea, rice, cocoanuts, cinnamon, cardamon,
areca nuts, cocoa, tobacco, rubber,
and jewels were pulled along
side of our boat to be loaded and sent
to the markets of the United States.
Each of these barges was covered with
# Hubber trees in Singapore.

for March, 1940
• Mosque ol lohore.
natives Avho wore the most colorful
costumes. As you know, the men
wear a costume that resembles a dress
and may be red, 3'eUow, white,
orange or most any color of the rainbow.
The population is heterogeneous,
and is composed of "Low Country"
and "Kandyan", Singhalese, Tomils,
Moors, and Malays. The men Avear
long hair with large tortoise shell
combs which all add tn the confusion
as to whether they are men or women.
Street scenes of Colombo are very
impressive. Along with the conglomeration
of vivid colored native
dress, one sees the slow-moving, two
wheeled, cocoanut leaf covered carts
known as bullock-bandies. They are
generally drawn by two cream colored
bullocks. The slow traffic is mixed
with bicycles and automobiles (generally
American made.) A trip around
the city shows the European influence
with the large stores mixed among
small shops, beautiful hotels, and a
lovely residential section. The "pettah"
which contains row upon row of
small native shops is very interesting,
and there are many things to buy such
as carved ivory, tortoise shell, silver,
and by far the most interesting are the
precious and semi-precious stones. 1
can assure you it will be hard on your
pocketbook if you take friend wife
along. The truth of the matter is that
you may buy beautiful stones and
gems of the finest quality for much
less than you could hope to purchase
them at home.
The last night we were in Colombo
the rest of the family was dead tired
after a hard day of sightseeing, so I
decided to go ashore and make a few
last minute purchases. A friend of
ours and I hired two rickshas to take
us around town as we wanted to sec
the native market at night. We had a
difficult time convincing the ricksha
boj's that we wanted to go there
but finally got started merrily on our
way. The first we knew we were in
a great mass of natives—probably
somewhere between 10,000 to 20,000.
We told the "boys" to get us out of
there but it was not so easy because all
avenues of retreat had been closed.
After some little time trying to make
ourselves understood, ten ricksha boys
came to our assistance and cleared a
way to a very narrow and dark alley.
The alley was just a little wider than
our ricksha and only once in awhile
could we see a very dimly lighted
window; reminding one of the stories
of an old opium street in China.
After about fifteen minutes of this we
came upon the well-lighted main
street and proceeded directly to the
ferry and the good old SS President
Garfield. Next morning the papers
told of some sixty people being killed
in a labor riot the previous night. We
were glad to have had the experience
hut more glad our names were not
listed among those dead.
About 3:00 A. M. the morning of
July 28 we woke because of strange
sounds. I looked out the port hole
and saw beautiful trees and flowers,
which caused me to rub my eyes
wondering where wc were. I soon
learned we were going thru the locks
at Bombay. After our breakfast we
decided to be real smart and get over
to the American Consulate before the
crowd arrived there. We wanted an
Egyptian visa as well as passes to the
Burning Ghats and The Tower of
Silence. We were informed that
office hours in Bombay, due to the cxtreme
heat, were from 10:00 A. M.
to 11:00 A. M. and from 2:00 P. M.
to 4:00 P. M. We left our passport
with a note explaining what we
wanted and returned the next afternoon
to find our requests had been
very satisfactorily taken care of.
From the Hanging Gardens 180
feet above the sea in Bombay j'Ou will
overlook Mahatma Ghandi Beach
where this well known figure holds
meetings. You will see fishermen
huts along the beach with the
ever present sacred doves. In the
background are the beautiful colleges,
the new apartment buildings that
stretch for miles over mostly reclaimed
ground, and it ail gives one the impression
of a verj' modern and powerful
city. We were amused at a sign
displayed in front of a recently completed
apartment which read, "For
Vegetarians Only". All of Bombay
is not modern, and with its many castes
and creeds, strange and interesting
sights are everywhere. No trip to
Bombay would he complete without a
trip to the Tower of Silence where
the Parees religious practice of feeding
their dead to birds of the air is
carried out. (This religion teaches
that fire, earth, and water are sacred.)
Vultures weighing about 20 lbs. each
are to be seen everywhere around this^
tower. Also a trip to the Burning
Ghats will show you where the
Hindus burn their dead on an iron
grid. In the Mohammedan cemetery
the corpses are buried in the ground
standing up.
During our travels around Bombay
our guide took us to see the holy men.
As to what sect they belong I do not
know, but they lie on a mat with only
# Bombay from Hanging Gardens.
Mahalma Ghandi Beach.
a small loin cloth on and cover their
bodies with ashes. They will pray for
those who come to them for aid. One
of these holy men was supposed to be
108 years old. A street scene in the
native quarters is an ever changing
one of vivid colors. Some of the
women are veiled, while still others
wear large nose rings. Ox carts are
seen everywhere as well as the victoria—^generally
drawn by worn out
horses. The oriental smell and dirt
is ever present in this section of the
city.
An hour in tlie Prince of Wales
Museum will be worth the time spent
there. You will see modern and
antique silver, china, glassware. There
are many beautiful paintings. We
noted a picture of Abraham Lincoln.
There are many shops in Bombay,
most of the smaller ones are dirty
with hundreds of dirty people milling
around. The large meat market
seemed fairly clean, the silk market
was very extensive but we did not
stop. When we got into the silver,
gold, cotton, and foreign exchange 1
thought we were in a riot with
hundreds of men hollering everywhere,
but our guide explained it was
just the wealthy ^brokers at work. We
drove thru the streets one night and
found poor souls sleeping by the
thousands on the side walks, on the
ledges of windows, just anywhere
there was a place to lie down.
Books may be written about interesting
things in Bombay but we must
go on with the story, so we leave Bomhay
for Suez.
The ten-day trip from Bombay to
Suez proved to be one of many cocktail
parties and general good times
aboard ship. Part of the time the
Indian Ocean was very rough, but
after we got into the Red Sea the
water was smoother; however, it was
very hot. An Australian friend of
mine once told me the reason for giving
the Red Sea that name was because
it was so "bloody hot", and I know
that is about right. One afternoon
about 4 o'clock I was standing on the
deck and noticed a very dark cloud
ahead. In only a few minutes the
air was fuil of sand and you could
not see anything without the lights,
and it lasted about three hours. , It
gave one a peculiar feeling to be in a
sand storm at sea.
We arrived in Suez about 9:30
P. M. and hefore we cleared customs,
immigration and quarantine it was
well after 11:00 P. M. We tried to
hire a car to take us across the desert
to Cairo and ran into the worst
oriental cunning and salesmanship
# Dobi Ghats. All washing of Bombay is done in these Ghats.
•f—*
# Gateway to India. From Bombay.
# Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay.

i08
The Mines Magazine
for March. 1940 I
• The Citadel, Cairo. Egypt.
I have ever seen. They would give
you a price and when you got in the
car, they would raise the price or
change drivers or something. Two
hours were spent before we finally
were starting on our way.
Cairo is hot and we arrived there
at the hottest time of the year but we
enjoyed our stay very much in spite
of the heat. The Pyramids are
the greatest attraction, and the most
famous of these is the Pyramid of
Cheops, the largest in Egypt and the
greatest monument that any man has
built for a woman, in this case his
wife. This was built in 3700 B. C.
and is 739 feet at the base and 420
feet high. We climbed up inside 225
feet to the King's tomb. From the
Pyramids we went to the Sphinx. An
item of note is that in the last year
there have been many interesting finds
made near the Sphinx. A trip to the
Pyramids and Sphinx is well worth
any traveler's time.
The alabaster covered Citadel built
in 1166 is by far the most beautiful
mosque in Cairo and is a beautiful
sight. Looking out from the Citadel
over Cairo, a city of one and a half
million people, you will see the historical
and beautiful Nile River and
Valley. In the background looms
the faint outline of the Pyramids. It
gives one a peculiar feeling because
with one glance are seen buildings
completed only j'esterday and buildings
and monuments that have been
built down thru the ages for six thousand
years. It is indeed hard to conceive.
No trip to Cairo would be complete
without a visit to the Museum of
Egyptian Antiquities. A good place
to spend ten very interesting days—
of course we did not have time to do
this. The most famous of all the
collections are those from Tut-
Ankh-Aman tomb, better known as
"King Tut's". There are gold
coffins, jewels, treasures beyond description.
I will not try to describe
the contents of the Museum but will
say just go see for yourself and you
will never regret it.
Our trip from Cairo to Alexandria
was a very hot and dirty one so we
were more than glad to see our ship
waiting in port for us. As dirty and
tired as we were we did take a trip
around Alexandria. The city was
built in 332 B. C. by Alexander the
Great. We enjoyed seeing Alexandria
but I believe we enjoyed the nice bath
on the boat more.
Thirty-five days from Manila wc
arrived at Naples, Italy. Here we
left the boat to continue our trip
overland.
Naples, with its beautiful bay in
3 .
the blue Mediterranean and Mt.
Vesuvius always smoking in the background,
forms a beautiful picture. On
our trip south we visited the ruins of
Pompeii. Walking among the now
silent streets reveals an amazingly
clear picture of this city of 25,000
persons as it was at the moment of its
destruction in 79 A. D.
We continued south along a good
concrete highway lined with grape
arbors, orange and lemon trees, and
fields of corn, with always Mt.
Vesuvius in the background, stopping
now and then to look at a coral and
cameo factory or some spot of scenic
beauty. We finally reached an old
Roman road and proceeded along it
to Amalfi. On the way we passed
thru many picturesque towns with
buildings made of white stone and
built on the sides of very steep lava
cliffs overlooking that gorgeous blue
Mediterranean. Many of these
villas and castles date hack to Grecian
and Roman times.
From Amalfi we went to Sorrento,
the home of Caruso. This is a town
of beautiful linens and carvings. Next
morning we took a boat to the Blue
Grotto, a cave of white lime with the
most beautiful blue water. One must
lie down in a little row boat to pass
the entrance of this cave but the trip is
well worth while. Our next stop
was the famed Isle of Capri. Frankly
it is beautiful but we were disappointed.
Guess we expected too
much. We then returned to Naples
and caught a night train to Rome.
Rome, the Eternal City, filled with
historical ruins, beautiful churches,
art galleries, museums loaded with
treasures of the past and present,
fountains and statues everywhere.
Many beautiful and Interesting things
# Naples Bay, Vesuvius in background.
to see. We were in Rome eight days
and only wished we had planned to
spend more time there. I will make
no attempt to describe the wonders of
this city because space does not permit,
but I will say that Rome and Egypt
are the only two places I would care
to re-visit of all those we saw on our
trip. We were very fortunate to be
in Rome during the opera season, and
we heard "Aida" which was most impressive.
The setting in the old ruins
of Rome made it perfect.
The present government is doing a
great amount of work uncovering and
restoring many of the old ruins.
Our next stop was Florence—
another city of art and culture with
its many churches, galleries, and
museums. Many days can be spent
looking over the priceless treasures of
this city. I believe the best way to
see Italy is to start in the north and
work south, the reason being after one
sees Rome, which overshadows the
rest of the cities so much, some of the
grandeur is taken away. I might
mention the hand-tooled leather goods
and mosaic art of Florence are world
famous.
Venice, the city without streets
where there is nothing to ride except
gondolas. To say the least it Is
unique. A trip thru the early Republic
Palace of the Doges Is well worth
while. The Museum, and the famous
St. Mark's Church with the gold
mosaic domes, are the high lights of
Venice. Venetian glass blowing is a
large and famous Industry. Across the
bay is Lido where one of the best
hotels we saw on our trip Is located.
When we arrived at Milan it was
cold and raining. This city differs
from the other cities of Italy because
it Is more commercial, and the people
seemed different to us—maybe it was
because they were nervous about war
conditions.
We had not heard a word about
war any place except Egypt where
large numbers of soldiers and equipment
seemed to pour in every day.
We knew there was internal trouble
there, so the influx of new soldiers
did not bother us other than we were
glad to get out before anything happened.
As we were waiting for our train
In the station of Milan, I met a
Belgian friend. I was surprised to
see him because he was to spend some
weeks at Capri. I asked him what he
was doing In Milan at that time, and
his words were, "Haven't you heard
of the trouble? The government has
called us all home, and the Italian
government has ordered all Americans
from southern Italy." At that
# St. Mark's Cathedral and square in Venice.
• Leonardo da Vinci, painting "The Last Supper" is in this Cathedral at Milan.

The Mines Magazine
time our train arrived so we boarded
it for Switzerland very much worried
and unable to get any information.
As we crossed the border our baggage
was scarcely looked at but our passport
was examined many times by
oflicers in different colored uniforms.
We noted that many passengers were
taken from the trains. As a matter
of fact they took all the train crew
including the help in the dining car,
but we did not know who they were
or why they were taken off the train.
We went to Zurich, Switzerland,
without stopping at Lucerne as we
originally had planned. Upon registering
at a hotel in Zurich 1 tried to get
some information from the clerk who
spoke English. While we were talking
an English woman came up and
told me all about it. Her words were,
"England, France, and the United
States have declared war on Germany
this afternoon". I told her I was
sure the United States had not declared
war on any nation. I tried to
get more information that night but
it was without success.
We decided to see the American
Consulate early the next morning,
which I did, and he informed me that
war had not been declared and everything
would blow over in a few days.
J was told to take in the sights and
enjoy myself and was assured that if
war did break out I was in the safest
place in Europe. This did not help
because I was in no position to spend
four or five years in Switzerland
should a war last that long. An
American ship was due in Marseilles,
France, within a few days so we tried
to buy plane tickets only to be informed
all air service had heen suspended
that day. Next I tried to get
train tickets but found a notice in the
paper stating the British had closed
the Suez Canal which blocked an exit
by way of southern France. The only
solution left was to go to Paris to
secure information and at the same
time get closer to a port, which is
where we wanted to be. The American
Consulate in Zurich felt there was
to be no war hut I was watching
quotations on the pound sterling and
it was dropping every day, and 1 was
sure that meant war. We knew it
would he difficult to ever get to a
port after war was declared so W(
decided to go to Paris immediately.
At this stage of the game' our
friends. Dr. and Eve Pereyra caught
up with us. We had left Manila together
and became good friends on the
boat. We traveled together as far as
Venice when we separated. They
were going to Budapest and Vienna,
and we were going to Milan and
Switzerland and intended to sail
from England some two or three
weeks earlier than Pereyras. They
experienced much trouble such as not
being able to cash American Express
checks, no trains, so they headed for
Zurich hoping to find us there. I
assure you it was a grand and mutual
reunion. We decided to go on to
Paris.
Our trip from Zurich to Paris
proved one of great anxiety. When we
boarded the train we found two compartments
next to each other which
was something because as a rule the
five of us, including our three-year old
son, were lucky to get one compartment
with some one else.
This train runs along the Swiss-
German border for many miles and
then turns north into France running
along the French-German border,
with the Rhine River being the
boundary.
After starting on our way Doc and
I decided to find out who was on the
train. Much to our surprise there
were only two men besides our party.
This made us wonder and finally
decide every one was afraid to ride
this train, which did not help our
state of mind. After it became dark
that evening we stopped at a station,
two officers came aboard the train and
examined our baggage and passports;
these were followed by two men carrying
wastepaper baskets who removed
the frosted bulbs from the compartments.
They left one small bulb
covered with a heavy coat of blue
paint. A notice was posted telling of
a large fine for lighting matches or
using a flashlight. At the next station
they removed the small blue bulbs.
This left the train in complete darkness.
We did not know if war had
been declared or not and expected any
moment to hear bullets coming thru
the windows.
We arrived safely in Paris the next
morning and our wives decided after
talking to a few hotel clerks and cab
drivers, there was to he no war. They
unpacked the suitcases in a nice hotel
and intended to spend a week or so
in Paris. Doc and I went to the
Embassy.^ They advised \\im to go at
Once to La H^fy^ and me to Cherbourg,
France.f'" After thinking' this
over we decided to go to a little
French town by the name of Caen,
which we did that evening. The reason
for not going to the other two
places was that they are both Naval
Bases beside having oil refineries and
what have you. We figured if the
Germans were going to do any bombing
this would probably be the first
place they would pick.
Next day orders came out for general
mobilization of France and the
following day, September 1, France
declared war on Germany. From
then until the time we left France
everything was war. There were
complete blackouts every night; air
raid signals any time from early morning
until night; soldiers and equipment
moving toward the front;
women taking over the men's jobs;
sand bags being filled and placed
around buildings; windows being
taped to keep the glass from flying.
There was neither gladness nor sadness
on the Frenchmen's faces, just a
firm determination to see this thing
thru. The French put their army up
to 7 million in three days in such an
efficient manner that it was a spectacle
to behold.
Our stay in Caen proved to be days
of worry. We would spend all morning
trying to get some news and all
afternoon worrying about what we
did get. Ship movements were changing
from day to day and we could not
get this information in Caen, so decided
to move in closer to La Harve.
This move was made in a little French
taxi, which was requisitioned thru the
police department. We decided to go
to Deauville or Trouville, but when
we got there we learned that the government
had taken over all the hotels
so we had to move on to La Harve.
Upon arriving here Doc went to the
United States Steamship lines to check
up on his tickets on the S. S. Washington
which was to sail the next
week. I went to the American Consulate
and was informed that Americans
could not ride on foreign ships
and that I could not use the tickets I
had on the Queen Mary. This was
hard to take because these were the
second set of tickets I had purchased
and I knew that it would be next to
impossible to get the third set for some
time to come. The Queen Mary
tickets were purchased at a premium
in Zurich and not only that but the
exchange between the American Express
checks and the American dollar
was $7.50 per hundred dollars. 1 remember
one day in Zurich it cost me
$45.00 for exchange on American Express
checks. I was thankful I had
the money with me and not in a bank
in the U. S. A. or we would probably
be in Europe to-day.
(Continued on page 14-1)
The Colorado Portland Cement Company Plant at Boettcher, near Fort Collins, Colorado.
NON-METALLIC MINERALS
Part II—Cement Materials
The Roman Empire of ancient
times was built on cement. Without
cement, the Empire would have
crumbled long before it did, and we
would have no lasting evidences of the
civilization that preceded our own by
so many years. Aqueducts, highways,
masonry walls, and massive buildings
were products of these early times,
many of which are in existence today.
The raw materials of the Roman
cement were pozzuolana or volcanic
ash from the vicinity of Pozzuoii,
Italy, and quicklime. The record of
the discoverer of the cementing property
of this mixture is lost in antiquity
but the products remain for all to see
and to wonder at the marvelous skill
and technical ability of the long past
daj's. It is true that the cement of
the Romans is far inferior to the
modern Portland Cement but none
the less Pozzuolana cement is still
manufactured today and for many
uses is eminently satisfactory.^
Almost two hundred years ago
(1756) a civil engineer in England,
John Smeaton, by name, found that
by burning a clayey limestone in a lime
kiln produced a lime that possessed the
property of hardening under water.^
Mr. Smeaton did not realize that
this was the birth of our modern cement
nor was he able to account for
the behavior of this unusual lime.
By KENNETH E. HICKOK, '26
Instructor—Department of Metallurgy, Colorado School of Mnes
This is the second of a series of
orticles on non-metallic minerals by
Kenneth E. Hickok, that will appear in
MlireS MAGAZINE during 1940. The
non-metallic minerals are of continuolly
increasing importance to our
national Industrial progress. Our
readers will be interested to become
belter acguointed with the use and
importance of this branch of our
mineral wealth.
However, this discovery led to many
investigations in England and on the
Continent and after the lapse of some
sixty years patents were issued on
what we now term "Natural Cement".
Natural Cements are the product
of burning the naturally occurring
argillaceous limestones to drive off the
carbon dioxide but seldom to the point
of fusion. Variable in quality, still,
the natural cements served a great
need in the early da3^s of our advancing
civilization.^
In 1824 a bricklayer of Leeds,
England applied for a patent on what
we now know as Portland Cement.'"'
Following investigations of the imported
Portland Cement a Lehigh
Valley Manufacturer of natural Cement
obtained a patent on a comparable
process and product.'^ This was
the first realization that incipient
fusion was necessary to produce a high
quality cement.
Portland Cement now accounts for
over ninety-nine per cent of all the
cement produced and is defined hy the
American Society for Testing Materials,
as follows: "Portland cement
is the product obtained by finely
pulverizing clinker produced by
calcining to incipient fusion an intimate
and properly proportioned mixture
of argillaceous and calcareous
materials, with no additions subsequent
to calcining except water and
calcined or uncalcined gypsum."
Production
The major cement materials are
limestone and shale which furnish the
calcium, alumina, silica, and iron
present in the finished Portland Cement.
When these raw materials are
mixed in the correct proportions,
calcined to a "clinker" and pulverized
we obtain the familiar cement of wide
commercial use.
Since limestone is frequently argillaceous,
it sometimes happens that the
correct proportions of limestone and
shale are present in one single bed.
Happy is the manufacturer who has
such an ideal set of conditions. Generally,
the limestone and shale are
mined separately and mixed in proportions
depending on the chemical
analysis of each.
Power shovels, draglines, and bulldozers
are used to strip the deposit

112 The Mines Magazine
for March, 1940
and are also used in the mining operations,
where open cuts are used.^
Occasionally, one or more of the raw
materials are produced from underground
mines, hut generally at a
higher cost than hy open cut."
Quarrying or underground operations
depend on the dip of the beds,
thickness of the beds, daily tonnage
to be mined, drainage, and a multitude
of other factors. Each particular
deposit has its own characteristics
which present problems which
probably are not exactly duplicated in
another locality.
The individual raw materials are
crushed and sampled then sent to
storage bins from which they are
drawn in the amounts necessary for
correctly proportioning the mix. This
crushing and storage is generally a
part of the cement plant proper but
may be an individual and separate
operation if the cement plant purchases
a portion of its raw materials.
The plant proper should be located
as near the quarry as is feasible to cut
down transportation costs on the raw
materials. Fuel, a major item of expense
should be easily available.
Natural gas can be piped to any location
but transportation costs on coal
may be a deciding factor in the location
of the plant if natural gas is not
obtainable at reasonable cost.
The manufacture of cement in the
United States is a huge industry. The
value of the cement produced annually
leads all other non-metallic products
and about equals the combined value
of gold and zinc. In 1938, the United
States produced 105,357,000 barrels
of cement with a value of about
$154,000,000."'
Beneficiation
Cement is such a low priced product
that any beneficiation process must be
correspondingly low in cost and in
addition must offer advantages which
will offset the added cost of the
process.
Grinding the raw materials before
clinkering represents one of the major
cost items in any cement plant and
this cost is also one of the chief items
of any concentrating plant. Since the
raw materials must be ground in either
case the concentration can be effected
without any appreciable increase in
the cost of this item.
In general, limestone is the material
constituting the greatest tonnage so if
the analysis of the limestone can be
controlled by concentration it is much
easier to control the analysis of the
final mix than if one of the minor
constituents of the mix was concentrated.
Thus, we find that flotation
of limestone is coming into fairly wide
use in localities where suitable raw
limestone is becoming exhausted.
Limestone is being treated by flotation
at the plant of the Valley Forge
Cement Company, W^est Conshohocken,
Pennsylvania at the rate of
700 tons per day.^
The limestone containing mica,
quartz and iron oxides as impurities
is ground wet to 85%—200 mesh and
sent to a hydroseparator which makes
a separation between the very fine and
the coarser material. In addition, the
hydroseparator controls the tonnage
of feed to the flotation cells.
Oleic Acid is added to the cell feed
and is thoroughly conditioned in a
turbo-mixer ahead of the cells. Cresylic
Acid is added to the cells,to produce
frothing. Concentrates high in
calcium and low in silica, mica and
iron, join the fines from the hydroseparator
and the combined product
goes to a final thickener for dewatering.
The flow sheet permits great
flexibility in the control of the calcium
content of the final mixture of concentrates
and fines. Recovery of the
Calcium Carbonate is around 98%
based on concentrates plus hydroseparator
fines.
Several advantages to be derived
from the flotation of limestone:-for
cement manufacture are:^ A reduction
in the cost of mining because
selective mining is unnecessary. Dirty
or lean spots in the limestone beds can
be mined and sent to the milling plant
where the impurities are rejected.
Lower grade limestone in proximity
to marketing centers now becomes
available for cement manufacture
when treated by flotation, whereas,
such limestone was heretofore unsuitable.
This also increases the
available reserves of limestone for cement
manufacture at locations near
the marketing centers.
Costs of grinding the raw materials
are reduced because the quartz is rejected
at relatively coarser sizes. Since
quartz is much harder to grind than
limestone, hence more expensive, any
rejection of coarse quartz is bound to
result in lower grinding costs.
Saving in fuel results from the
elimination of coarse quartz, and mica
because lower temperatures may be
used to produce the desired chemical
reaction when these impurities are
absent.
Costs of grinding the clinker are
reduced because it commonly happens
that coarse quartz particles pass
through the kiln unchanged. The
elimination of these coarse quartz
particles results in lower grinding
costs on the burned clinker.
By producing a high-grade limestone
concentrate, a cement plant will
find it unnecessary to buy high-grade
limestone for their mix. These purchases
of high-grade limestone have
become almost prohibitive in cost at
many plants. The cement is improved
in quality because a mix is obtained
which permits an optimum proportion
of elements for combination in
the kiln at normal temperatures. This
results in better properties in the
finished product. Various types of cement
may be produced from a single
bed of limestone where a high-grade
limestone is produced which permits
blending with other materials to give
any desired cement depending on the
market.
By-products from the flotation of
the limestone may be recovered and
sold if the market warrants. As far
as is known this has not been done,
yet, but the possibility remains.
A few of the disadvantages inherent
to any concentration process give the
other side of the picture and may have
such weight as to negitate the advantages
to be derived from the process
:
The cost of the concentrating plant
represents a considerable investment
which may mean additional financing
in order to permit construction.
Amortization of this plant cost means
that every barrel of cement produced
must hear its part of the cost of the
installation.
Operating costs of the concentrating
plant must be absorbed into the
selling of the finished product.
Tailing losses of limestone must be
charged against the concentration process
and this is reflected in increased
mining costs per unit of limestone
produced as a finished product by the
concentrator.
Whether limestone processing by
flotation or other means of beneficiation
would be economically advantageous
is a problem which will vary with
every cement manufacturer. Careful
study of the individual problem and
the balancing of advantages against
disadvantages is necessary to arrive at
any conclusion.
Other plants where limestone is
processed by flotation are reported in
Argentina, South Africa, France and
Finland.^
The trend in the cement industry
is beginning to turn toward the concentration
of limestone and as far as
can be predicted the trend is becoming
stronger and more widespread year by
year.
(Continued on page 140)
N B C
presents
MINES MEN
i n
"MAN AND MINERALS"
Over the Air - Feb. 18, 1940
T y p e of Gasoline for Automobiles
Announcer: The Colorado School of
Mines presents "Man and Minerals."
Announcer: Hei'e we are again,
comfortably seated in the office of
Doctor Arthur S. Adams, in
Golden, Colorado, for another
fifteen minutes with Doctor Adams,
Professor Robert Baxter of the
Chemistrj' Department, and Coach
John Mason, an athletic director
who is also interested in the scientific
and technical development of
his school. These programs are
written and presented by the faculty
and student body of the school in
co-operation with the Rocky Mountain
Radio Council. The discussion
is on the subject of tj^pes of
gasoline for automobiles. Here
they are:
Coach: You know, Doc, that car of
mine is certainly running smoother
these days.
Adams: Weil, that's fine. What
caused the improvement?
Coach: You remember I was telling
you that Professor Baxter was talking
to me about getting the right
type of fuel—
Adains: And you followed his suggestion
?
Coach: I thought I would try him
out, and he certainly was right.
Adams: Well, Baxter was coming
over this afternoon for a visit. I
would like to hear what he has to
say—
Adams: Here he is now.
Baxter.
Come in,
Baxter: Hello, Doc. Hello, Coach.
Coach: Hello, Baxter, glad to see j'ou.
Adams: We were just talking about
3'ou. John says that your suggestions
helped him a lot in buying
gasoline.
Baxter: I'm glad to hear that I did
help you to buj'' the right gasoline.
Adams: Well, what are the factors involved
in buying gasoline? I read
and hear lots of advertising, but,
frankly, I am confused by the
various terms—high-octane rating,
high-test, etc. What do they each
mean?
Baxter: The best way to explain that
is to consider for a minute the operation
of your automobile engine.
Coach & Adams: Yes—?
Baxter: As you know, the gasoline is
drawn into a carburetor where it
is mixed with many times its
volume of air.
Coach: And the result is a mixture
that will burn.
Baxter: That's right. This mixture
is drawn into the cylinder and compressed.
Coach: How much is it compressed?
Baxter: Oh—to about a sixth or a
seventh of its original volume.
Adams: That makes the pressure
about ninety pounds to the square
inch, doesn't it?
Baxter: Yes, more or less, depending
on the original atmospheric pressure
and on the compression ratio.
Coach: Does the compression ratio
have anything to do with the engine
efficiency ?
Baxter: Yes, the engine is more
efl!icient the greater the compression,
so modern design has gone to greater
and greater compression ratio.
Coach: The spark explodes the
compressed fuel mixture, doesn't it?
Baxter: Yes, and it's a peculiar thing
that the greater compression has the
disadvantage of causing the fuel to
burn so fast that it causes a distinct
knock.
Ada?ns: What are the disadvantages
of this knock?
Baxter: It puts a shock on the engine
parts, and equally important, it
makes the driver think that something
is wrong with his car.
Adams: Nobody likes to feel that he
is driving a wreck, huh ?
Baxter: No, indeed.
Coach: What was the stuif in the
gasoline you told me to buy that
made ray car quit knocking?
Baxter: Ethyl fluid and a generally
superior original gasoline, which together
gave it a higher octane number.

The Mines Magazine
for March, 1940 115
Coach: What do you mean by octane
number ?
Baxter: Octane number is just a
number to express the smoothness
•of burning of a gasoline.
Coach: Why not call it a smoothness
number, then ?
Baxter: .You could, but it happens
'that a very smooth burning' substance
called iso-octane was chosen
as a standard.
/Idams: Is this iso-octane found in
ordinary gasolines?
Baxter: Not enough to amount to
anything. It has to be manufactured
and is still relatively expensive.
Coach: Could I just buy a pint of it,
pour it into my gasoline and get
smooth burning?
Baxter: Yes. But the performance
probably wouldn't be very uniform.
Coach: You win. Let's get hack to
the definition of octane number.
Baxter: Well, it is the percentage of
iso-octane in a laboratory standard
mixture which gives the same
smoothness of burning as the gasoline
being tested.
/Jdams: Then the higher the octane
number of a gasoline, the less apt
it is to knock, or the smoother it
burns ?
Baxter: That's exactly it.
Coach: Why does this high octane gas
cost more?
Baxter: Well, its preparation involves
more work at the refinery and more
expensive equipment and materials.
Then, too, it gives premium performance.
Coach: That sounds reasonable, but
what do you mean by expensive
equipment ?
Baxter: The main expense is for
cracking stills.
Adams: I read somewhere that 60%
of the gasoline is now made by
cracking.
Baxter: That is somewhere near
right. Cracking has been a life
saver for the petroleum industry.
Coach: What is cracking, anj'way?
Baxter: Cracking is a breaking down
of the least valuable parts of petroleum
by heating them to high
temperatures. It also includes a
regulated recombination of the
fragments thus produced in order
to make superior motor fuels.
Ada?ns: Sort of like breaking up rocks
to make good concrete.
Coach: You mean to make the concrete
smoother, more uniform, and
easier to pour.
Adams: Makes it stronger, too.
Baxter: That explanation may not
have much to do with oil, but it
does make the picture clearer.
Coach: Hey, wait a minute, I can
see how they can crack the rocks
with a crusher, but how can an}'-
body crack an oil molecule?
Baxter: Well, that reminds me of a
story.
Coach £5" Adams: Let's have it.
Baxter: O. K. There was a man
hack in the Middle West who applied
for a patent on a cracking
device with rotating knives to cut
the oil molecules to pieces.
Coach: Well, did he cut the mustard?
Baxter: No, he didn't. You see he
overlooked the fact that the oil
molecules are so small that they
would just bounce off the edge of
the knife like a bail off a bat.
Coach: He was sort of a foul ball,
then?
Baxter: Something like that. At any
rate, the only practical way to crack
oil molecules is to heat 'em good
and hot.
Adams: How hot?
Baxter: Somewhere between seven
hundred and a thousand degrees
Fahrenheit.
Adams: If these fractions of petroleum
were not cracked, what other
uses would they have?
Baxter: Some of them are already low
grade gasolines which are made better
by cracking. The others are
mainly materials which would
otherwise be used as fuel oils just
for burning.
Coach: Is the value of the material
increased much by cracking?
Baxter: It is often more than doubled.
Coach: Then it is gasoline made hy
cracking which you meant when
you mentioned generally superior
original gasoline in the blend I am
now using.
Baxter: Right you are. That cracked
material is about ten octane numbers
better than the so-called
straight run material in much of
the cheaper gasoline.
Coach: You make the premium gasoline
sound almost as good as it does
in my car.
Adams: Now, my car is about five
years old. Is it worth while for
me to buy premium gasoline ?
Baxter: Probably not, unless it was
one of the few of that vintage that
was designed for high compression.
Adams: It is a strange thing, but my
car does not knock at all around
Denver, but when I was East last
summer, it sounded like a boiler
factory in full swing.
Baxter: No, we're not nearly as much
troubled in Colorado with knocking
of auto engines as people are down
near sea level.
Conch: Just another privilege of living
in Colorado, huh?
Baxter: That's about it. Tests were
made with 1937 cars at sea level, at
about the one mile level of Denver,
and at about twelve thousand feet
elevation on the Trail Ridge Road.
Coach: What were the results?
Baxter: The average requirements for
smooth operation were found to be
69 octane at sea level, about 50 at
the elevation of Denver, and only
18 up on Trail Ridge.
Coach: Well, when you were East,
Doc, you were nearer sea level
where the atmospheric pressure is
greater than it is here.
Adams: Of course.
Baxter: That would make the pressure
at ignition enough greater in your
car so that it would have paid you
to buy high-octane gasoline.
Adams: That is, if it were worth it
to me to spend the extra money to
prevent the annoyance of the knock.
Coach: Well—it would be to me.
Baxter: Actuallj% a smoother operation
of the engine would give you
more miles to the gallon of gasoline,
too.
Coach: How's that?
Baxter: There is more complete burning
of the fuel. Lubrication is
more efficient, and more energy
actually goes into the piston as a
push than as a blow.
Adams: But if you get this smooth
burning with relatively low-octane
number around Denver, high-octane
gasolines aren't as necessary here as
they are down at low elevations?
Baxter: Right. Several trucking concerns
actually blew out head gaskets
down in Kansas trying to make
runs to the East with low-octane
fuels which worked very well up
here.
Coach: How about the starting
properties of this high-octane gasoline?
Baxter: There is no direct relation
between the octane number and
ease of starting. Whether or not a
gasoline is quick-starting depends
on the temperature at which it boils
or vaporizes.
Coach: If it boils at a low temperature,
then it makes a mixture that
will burn quicker?
Baxter: Not quite. If the gasoline
boils more easily, more of it is
drawn in with the air as the engine
is cranked, and so there is more fuel
to burn.
Coach: That's why you use the choke
then in cold weather—to get more
gasoline into the mixture.
Baxter: Yes, that's it.
Adams: Suppose it's a hot day, though,
does the engine ever get hot enough
so that the gasoline vaporizes before
it gets to the carburetor?
Baxter: That it does, and causes that
most annoying car difficulty known
as vapor-lock. I came across a fellow
last summer driving a truck
over Loveland Pass. Visualize him,
stuck on the .side of the road,
fuming and scattering tools around,
but not getting anywhere.
Driver: Sure wish somebody'd come
along that knew what to do with
this thing. I don't know what ails
it.
Driver: Ignition checks out all right.
Tank's full of gas, but she won't
even cough.
Mechanic: Hey, there, what seems to
be the trouble? Need some help?
Driver: I sure do. I don't know
what's wrong with this thing.
Mechanic: Well, let's look her over.
Did you check the ignition ?
Driver: Yeah, and it's O.K.
Mechanic: What about gas?
Driver: Tank's nearly three-quarters
full.
Mechanic: Where did you get the
gas?
Driver: Down at the bottom of the
hill. Wanted to be sure to have
enough to get over this pull.
Mechanic: What kind did you buy?
Driver: Bought the best. That's
what the boss alwaj's tells us.
Mechanic: Well, guess we'll have to
look further, then.
Mechanic: You're not getting any gas
into the carburetor.
Driver: I just had that fuel line
cleaned out before I started on this
trip.
Mechanic: Can't help that. Not
enough gas is getting up to the
carburetor to keep the bowl full.
Driver: That sure beats me. Some
gas getting through. You can see
it—smell it, too.
Mechanic: Tell you what you do.
Bud. See that snowbank over
there—
Driver: Yes.
Mechanic: Just go over and get me a
handful of that snow, will you?
Driver: Well, I'll be—Of all the
crazy ideas. What do you expect
to do putting snow in this car?
Mechanic: Now, don't think I'm
crazy, but just bring that back here
as quick as you can. 1 think we'll
get this truck rollin' pretty soon.
Driver: Well-—-I hope so. Here y'
are.
Mechanic: Now, we'll just take this
snow—-
Driver: You're not going to mix snow
and gasoline, are you ?
Mechanic: No. We'll put the snow
around the gas line. Savvy? Now
jump in and turn her over.
Driver: O.K.
Driver: Well, I'll be a monkey's
uncle. What did you do?
Mechanic: You see—that gas you
bought was high-test gas that boils
at a low temperature.
Driver: Yeah.
Mechanic: And, you see how the gas
line goes along close to the hot exhaust
here—
Driver: Yeah—Oh, I get it. The
heat from the engine makes the gas
boil.
Mechanic: That's the idea—and
when that happens, your fuel pump
can't get enough gasoline to the
carburetor to keep the engine
running.
Driver: Then what kind of gas should
I buy?
Mechanic: Well, you know, 1 work
at the garage a couple miles down
the road, and I'd say you were O.K.
in buying that high-test gas as a
general thing, but,—er, so many
folks have had trouble with this
hill in the summer time that we
really recommend the third grade
white gas for this pull.
Driver: What do you call this trouble
anyway ?
Mechanic: You've had what is called
vapor-lock. Sometimes folks will
sit by the road for a couple of hours
and take the car ali apart.
Driver: I'hat's practically what I did.
Mechanic: They get it together again
about the time the gas line's cooled,
and away they go. They never do
find out what was wrong in the
first place.
Driver: Well, I'll sure know next
time. Thanks a lot. Bud. What
do I owe you ?
Mechanic: Oh, that's O.K. We'll
get you when you come back this
way.
Coach: If you buy that third grade
white gasoline for a hard pull on
a hot summer day, is it safe on the
engine ?
Baxter: The reputable companies
don't allow anything harmful even
in their third grade fuel, but there
are some concerns which are careless
and allow corrosive or gum
forming materials in their cheaper
grades.
Coach: I don't like to put anything
into my car which may run up repair
bills.
Adams: Neither do I. Gums may
stick the valves and cause a lot of
trouble. Cheap gasoline may be
very expensive if used regularly.
Baxter: I agree, but there are times
when one must do something to
keep cars going. There actually
used to be a station on the hill
between Cheyenne and Laramie
which made a specialty of mixing
kerosene—
Adams: Kerosene?
Baxter: —with gasoline to make it
possible for cars to get over that
hump in hot weather.
Coach: Why did they do that?
Baxter: To decrease the vapor locking
tendency by reason of the lower
volatility of the kerosene.
Adams: Is that still done ?
Baxter: No, in modern automobiles
fuel lines and pumps have been improved
and relocated so that they
don't get so hot. Then, too, gasolines
have much more uniform
volatility than they used to have.
Coach: Did that kerosene in the fuel
you were talking about do any
harm ?
Baxter: Frequently it did. Automobile
engines are not designed to
burn kerosene properly. Unburned
parts washed the lubricating oil
film down off the cylinder walls
and allowed excessive wear.
Adams: That ties in with what you
said a while ago about lubrication
being more efficient with modern
smooth-burning fuels.
Baxter: You are right. But there
are so many factors having to do
with these, it is by no means the
only item in connection with lubricating
oils.
Coach: I have always thought that
buying the right kind of oil was
much more important than buying
the right kind of gas.
Baxter: It is, so far as the life of the
engine in your car is concerned.
You know, I ran across a couple of
good ideas about lube oil the other
day—
Ada?}is: Well, I would certainly like
to hear 'em. Bob. But I have an
appointment in a few minutes. I
wish you would com.e over again—
say, next week about the same time
—-and we'll talk about them then.
Coach: I certainly don't want to miss
it. I'll be here, too.
(Continued on page 140)

1
90 1900 10 20
I • a r
The history of mineral exploitation
is a record of a struggle against increasing
natural diiEculties. It is commonplace
that the richer and more
accessible of the known deposits are
attacked first. As these are exhausted,
operations proceed to poorer and less
accessible deposits, and the physical
conditions become progressively more
difficult. For a while these may be
offset by more efficient management,
but there comes a time when with the
best of management the old mine cannot
compete. What happens to a
single mine happens also in time to an
entire district. For a while, operators
move on to new locations in the same
field, little, if any, inferior to the first.
But at length the easier locations have
been used up and subsequent operations
must be in leaner ores and thinner
deposits at greater depths. Discovery
of new bodies of rich ore may
interrupt the process, but otherwise,
the natural obstacles increase j'ear by
year, and in time the whole district
finds itself in the stage of increasing
costs and decreasing profits.
The anthracite coal district of
Pennsylvania is an excellent example
of this tendency. Mining has been
going on there for 130 years and
reserves are sufficient to last for
Mechanization
and Labor in the
MINERAL
INDUSTRIES
another 120 years at the present rate
of production. The district has entered
into the stage of maturity in
the production cycle and natural conditions
have been growing steadily
more difficult for the last half century.
The average thickness of the beds has
fallen, the depth has greatly increased
and, what is even more serious, many
of the collieries have passed from the
first mining to the second or even
third mining of pillars and stumps.
Due to this practice, parts of the city
of Scranton have suffered greatly because
of the caving of the surface.
These increasing difficulties have
swallowed up all of the economies due
to advances in mining methods and
equipment, which have been notable
in the anthracite mines, and the output
per man per day is actually less
than it was a generation ago. Production
costs are increasing and this
handicaps the industry in competing
with other fuels.
This ominous record of steadily
growing difficulties, reflected in increasing
costs can be matched in
thousands of individual mines and
scores of districts around the world.
In England the condition is general
and no small part of the present economic
troubles of the British is due
By CHARLES R. CUTLER, '39
Howe Sound Co., Holden, Washington
to the unequal competition between a
land in the stage of increasing costs
of mining and newer lands where the
costs are still being reduced. The
tendency of natural conditions to grow
more difficult is universal, but it is
often counterbalanced by other tendencies
in the opposite direction—the
discovery of new deposits, the expansion
of transport which opens up deposits
formerly inaccessible, and the
improvement of technology.
First among the factors offsetting
the tendency toward diminishing returns
is the discovery of new deposits.
In the United States the factor of
discovery was exceedingly influential
during the nineteenth century, and to
it the increasing supply of minerals
was largely due. As in other countries,
the period of maximum activity
in exploration followed on the heels
of settlement. The wave of discovery
reached its crest in the thirty years
following the California gold rush
and by the end of the century the
great finds possible through surface
exploration and prospecting had largely
been made.
Among the metals, no prizes comparable
with Butte or the Comstock
Lode have been found in the continental
United States in the last thirtyfive
years. In almost every district,
applied geology has developed large
additions to the reserves, but the
bearded prospector equipped with pick
and burro made the original discovery.
Of the thirty-three leading districts
producing gold, silver, copper, lead,
zinc and iron, only five have been
found since 1900 and none at all
since 1907. In Europe and Australasia,
also, the day of brilliant success
in surface prospecting seems over.
In just two regions of the world is
anything like the wave of discoveries
which followed the California gold
rush now going on—in Africa, especially
Rhodesia and the Congo, and
in Northern Canada. The nineteenth
century was the age of dazzling discovery;
in the twentieth the battle
against increasing costs must fall more
heavily upon factors of transport and
technology.
The second offsetting factor in the
battle against increasing costs is transportation
which frequently brings into
use deposits already known but
hitherto inaccessible. The classic example
of this is the opening of the
transcontinental railroads. Many of
the western mining districts, first
worked for placer gold, were known
to contain the baser metals, but not
until rail transport was provided could
large scale exploitation of them begin.
The early freight rates were often
prohibitively high, as shown by the
following example (1): "One shipment
of 35% copper ore from the
Green Mountain claim at Butte,
Montana, to the works at Baltimore
in 1877 gave no profit to the shipper
after the mining, freight, and reduction
costs were paid, although the ore
carried about $130 a ton in copper (at
19c lb.) and not less than $50 a ton
in gold and silver." As the railroad
had not reached Butte at this date,
part of the transportation expense
represented the cost of wagon haulage
to the railhead, and the smelting
charges were undoubtedly high because
of the arsenic content of the ore.
At Austin, Nevada, for example, shipments
in 1862-1866 were made by
wagon 330 miles to Sacramento; by
1869 the railhead of the Pacific Central
Railway was within 95 miles of
Austin. This helped to cheapen mining
supplies. From 1866 to 1869 candles
dropped 33%, blasting powder
20%, steel 18% per lb., iron 37%
per lb., rope 12% per lb., and California
timber 10% per M ft. The
railroad also helped to bring in an
adequate supply of labor. Dozens of
other western mining camps had essentially
similar benefit from the railroads.
The railroads themselves made
great profits from the mining camps
which they served—sometimes greater
profits than the mines. The first railroad
to reach Leadville from Pueblo
made enough in its first year of
operation to pay for its complete cost
of construction.
With rail connections established
after 1870, a stream of non-ferrous
metal poured upon the markets of the
world, the effects of which are clearly
apparent in contemporary records of
increasing production and declining
price, (Fig. 1 & 2). As late as 1914
when roads like the Louisville and
Nashville pushed their way thru the
southern mountains, they opened up
coal fields known to exist but previously
inaccessible. At the present time
the growth of automotive transport
is acting to increase available supplies
of minerals, although on a much
smaller scale than was characteristic
of the railroads. Better roads and
cheaper trucks make available scattered
deposits too small to justify railroad
construction. Even low value
materials, such as coal, have been moved
distances as great as 100 miles by
truck.
As the earth's surface is prospected
and the network of primary transport
facilities is pushed nearer to completion,
the potential help of discovery
and transportation in cost reduction
become less and the burden of overcoming
the increasing difficulties of
mining falls more and more upon technology.
Both discovery and transport
have been less active in the twentieth
century while technologic advance has
proceeded at a pace which was never
more rapid than at the present time.
Technology has affected the supply of
minerals both hy advances in the art
of mining and by increasing the efficiency
of utilization which sometimes
comes through economies in the
recoveries and use of by-products and
sometimes through the development
of substitutes-
Running through all branches of
mining is the tendency to replace hand
labor by machine labor. It can be
most clearly illustrated by reference
to coal mines. Steam and compressed
air have given way to electricity.
Haulage underground is largely electrified
and even in the gathering of
single cars in rooms the mule is
rapidly yielding to the faster and more
powerful electric locomotive. Use of
the cutting machine has almost entirely
displaced the old time hand methods
by which the miner undercut the
seam. For the drilling of shot holes,
portable electric drills are now being
used. Until recently the back breaking
labor of shoveling the coal from
the floor of the mine to the mine car
resisted all efforts at mechanization.
This last stand of heavy labor is now
yielding and machines in great variety
—loading machines, power shovels,
scrapers, "duckbills" and moving convej'ors—are
available for this task.
The progress of mechanization underground
is paralleled hy advances in
open pit mining on the surface, where
huge power shovels with a capacity of
32 yards to the bite now handle an
overburden of 4-2 feet of dirt and rock
to win an 18 inch seam of coal.
Parallel to mechanization have been
advances in the art of handling
ground, the peculiar province of the
mining engineer. These are best illustrated
in metal mining, particularly
the outstanding change from the carefully
selective mining of the early Any?,
to the mass methods now applied to
the large low grade deposits of the
west. Until recently an essential part
of the skilled miner's task was to select
the valuable ore from the waste,
carefully picking out the pieces of
high value and discarding the refuse.
His skill lay largely in his ability to
discriminate between the high grade,
valuable material and the inferior.
The transition from this older selective
mining to the mass methods
where all the material in the mineralized
area is removed, waste as well
as ore, and the sorting and cleaning
are done on the surface, constitutes a
major change in the art of mining.
Giant open-cuts have come into use on
the surface; below ground, methods of
caving and handling large blocks of
ground have been developed and the
economies thus effected in mining it-
Decline in Price of Metals.

118 The Mines Magazine
1,100,
l.OOO,
900
800.
TOO
600
500
•too
300
200
GrepSi Bhowlns trani of employmfint m lalnlne.
/
y
r Mina W
1B70 iBEo • 1890 isoo 1910 isio 1930
the working time per man per day has
decreased, and the average tenor of
the ore has decreased.
The U. S. B. M. Technical Paper
No. 203 gives the following data
which compares the effect of mechanization
on the production of limestone
per man-day:
Hand shoveling
Steam shovel
1,000
750
500
250
An thrac Ite ( ni Bit imij
/
V S .
self far offset the extra work of eliminating
waste matter in cleaning and
concentrating plants on the surface.
These advances in underground technology,
especially mass mining of metallic
ores were made possible by parallel
advances on the surface which
made possible the separation of valuable
minerals from waste. The development
of the famous porphyry
coppers is due quite as much to flotation
as to the steam shovel and underground
caving systems.
The average output per man registers
the net result of this battle of
natural difficulties against man directed
forces. As long as each man's
labor obtains increasing amounts of
mineral, technology and its allies are
winning over the handicaps of nature,
and costs are declining. On the other
hand, if the output per worker is falling,
the natural difficulties are winning
and the costs are tending to increase.
In all branches of mining,
there has heen a practically continuous
increase in the output per man, both
in the tonnage per man and in the
pounds of metal recovered per man
per day. At the same time, the prices
of mineral or metal have decreased.
Tons per man-day
Tons per man-day
1 _ 18 133
2. 15 90
3 - 25 171
4 20 63
At one mine in Southeast Missouri
{U. S. B. M., I. C. 6170) machine
mucking requires 0.061 man-hours per
ton and hand mucking 0.416 manhours
per ton.
Tlaiid mucking
Tons per man-day
Machine murking
Tons per man day
19.2 131
In both of these examples, it is evident
that the effect of mechanization is
to directly displace six shovelers. '
Although the net effect of the expansion
of the railroad as a mechanization
force in the mineral industries
was to open up and make possible the
exploitation of western mineral deposits,
it increased the employment of
labor in these industries. Modern
mechanization of mines in the United
States is tending to make possible the
exploitation of lower grade deposits,
but at the same time is decreasing the
actual number of men employed by direct
displacement.
Mechanization in mining probably
began with the invention of the lever
and has continued to be developed to
the present. The invention of explosives
and rock drills probably enhanced
the exploitation of minerals to
a great extent. They increased the
employment. Mechanical mucking
machines and scrapers were developed
at the end of the nineteenth century
but, due to unsuccessful applications
and the opposition of labor in some
districts, they were not much used
imtil the 1920's. The decade 1921 to
1931 witnessed the greatest increase
in the use of mucking and scraping
machinery. The effect of this mechanization
on labor employment in coal
and metal mining is clearly apparent
from the graph given above.
The following graphs, taken from
studies of Tryon and Schoenfeld, show
well the trend of output per worker
in the mines of the United States.
In the anthracite mines and mercury
mines, the production per man
has been decreasing steadily since
1909, and, therefore, costs have been
rising. It is estimated that there are
eleven billion metric tons of anthracite
Bltuml lOUi
Antlir
1860 1870 1880 1889 1902'09 1919 1929
Year
fiOPP |H ME 'AL - Pounds per man-yaar
50.000
JfOjOOO
30,000
20,000
10,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
/
i860 1870 1880 I889 1902 '09 1919 1929
500
year
ft tons
0
i860 1870 1880 I889 1902'09 1919 1929
Year
40
^MEBCURY ^ FlaBkB per mati-year.
1860 1870 188O 1889 1902'09" 1919 1929
Year
now remaining underground in Pennsylvania
out of an original nineteen
billion tons. Of the eight billion tons
difference, about half has been rained
and the rest left underground for support.
Unless new and cheaper methods
are found to mine the remaining
coal, in the face of direct competition
with the cheaper bituminous coal and
(Cotttinued on page 139)
e
/
SCIENCE
PART I.
By DART WANTLAND, '36
Assistanl Prolessor of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines,
A Lot of Banjo Work
A geophysicist is sometimes embarrassed
by the fact that in the public
mind geophysical instruments are
often considered to be "Doodlebugs".
To sorae observers geophysical apparatus
is apparently quite mysterious.
This was once brought home to us by
the remark of a cowboy who visited
the camp of a Torsion Balance survey
party which we were on some years
ago. One of our small, Z-beara, balances
was set up in a corner of the tent
for adjustment when the cowboy
dropped in. He had probably never
seen one of these instruments at close
range and was slightly awed by the
seemingly intricate wiring from the
batteries to the lights required in
photographic recording. To him the
automatic clock work for switching on
these lights and for turning the instrument
into different azimuths must
have been somewhat amazing. After
some silent contemplation his comment
was "There shure is a lot of
banjo work on one of them there instruments".
Pliers Affect the Reading
We can also attest to the difficulty
of trying to explain to a farmer what
we were doing on his land when
taking a reading with a magnetometer.
If the station were not completed before
he arrived on the scene, the situation
was further complicated by the
necessity of asking him to move back
a few paces, as the pliers in his pocket
were affecting the instrument .so that
we could not take the reading. An
intelligible explanation of the magnetometer
in words of one syllable is
THE tylEOmVA'.. -V^y^YC AfO HI
DIVINING "^.--O - 'V,-.L.!---.OL./-. I556:
The Medieval Prospector and his divining rod, reproduced from Original
Woodcut from Agricola's De Re Metallica, Sixteenth Century.
not satisfying to anyone, especially to
a farmer, under such circumstances.
Tact also was called for as generally
agricultural gentlemen are "big and
husky" and moreover, the magnetometer
operator was usually legally
a trespasser.
Arguing With a Lawyer
The general public belief that geophysical
instruments and "Doodlebugs"
are synonymous and in fact the
entire case of the "Doodlebug" vs.
applied geophj^sics is covered hy letters
which we exchanged with a lawyer in
Nevada in 1933. The first letter from
this gentleman, whose real name will
not be mentioned, was as follows:
"August 26, 1933
Dear Sir:
"The writer is carrjdng on an investigation
and study into the general
subject of mineral detectors such as
are commonly called, divining rods,
mineral rods, seismograph, torsion balance,
etc. To this end, I am undertaking
an extensive correspondence
with sources which may or are most
likely to have information on this subject.
"I will certainly appreciate it if
yon would provide me with such information
as you have or the name

120 The Mines Magazine
•for March, 1940 121
prospecting, and the second gives a
list of references to various phases of
the subject. I think these two will
cover your inquiry.
"There is a distinct line, as you no
doubt know, between divining rods or
mineral rods, and geophysical instruments
and methods. There are several
companies and individuals who
undertake geophysical surveys, such as
International Geophysics Inc. of Los
Angeles. Their advertisements appear
in the Arizona Mining Journal
or Mining and Metallurgy.
"If we can be of further assistance
in the matter, kindly let us know.
Yours very truly,"
Back came the following—and the
cat was out of the bag. The second
letter often tells the story.
"September 11, 1933
Dear Mr. Wantland:
"I appreciate very much your letter
of the 6th inst., and the two
quarterlies. The material therein
contained is exactly what I wanted.
"My interest in the subject of Applied
Geophj^sics arose about two
months ago when an acquaintance of
mine told me that he had an instrument
to locate gold and other mineral
accumulations, including oil. At first
I took little interest in his statement
but after thinking it over, decided to
investigate the instrument and put it
through a number of experimental
tests to determine its reactions. This
took me ta the known conditions existing
in Signal Hill and Dominquez oil
fields of Los Angeles County, California.
In many instances, extending
•over a period of four days, where the
instrument's reactions could be
verified by previous drilling operations,
I found an exact correlation.
"Structurally, this instrument consists
of three parts: (1) a tender twig
about 24 inches long, inch in
diameter, on one end of which is inserted
(2) a diamond shaped, wooden
cone about two inches long and one
inch in diameter, inside of which cone
is placed (3) a small capsule containing
certain liquid substance having an
affinity for the particular mineral being
sought. Various of these so-called
"cones", each containing different
liquid substances, especially made for
contacting the different minerals, enables
one to locate a particular deposit.
That is to say, at least, that
after 60 days of practical experimentation,
I actually believe the foregoing
statement is true.
"It seems that the discoverer, Mr.
X,^ can, after a few hours of experi-
^ Name fictitious for obvious reasons. •
menting, ascertain a liquid substance
which has an affinity for the hair of
an animal, after first having for use
in such work, some hair of the particular
animal. Then he makes an instrument
which will give contact with the
animal from which the hair has been
taken. Contact on a dog is obtained
fully half mile away.
"Any person can operate the instrument,
and by following the direction
of its point, one is able to locate the
ore deposit being sought, or the oil
area. When standing directly above
the deposit, the instrument takes a
definite position perpendicular to the
earth's surface. Contact with the
Signal Hill oil field was obtained a
distance of 8 miles, while on a large
mine, gold, in Northern California,
contact with the instrument for gold
was obtained at a distance of about
5 miles.
"I think the instrument is a
'specific' because in experimenting
with gold it will contact that in the
crown of one's tooth, in different kinds
of gold ore and the gold bullion, and
it will remain unaffected by the
presence of other minerals placed in
immediate neighborhood.
"Now Mr. Wantland, I don't expect
you to laugh at my credulity, if
such it is, that causes me to believe
this man might have something of
great benefit and commercial value, in
geophysical prospecting. I am not a
geophysicist, nor even a scientist, except
to know that if this instrument
is of any value whatever, it must be
systematic and exact in its reactions.
Besides wishing that your department
would investigate this thing, I want
to know how a geophysicist would express
the affinity or attractive powers
of the minerals, and whether or not
it is a scientific fact that all minerals
have a drawing power.
"Appreciating a reply, I am
Very truly yours,
John W. Blank"
To this we replied:
"September 26, 1933
Dear Mr. Blank:
"I took up the question raised in
your letter with Dr. Heiland, head
of the department. He advises that
if Mr. X will send us his instrument
or if he cares to have us put it to a
test, we will be glad to do so.
"In reply to the last paragraph of
your letter I can say that indeed I do
not laugh at your credulity. The
statement is quite correct 'that if the
instrument is of any value whatever,
it must be systematic and exact in its
reactions.' All of the instruments of
applied geophj'sics are exactly that;
however, it is a point of note that geophysical
instruments as we know them
are not in any sense mysterious nor
do they contain 'a tender twig about
24 inches long—', etc. Your description
of Mr. X's instrument is typical
of almost any 'doodle hug'.
"Geophysicists work with the
physical properties of rocks and minerals,
which properties are weli known
and subject to measurement. As for
minerals having a 'drawing power', I
do not know what you mean; that is,
of the kind involved in the device of
Mr. X. All minerals and rocks or
rock formations, however, do have
specific physical properties. If said
physical properties of a particular ore
deposit or geological condition are
sufficiently marked from similar
specific properties of the surroundings
of the deposit, such a situation may
lead to the detection of the particular
deposit or the outlining of said structure
by geophysical surveys.
"For example, the electrical conductivity
of sulfide ore bodies may
differ sufficiently from the gangue
rock to permit the location of the ore
body by geophysical survey. Or the
density of the salt core of a salt dome,
even though buried several thousand
feet, may be sufficiently different from
the density of the surrounding to permit
the location of the salt domes by
means of geophysical surveying.
"An instrument with an almost unbelievable
sensitivity, such as Mr. X's,
which can contact a dog at one-half
mile distance is beyond my ken. However,
the Etvos torsion balance which
is used in the location of salt domes
measures variations in the force of
gravity of the earth's field in units of
1 X lO-'* (0.000000001 dynes,) which
is a very sensitive instrument of an
understandable kind.
"I trust that my letter will serve
to make clear the contrast between the
instruments with which we work and
the one j^ou describe. Please do not
consider that we have any personal
feeling in this matter; we are very
glad to give you an unbiased opinion
on this subject, as is shown by Dr.
Heiiand's offer in the first paragraph
of this letter.
Yours very truly,"
The gentleman from Nevada was
apparently not convinced and got his
pen into high gear to write us this
letter:
"October 6, 1933
Dear Mr. Wantland:
"Thank you very much for your
letter of the 26th ult., and the interest
shown in helping me to judge the
device of Mr. X. I particularly like
the fair attitude of your letter, and
the offer of yourself and Dr. Heiland
to test the instrument; perhaps, a
little later it will be possible for us
to journey to Golden and meet you
personally, at which time an opportunity
could be afforded to testing the
instrument.
"About two months ago, when this
matter first came to my attention, I
failed to keep an appointment to go
into the field with it, because I concluded
that it was only another doodle
bug, to investigate which, I did not
care to take the time. However, after
thinking the matter over further, I
decided that I did not want to be in
the class of men who ridiculed
scientific inventions or discoveries, or
call the man a 'fool' who sought to
develop some new method of geophysical
prospecting. Consequently, I
went out with Mr. X, and after seeing
him locate about 16 ounces of gold
bullion, hidden from his view, doing
the same myself, and also picking out
gold bearing veins in already 'proven'
territory, I took him to the Signal
Hill and Dominguez Oil Fields of
Los Angeles County, California, and
there worked with him for three days.
A number of times in picking out
faults, it was possible for us to have
the reactions of the instrument checked
by previous drilling operations, and I
found an exact correlation. Of course,
I could not help but think seriously
of the reliability of the instrument
after these showings, yet I know that
more extensive and scholarly-like field
investigations must be made before
any credence will be placed in the
instrument, or it could become accepted
as of any value. I realize,
also, that such investigation should be
carried on by your department in
order to be of any conclusive worth,
and that my findings and report would
he about as free from merit as a layman's
legal brief.
"In the beginning, I studied various
methods and the scientific principles
involved, as written by Dr. C. A.
Heiland in the Quarterly of March,
1929, which you sent me, and also
the 'Elements of Geophysical Prospecting,'
concerning the display at
the World's Fair. From this study,
it appears that the instruments now
being used in geophysical survey work
'indirectly' aid the geophysicist in locating
valuable minerals and oil areas,
for the reason, as your letter stated,
that 'all minerals and rocks or rock
formations however, do have specific
properties of the surroundings of the
deposit or structure, such a situation
may lead to the detection of the particular
deposit or the outlining of said
structure by geophysical surveys'.
"Now then such instruments are
already perfected and, as I am led to
believe, are based upon definite, wellknown
and understood scientific
principles. They bear no relation to
the so-called 'doodle bug' family, the
various instruments and devices of
which depend upon certain psychic or
physiological elements not known or
understood, and are therefore, deemed
'unscientific'. They are not scientific,
because, presumably, not based on
known scientific facts, and not systematic
and exact in their reaction.
"Mr. Wantland, it appears to me
the instrument of Mr. X is systematic
and exact in its reactions, and my
greatest trouble is to understand the
physical principle involved. Off-hand,
and at the expense of showing a laj'-
man's ignorance, I am wondering if
the particular accumulation of oil is
not constantly exerting a definite
'field of force' about it, which force
has the power of attraction to persuade
the minute gaseous substance
that Mr. X has placed in the cone of
his instrument? The same with gold.
Of course, if this were true, one can
readily see many things that might
affect its reactions, such as the influence
of physical properties of other
mineral bodies, but so far as my investigation
has gone, it seems the instrument
for gold remains unaffected
by presence of other minerals, the
same in respect to the instrument for
oil—the gaseous substance being
different in each instance.
"Without in the least wanting to
say that there is any merit to this
instrument {although I actually think
there may be), I would not want to
take it less seriously merely because
of the simplicity of its construction
and its similarity, therefore, to 'almost
any doodle bug'. For in this respect,
the man in his crude and simple way
could see this type of construction of
the device as a means to 'employ' his
particular method. Concededly, if
Mr. X has any discovery of merit it
should he employed in a more scientific
looking instrument; for as you say, it
looks like a doodle bug.
"After all this rambling, I hardly
see the purpose of it, except that I had
to write to you anyway to express
again my appreciation for your correspondence.
I surely feel as- though
I want our department to look into
this thing, but am unable to get away
at this time. I will be very glad to
keep up correspondence with you, if
you have the time, and should I ever
he of any service to you here, please
feel free to call upon me. Any suggestions
you have, I will surely appreciate.
Yours very truly,
John W. Blank"
In answer to such a powerful
epistle we said:
"October 13, 1933
Dear Mr. Blank:
"I discussed the additional points
which you raised in your last letter
with Dr. Heiland. He says that this
idea of 'supposed affinity' has been
prevalent during the last twenty or
thirty years. It has proved successful
in extracting dollars from the
pockets of numerous credulous individuals.
The more data and angles
that you give on this instrument, the
more it looks to me like a 'doodle bug'.
"It is not so much a point that we
who consider things from a scientific
angle do not believe or have faith in
new things that causes us to feel that
this proposition is nothing but a
'doodle bug'. But it might be put
down on the basis that in our experience
things just do not work that way.
We know that there is nothing mysterious
about our geophysical instruments.
We know that they operate
on definite scientific principles which
are well known and understood, and
we can almost invariably draw a line
between scientific instruments and
'doodle bugs' on a basis of the fact that
these will perform for any person
familiar with their use. In other
words, it requires no psychic powers
or special gifts of providence for any
man of ordinary intelligence to learn
to operate a magnetometer, but, as I
have probably mentioned hefore, this
other class of devices, which for want
of a hetter word, are termed 'doodle
bugs', invariably operate successfully
only for their owner.
"I have come in contact, during the
eight years I have been connected with
geology and geophysics work, with
numerous people who had faith in
such instruments, and usually, the
owner of these devices, himself, has
faith. In other words, whether Mr.
X believes in it, is, after all, not involved.
The question in which we
are interested is, is his device based
on sound scientific principles? We
have no other way of judging these
matters.
"Upon reading your last letter, I
could not help hut believe that
possibly there was an angle to this
proposition somewhat akin to the acting
of the ouija board, automatic
writing, table tipping, etc., as well as
transference of thought. Of course,
we are here getting over into another
realm—a field in which one man's
guess is as good as another's.

122 The Mines Magazine
for March, 1940 123
"Your letter brought to my mind a
game which, as children, we used to
play. It went something as follows:
One child would leave the room, then
the others would agree among themselves
upon a particular object. The
one who had left the room would return
and if he kept his mind in a sort
of vacant state while the others were
intently concentrating upon the
designated object, he would be impelled
toward that object and would
eventually be able, almost invariably,
to successfully designate it. This
matter of transference of thought may
he the crux of Mr. X's device. From
what you tell me of the tests to which
you have subjected this instrument,
there was no situation in which the instrument
was actually called upon to
perform in the absence of individuals
who did not know more about the
geology and conditions of the spots
studied than Mr. X. For example,
from what I personally know of the
oil fields at Signal Hill and elsewhere
in the Los Angeles basin, these conditions
are obvious almost at once even
to a man who is blindfolded. In that
region oil fields almost invariably are
found on topographically high places
which would lead to the obvious, and
in this instance, generally accurate
conclusion, that wherever there was a
high place there was a likelihood of
oil. The success of willow wands for
the location of the proper places in
which to drill water wells lies in the
fact that there are very, very few
places in which, if a well is drilled
deep enough, water will not be encountered.
I have read of a test conducted
in France to check the reliability
of 'water witches'. It was found
that they passed over known subsurface
water, and their instruments
indicated the presence of water where
it was known that none existed.
"I trust that these additional ideas
on this problem may be of assistance
to you. Our offer still holds good to
put this instrument to a test without
prejudice.
Yours very truly,
P. S. It might be added that 'willow
wands' are 'old stuff' as is shown by
the enclosed picture taken frora the
ancient book, 'De Re Metallica', published
in 1550."
It is of note that even to this day
Mr. X. has not submitted his instrument,
with its tender 24-inch twig, to
be tested by the geophysics department.
The end of our exchange of
correspondence came with a final letter
from my friend in Nevada. We
felt that by this time we were friends
or at least pen pals. In this parting
note he said:
"November 24, 1933
Dear Mr. Wantland:
"Many thanks for j^our letter of today
of the clipping taken from Engineering
& Mining Journal concerning
the doodlebug story^. It surely
provoked a laugh from myself and
other men in the office at the time I
opened the letter.
"1 have never invested any money
in my client's enterprise, nor ever
made a statement to anybody else concerning
the usefulness of his instrument.
Before doing such things, I
corresponded with you and the U. S.
Bureau of Mines at Washington and
studied the material sent to me. After
three or four months have passed, I
have come to the same attitude of
mind as yourself.
"However, in ail this, I have
learned one thing and realize it more
fully now; that is, when a matter is
placed before rhe concerning which
there are professional men working
and studying, I will not hesitate to
take it up with them before going very
far. Naturally so, because I am expecting
the same thing from those
who become ray clients in legal matters.
"You have certainly been a wonderful
help to me in setting me right concerning
doodlebugs, etc., and I hope
the day will come when I can return
the favor. To date, I presume my
correct classification is this—a small
town, struggling lawyer, so I am not
able to reward you financially. So
thanking you for past favors and wishing
you the hest of success in your
chosen field, I am,
Very truly yours,
John W. Blank"
Conclusion
We do not know whether a moral
can be pointed or a tale adorned from
what has heen presented above. We
are, however, coming to the conclusion
that the raised eyebrow and the
implication of heresay applied to all
doodlebugs and to all doodlehuggers is
not a sufficient answer. The owners
of such devices are sometimes very
sincere men; one of them from Kansas
indicates by his letters that he is a
clergyman. It is probable that Mr.
X also believed in himself and his instrument.
It would appear that the
cloak of orthodoxy is no bomb-proof
shelter for the geophysicist for the
doodlebugger and his doodlebug, like
the spot on the hand of Lady McBeth,
"will not out." Geophysicists it seems
will have to struggle along, as hest
they may, with their scientific devices.
' 'riiis doodlebug story wiil appear in Part II of
tills article.
These, imperfect tools that they are,
perhaps are handicapped by the very
fact that they operate on known and
sound physical principles and are unfortunately
quite unable to contact a
dog fully half a mile away. There is
yet hope for science, however, as geophysical
instruments are improving
year by j^ear and they may some day
be able to catch up with the doodlebugs,
• In Memoriam
Samuel J. Clausen, Jr.
S. J. Clausen, Jr, died at the home
of his sister in Clear Lake, Iowa, on
December 26, 1939. He had not been
well for over a year following an automobile
accident and went to Iowa in
an endeavor to regain his health.
Mr. Clausen was a native of Clear
Lake and spent the early years of his
life there. Upon finishing High
School, he entered the Colorado
School of Mines frora where he was
graduated in 1911.
His first two years out of school
were spent in Montana and Utah and
from there he went to Durango,
Mexico, as engineer for the Mexican
Candelaria company, remaining with
them five years and working up to the
position of general superintendent.
Due to revolutionary conditions he
severed his connections and returned
to the States. After two j'ears spent
in Montana as general superintendent
of a small property he returned to
Mexico in 1921 as assistant superintendent
of the Alvarado Mining &
Milling coftipany at Parral, Chihuahua,
When the property was forced
to close down he went to California
and entered the employ of the Engineering
departraent of the city of Los
Angeles.
In 1926 he joined the staff of the
Howe Sound Company as superintendent
of their Calera property in
the state of Chihuahua, Mexico,
afterwards being transferred as general
superintendent in Zacatecas. He
was then put in charge of their Exploration
department in the States
and made his headquarters in Los
Angeles. He resigned this position in
1936 to take over consulting work in
Arizona at which he continued until
his death.
Mr. Clausen was married in 1913
to Miss Helen Peight of Denver who,
with a son and daughter, survive. He
is also survived by two sisters. Misses
Dora and Louise Clausen and a
brother, Bertie Clausen, of Clear
Lake, Iowa.
Masonic burial was held in Clear
Lake.
With the MANUFACTURER
Jackfurnace
Ingersoli-Rand Co., 11 Broadway, N.
Y,, announces the new "Jackfurnace" for
the rapid heating of their detachable rock
drill bits known as "Jackbits". Designed
especially for the servicing of Jackbits,
it can be used with either Jackmills (hotmills)
or Grinders. It can also be used
for heating shanks and rod ends for hardening.
# The Ingersoll-Rand "Jackfurnace"
equipped with automatic temperature
control.
Low pressure air from an induction
blower passes through a pre-heating
chamber before entering the burner,
thereby aiding combustion and increasing
efficieocy. Convenient controls enable the
operator to attain the proper mixture of
oil and air. The furnace can be equipped
with an automatic temperature control
device.
When heating Jackbits for rehardening,
the Jackfurnace will handle approximately
180 Jackbits per hour.
It is well insulated to insure low room
temperature for the operator. The manufacturer
furnishes, as standard equipment,
a loading spoon and an unloading device
to facilitate the handling of Jackbits to
and from the furnace, For Bulletin see
Index 833, page 126.
National Unit Pumpers
The National Supply Company has recentiy
added two new Unit Pumpers to its
Hue. These Units, known as the TU304-
HD30TB and the TUS304-HD3OTB, are
designed for medium single well pumping
service. The Type TU304-riD30TB
is made for installations on concrete foundations
and has the reduction gear mounted
directly on the frame. The Type
TUS304-HD30TB has the same features
and specifications as the Type TU304-
HD30TB Pumper except that a subbase
between the frame and reduction gear
provides the necessary height for the
counterweights to clear the bottom of the
frame, so that installation may be made
on derrick floors or on flat concrete patls.
Both Unils have a maximum polished
rod stroke of 48 inches and the safe load
NEW EQUIPMENT
nf walking beam is 12750 pounds APT.
The API peak torque rating is 76500 inch
pounds at 20 spm and the overall gear
ratio is 29.6. A fully equalized pitman
assembly and roller bearing wrist pin
housings are regidar equipment. Natioria!
Type B Eccentric Cranks and Counterweights
give infinitely and continuously
variable adjustability, both in Counterweight
effect and degree of lag and lead.
The Counterweights are of the one piece
type and are clamped in the desired position
nn the circular rim of the crank.
Adjustment is by power with no lifting
required. A complete description of these
two Units rnay be found in National
Descriptive Bulletin No. 260.
Protect Drawings
A new product for edging blueprints
and drawings has recently been announced
by the Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing
Company, Saint Paul, Minnesota.
Called Scotch Cellulose Edging Tape,
this product is an opaque, white, acetate
fibre tape of unusual strength. It has the
exact amount of adhesive to make a
permanent and lasting edge which will
not curl or peel off. Heat from the blueprint
machine does not aifect the tape and
edged sheets may be filed without danger
of sticking together.
Sheets which have been edged may be
run through a Continuous Blueprint Machine
as often as desired without danger
of tape sticking to the glass.
This product is for use in the new
Scotch Edger which does an excellent job
of edging and yet is of simple construction
with few working parts, selling at a
very low price.
McChesney Galvanized Steel
Wire Hose Bands
McChesney Galvanized Steel Wire Hose
Bands are recognized as one of the most
economical and practical means of permanently
securing hose lines to couplings,
for reclaiming short lengths of hose, and
for splicing new lines.
These bands are made from selected
steel having a high tensile strength yet
sufficiently pliable to conform readily to
the curvature of the hose, thus insuring
perfect and complete contact. They are
electrically welded.
Their ease of application—all necessary
equipment being a Hose Tool and a pair
of pliers—permits quick installation anywhere
in the field. They are recommended
for pressures up to 110 pounds, on air,
steam, water or suction hose lines. There
is no protruding ear or bolt to snag on
other objects when the hose is being used.
One size Hose Band fits two sizes of
hose, i.e., l" bands may be used on either
or 1" (inside diameter) hose, and
they are made for hose from Vz" to 6 .
The Universal Hose Too! is for bands
up to 2", while the Giant Hose Tool is
for hose up to 6" inside diameter.
Further particulars will be furnished by
Hose Bands Company, 720 North Bowman
Avenue, Danville, Illinois.
Hardinge "Electric Ear"
A Device for Operating
Grinding Mills by Sound
Hardinge Company, Incorporated, York,
Pennsylvania, announces the "Electric
Ear", a device that seems destined to
revolutionize methods of operating grinding
mills. In fact, so unique is it in conception
and so accurate in its performance

124
The Mines Magazine
for March, 1940 125
that already it has received wide recognition
from various Metallurgical Engineers
as well as operators in various types of
grinding plants throughout the country.
# Arrangement oi mill, feeder and Elec
trie Ear". The microphone under the
mill picks up the sound. The control
cabinet, located at any convenient point,
regulates the feeder to hold the mill at
any desired noise level. The noise level
is controlled by the adjustment of a dial
on the control cabinet.
The "Electric Ear" consists of a cabinet
and microphone, which is placed near the
mill, and which listens to the sound. The
noise produced by the mill is instantly
transmitted to the cabinet which controls
the feeder of the mill. Experience shows
that no matter how uniform the feed to
the mill may be, that there is always irregularity
due to size variation and other
factors that are directly related to the
noise produced by the mill. Therefore,
the idea! operating condition of the mill
cannot be steadily maintained by the
operator's own hearing. Sound is an important
factor in mill operation and the
"Electric Ear" listening to the noise of
the mill, whether it is quiet, normal or
"dead", automatically and positively reports
the sound to the cabinet which immediately
regulates the feed to the mill
to produce the most efficient operating
condition.
It is apparent that the new "Electric
Ear" method is a great contribution to the
art of operating mills. It relieves the
operator of the necessity of giving close
attention to the mill, because of its ability
to increase the overall efficiency of the
grinding circuit, by maintaining maximum
capacity without danger of overloading.
In addition, through its use, a far more
uniform product is produced.
The "Electric Ear" control circuit is
responsive to the slightest change in noise
level and may he used in either dry or
wet grinding, in open or closed circuit
with standard types of classifiers. Thus by
controlling the noise level when grinding
in open circuit, for example, the fineness
can be changed and the mill kept from
overloading, even though the hardness of
the feed changes and the size varies, due
to bin segregation or other causes.
In grinding in closed circuit, either wet
or dry, with screens or air classifiers or
wet mechanical classifiers, the fineness is
controlled independently of the noise level,
as the "Electric Ear" controls the feed so
that maximum capacity, at the desired
fineness, is maintained under all operating
conditions. In fact its use permits a higher
grinding rate within limits not possible
by manual operation, and the increase of
capacity is generally In excess of 10%.
The new "Electric Ear" lends itself to
use with various mechanisms and produces
ideal operating conditions in various
and many situations. Thus are operators
given the advantages that the "Electric
Ear" provides in a wide field.
New Line of Valves
The Kennedy Vaive Manufacturing
Company, Elmira, N, Y., announces a new
line of bronze globe and angle valves
with plug-type discs and renewable seat
rings for close control in throttling service
and for general heavy duty. These valves
are made in sizes from ^/4-in, to 2-In. for
200-Ib. steam at 550° F. and 400-ib. cold
water, oil or gas, non-shock; and In sizes
from %-in. to 3-in. for 300-lb. steam at
550° F. and 600-lb, cold water, oil or gas,
non-shock.
The plug type disc and renewable seat
ring are both of copper-nickel alloy, the
seat rings being made of a harder composition
than the disc. The angularity
and length of the disc and seat ring have
been proportioned to minimize wear at
small openings and to permit tight closure
even if the faces are partially damaged
in service; and each seat ring is matched
to its companion disc to assure full bearing
surface over the entire contact area
of each.
"Plant ^ews
New Plant io Manufactxire
Ajax Vibrating Screens
Construction has just been completed on
a new addition to the factory of the Ajax
Flexible Coupling Company, Westfield,
N. Y, This addition will house their
enlarged electric welding and assembly
departments for fabrication of Ajax
vibrating screens, conveyors and packers.
In commenting on this addition to plant
facilities, Wayne Belden, Vice President
stated, "The increasing Importance of accurate
separations in processing operations
throughout industries ranging from plastics
and foods to coal and ore has focused
attention on the increased vibrating speeds
and strokes made possible by the operating
principle of Ajax-Shaler Shakers. As a
result of these new operating standards
the design and fabrication of screens has
developed engineering problems which require
special handling to meet material
flow and fatigue stresses in high output
screens.
"Among the many applications of Ajax-
Shaler Shakers are scalping, single and
multiple deck screening, level and off level
conveying, and packing. Standardized
equipment has been developed to cover a
wide range of uses in these fields and we
consider it a significant result of the part
that engineering plays In the development,
improvement and economy of modern production
methods."
$63,899 for New Ideas
By G. E. Co., 1939
Employees of the General Electric Company
in 1939 received $63,899 for new
ideas adopted under the company suggestion
system. This was $12,497 more
than they received in 1938. Cash awards
ranged all the way from $2 to a top of
$525.
During the year, 26,901 suggestions
were made by employees which was 6702
more than in 1938, Of this total, 10,121
were adopted.
In the past 20 years more than $1,000,-
000 has been paid to employees for new
ideas and better ways to do the job. More
than 300,000 suggestions have been made
since 1919. In recent years the percentage
of adopted suggestions has increased.
Awards paid are not fixed, but are determined
on estimated savings and other
factors such as Ingenuity of the suggestors,
etc. Awards have been as high
as $1500.
Allis-Chalmers Men Get
N. A. M. Award
A commltte of distinguished scientists,
headed by Dr. Karl T. Compton, President
of the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, has designated three AlHs-
Chaimers men to receive the National
Association of Manufacturers special
award, each as being one of this country's
"Modern Pioneers",
The three men to be so honored by
American industry are Mr. Walter Gelst,
Allis-Chalmers Vice President, Dr. W.
M. White, Manager and Chief Engineer
of the company's Hydraulic Dept., and
Mr. R. C. Newhouse, Chief Engineer of
the company's Crushing and Cement Division.
The selection of these men Is the culmination
of more than six months of searching
by Dr. Compton's committee for men
whose pioneering on the frontiers of industry
have resulted in significant contributions
to the American standard of
living through increasing employment,
providing a new commodity or service,
reducing the cost of a product already in
use, or improving the quality of a product
already In use.
Mr, Gelst's contribution, for which the
committee selected him, was his invention
of the Texrope Drive which revolutionized
power transmission practices. In a matter
of a few years this invention has grown
into an industry in itself with Allis-
Chalmers producing It and 150 other
manufacturers operating as licensees under
the Geist patent. This invention has
resulted in the employment of thousands
of men.
Dr. White's award Is based on his invention
of the "Hydraucone" draft tube
for hydraulic turbines. Through this invention
the maximum amount of energy
is recovered from water discharged into
the turbine tail race which up to the time
of Dr. White's "Hydraucone" draft tube
was lost. This invention not only increased
the power output and efficiency
of hydraulic turbines, but permitted the
use of a shorter draft tube and hence
reduced the cost of necessary excavation
for the turbine installation.
Dr. White's Invention has been used
generally by Allis-Chalmers and other
large turbine manufacturers, as licensees.
It is impossible to estimate in dollars the
vast savings resulting from this invention,
Mr. Newhouse was designated by the
committee to be honored because of his
invention of the "Newhouse" and "Type
R" High Speed Crusher and his "Concavex"
grinding bodies for cement and
ore grinding mills.
The Newhouse crusher utilizes a high
speed hammer blow action on the material
while it is suspended in the air, as distinguished
from direct pressure crushing
used in old type crushers. This invention
permits the production of a lighter
weight, lower cost crusher with greatly
increased output. Large crusher manufacturers
in the United States and foreign
countries have been licensed under the
Newhouse patents,
N. A. M. Awards John V. N, Dorr
John Van Nostrand Dorr, president of
The Dorr Company and associated companies
here and abroad, was one of a
group of American inventors and research
scientists who received nineteen awards
as Modern Pioneers on the American
Front of Industry, from the National Association
of Manufacturers at the Waldorf-Astoria
Hotel, New York, February
27th. The awards were made on the
150th Anniversary of the founding of the
United States Patent System in recognition
of the contributions which these men
have made, through the medlumship of
their inventions, to the creation of new
jobs, new industries and new standards of
living.
The Modern Pioneers Celebration,
where these awards were made, was
sponsored by the National Association of
Manufacturers to focus public attention,
including that of moulders of public
opinion, upon the vital importance of
the patent system to American economic
and social progress. By paying honor
to the modern counterparts of such history-making
characters of the past as
Fulton, Whitney, Bell, Edison, Westinghouse
and Morse, the Association has endeavored
to show that if our American
progress is to continue, modern inventive
pioneers must be encouraged to explore
the industrial and scientific frontiers of
today, which offer more real opportunity
than the geographical frontiers of generations
ago.
Mr. Dorr received the National Award
as one of the leading chemical, metallurgical
and industrial engineers of this
country, as weli as a prolific inventor of
machines and processes that have had
far-reaching effects on American industrial
and social progress. His own many
inventions, supplemented by those of his
engineering staff (a total of over 1400
patents), have been applied successfully
JOHN V. N. DORR
in 70 separate and distinct processing industries,
making feasible the conversion
of intermittent processes to continuous
ones; the large-scale exploitation of lowgrade
ore deposits; and, finally, the placing
of municipal sewage and water treatment
on a sound engineering basis, to the
benefit of the public health of this and
other countries.
Specifically, the cyanide process, invented
in 1886 by MacArthur and Forrester,
made possible the profitable treatment
of low-grade gold ores, later displacing
other methods. Mr, Dorr meantime,
changed the cyanide process in certain
essential respects from a batch to a
continuous basis, made possible the milling
of lower grades of ore and helped
to expand the entire business of gold mining—capital
and labor both benefitting.
The flotationprocess, invented by others
in the early 1900's, made as great a change
in base metal metallurgy as did the
cyanide process in precious metal milling.
Mr, Dorr's inventions were successfully
applied to the flotationprocess, improving
grinding practice, making the necessary
change in density of ore pulp and recovering
water continuously.
In another field of activity—municipal
sanitation-—Dorr equipment and processes
are used for the continuous treatment of
approximately three bllUon gallons a day
of domestic sewage and water, thus affecting
the protection of about 30,000,000 persons
in this country.
Mr. Dorr's life has been one of engineering
alertness, leading to industrial success
as well as to a full recognition of his
manj' technical achievements.
Research Fellowships in
Coal and Non-Metallics
at the College ol Mines, University
of Washington and the Northwest
Experiment Station, United States
Bureau of Mines, Seattle, Washington,
1940-1941
The University of Washington
offers four fellowships in the College
of Mines for research in COAL and
NON-METALLICS in cooperation
with the United States Bureau of
Mines. Fellows begin their duties on
Monday, July 1, and continue for 12
months. Payments under a fellowship
are made at the end of each month
and amount to $720 for the year.
The fellowships are open to graduates
of universities and technical colleges
who are qualified to undertake
investigations. Ordinarily the appointees
register as graduate students
and become candidates for the degree
of Master of Science in Mining or
Metallurgical or Ceramic Engineering;
occasionally an appointee registers
for the Bachelor of Science degree in
one of these curricula.
The purpose of these fellowships is
to undertake the solution of various
problems being studied bj' the United
States Bureau of Mines that are of
especial importance to the State of
Washington, the Pacific Northwest,
and Alaska. The investigations consist
principally of laboratory work
directed largely by the Bureau's
technologists. The work is performed
in Mines Laboratory, a large modern
building fully equipped with the
newest forms of machinery and apparatus.
For the year 1940-1941 the
following subjects have been selected
for investigation:
1, COAL
Problems in the treatment
and utilization of coal and
coke; combustion of coal on
underfeed stokers.
2, NON-METALLICS
Problems in kaolin, talc, soapstone,
olivine, silica-sand,
diatomite, and other nonmetallics.
As applications will be passed upon
in April, each applicant should submit
the following material promptly.
(a) Photograph.
(b) Copy of his collegiate record
from the registrar of the college from
which he was graduated, or will be
• graduated in June.
(c) Statement of his practical and
technical experience, if any.
(d) Statement of his experience or
interest in investigations such as will
be carried on under the fellowships.
(e) Letters from three persons,
such as instructors and emploj'ers,
covering specifically the applicant's
character, ability, education and experience.
MILNOR ROBERTS, Dean
College of Mines, University of
Washington,
Seattle, Washington

126 The Mines Magazine
CATALOG a n d TRADE PUBLICATIONS
(814) POWER TOOLS FOR MINE SHOP. Catalog
Q-I Delia Mfg. Co., Milwaukee shows 42 pages
of the finest in. small wood and metal working
power tools convenienl for the mine or mill
shop. Prices surprisingly low. Hendrie &
Bolthoff, Denver, Sales Representatives.
(815) DIESEL SATISFACTION. Form 5856 of
Caterpillar Tractor Co.. Peoria, 111., is a 32
page illustrated story of Ihe performance of 78
machines for a total of 1,242,934 hours in states
from California lo New Jersey and from
Arizona lo Canada and applied to every kind
of a service, a story of satisfaction Isehind the
Caterpillar.
(816) UNDERGROUND CHAIN CONVEYORS.
Bullelin No. C-372 Goodman Mfg. Co., Halsted
& 48lh St., Chicago, 111., illustrales in its 20
pages, Ihe construction and use of ihis equipment
for complete underground service in loading
and elevating coal. Branch office, 704
Denver National Bldg., Denver.
(817) PORTABLE DIESEL-DRIVEN COM­
PRESSOR. Bulletin No. 762 of Chicago Pneumatic
Tool Co., 6 E. 44fh St., New York, illustrates
and describes the new 700 Cu.Fl. Portable
Compressor direct connected to 150 H.P.
Diesel Engine. Full specifications given.
Stearns-Roger Mfg. Co., Denver are Sales Representatives.
(818) RECONDITIONED MACHINERY. Slock
List 401 of Morse Bros. Machinery Co., Denver,
Colo., enables you lo assemble complete ore
treatment plants, raining plants or shops for
the same from dependable machinery a I
prices that may help you to stay within your
budget. 32 pages of all kinds of machinery
and equipment.
(819) MINE CAR LOADER, A recent Bullelin
of The EIMCO Corp., Salt Lake City, Ulah
shows the Model 21 Eimco-Finlay Loader loading
a 65 cu.fl. car in less than two minutes.
(820) OIL WELL PUMPING WITH ELECTRIC
MOTORS. Bulletin GEA-3082 of General Electric
Co., Schenectady, N. Y. shows installations
and progress in the application of Electric
Motors lo oil well pumping. Results from
different operating conditions are given.
(821) ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES FOB INDUS­
TRIAL SERVICE. Book No. 250 of Goodman
Mfg., Chicago, 111., conlains 56 pages illustrating.
Trolley, Storage Battery, and Third Rail
showing applications of Ihe different types of
equipment, their construction and specifications.
(822) MINE & MILL SUPPLIES & EQUIPMENT.
H & B Bulletin Jan.-Feb. 1940, contains 30
pages illustraling a large variety of supplies
and eguipment that will be found useful about
the mine and mill. Sent to you free by Hendrie
5 Bolthoff, Denver, Colo.
(823) CHANNELUMINUM ELECTRICAL CON­
DUCTORS. Form No. AD 47 of Aluininum
Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa., contains
20 pages giving description, illustrations,
specifications and installations of Channeluminum
Bus Bars. Tables of conductor
characteristics and channel sections are given.
(824) DEVELOPMENT OF CIRCULATION PACK­
ER TESTS. The slory is told in "Tomorrow's
Tools Today", by Lane-Wells Company, Jan.-
Feb. issue, several illustrations show ihe
different stages of the test.
(825) ALL-WHEEL-DHIVE VEHICLES. The 16
page Pictorial News of Marmon-Herrington
Co., Indianapohs, Ind. shows the use of All-
Wheel-Drives for all types of transport and •
passenger car service under fhe hardest conditions.
(82G) ORE FEEDERS. Bulletin 409 of Morse
Bros. Mchy, Co., Denver, Colo., shows the new
Morse Silent "Vari-Stroke" Ore Feeder with
table of capacities and horsepower. Other
types of feeders and ore gates manufactured
by Morse Bros, are shown in Ihis new bullelin.
(827) MUCKING MACHINE. Bulletin No. L3612
of Goodman Mfg. Co., Chicago, III., gives a
full description of the Conway Shovel and the
many tunnels that have used it. Construction
delails and dimension drawings are given
with all of the main features illustrated
Denver office, 794 Denver National Bank Bldg.
(828) CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS. Bullelin W-321-
B14 ol Worthington Pump & Mchy Corp
Harrison, N. J., illustrates and describes fhe
Worthington Monobloc pump, with dimension
tables and tables of H.P. and capacity with
heads from 10 to 280 ft. and capacities from
10 gpm lo 1000.
FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE
Send youi piihlic

128 The Mines Magazine
Scheduled Meetings
Birmingham Steel Empire
Tenney C. DeSollar, '04, President;
W. C. Chase, Ex-'OS, Vice-President;
Hubert E. Risser, '37, Secretary, Fiat
Creek, Alabama.
Bay Cities, California
Four meetings per year, 2nd Monday,
March, June, September and December.
Frank Hayward, '32, President. William
J. Rupnik, '29, Secretary-Treasurer, 714
Hillgirt Circle, Oakland, Calif.
Southern California
Four meetings during the year, 2nd
Monday of month, January, April, July
and October. R. S. Brummett, '26,
President; William Dugan, Ex-'12, Secretary,
315 West 9th St., Los Angeles,
Calif.
Cleveland
Four meetings during year, 4th Friday,
March, June, September and December.
K. D. True, '35, President; R. J. Maloit,
'37, Secretary-Treasurer, 9701 Lamont
Ave., Cleveland. Ohio,
Colorado
Luncheon meeting, third Friday each
month. Dent L. Lay, '35, President;
R. J. McGlone, '27, Vice-President;
A. L. Mueller, '35, Secretary, 430 E.
11th Ave., Denver, Colo.
Great Lakes
Meetings announced later, A. L. Lynne,
'06, President; M. E, Frank, '06, Secretary,
4537 Drexel Blvd., Chicago.
Houston
Dinner meeting, second Friday of month,
6:00 P. M., Lamar Hotel, Houston,
Texas, Clark W. Moore, '32, President;
R. J. Schilthuis, '30, Secretary,
1410 Gustav, Houston, Texas,
Kansas
Meetings announced later. Thomas
H. Allan, '18, President; John T. Paddleford,
'33, Secretary-Treasurer, 429
First National Bank Building, Wichita,
Kansas.
Montana
Meetings announced later, E. S. Mc­
Glone, President. H. M. Strock, '22,
Secretary, 1309 Platinum St., Butte,
Mont.
New York
Meetings announced later. C. L, French,
'13, President; Ben W. Geddes, '37,
Secretary, 1112 University Terrace,
Linden, N. J.
Oklahoma
Meetings announced later, John R.
Evans, '23, President; D, H, Peaker, '32,
Secy.-Treas., c/o The Carter Oil Co.,
Tuisa, Okla.
Pennsylvania-Ohio
Meetings announced later. S. L, Goodale,
'04, President; A, M, Keenan, '35,
Secretary, Box 146, Pittsburgh, Pa,
LOCAL SECTIONS
Utah
Meetings announced later. Otto Herres,
'11, President. Kuno Doerr, Jr., '27,
Secretary, 700 McCormick Bldg., Salt
Lake City, Utah,
Baguio, P. L
Dinner meeting, first Wednesday each
month, Pines Hotel, Baguio, W. T,
Graham, Ex-'26, President; C. W.
Berry, '36, Secretary, Box 249, Baguio,
P. I.
Manila, P. L
Dinner meeting, first Friday each
month, A. F. Duggleby, '15, President;
Ralph Keeler, '31, Secretaiy, Box 297,
Manila.
Colorado
The February meeting of the Colorado
Section, C. S. M. Alumni Association
was held at the Oxford Hotel,
at Noon, February 16, 1940. Twentytwo
members and one guest were
present. After the luncheon our new
president. Dent L. Lay, occupied a
few minutes commenting upon his
program for 1940, asking for better
attendance at local meetings and cooperation
with the Parent Association
and President Eddie Brook. Committees
were appointed as follows:
Budget Committee:
Earl Durbin, Chairman
Robert Barney
Henry Lutz
Publication Committee:
Tom Northrop, Chairman
John Traylor
Ellsworth Watson
Program Committee:
Ralph Johnson, Chairman
Bruce LaFollette
Athletic and Instruction
Committee:
Kep Brierley, Chairman
Art Bunte
Duane Gleghorn
President Lay suggested that attendance
might be increased by occasionally
changing the place of meeting
and/or the time.
Carl Dismant offered some extremely
interesting movies and commentaries
on his trip through the Far East
to America via Europe. Mr. Dismant
spent four years as mine superintendent
in the Philippines and has
quite recently returned to the states,
having been caught in France at the
time the present European war was
declared. His comments on the
difficulties of travelers during the
state of war were very well put and
apropos.
Members present were:
Frank C. Bowman, '01; Hugh M. Connors,
'22; John T. Stubbs, '26; W, B,
Patrick, '09; A. H. Buck, '97; Bruce B.
LaFollette, '22; H, W. Kaanta, 'IS; W. H.
Paul, '96; C. R. Walbridge, '29; B, Barry,
Guest; Ralph E, Johnson, '33; Carl
Blaurock, '16; D, L, Lay, '35; C. L
Dismant, '31; A, L. Mueller, '35; A. W,
Buell, '08 and '23; R, G. Chaney, Ex-'IO;
C. M. Rath, 'OS; Russell Volk, '26; J. L,
Barber, '39; A. R. Reed, '37; Dean J. R,
Morgan; Keppel Brierly, '34.
New York
The big party of the year for the
New York Alumni Section was held
on February 12th in conjunction with
the Smoker party of the annual A. L
M. E. convention. As has been our
custom for a number of years New
York Section made arrangements for
a pre-Smoker party at which all
Miners attending the convention
might get together with other visiting
Miners as well as with our Section
members.
This cocktail party was very informal
and was featured by various
"bull sessions" after which Dr. Coolbaugh
gave a short talk. He urged
(Continued oji page 131)
O X f O n D H O T € L
o n D e n v e r ^ s M a i n S t r e e t
One Block from Union Station
Single: $1.50 to $3.00
Double: $2.00 to $5.00
TILED TUB AND SHOWERS
Food famous
Cafe, Coffee Shop and Cocktail fyuttge
J. L. BROOKS Management W. A. VALLEE
If You Enjoy Food at its Best You Will Enjoy the Oxford
H e a d q u a r t e r s f o r M i n e s M e n
for March, 1940 129
MINES IN WINTER SPORTS
Riding high on a string of nine
straight victories and one defeat, the
basketball team will enter the national
A. A. U. basketball tourney in Denver
this week to try its luck. It is
the first time a Mines team has been
entered in the tourney, and it will be
in particularly fast company this year
with such nationally known teams as
the Denver Nuggets and the Phillips
Oilers. A number of other strong
college teams are entering the tourney,
and they are slated for initial games
with the Mines quintet.
The team finished its regular season
February 24 assured of at least a
tie for second place in the R. M, C.
The final standing won't be determined
until Western State and
Colorado College finish their schedules
of four remaining games. If C.
C. should win all of her remaining
games, she will be in a tie for first
place with Montana State, and if she
should lose one game, C. C. will be
tied for second with Mines. The hapless
Western State quintet has failed
to make a win during the season, and
it is likely that C. C. will be able to
win all of the four games.
The R. M. C. standings are as follows
:
Won Lost %
Montana State 3 1 .750
Colorado Mines 8 4 .666
Colorado College* 5 3 .625
Greeley State 6 6 .500
Western State 0 8 .000
*Four games yet to be played.
The team made a complete about
face this season to lift the school from
a record of four straight victoryless
seasons in conference play to become
the team this year to roll up the most
lop-sided score of the season by defeating
Western State 69 to 34 and 60 to
37. A win in a post-season charity
game with Denver University, big
seven member, has made the record of
this year's team even more outstanding.
Mines was able to win from D. U.
by a 36-32 score through superior ballhustling
and a variety of wellscreened
plays that caught the Denver
five flat-footed. Coach Doy
Neighbors has coached the team in a
style of play that has had good results
throughout the season.
By JOHN A. BAILEY
Back Row, left lo right: Bob Retallack, Ivan Gilbert, George Bernstein, Pearson, Dean
Thompson.
Middle Row, left to lighl: Glenn Lancaster, Bob Comstock, Cloy Cieager, Joe Richleski,
Paul Davis.
Front Row, left to light: Elmore Peloubet, manager; "Shorty" Hegglund; Lou DeGoes;
Lee Talbott; Bill Bousman; Harold Rogers; Coach Doy Neighbors.
"Shorty" Hegglund, the outstanding
ball-hustler on the team, was all
over the court in the D. U. game
stealing the ball and feeding his team
mates for set ups. Hegglund will
graduate this year, and he will be hard
to replace. He has averaged 8.2 points
per game, a total of 99, to place him
third in scoring honors in the R. M.
c.
Lee Talbott, a sophomore and
termed by Coach Neighbors as '"the
best offensive and defensive man in
the Conference", was the star of the
D. U. game. As the smoothest player
on the floor, Talbott grabbed scoring
honors for the game. He has made a
total of 95 points for the season to
have tbe fourth highest number of
total points.
For the first time in over a decade
a Mines player took top scoring honors
in the conference, Harold Rogers,
sophomore star from Jonesboro,
Arkansas, grabbed top scoring honors
for the season by splitting tbe strings
for 147 points, twenty-six points more
than his nearest rival. Walla of
Greeley State, who poured 121 points
through the hoop this season, Rogers
has made 12.2 points per game by
stint of his strong driving power and
desire to score.
The most outstanding thing about
this year's aggregation has been that
scoring honors have been fairly evenly
divided throughout the season among
three of the first string players.
Rogers, as top scorer in the league,
was not far ahead of Hegglund and
Talbott who ended the conference season
in third and fourth place, respectively.
In the first game of the last
series with Western State, Talbott
played brilliantly to come out high
point man with 19 points, and
Hegglund, by his firehouse type of
play has broken through rival defenses
to split the strings enough to
keep him near the top.
Bousman, another first-string sophomore,
has played strong defensive
ball, and he also finished the season
among the top eleven scorers. Comstock
and Thompson have had a nip
and tuck battle all year for the fifth
place on the first-string quintet.
Coach Neighbors is due for a great
deal of credit for the splendid spirit
built .up among squad members. He

130 The Mines Magazine
for March, 1940 131
has turned out a winning team from
a bunch of green sophomores and one
senior in his first j'ear as head basketball
coach,
Hegglund will be the only player
to graduate this year. Thompson,
Rogers, Talbott, and Bousman are all
sophomores and have two more years
of eligibility; Comstock is a junior
and has one more year. The rest of
the team members who finished the
season were as follows: Bob
Retallack, '42; Ivan Gilbert, '41;
George Bernstein, '42; Pearce, '42;
Glenn Lancaster, '40; Clay Creager,
'41; Joe Richleski, '40; Davis, '42.
Lou DeGoes, a junior, broke his
ankle in the early part of the season
and has been out of the games; he
will probably return to the squad
next year.
Total Statistics on Conference Games;
January 5: Colorado College over
Mines, 38-31,
January 6: Colorado College over
Mines, 36-32,
January 12: Greeley State over
Mines, 46-44.
January 13: Mines over Greeley
State, 40-35.
January 19: Mines over Western
State, 48-34.
January 20: Mines over Western
State, 42-35.
February 9: Mines over Greeley
State, 40-36.
February 10; Mines over Greeley
State, 33-31.
February 16: Colorado College over
Mines, 36-30,
February 17: Mines over Colorado
College, 36-32.
February 23: Mines over Western
State, 69-34.
February 24: Mines over Western
State, 60-37.
TRAVEL TRAILWAYS TO ALL AMERICA....
Wrestling
After an auspicious start with a wim
over Wyoming, the wrestling team,
has suffered two defeats by Greelej^
State and Denver University. The
defeat by Greeley meant the loss of
the R, M. C. championship for the
school,
Greeley won the meet by a score of
21j^ to 14j^. The teachers won four
matches by falls and took one draw.
Mines got two falls, one decision arid
a draw.
Nobby Tashiro of Mines and
Campbell of Greeley wrestled to an
overtime match in the feature event
of the meet, Everett Schmuck, sophomore
star, won his second win of tbe
season by throwing his man in the 145
pound class. Lee Gibson again won
in the 165 pound class by pinning his
man and Mayhew captured a decision
for the team's only other win.
Results of the Mines-Greeley meet:
121 pounds-—Homer Conant, Greeley,
threw Arthur Kesling in 5:56.
129 pounds—Clyde Steinsick,
Greeley, threw Silas DoFoo in
3 :36.
136 pounds—^Ray Campbell, Greeley,
and Nobby Tashiro, Mines wrestled
to an overtime draw.
145 pounds — Everett Schmuck,
Mines, threw Dale Wood in 6:09.
155 pounds—Lee Gibson, Mines,
threw John Johnston in 4:08.
175 pounds—Ray Kruse, Greeley,
threw Franz Lupton in 4:06.
Heavyweight — Ed Shaw, Greeley,
threw Glen Hutchinson in 1 :23,
In the D. U, meet. Mines was defeated
by a lop-sided score of 27^ to
4^. Lee Gibson was the only man
to win his match, although Nobby
Tashiro wrestled to another overtime
draw with Hellon of D. U.
The meet with D. U, ended the
wrestling season for the school.
See Your
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TRAILWAYS
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DENVER UNION BUS DEPOT KE. 2291 501 17TH STREET, DENVER, COLO.
Skiing
The ski team captured the school's
invitational meet February 3. as they
scored almost twice as many points as
the second place team, Colorado University.
Fred Nagel, intercollegiate
skiing champion, took first place in the
slalom race, the only event held to
give Mines a total of 29 points. C. U.
was second with 15 points, and C. C,
Aggies, and Greeley were third, fourth
and fifth respectively, with 7, 3, and 1
points each.
Winners of the events were: Nagel,
Mines, first; Burrows, Mines, third;
Peck, C. C, fourth; Alien and Paddock,
C. U. tied for fifth. Time:
0:50.9.
Colorado State College held a ski
meet February 9, in whicb Mines was
able to do no better than fourth.
Aggies were first with nineteen and
one-half points; Colorado U., eighteen
and one-half points; Denver U,,
eight; Mines and Colorado College,
five points each; Wyoming U., four;
Greeley State, no points.
In the Slalom, Kidder won for
Mines with Nagel in a third place tie
for second. These men were the only
ones to score for Mines in the meet.
Swimming
The school swimming team placed
second in the Rocky Mountain Conference
championship meet. The team
was nosed out by tbe Greeley team,
which scored a total of 65 points to
52 points by Mines, Colorado College
was third with a total of 43
points.
Swimming team captain, Natividad,
broke tbe old conference record in the
220 yard breast stroke event, when he
swam the distance in 2 minutes and
48.2 seconds. Tbe old record was 2
minutes and 50 seconds. Frank Harris
won places in tbe 220 and the 440
yard free style. Vincent won the
fifty yard free style event, and Duhme
won a place in tbe back stroke.
After the meet, as has been the
custom with the team, the men elected
the captain for next year's squad, Ed
Bryan, junior student from Waikiki,
Hawaii, was elected captain, Bryan
has been a member of the team for the
past two j^ears and has built a reputation
in the 220 yard free style event.
He won first in this event in the
championship meet.
A week before the championship
meet the school team bad defeated
Colorado College by a score of 40-34.
The meet was close throughout the
course of events, but tbe school won
the last events to defeat CC. Mines
leading scorers were Bryan and
Natividad who scored eight points a
piece. Bryan won first in tbe 220
free style and second in the 100 yard
free style; Natividad won first in tbe
200 yard breast stroke and second in
the 440 free style. Shaw won third
place in tbe 50 j'^ard free style. Berger
won first in the fancy diving event,
and Duhme and Mann won places in
two of the events.
The championship meet ends the
swimming season for tbe school for
this year. Coach Stevens expects to
have Bryan, Shaw, and Berger back
next 3'ear to form the nucleus of his
1941 team.
Spring Football
Started March 11. Coach Mason
has been working on alternate days
with the linesman and the backs.
Fundamentals are being stressed, and
the coaches are getting a line on their
available material for the pig-skin
wars next fall. The whole team will
begin practicing together for a threeweeks
period beginning April 1,
Campus
Topics—
(Contmued from page 127)
The Geophysics Wing
o£ the new Geology building was
opened for use with the beginning of the
second semester. Although the construction
of the wing was completed in December,
only a few lecture classes were held
in it hefore the end of the first semester.
With the new equipment set up, all classes
in Geophysics are now being held in the
new wing.
New Barb Pins
made their first appearance on the
campus during registration days of the
second semester. They have been the
cause of considerable comment and have
received innumerable compliments.
Local Sections—
(Continued from page 128)
that as many Mines graduates as possible
spend at least a part of their
vacations in Denver and Golden to
observe the changes whicb have been
going on out there. After the group
party we joined tbe A. I, M. E.
Smoker for dinner and entertainment.
It is hoped tbat your correspondent
obtained a complete list of the men
present, but a few may be omitted.
At any rate his records show;
Russell Paul, '02; Harry Wolf, '03; A.
E. Anderson, '04; C, E. Lesher, '08; T,
Pilgei-, Ex-'IO; Don Dyrenforth, '12;
Harvey Mathews, '13; Jack Myers, '13;
J, J. Cadot, '15; B. C. Essig, '15; F, E.
Briber, '16; Willis Mould, Ex-'16; H. W,
Hardinge, Hon. '17; J. G, Bevan, '21;
Jack Bonardi, '21; Fred Bond, '22; Ted
Marvin, '22; Frank McKinless, '23; M.
K. Barrett, '24; John Wulff, '24; Aiex.
Carver, '25; P. A. Ray, '29; Karl von den
Steinen, '32; Cliff Horn, '33; Russ
Metzger, '34; B. W. Geddes, '37; Geo,
Whitaker, '39; Dr. M. F, Coolbaugh;
Abdon Centeno, Oscar Johnson, R. E.
Crockett, Paul Wigton, and F, G, Kuehl,
guests.
Personal Notes—
(Continued from page 103)
Mining Company as Consulting Mining
Engineer, Acoje has resumed operations
after being shut down for more than a
year. 7600 tons of high grade chromite
ore was shipped to Philadelphia during
December 1939. Mr. Fertig's address is
now Box 2076, Manila, P. L
Sidney French, '08, has returned to
California after several years spent in
Old Mexico and is residing at 3248
Castera Street, Glendale, Caiif,
Raymond Grazier, '35, Hydrographer
for the U, S, Bureau of Reclamation, has
been transferred to Grand Junction, Colorado.
His residence there is 942 White
Avenue.
E. S. Geary, '12, made a change in employment
recently. He is now Acting
Manager, Machinery Department, Marsman
Trading Corporation, with address
Box 297, Manila, P. L
Charles //-'. Henderson, Hon. '30, head
of the Denver office of the United States
bureau of mines, was called to Washington
last month as assistant to the director,
A, C, Fieldner, designated to serve until
appointment of a permanent successor to
John Wellington Finch, It is not known
as yet whether Dr, Henderson's appointment
is to be temporary or permanent.
John C. Herron, '23, is Engineer for the
Shell Oil Company and resides at 5280
East Broadway, Long Beach, Calif.
iVilliam Ilovaten, '3S, who returned to
Mines this semester under a fellowship,
is being addressed. Box 11, Golden,
iV. D. Jeffries, '37, Sales Engineer for
duPont Company has been transferred to
Shenandoah, Penna,, where he is addressed
in care of the company, R. & H, Department.
The new address for Major F. M. S.
Johnson, D.Engr., '38, who was recently
transferred from San Francisco, is U, S.
Army Base, Boston 9, Mass.
Hoivard F. Keller, '24, formerly with
the San Francisco Mines of Mexico, Ltd.
of Mexico recently accepted position of
Mine Superintendent for the Compania
Hunachaca de Bolivia and is now being
addressed in care of the company,
Pidacayo, via Uyuni, Bolivia.
Vincent Jones, Jr., Ex-'36, sailed for
South America last month to take over
duties of Gravity Meter Party Chief for
the Yacimiento Petroiiferos Fiscales,
Ministeruir De Agricultura, Buenos Aires,
Argentina,
Bruce Kent, '38, was a visitor in
Golden the latter part of February, en
route to Detroit, Michigan, where he accepted
a position as Metallurgist for the
Great Lakes Steel Company, He and
Mrs, Kent will reside at 75 LeRoy Street,
River Rouge, Michigan,
A. P. Kleeman, '24, Vice-President of
Franco Western Oil Company, has returned
to McKittrick, California, after an
absence of several months. His post
office address is Box 308.
F. P. Lajinon, '07, {"Spike" of old days)
is seriously ill in his Long Beach home,
2735 Eucalyptus Avenue, He recently returned
from Mayo's.
D. J. Lyons, '30, is Chemist for the
Tidewater Associated Oil Company and
resides at 1719 Alhambra Ave., Martinez,
Calif,
H. J. McMichael, '39, has been trans-
(Continued an page 132)

132 The Mines Magazine
for March, 1940 133
cAlumni
Affairs
Executive Committee Meeling, February
13th, 1940.
In the absence of Edward J. Brook,
President, Frank C. Bowman, Vice-President,
presided and George Setter acted
as Secretary in the absence of Frank J.
Nagel, Other members present were
George W. Thomas and Fred C. Carstarphen;
those absent were Edward J. Brook,
M. Edward Chapman and Charles O.
Parker; Committee Chairmen present
were James W. Dudgeon, T. C. Doolittle,
Bruce B, LaFollette, Kenneth Hickok,
Allan E. Craig, R. H. Volk, ^Nm. P.
Huieatt and those absent were Donald
Dyrenforth, and C. Lorimer Colburn.
George W. Thomas, Treasurer gave a
detailed report showing the condition of
finances as of February 1st and explained
the various accounts to the new members
present. The report showed a decided
improvement over the same period of last
year which is highly gratifying.
T, C. Doolittle, Chairman Budget and
Finance Committee said that apparently
members were beginning to realize that
the payment of dues the first part of the
year would save much in postage and
stationery in the Alumni Office and that
this realization is already reflected favorably
in the budget.
C. Lorimer Colbum. Chairman of the
Alumni Association Endowment Committee
was absent on ac

134 The Mines Magazine
ing heads had increased considerably.
The high-pressure problem was partially
solved by the application of this design.
Simplicity is required in setting practice.
An example of a well with a shutin
pressure of 6300 lbs. is cited. Here the
abnormal bottom-hole pressure was a
constant threat. Once flow was started,
there was time only for the simplest and
most positive of operations to complete the
setting. Because of well conditions similar
to this one, setdown-type (anchor) tubing
packers and ram-type tubing head are
being used.
zNew ^ooks
A Source Book in Geology. By Kirtley
E. Mather and Shirley L. Mason. Mc-
Graw-flill Book Company, $5.00.
This latest addition to the series of
Source Books in the History of Sciences
contains selections from the works of
noted geologists who lived, wrote and
died between the middle of the Fifteenth
Century and the present year.
To many of us it is a matter of surprise
to learn that Leonardo da Vinci
wrote on the "Origin and Meaning of
Fossils," or that ex-President Hoover and
his wife made a most admirable translation
of the latin text of Agricola's "De re
metallica."
Among the 132 geologists represented
in this Hall of Fame, there are certainly
some whose views on certain questions
one would like to compare in a sort of
"immortal symposium," The authors
have done this for us by arranging
groups of authors under subject headings
in a Guide to Subject Matter which
preceeds the index. Here we find such
subject heading as Cosmogony, with page
references to Descartes, Liebnitz, Kant,
Buffon, Laplace, Proctor, Bickerton and
Chamberlin. Other significant groupings
include, to name a very few of them,
Fossils, with seventeen citations from da
Vinci to Owen; Glacial Geology, Igneous
Rocks, Mineralogy, Physics of the Earth,
Sedimentation, Structural Geology, Volcanism
and Ore Deposits, From the
scant four names under the last subject
one misses those of the late Carl Richard
Beck, and James F, Kemp, both
notable authorities on this subject.
However, Doctors Mather and Mason
are to be congratulated in getting such
an amazing amount of classical geology
into 681 pages,
—H. P. W.
La Reparation des I'uits de Mine. By
P. Baudart. Paris, Dunod. 1938. 192 p.,
illus., diagrs,, tables, 8x5 in,, paper,
4Sfr.
A concise practical manual, based
largely upon French experience in rehabilitating
the mines of northern France
after the World War, The first chapter
discusses various methods of shaft
repair. Chapter 2 describes in detail a
number of notable examples. Chapter 3
discusses methods for unwatering mines
and for repairing flooded shafts. A final
chapter gives the author's conclusions.
(The) Construction of NomograpMc
Charts. By F. T. Mavis. Scranton, Pa,,
International Textbook Co., 1939. 132 pp.,
diagrs., charts, tables, 8%x5 in., fabrikoid,
$2.00.
Drilling and Production Practice, 1937,
1938, 2 vols. Sponsored by the Central
Committee on Drilling and Production
Practice of the American Petroleum Institute,
New York, 1938-1939, Illus.,
diagrs., charts, tables, 11x8 in. cloth, 1937,
446 pp., $3,00; 1938, 458 pp., $3,00.
The American Petroleum Institute annually
publishes these collections of selected
papers on drilling and production
practice presented at its meetings. The
papers are divided into four groups: drilling
practice, production practice, materials,
and miscellaneous. A bibliography
of district-meeting papers, following the
main text, contains abstracts and references
as to where the complete papers
have been published,
(The) Examination of Placer Deposits.
By T. A. Graves, New York. Richard S.
Smith, 1939. 168 pp., illus., diagrs., tables,
8x5 in., cloth, $3.00.
Information is presented on alluvial deposits
and their examination which will
provide general knowledge of the subject
and at the same time enable the student
to make actual placer examinations. The
topics covered include the description and
location of placers, placer working, including
economic considerations, determination
of value, reports and records,
and field equipment.
Public Speaking for Technical Men.
By S. Marion Tucker, Received Oct. 31.
$3,00. A readable and practical book on
public speaking.
Economic Consequences, of the Sevenhour
Day and Wage Changes in the Bituminous
Coal Industry. By Waldo E.
Fisher. Received Nov. 17, $2.00. A
University of Pennsylvania research study.
Geology and Engineering. By R, F,
Legget, with a foreword by P. G. H, Boswell.
New York and London, McGraw-
Hill Book Co., 1939. 650 pp., illus,, diagrs.,
maps, charts, tables, 9x6 in., cloth, $4.50.
This treatise is the work of an engineer
trained in geology and is the most
comprehensive on its subject in the English
language. The applications of geology
in tunneling and excavating, in
building transportation routes and constructing
foundations and reservoirs are
discussed. Chapters are devoted to landslides,
water, materials, and soil mechanics.
Practical illustrations of the solution
of geological problems occur throughout
the book, and there is a useful bibliography.
The book wil! interest civil engineers
generally,
(A) Textbook of Geomorphology. By
P. G. Worcester. New York, D, Van
Nostrand Co., 1939. 565 pp., illus., diagrs.,
charts, maps, tables, 9y3x6 in., cloth, $4.00,
Geomorphology is defined by the author
as "the interpretative description of the
relief features of the earth". Chapter
topics include the materials of the lithosphere,
earth movements and structure,
topographic types and their production,
glaciers, lakes, shore forms, volcanoes,
islands, etc. These features are considered
the result either of internal activity or
of external processes (erosion methods)
and are discussed accordingly. The book
is intended for an introductory course.
Special Basement-Surface Contour Map
of Eastern and Central United States.
Local variations in the earth's gravitational
and magnetic fields are in large
part controlled by the depth to, and topographic
relief of, the surface of the "basement
complex"; and earthquakes, especially
the smaller ones, probably mainly result
from renewed movement along concealed
basement faults.
Students of geophysics, as well as of
structural geology, are therefore probably
especially interested in a recently-completed
contour map (contour interval 1000
feet; map-scale 1/2,500,000) which shows
the approximate topographic and structural
relief of the "basement" surface, between
the Atlantic seaboard and the western
rim of the Colorado Plateau region.
This map has been compiled by the American
Geophysical Union, as a special exhibit
for the Seventh General Assembly
of the International Union of Geodesy and
Geophysics, (September 4-15, 1939), and
copies of it are purchasable through Dr.
J, A. Fleming, General Secretary, American
Geophysical Union, 5241 Broad
Branch Road, Washington, D. C,
Single copies of this map are obtainable
at $3.50 per copy, postpaid to points in
the United States, On order for 6 or more
copies the rate will be further reduced
to $3.00 per copy.
Over Trails of Yesterday, By F, E.
Gimlett, (The Hermit of Arbor-Villa). A
short story told in 36 pages by this old
prospector about early days in Colorado
and some of the old time characters who
took part in wild times. Copies may be
purchased from F. E, Gimlett,
Colorado for 2Sc and it is well worth the
price as it gives you a prospector's view
point.
Industrial Hazards of Static Electricity.
By Harold Joe Davis. A 9 page booklet
covering the causes, effect, prevention and
hazards of static Electricity. The author
has brought together in a concise form
many points that are worth consideration.
Copies of this booklet may be obtained
from the author at 3927 E. Admiral
Place, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Price 25c.
Prize Winner—January 1940
A, J, Hiester, another member of the class of '12, captured the prize by
listing the greatest number of errors in the January issue of Mines Magazine
and to him goes a year's free subscription. From his listing, the magazine
had only 9 mistakes which is getting it down almost to perfection.
• TELBPHOhJE
TA-boi- 6244-
Denver, C>oSo vacio.
IENGRAVER5-ILLUSTRATORS-DESIGNERS, i
' Ybi^ story in Picture leax^s nottiitvg UTStotcC'
22oo ARAPAHOE:
STR.EET •
•for March. 1940 135
BOOKS for the BUSY MAN
B u i l d Y o u r L i b r a r y a n d B u i l d Y o u r s e l f
ASSAYING and CHEMISTRY Price
Technical Methods ol Ore Analysis^—^Low, Weinig & Schoder.... $3.75
Tire Assaying—Bugbee — - - 3,00
Fire Assaying—-Fulton & Sharwood - 3-00
Metallurgists' & Chemists' Handbook—Liddell - 5.00
Chemical Engineering Handbook—Liddell ..— 5.00
Introduction to Chemistry—^Timm — - 3-50
METALLURGY
Handbook Non-Ferrous Metallurgy—Liddell—Two volumes ... 12.00
General Metallurgy—Hofman - - -- — 7.00
jMelallurgical Calculations—Richards .- - - - 6.00
Copper Metallurgy—Hofman & Hayward —- — - - 5.00
The Electric Furnace—Stansfield - - 5.00
Metallurgy Common Metals—Austin - 7-00
ORE DRESSING and MILLING
Handbook of Ore Dressing—Taggart 10.00
Ore Dressing—Richards & Locke .- - 5.50
Ore Dressing—Richards (4 vol.) - - 20.00
Cyanidation & Concentration of Gold & Silver Ores—Dorr 5.00
Manual of Cyanidation—Hamilton - - — 3-00
Handbook on Mineral Dressing—Gaudin _._ — — 5.00
Ore Dressing, Principles & Practice—Simons — 3.50
Principles of Sedimentation—Twenhofel — -- 6.00
GEOLOGY
Mineral Deposits—Lindgren _ - 6.50
Gold Deposits of the World—Emmons --- 6.00
Ore Magmas, Spurr (2 volumes) - .— 8.00
Strategic Minerals—Roush — 5.00
Geology of Petroleum—Emmons - - 6-00
Oil-Field Practice—Hager - 3.00
Paleontology—Berry - - 3.50
Geologic Structures—Willis - 4-00
Field Geology 5.00
Geology Applied to Mining—Spurr .._ —- 3.00
MINERALOGY
Mineralogy—Krous & Hunt 5.00
Handbook of Rocks—Kemp - 3.0Q
Mineralogy—Dana-Ford -.- 5.50
Pocket Handbook of Mnerals—Butler —- - 3.00
"Petrography & Petrology—Grout -- 5.00
Non-Metallic Minerals—Ladoo -.— -- O-OO
How to Study Minerals—Dana - — - - 2,00
System of Mineralogy—Dana —- - 15,00
Crystallography, Minerals & Analysis—Butler - 4.00
PROSPECTING
Handbook for Prospectors—Von Bernewifz 3.00
Examination of Prospects—Gunther ..— - 2.50
Examination of Placer Deposits—Graves - 3.00
Prospecting for Gold & Silver—Salvage — 2.50
Handbook of Blowpipe Analysis—Butler 1.25
Prospecting & Operating Small Placers—Boericke - 1.50
Above prices of books are postpaid.
734 COOPER BUILDING
MINING
Price
Mining Methods—Mitke - $3.00
Steam Shovel Mining—Marsh - 3.50
Choice of Methods in Mining & Metallurgy A. L M. E. Series—. 2.50
Mine Development & Equipment—Eaton 5.00
Elements ol Mining—Young 6.00
Working of Unstratified Mineral Deposits—Young _.. 7,00
SURVEYING
Mine Surveying—Durham - 4.00
Deep Borehole Surveys & Problems—Haddock - - 4.00
Six Place Tables—Allen - 2.50
Surveyors Handbook—Taylor 2.50
Surveying Manual—Pence & Ketchum — 2,50
Surveying—Theory & Practice—Davis, Foote & Rayner 5.00
Principles & Practice of Higher Surveying—Breed & Hosmer... 3.50
ENGINEERS HANDBOOK
Mining Engineers' Handbook—Peele (1 vol.) 10.00
Mining Engineers' Handbook—Peele (2 vol.) - 12.00
Civil Engineering Handbook—Urquhart — — 5.00
General Engineering Handbook—O'Rourke -- 4.00
Mechanical Engineers' Handbook—Marks —- 7.00
Mechanical Engineers' Handbook Power—Kent — 5.00
Mechanical Engineers' Handbook Design—Kent 5.00
Chemical Engineers' Handbook—Perry 9.00
Structural Engineers' Handbook—Ketchum 7.00
Electrical Engineers' Handbook Power—Pender 6.00
Electrical Engineers' Handbook—Standard —- 7.00
Electrical Engineers' Handbook Communication—Pender._ 5.00
Handbook Engineering Fundamentals—^Eshbach 5.00
Materials Handbook—Brady —- - - 5.00
PETROLEUM and REFINING
Technical Gas & Fuel Analysis—White 3-00
Technical Examination of Crude Petroleum, Petroleum Products
& Natural Gas—Hamer & Padgett - - 6.00
Handbook of Petroleum Industry—Day 15.00
Geology of Petroleum—Emmons - - 6.00
Oil Economics—Osburn -
Petroleum Production Engineering—Uren -
^-OO
5,00
Increasing the Recovery of Petroleum—Osgood. 10.00
Petroleum and Its Products—Gruse —- 4-50
Oil Fields in United States—Ver Wiebe -
Accounting for Petroleum Industry—Woriand & McKee -
6.0O
4.00
ACCOUNTING
Cost Finding lor Engineers—Reitell & Van Siekle.._ 5.0O
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Mine Accounting & Cost Principles—McGrath 4-00
American Mine Accounting—Charlton - - 5.00
Handbook of Business Administration—Donald 7-00
Graphical Methods for Presenting Business Statistics
—Riggleman ___ — - ^.50
MISCELLANEOUS
The Art ol Leadership—Tead ---
Labor Economics & Labor Problems—Yoder — -
3.50
3.50
The Government in Labor Disputes—Witte —- - ^-00
Psychology of Selecting Men—Laird —-
Public Speaking for Business Men—Hoffman
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^-^^
3,00
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Diesel Engine Operation—Bushnell __
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—-
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DENVER, COLORADO

136
Professional Cards
A. E. Anderson, '04
E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
11 10 Hoge Building
Seattle, Washington
Jack P. Bonardi, '21
Now Yorlc Representative
The Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
1775 Broadway New York City
George R. Brown, '22
Brown & Root, Inc.
Engineering
Construction
Houston Austin Corpus Christi
G. Montague Butler, '02
Mining and Geological Engineer
Dean College of Mines and Engineering,
University of Arizona, Tucson. Examinations
and problems involving persistence,
change In character, and loss of ore.
Diamonds and other gems secured for Miners
or their friends at reduced rates.
Walter E. Burlingame, '01
Assayer—Engineer—Chemist
2040 Broadway Phone: TA. 3615
Denver
Fred C. Carstarphen, '05
Specializing in Design and Erection
Aerial Tramways
Consulting Engineer
721 Marion Sf. Denver, Colo.
C. Lorimer Colburn, '07
Mining
Engineer
Cooper Bldg. Denver, Colo.
Denver
Allan E. Craig, "14
Marcy Mill Division
The Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Colorado
Hedley
W. C. Douglass,'H
Mining
Engineer
British Columbia
Thomas S. Harrison, '08
Consulting Oil Geologist
1104 First National Banfc BIdq.
Denver, Colorado
Alfred E. Perkins, "10
Western Division Manager
Crucible Steel
Co. of America
2635 Walnut Street Denver, Colo.
Harlow D. Phelps, '10
Mining Engineer
U. S. Mineral Surveyor
Prescott
Arizona
Root & Simpson, Inc.
Metallurgical Chemists,
Denver,
Colo.
Assayers
W. G. Swart, Hon. '17
Mining
Engineer
916 Union Street
Alameda. California
Cecil R. Walbridge, '29
Sales Engineer
Worthington Pump and Machinery Corp.
1725 California St, Denver, Colorado
Wm. D. Waltman, '99
Franco Wyoming Oil Company
601 Edison Bldg., Los Angeles
Elmer R. Wilfley, '14
Wilfley Centrifugal
Denver,
Colo.
Pumps
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for March, 1940 137
REAMER. Patent No. 2,189,035, issued Feb.
6, 1940, to Howcu-d L, Squires, Houston,
Tex., assignor to Reed Roller Bit Co.,
Houston, Tex., a corporation of Texas,
REAMER. Patent No. 2,189,039, issued
Feb. 6, 1940, to William L, Childs, Houston,
Tex., assignor to Reed Roller Bit Co.,
Houston, Tex., a corporation of Texas.
CORE DRILL. Patent No. 2,189,057, issued
Feb, 6, 1940, to Leonard S. Copelin, Los
Angeles, Calif.
TREATMENT OF HYDROCARBON OILS.
Patent No. 2,189,058, issued Feb. 6, 1940,
to Roland B. Day, Amarillo, Tex., assignor
to Universal Oil Products Co., Chicago, 111.,
a corporation of Del.
TESTING TOOL FOR WELLS. Patent No.
2,189,103, issued Feb. 6, 1940, to Harold E.
Dripps and Henry Rauser, Lake Charles, La.
PROCESS OF REFINING A MINERAL OIL.
Patent No. 2,189,128, issued Feb, 6, 1940, to
Ferdinand W, Breth, Nevf York, N. Y., and
Manuel Blumer, Butler, Pa,
VALVE. Patent No. 2,189,129, issued Feb.
6, 1940, to Chalon E. Brldwell, Detroit.
Mich.
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRO­
CESSING CRUDE PETROLEUM, Patent No.
2,189,191, issued Feb. 6, 1940, to David G.
Brandt, Westfield, N, ]., assignor to Pow^er
Patents Co., Hilside, N. J., a corporation of
Maine.
REFINING FUEL OIL. Patent No. 2,189,196,
issued Feb. 6, 1940, to Morris T. Carpenter,
Chicago, 111., assignor to Standard Oil Co.,
Chicago, 111, a corporation of Indiana,
COMBINATION CUP AND PLUNGER OIL
WELL PUMP. Patent No. 2,189,237, issued
Feb. 6, 1940, to Frank Wilcom and Robert
D. Thompson, Okmulgee, Okla.
SAND AND GAS TRAP. Patent No.
2,189,272, issued Feb. 6, 1940, to Marvin
W. Russell and Paul G. Miller, Royalty,
Tex.
APPARATUS FOR CRUSHING OR GRIND­
ING ORE. Patent No. 2,189,441, issued
Feb. 6, 1940, to John W. Bell, Montreal,
Ouebec, Canada.
COMBINATION PLUG AND DUMP BAILER.
Paient No. 2,189,445, issued Feb. 6, 1940,
lo Clarence R. Dale, Beverly Hills, Calif.,
assignor io Dale Service Corporation, Culver
City, Calif., a corporation of Calif.
TUBING SUPPORT. Patent No. 2,189,575,
issued Feb. 6, 1940, to Cicero C. Brown,
Houston, Tex,
PROCESS FOR TREATING MINERAL OILS.
Patent No. 2,189,647, issued Feb. 6, 1940,
to Merrell R. Fenske and Wilbert B. McCluer,
State College, Pa., assignors to Pennsylvania
Petroleum Research Corporation, a
corporation of Pa.
CEMENT RETAINER. Patent No. 2,189,697.
issued Feb. 6, 1940, io Reuben C. Baker,
Coalinga, Calif., assignor to Baker Oil
Tools, Inc., Huntington Pork, Calif., a
corporaiion of Calif.
PRODUCTION PACKER AND LINER HANG-
ER. Patent No. 2,189,701, issued Feb. 6,
1940, to Clarence E. Burt and Eugene
Graham, Jr., Los Angeles, Calif., assignors
to Baker Oil Tools, Inc., Huntington Park,
Calif., a corporation of Calif.
WELL CEMENTING MECHANISM. Patent
No. 2,189,702, issued Feb. 6, 1940, to
Clarence E. Burt, Los Angeles, Calif.,
PATENT SERVICE
Recent Patents Relating fo the
Mineral Industries, edited by James
Atkins, registered patent attorney,
Munsey Building, Washington, D. C.
Inquiries with reference to this
subject or to any patents appearing
in this deparlment should be addressed
to Mr. Atkins.
assignor to Baker Oil Tools, Inc., Huntington
Park, Calif., a corporation of Calif.
WELL PRODUCTION APPARATUS. Patent
No. 2,189,703, issued Feb. 6, 1940, to
Clarence E. Burt and Eugene Graham, Jr.,
Los Angeles, Calif., assignors to Baker Oil
Tools, Inc., Huntington Park, Calif., a
corporation of Calif.
SEISMOGRAPH BLASTING CAP. Patent
No. 2,189,741, issued Feb. 6, 1940, to John
P. Minton, Dallas, Tex., assignor by mesne
assignments, to Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.,
Inc., New York, N. Y., a corporation of N. Y.
TREATMENT OF WELLS. Patent No.
2.189.798, issued Feb. 13, 1940, to Carroll
Irons, Midland, Mich., assignor to The Dow
Chemical Co., Midland, Mich., a corporation
of Michigan.
TREATMENT OF WELLS. Patont No.
2.189.799, issued Feb. 13, 1940, to Carroll
Irons, Midland, Mich., assignor to The Dow
Chemical Co., Midland, Mich., a corporation
of Michigan.
TREATMENT OF WELLS. Patent No.
2.189.800, issued Feb. 13, 1940, to Carroll
Irons, Midland, Mich., assignor to The Dow
Chemical Co., Midland, Mich., a corporation
of Michigan.
METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR TREATING
WELLS. Patent No. 21,356, re-issued Feb.
13, 1940, to Mose B. Pitzer, Monahans, Tex.
TREATING MINERAL OIL. Patent No.
2,189,844, issued Feb. 13, 1940, to John V.
Starr and Gustav A. Beiswenger, Elizabeth,
N. J., assignors to Standard Oil Development
Co., a corporation of Delaware.
PROCESS FOR REFINING PETROLEUM
DISTILLATES. Paient No. 2,189,850, issued
Feb. 13. 1940, to Thomas C. Whitner, Jr.,
Elizabeth, N. J., assignor io Standard Oil
Development Company, a corporation of
Del.
PUMPING APPARATUS. Patent No.
2,189,893, issued Feb. 13, 1940, to John S,
Fuller, Tulsa, Okla., assignor to Oil Well
Supply Co., Dallas, Tex., a corporation of
N. J.
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FORMA­
TION PRESSURE TESTING. Patent No.
2,189,919, issued Feb. 13, 1940, to Thomas
V. Moore, Houston, Tex., assignor to
Standard Oil Development Co., a corporation
of Del.
CORING AND DRILLING DEVICE. Patent
No. 2,189,923, issued Feb. 13, 1940, to John
T. Phipps, Huntington Park, Calif., assignor
to Herman C. Smith, Whittier, Calif.
DEEP WELL APPARATUS. Patent No.
2,189,937, issued Feb. 13, 1940, to Otis T.
Broyles, Los Angeles, Calif.
FLUID PRESSURE PUMP OF THERMIC-
DYNAMICAL ACTION. Patent No. 2,189,-
969, issued Feb. 13, 1940, to Emilio Taglio,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, assignor of one-half
to Frederico Surdi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
ORE CRUSHER. Patent No. 2,190,036, issued
Feb. 13, 1940, to Jacob Johannes
Morch, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR SEPARAT­
ING OIL AND GAS. Paient No. 2,190,104,
issued Feb. 13, 1940, to Clifford T. McCoy,
Shawnee, Okla.
WELLHOLE CLEANING DEVICE, Patent No.
2,190,145, issued Feb, 13, 1940, to Clark
E. Braden, Salem, W, Va.
DRILLING APPARATUS. Patent No. 2,190,-
235, issued Feb. 13, 1940, to Harry W.
Huber, Brookville, Pa.
APPARATUS FOR TESTING OIL AND GAS
WELLS. Patent No. 2,190,250, issued Feb.
13, 1940, to Claude Earl Blackburn, Borger,
Tex., assignor to J. M. Huber Corporation,
Borger, Tex,, a corporation of Delaware.
TOOL USEFUL FOR REMOVING OBJECTS
FROM WELLS. Patent No. 2,190,442, issued
Feb. 13, 1940, to Charles E. Costello, Bakersfield,
Calif., assignor of one-fourth to
William B. Collins and one-fourth to Walter
W. Boggs, both of Los Angeles, Calif., and
one-fourth to John W. Costello, Inglewood,
Calif.
REFINING OF PETROLEUM DISTILLATES.
Patent No. 2,190.471. issued Feb. 13, 1940,
to Carleton Ellis. Montclair, N. J., assignor
to Standard Oil Development Co., a corporation
of Del.
PUMP. Patent No. 2,190,535, issued Feb.
13, 1940, to William T. Robertson, Okemah,
Okla.
APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING
PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE IN A
WELL. Patent No. 2,190,260, issued Feb.
13, 1940, to George H. Ennls, Long Beach,
Calif., • assignor of one-half to Robert V,
Funk, Long Beach, Calif.
DRILL MACHINE CONTROL APPARATUS.
Patent No. 2,190,284, issued Feb. 13, 1940,
to Edgar Foshie, Detroit, Mich.
PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF
COMBUSTIBLE GASES FROM BITUMINOUS
FUELS. Patent No. 2,190,293, issued Feb.
13, 1940, to Walter Malkomes, Essen,
Germany, assignor, by mesne assignments,
to Koppers Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., a corporation
of Delaware,
METHOD OF DETERMINING THE PRES­
ENCE OF OIL. Patent No. 2,190,320, issued
Feb. 13, 1940, fo Gennady Potopenko, Pasadena,
Calif., assignor to Geo-Freguenta
Corporation, a corporation of Delaware.
REAMER CUTTER MOUNTING MEANS.
Patent No. 2,190,350, issued Feb. 13, 1940,
to Alfred C. Gotland, Alhambra, Calif.,
assignor to Globe Oil Tools Co., Los Nietos,
Calif., a corporation of Calif.
WELL CASING. Patent No. 2.190,362, issued
Feb. 13, 1940, to Howard N. Keener,
Baden, Pa., assignor to Jones & Laughlin
Steel Corporation, Piltsburgh, Pa., a corporation
of Pa.
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KISTLER
BUILDING
Mechanization—
(Continued from fage 118)
petroleum, a very large part oi this
coal may never be recovered.
The mercury mines oi the United
States are comparatively unimportant
at present due to the fact that the ore
is rapidly being exhausted. The New
Almaden mine in California was closed
in 1926 for want of ore, although
it had produced between 65 and 75
million dollars worth of mercury and
was the deepest mercury mine in the
world. The New Idria mine, also
in California is at present the greatest
producer in the United States, but
in spite of the application of mechanical
aids in mining, its costs per
unit are increasing.
In general, all of the mineral industries,
where the pinch of increasing
natural handicaps is not yet serious,
show particularly rapid increases
in productivity in the period frora
1919 to 1929 and probably even
greater increases since then. In copper,
iron ore, phosphate rock and
gypsum productivity doubled between
the World War and 1929. In bituminous
coal, the largest of the mineral
industries, the record is one of
steady increase.
Although the Lake Superior district
is the oldest copper camp in the
United States, it is still responsible for
more than 7% oi the U. S. supply.
The effect of mechanization in these
mines is clearly shown by the following
quotation from U. S. B. M. Bui.
306, p. 337, "Along with power drilling,
concentration of haulage, and selective
mining, scraper loading has
been one of the principal economies
that have enabled the Michigan copper
mines to combat the difficulties of
increasing depth and to survive the
competitive struggle."
The graph on page 12 shows how
the yield of copper per ton decreases
with increasing tonnage treated in
spite of improved methods of extraction.
It will be noticed that since
1910 the effect of business depressions
on this curve is to increase the yield
of copper per ton of ore and to decrease
the number of tons treated. In
other words, the number of tons of
ore treated each year depends upon
the price of copper, and the tonnage
curve roughly parallels the price curve,
while the yield per ton curve (or
grade of ore curve) is the reciprocal
of this. Graphs of the other base
metals would be similar to the copper
graph.
While all branches of industry have
tended to grow rapidly in tbe United
States, the mineral industries have developed
faster than any other major
division, far outstripping agriculture
and exceeding even the growth of
manufactures and rail transport. The
following table shows how the growth "
of mineral production from 1899 to
1929 compares with that of population,
agriculture, manufactures and
rail transport.
Percent inrrease
froin 1899
Item LO 1929
Population _._ —- 62%
Agriculture - 48%
Manufactures 210%
Transport, railroad ton miles-238%
Mining - 286%
The following table shows the increase
in horsepower used in all the
mining industries:
H.p. of
electric motors
IT.P. of prime driven by
Year movers purchased energy Total H.P.
1902 1,636,4-90 19,764 1,656,254
1909 3,179,270 205,489 3,384,759
1919 3,341,350 1,558,752 4,900,102
1929 2,502,132 4,467,959 6,970,091
^ Year
Horsepower
per worker
1902 2.78
1909 3.78
1919 4.45
1929 6.97
Mechanization in the mineral industries
has greatly improved the welfare
of miners in many ways. First,
it has relieved them of much drudgery.
In 1842 a British commission reported
that girls and boys under ten
years of age were working as draft
animals in the low drifts of coal
mines: "Chained, belted, harnessed
like dogs in a go-cart, black, saturated
with wet, and more than half
naked—crawling upon their hands and
knees, and dragging their heavy loads
behind them—they present an appearance
indescribably disgusting and unnatural."
Now mechanical scrapers,
power shovels, electric locomotives and
powerful hoists assume the backbreaking
labor of getting the ore out
of the ground.
Second, mechanization bas improved
the working conditions of the miner.
The great mines of the Comstock
Lode were proud of their mechanization;
men working at headings where
temperatures approached 120° F. and
the candles burned blue in the foul
air-—-"By the compressed-air pipes,
the five or six men at a heading receive
fully 700 cubic inches of air
per minute." With the application of
electric fans and blowers miners receive
hundreds of cubic feet of "conditioned"
air per minute.
The psychological effect of mechanization
on the welfare of the miner is
fM ' i i
more abstract, but is probably greater
than the physical effects obtained. It
is probable that the welfare of the
miner has, been improved more by
mechanization than that of any worker
in other industries.
The average annual wage of miners
in the United States has been as follows
:
Average annual
Year
v/sgc of miner
1902 - $ 580
1909 - 620
1919 -.. 1,465
1929 1,066
1935 (Au, Ag, Pb, Cu, and
Zn mines) .._ _ 1,070
It is probable that mechanization
has decreased and will continue to decrease
the amount of seasonal changes
in employment, particularly in the
coal mines. As the investment in
machinery increases in these mines, the
fixed charges also increase, until a
point is reached at which it is more
profitable to keep a mine in constant
production rather than in seasonal
production. Although it is evident
that the mechanization of the mineral
industries has decreased the actual
number of workers emploj'ed, I believe
that the economic status of those
remaining in the industry is improving
at a greater rate than would have
been possible under other conditions.
It is evident that mechanization of
the mines in the United States has
made mineral production more rapid,
and therefore, the state of exhaustion
is, proportionately, closer at hand. At
the same time, it has reduced the costs
by increasing tbe production per man,
thus making possible the exploitation
of mineral deposits which were formerly
too low grade to be worked
profitably. But, there must come a
time when the difficulties to be surii
inrirrM
tTTT
•fiesa
mm

140 The Mines Magazine
for March, 1940 141
mounted in mining increase at a rate
faster than technological developments
can overcome them, costs will
increase, and the mineral production
of the United States will decline.
Trend curves of copper metal and
iron ore production in the United
States indicate that the peak of production
of these two metals has already
been passed and that future
production will continue at a lessening
pace.
Bibliography
WARSHOW, H. T., Representative Industries
in the United States, New York,
Henry Hoit and Company, 1928, Chapter
6, Chapter 9, Chapter 10, Chapter
21.
1 Recent Social Trends in the
United States, New York, McGraw-
Hill Book Company, 1933, Chapter 2, F.
G, Tryon and Margaret H. Schoenfeld.
, Census of the United States,
1929.
CORRY and KIESSLING^ Grade of Ore,
Philadelphia, Penn., 1938, Works Progress
Administration, National Research
Project,
, United States of America,
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th edition,
1932, Vol. 22.
Man and Minerals—
Amiouncer;
(Continued from page 115)
You have just listened to
another program prepared and presented
in co-operation with the
Rocky Mountain Radio Council by
the faculty members and students
of the Colorado School of Mines,
an institution devoted exclusively to
the advancement of the mineral industries.
Another similar informative
program will be broadcast next
week at the same time.. It will deal
with the subject of lubrication and
what it means to the automobile
owner. Address any questions you
may have about this program to
"Man and Minerals", care of the
station to which you are listening.
A?inouncer:
Mines.
The Colorado School of
Mines Men in Print—
Clifford Frondel, '29, published a 23
of Staurolite, Zircon and Garnet in Muscovite,
Skating Crystals and Their
Significance" in the January 1940 American
Mineralogist. Mr. Frondel is now
at Harvard University, Massachusetts,
Ronald K, DeFord, '21, in cooperation
with E, Russell Lloyd edited a West
Texas-New Mexico Symposium which
formed the January number of the Bulletin
of the American Association of Petroleum
Geologists. They wrote a 15 page
editorial introduction.
Non-Metallic Minerals
Processing
(Continued from page 112)
Depending upon the locality of the
plant, we find that raw materials going
into the manufacture of cement
may consist of, limestone, chalk, marl,
clay, slate, coal ash, blast furnace slag,
granite, sandstone, arid possibly other
constituents.
These raw materials are mixed in
approximately the proportions: Calcium
Carbonate, 75% ; • Silica,
Alumina and Iron combined 20%;
and 5% of impurities such as Magnesium,
Potassium and Sodium
Oxides.
This "Mix" is ground to a fine
powder and then introduced into a
kiln. Carbon Dioxide is driven off
as the temperature of the mix increases
but the chemical reactions are
not completed until incipient fusion
is reached. This incipient fusion
produces the "Clinker" which looks
very much like the clinkers produced
in the ordinary household furnace,
with which most of us are familiar.
The chemical reactions which take
place at the elevated temperature of
the kiln cause a combination of the
calcium and silica to produce bicalcium
and tricalcium silicates; calcium and
alumina to form tricalcium aluminates;
and calcium, alumina and iron
to form a tetra calcium aluminoferrite.
Many other compounds are undoubtedly
formed at difiEerent temperatures
in the kiln; as many as twentysix
different compounds have been reported
by investigators.
Unfortunately, magnesium oxide
does not combine with silica nor
alumina at ordinary kiln temperatures
so most cement has a certain
amount of uncombined MgO in its
make up. Since this decreases the
strength of the cement it is a very undesirable
impurity. This fact alone
eliminates many dolomitic limestones
from tbe cement industry. However,
flotation may offer a solution to the
problem of separating calcite from
dolomite, thus making these raw materials
available for the manufacture
of cement from the limestone and for
the manufacture of refractories from
the dolomite.
The clinker produced in the kiln is
pulverized, sacked or barreled, and
this product is the Portland Cement
familiar to all of us.
To utilize tbe cement, sand and
gravel are mixed with it in varying
proportions and the mixture is
dampened with water. The water
combines with the compounds produced
in the kiln to forra unstable
gels of bicalcium and tricalcium hydro
silicate, tricalcium hydro aluminate,
and calcium ferrites. These gels are
the binder between the grains of sand
and gravel. When the "Set" occurs
these gels start to pass into microcrj'stalline
forms of rock-like material.
The conversion of the gels to
crystals may take many, many years
for its completion which leads us to
the familiar observation that old cement
is harder than new cement.
The first set of cement ordinarily
would take place in an undesirably
short time if some compound was not
added to retard this original set. The
original set should not take place before
the concrete has been transported
to and placed in the forms where it is
to be used. This time elapsed between
wetting and first set should be
upward of thirty minutes, depending
on the job. The retarder most commonly
used to lengthen the time of
the first set is gypsum and is generally
added to the cement before
packing in containers. The more
gypsum the slower the set and vice
versa. As a consequence, cement can
be made with almost any setting
properties desired.
Geographical Dislribution of
Cement Materials
Cement materials occur in practically
every state of the United States and
in every country in the world.
Thirty-five of the forty-eight states
have cement plants operating within
their borders and tbe others probably
would if it was economically feasible.
Most of the civilized countries of
the world have one or more cement
plant operations within their
boundaries.
This widespread geographical distribution
of cement materials eliminates
any possibility of political control
by any country. Freight rates
are much more to be considered than
any possible political control of the
industry.
Uses and Market
The uses of cement are so wide and
varied that most of us are familiar
with many of them.
A few of the uses are, in highways,
bridges, culverts, foundations, build-
ing, fortifications, masonry, sewer
pipe, dams, ditches, flumes, tunnels,
aqueducts, ornamental work, and a
multitude of others.
The market is somewhat seasonal
in the building and construction industries
but the slack periods permit
a reserve supply to be built up against
the peak demands.
The future of the cement industry
appears bright with increasing uses as
our civilization advances.
References
1. MILLER, B. J., Industrial Minerals and
Rocks, Seely W. Mudd Series of A. I,
M. E., Chap. 9, 1937,
2. DAVIS, A, C, Portland Cement, London,
1934.
3. DAVISJ a. C, A Hundred Years of
Portland Cement, 1824-1924, London,
1924.
4. MILLER, B. L., Contribution of David
O, Saylor to the Early History of the
Portland Cement Industry in America,
Pennsylvania German Society, 1930.
5. BOWLES, 0., Rock Quarrying for Cement
Manufacture, U. S. Bureau of
Mines, BuH. 160, 1918,
6. THOENEN, J. R., Underground Limestone
Mining, U, S, Bureau of Mines,
Bull. 262, 1926.
7. Mineral Yearbook 1939, U. S, Bureau
of Mines, Dept. of the Interior, 1939.
8. MILLER, B, L,, and BREERWOOO, C. H,,
Flotation Processing of Limestone, A. I.
M, E. Tech. Pub, No, 606, 1935,
Manila to New York-
(Continued from page 110)
The matter of getting a ticket on
the U. S. Line was not so easy. Approximately
15,000 Americans were
in or around La Harve at the time,
and the two boats due the next week
had a normal capacity of about 10%
of this number. Everyone of course
wanted to get on one of these boats.
The French were going to close this
port after these boats went out, so if
one did not secure a ticket they would
have to move to the other side of
France. You could see most all the
Americans in that section every day
trying to get a ticket. I saw
women in beautiful silk dresses sitting
on the curb of the street too tired to
stand in line any longer. With much
luck (I think most of this luck was
due to the three year old son) we
finally got a cabin with another lady
for my wife and son, and I got one
with three other men. This was more
than we hoped for because all the
swimming pools had been drained,
lounge rooms, and smoking rooms had
been partitioned off and filled with
Army cots. There were more than
two thousand passengers on this return
trip of the S. S. Washington
USED BOOK SALE
and she was built for eight or nine
hundred.
After we got on the boat we
couldn't get off and she stayed in port
two days. At night there were complete
black outs and one night there
was an air raid signal. Many boats
had been torpedoed, among them the
Athenia, and the English Channel
had been mined so one did not feel
safe even after getting on a U. S.
boat. The only protection we had
was "Old Glory" painted all over tbe
ship. There was much speculation as
to how much protection this would be
and I am sure most people felt that a
few of Uncle Sam's battle ships would
serve the purpose much better. Very
few people went to bed the night we
crossed the channel but we figured
that was as good a place to die as any,
if we had to, so we went to bed.
The first two days out of Southampton
were trying but after that the
passengers settled down and started to
enjoy life again. Needless to say it
was a raost happy crowd when the
Statue of Liberty was first sighted.
We knew "Old Glory" was a real
protector and we were safe in the
good U. S. A. With all its troubles
it is the best place to live that I have
seen.
Elements of Analytic Geometry—Smith & Gale_._ $L50 No. 8—Clays of Colorado - - 50
Practical Metallurgy for Engineers—Houghton & Co— l.SO No. 9—Geology & Ore Deposits of Bonanza District.. .50
Differential S Integral Calculus-—Grainville — 1.50 No. 10—Geology & Ore Deposits of Gold Brick District
FELLOWSHIP, The Biography of a Man and a Business
-- ---- LOO
—Gilmore - -- 1.00 No. 17—Twin Lakes District, Colorado 75
Steam—Boilers—Peabody & Miller - 1.00 No. 24—Some Anticlines of Western Colorado.- 1.00
Machine Design, Part II—Jones 1,50 No. 27—Geology of Paris of Las Animas, Oteio, and
Bulletins of Colorado Geological Survey;
Bent Counties, Colorado - - - 75
No. 7—Bibliography, Colorado Geology & Mining
No. 31—Geology of Tarryal! District, Park County,
from Earliest Explorations to 1912 — - 50 Colorado — - - - '5
All of the above are in good condition. We sell separate or take $12.00 for the lot. Prices Post Paid.
THE MINES MAGAZINE
734 Cooper Bldg. DENVER, COLORADO
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INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
AINSWORTH & SONS, INC, WM.
Denver, Colo., 2151 Lawrence St.
AJAX FLEXIBLE COUPLING COMPANY
Westlield, N. Y., 135 English St "
Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop SI.
CAPABILITY EXCHANGE
Denver, Colo., 734 Cooper Buiidinq
CARD IRON WORKS COMPANY, C. S.
Denver, Colo., 2501 West 16th Ave
CHIKSAN OIL TOOL COMPANY, LTD. '
Fullerton, Calilornia.
Houslon, Texas, Shell Buildina,
CLINTON & HELD COMPANY
Denver, Colo., 1637 Wazee sireet
COCKS-CLARK ENGRAVING CO.
Denver, Coio., 2200 Arapahoe sT.
COLORADO BLUE PRINT PAPER & SUPPLY CO
Denver, Colo,, 1340 Glenarm Place
COLORADO FUEL 4 IRON CORPORATION
Amarillo, Texas, 711 Oliver Eakie Bldg.
Butte, Mont., 508 Metal Bank Bldg,
Chicago, 111., 309 Railway Exch. Bldg
Denver, Colo., Continental Oil Bldg
El Paso, Texas, 801 Basset Tower Bldg
Ft. Worth, Tex,, 1503 Ff. Wth. Nal'l Bk. Bldg,
Kansas Cjty, Mo., 415 R. A. Long Bldg.
Lincoln, Nebr., 330 N. 8lh St,
Los Angeles, CctliL, 739 E. 60th St
Okla. City, Okla., 906 Colcord Bldg,
Portland, Oregon, 902 Porter Bldg
Salt Lake City, Utah, 604 Walker Bk. BIdq
San Francisco, Calif., 1245 Howard St
Spokane, Wash., 727 Old Nal'l Bk. Bldg.
Wichila, Kans., 420 S. Commerce St.
COLORADO IRON WORKS COMPANY
Denver, Colo., 1624 Seventeenth St.
Kingston, Ontario, Can., Canadian Loco. Wks. Co,
Vancouver, B. C, Can., Vancouver Iron Wks,, Ltd.
Manila, P. I„ Marsman Trading Corp.
Johannesburg, So. Africa, Head, Wrightson & Co.
Stockton on Tees, Eng., Head, Wrightson & Co,
^- The Clyde Eng. Co., Ltd,
COLORADO NATIONAL BANK
Denver, Colo., 17th St. at Champa
DEISTER CONCENTRATOR COMPANY
Fort Wayne, Ind., 912 Glasgow Ave
New York, N. Y., 104 Pearl St,
Nesquehoning, Pa., 231 E, Catawissa St,
Hihbmg, Minnesota, P. O. Box 777,
Birmingham, Alabama, 930 2nd Ave North
DENVER EQUIPMENT COMPANY
Denver, Colo., 1400-1418 Seventeenth" S t . " "
New York City. 50 Church St.
Salt Lake City, Utah, 725 Mclntyre Building.
Mexico, D. F., Mexico, Boker Buildina
Toronto, Ontario, 45 Richmond St. West.
London, Eng., 840 Salisbury House, E C 2
DEN'v^rF7Rrc!Al"cS^SN'^ ^^^^^^
Denver, Colo.
Salt Lake City, Utah, P. O. Box 836.
EI Paso, Texas, 209 Mills Bldg.
DOLPH COMPANY, INC., THE
Newark, N. J., 168 Emmet St. "
„^ Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St.
DOHR COMPANY, Inc., Engineers
New York, 570 Lexington Ave.,
'
London, England, Dorr-Oliver Co., Ltd
Melbourne, Australia, Crossle & Duff Pty Ltd
Buenos Aires, Argentina, Luis Fiore
RIO de Janeiro, Brazil, Oscar Taves & Co.
Chicago, IIL, 221 N. LaSalle St.
Los Angeles, Calif., 811 W. Seventh St.
Denver, Colo., Cooper Buildina
DUPONT de NEMOURS & COMPANY E L
Denver, Colo., 444 Seventeenth St " "
Wilmington, Deloware.
San Francisco, CaliL, 111 Sutier Sf
DUVALL-DAVISON LUMBER COMPANY
Golden. Colorado.
EATON METAL PRODUCTS COMPANY
Denver, Colo., 4800 York St " "
FLEXIBLE STEEL LACING CO.
„ Chicago, IIL, 4628 Lexington St.
FOSS DRUG COMPANY
GoMen, Colorado.
FRANCO-WYOMING OIL COMPANY
Los Angeles, Calif., 601 Edison sidg
Pans, Fronee, 17 Boulevard Malesherbes
FROBES COMPANY, DANIEL C.
Salt Lake City, Utah, Dooly BIdq
GARDNER-DENVER COMPANY
Quincy, Illinois.
Denver, Colorado.
Butte, Mont., 215 E. Park St
El Paso, Texas, 301 San Francisco St.
Sal! Lake City, Utah, !30 West 2nd Soulh
Los Angeles, Calif., 845 E. 61st Et
San Francisco, Calif., 811 Folsom Sf
Seattle, Wash., 514 First South
GATES RUBBER COMPANY
Chicago, IIL, 1524 South Western A v e " "
Denver, Colo., 999 South Broadway
Hoboken, N. J., Terminal Building
Dallas, Texas, 2213 Griffin St.
Birmingham, Ala., 1631 1st Ave. S
Portland, Ore,, 1231 N. W. Hoyt Sf
Los Anaeles, Calif., 741 Warehouse Sf
San Francisco, Calif,, 2700 I6th Et
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY
Schenectady, New York.
GOLDEN CYCLE CORPORATION
Colorado Springs, Colo., P. O. Box 86
GOLDEN FIRE BRICK COMPANY
Golden, Colorado.
Denver, Colo., Interstate Trust Building.
136
138
134
137
100
98
102
143
103
138
IG3
103
102
GREAT WESTERN DIVISION, THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
San Francisco, CaliL, 9 Main St.
Pilisbwrg, Calif., Plant
New York, 1775 Broadway.
El Paso, Texas, H. J. Barron Co.
GRIMES PIPE & SUPPLY COMPANY
Denver, Colo,, 1300 Larimer St.
HARDESTY MANUFACTURING COMPANY, THE R.
Denver, Colo., 3063 Blake St.
HEILAND RESEARCH CORPORATION
Denver, Colo,, 700 Club Building,
HENDRIE i BOLTHOFF MFG. & SUPPLY COMPANY
Denver, Coio.
HERTEL CLOTHING CO
_
Golden, Colo.
KENDRICK-BELLAMY COMPANY 103
Denver, Colo., BOl Sixteenth St.
KIDDE EA^R FIRE CLAY
EL PASO, TEXAS fni?7^ SALT LAKE
NEWYOflK,N.y. CITY, UTAH
DENVER, COLO.. U. S.A.

of MLMUCY MILLS
is a(hdsi
These names are
TicsrcnnrCanaai"
Amoricdn Cyanamid Co., U.S.A.
'Amorican Mctiit Co., U.S.A.
Alma Lincoln Mines Co., U.S.A.
Amer. PoiasK & Chem. Corp., U.S.A.
Am+org Trading Corp., Russia
Bouldor Mill, inc., U.S.A.
Bradon Copper Co., S.A.
Broken Hill So. Sil. Mng. Co., Aus.
Bruce Cons. Mining Co., U.S.A.
Calumet & Ariiona Corp. Co., U.S.A.
The Philip Carey Co., U.S.A.
Anderson-Meyer & Co., Ltd., China Cariboo Sold CPuartz Mng. Co., Can.
Anglo-American Pur. Co., Africa
Amulet Mines, Ltd., Canada
Central Fibre Products Co., U.S.A.
Cftrro do Pasco Copper Corp/, S.A.
Anaconda Copper Mining Co., U.S.A. Cbntury Zinc Co., U.S.A.
Andes Copper Co., S.A,
Antamok Goldfiolds Mng. Co., P.I.
Arizona Comstock Corp^ U.S.A.
Arizona Molybdenum Corp, U.S.A.
.Bagdad Copper Co., U.S.A.
Basin Montana Tunnel Co., U.S.A.
Bon Harrison Mines Co., U.S.A.
Bertha Mineral Co., U.S.A.
Climax Molybdenum Co., U.S.A.
Columbia Metal Minos Co., U.S.A.
Combined Locks Paper Co., U.S.A.
Commorce M. & R. Co.. U.S.A.
Condor Gold Mines, inc., U.S.A.
Cuban Amer. Mang. Corp., Cuba
Cusi-Moxicana Min. Co., Mexico
Cripple Creek Mllllna Co.. U.S.A.
a
MARCY Mills^
list of th'
Ergasteria Flotation Co., Greece
Federated Tin Minos, Tasmania
FIbreboard Products, Inc., U.S.A.
Fresnillo Co., Mex.
Furukawa & Co., Japan
Goldfields Amer. Dev. Co., U.S.A.
Golden Cpueon Mining Co., U.S.A.
Homestake Mining Co., U.S.A
Holllnger Cons, G. Mines, Ltd., Can.
Idaho Maryland Mines Co., U.S A.
Inspiration Cons. Copper Co., U.S.A.
International Nickel Co. of Can.
international Smelting Co., U.S.A.
Kansas Exploration Co., U.S.A,
Lamaquc G. M. Ltd., Can.
Lava Cap Gold Min. Corp., U.S.A.
London Gold Mines, U.S.A,
London BuHo GnM Min»t Cn \l< A
Mount Kasi Mines, Ltd., Fiji Islands,
Tech Hughes Gold Minos, Ltd., Can.
Ncbosna Mining Corp., Alaska.
Nekoosa Edwards Paper Co., U.S.A.
New Jersey Zinc Co., U.S.A.
Northwoitorn Terra Cotta Co., U.S.A.
Omega Gold Mines, Ltd., Canada
Parkhlll Gold Mines, Ltd,, Canada
Ponhoel & Atkinson, Mexico
Cia Minora De Penoles, Mexico
Paymaster Cons. Gold Mines, Canada
Phosphate Recovery Corp., U.S.A.
Cia Industrial El Potosi, Mexico
Phelps Dodge Corp., U.S.A,
The Pickle Crowe G. M., Ltd., Can.
Potash Co. of America, U.S.A.
Premier Gold Mines Co., Can.
Rnlmf Ari;„n+«„ u;-„j_ Ltd., Can.
M., Ltd., Africa
/lines Co,, U.S.A.
•Ines, U.S,A.
•I
US A
Sl I in^J.
)f Mexico
U.S.A.
i" — Uimng Co., U.S.A.
- • M ^^fi Can.
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DEPENDABILITY is a hackneyed
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Ddily capacity and per ton cost are determined by dendability,
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The MINE and SMELTER SUPPLY Co.
Main Office: DENVER, COLO., U. S. A.
El Paso, Texas - 1775 Broadway, New York - Salt Lake City, Ulah

;^WAtoZlistoilheJlK«2
TTCSrcTirrCafiaaa
Boulder Mill, Inc.. U.S.A
American Cyanamid Co., U.S.A. Braden Copper Co., S.A.
American Metal Co., U.S.A.
Broken Hill So. Sil. Mng. Co., Aus.
Alma Lincoln Mines Co., U.S.A. QrucQ Cons. Mining Co., U.S.A.
Amor. Potash & Chom. Corp., U.S.A. Calumet & Arizona Corp. Co., U.S.A.
Amtorg Trading Corp., Russia
The Philip Carey Co., U.S.A.
Anderson- Meyer & Co., Ltd., China Cariboo Gold Cpuartz Mng. Co., Can.
Anglo-American Pur. Co., Africa Central Fibre Products Co., U.S.A.
Amulet Mines, Ltd., Canada
Cftrro de Pasco Copper Corp.-, S.A.
•Anaconda Copper Mining Co., U.S.A. Cbntury Zinc Co., U.S.A.
Andes Copper Co., S.A.
Cilmax Molybdenum Co., U.S.A.
Antamok Goldfiolds Mng. Co., P.I. Columbia Metal Minos Co., U.S.A.
Arizona Comstock Corp.., U.S.A. Combined Locks Paper Co., U.S.A.
Arizona Molybdenum Corp, U.S.A. Commerce M. & R. Co., U.S.A.
.Bagdad Copper Co., U.S.A,
Condor Gold Minos, Inc., U.S.A.
Basin Montana Tunnel Co., U.S.A. Cuban Amer. Mang. Corp., Cuba
Ben Harrison Mines Co., U.S.A. Cusi'Mexicana Min. Co., Mexico
Ergasterii Flotd Co., Gr
Federated Tin Minos, Tasmania
Flbreboard Products, Inc., U.S.A,
Fresnillo Co., Moxi
Furukawa & Co., Japan
Goldfiolds Amer. Dev. Co., U.S.A,
Golden Queen Mining Co., U.S.A.
Homestake Mining Co., U.S.A
Holllnger Cons. G. Mines, Ltd., Can.
Idaho Maryland Mines Co., U.S A.
Inspiration Cons. Copper Co., U.S.A.
International Nickel Co. of Can.
International Smelting Co., U.S.A,
Kansas Exploration Co,, U,S.A,
Lamaque G. M. Ltd., Can.
Lava Cap Gold Min, Corp., U.S.A.
London Gold Mines, U.S.A.
0.. U.S.A,
Mount
Tech Hughos Gold Mines, Ltd., Can.
Nebesna Mining Corp., Alaska.
Nekoosa Edwards Paper Co., U.S.A.
Now Jersey Zinc Co., U.S.A,
Northwestern Terra Cotta Co., U.S.A.
Omega Gold Mines, Ltd., Canada
Parkhill Gold Minos, Ltd., Canada
Ponhoel & Atkinson, Mexico
Cia Minera De Penoles, Mexico
Paymaster Cons. Gold Mines, Cani
Phosphate Recovery Corp., U.S.A.
Cia Industrial El Potosi, Mexico
Phelps Dodge Corp., U.S.A,
The Pickle Crowe G, M„ Ltd., Can.
Potash Co. of America, U.S.A,
Premier Gold Mines Co., Can.
Relief Arlington Mines, Ltd., Can.
Roan Antotope Cop. M., Ltd., Afrlc.
Rochester Plymouth Mines Co,, U.S '
Russel Gulch Gold Mines, U.S.A.
San Francisco Mines of Mexico
San Juan Metal Co,, U.S.A.
1 ^.n U. t/ii. ig Co., U,S,A.
i^^Hnlng Co., U.S.A.
. • . •
The NINE and SMELTER SUPPLY Co.
Main Office: DENVER, COLO., U. S. A.
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San Francisco • Canadian Vickers, Montreal • Edw. J. Nell, Manila • W. R. Judson, Santiago & Lima