Securing the Sea Lines of Communication (SLOC ... - ISIS Malaysia
Securing the Sea Lines of Communication (SLOC ... - ISIS Malaysia
Securing the Sea Lines of Communication (SLOC ... - ISIS Malaysia
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<strong>Securing</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Sea</strong> <strong>Lines</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Communication</strong><br />
(<strong>SLOC</strong>)<br />
Threats and Responses
What are <strong>the</strong> responses to <strong>the</strong> threat <strong>of</strong> piracy<br />
and armed robbery in <strong>the</strong> Gulf <strong>of</strong> Aden and in <strong>the</strong><br />
waters <strong>of</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia ?<br />
What kinds <strong>of</strong> collaboration have been proven to<br />
be especially effective?<br />
How can <strong>the</strong> international community improve<br />
<strong>the</strong> capacities <strong>of</strong> littoral states to address such<br />
threats?<br />
Western Indian Ocean<br />
Arabian <strong>Sea</strong> – Gulf <strong>of</strong> Aden – Red <strong>Sea</strong><br />
Indian Ocean Island States
Suez Canal<br />
About 200<br />
vessels<br />
pass every<br />
month<br />
Hormuz<br />
17.0 Mn<br />
Barrels<br />
<strong>of</strong> oil /day<br />
100,000 Vessels transit through IOR
Situation in <strong>the</strong> Gulf <strong>of</strong> Aden<br />
Counter piracy : Mixed bag <strong>of</strong> successes and failure<br />
2011 Gulf <strong>of</strong> Aden : 37 2011 Somalia: 160<br />
Hostage : 470 Kidnapped : 10<br />
Injured : 3 Killed : 8<br />
Dec 31, 2011:<br />
216 hostages<br />
Costs to global economy<br />
Costs <strong>of</strong> re-routing <strong>of</strong> ships<br />
Costs on naval operations<br />
Ransom paid to pirates<br />
$7bn -$12bn<br />
$2.4bn-$3bn<br />
$2bn<br />
$ 150 mn
Situation in <strong>the</strong> Gulf <strong>of</strong> Aden<br />
Pirates have expanded <strong>the</strong>ir reach far into <strong>the</strong> sea<br />
Area too large to be monitored ‘round <strong>the</strong> clock’ by <strong>the</strong><br />
navies or ‘steered clear’ by <strong>the</strong> merchant shipping<br />
Over two dozen warships <strong>of</strong> various flags patrol <strong>the</strong><br />
GoA and provide escort to vessels<br />
EUNAVFOR , NATO, Task Force 151, CTF 525, India,<br />
Iran, Japan, Russia, South Korea, <strong>Malaysia</strong>, Singapore,<br />
Thailand, etc<br />
Unprecedented levels <strong>of</strong> information sharing and<br />
intelligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pirate “threat”
2010 : 53<br />
2011 : 37<br />
Gulf <strong>of</strong> Aden<br />
10 13<br />
92<br />
116<br />
2006<br />
2007<br />
2008<br />
2009<br />
Somalia<br />
May 18, 2012<br />
59 incidents<br />
12 hijacking<br />
2010 : 139<br />
2011 : 160<br />
13 vessels in custody<br />
10<br />
31<br />
19<br />
HIJACKED<br />
80<br />
ATTEMPTED<br />
188 crew hostage<br />
2006<br />
2008<br />
2007<br />
PURSUED<br />
2009<br />
CAPTURED
1000 nm<br />
(not to scale)<br />
Spread and Range <strong>of</strong> Pirates
DJIBOUTI<br />
OFF<br />
GULF <strong>of</strong> ADEN<br />
TF 150<br />
TF 151<br />
EUNAVFOR<br />
SNMG 2<br />
CTF 525<br />
•US<br />
•UK<br />
•EU<br />
•CHINA<br />
•JAPAN<br />
•RoK<br />
•INDIA<br />
•MALAYSIA<br />
•SINGAPORE<br />
•THAILAND
International Cooperative Initiatives<br />
2008 : Shared Awareness and Deconfliction (SHADE) :<br />
Platform for Commanders <strong>of</strong> coalition groups/individual<br />
country TF Cdr to share info, threat analysis and <strong>the</strong><br />
ongoing and planned counter piracy operations<br />
Deliberations shared with CGPCS (Contact Group for<br />
Piracy <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> Coast <strong>of</strong> Somalia), a voluntary and an<br />
adhoc forum <strong>of</strong> States and industry to share counter<br />
piracy initiatives<br />
CGPCS : Meets three times annually at <strong>the</strong> UN.<br />
Five Working Groups : Meet on regular basis and<br />
strategize international counter-piracy policies and pgms
Internationally Recommended Transit Corridor (IRTC)<br />
Speed West Bound East Bound<br />
12 0410 h 1525 h<br />
14 0210 h 1325 h<br />
18 0010 h 1125 h<br />
China, Indian and Japan<br />
Coord. escort responsibility<br />
Reference Navy for 3 months<br />
http://www.svamante.com/indian_ocean.htm
IMO Secretariat<br />
Djibouti<br />
Code <strong>of</strong> Conduct<br />
(DCOD)<br />
States <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Western Indian Ocean
Capacity Building :Smaller IOR Countries<br />
Counter<br />
Terrorism<br />
Counter<br />
Piracy<br />
Fisheries<br />
Protection<br />
Climate<br />
Change<br />
HADR<br />
Maldives<br />
Sri Lanka<br />
Mauritius<br />
Seychelles<br />
Yemen<br />
Coast Guard : training and capacity building<br />
Intel and Info Sharing<br />
Maritime / Naval Infra Development<br />
Interoperability
Capacity Building : Legal Issues<br />
Easy to Capture, Difficult to Prosecute<br />
A large number <strong>of</strong> pirates go unpunished due absence <strong>of</strong> domestic laws<br />
UN Resolutions urged states to share <strong>the</strong> burden <strong>of</strong> piracy prosecutions<br />
Prison capacity, burden <strong>of</strong> long and costly trials, human rights issues, lack<br />
basic medical facilities, water, sanitation, and trained staff , etc<br />
DCoC countries agreed to review national legislation to criminalise piracy,<br />
establish guidelines to exercise jurisdiction, conduct investigations/ prosecution<br />
International assistance for piracy prosecutions focused on fin & tech<br />
Prison<br />
Capacity<br />
Prison<br />
Population<br />
Occupancy<br />
Rate<br />
# <strong>of</strong> prisons % <strong>of</strong> pre-trial<br />
detainees<br />
Kenya 22,000 49,757 226.2% 99 43.3%<br />
Seychelles 400 432 80.8% 1 27.2%<br />
Mauritius 2194 2354 100.3% 9 30%
Indian Ocean Regionalism<br />
GCC<br />
SAARC<br />
AU<br />
HoAC<br />
BIMSTEC<br />
SADC<br />
EAC<br />
IOR-ARC<br />
Once Upon a Time<br />
There was a Ugly<br />
Duckling<br />
IONS<br />
ASEAN
2008 : ‘Indian Ocean Naval Symposium’ (IONS)<br />
established<br />
35 members grouping to enhance maritime cooperation<br />
among regional navies<br />
Aim : ‘Generate a flow <strong>of</strong> information between naval<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>essionals that would lead to common understanding<br />
and possibly agreements on <strong>the</strong> way ahead’ to address<br />
maritime security issues confronted by <strong>the</strong> region
Bahrain, Iran,<br />
Iraq, Kuwait,<br />
Oman, Qatar,<br />
Saudi Arabia,<br />
UAE &Yemen<br />
Bangladesh,<br />
India, Maldives,<br />
Pakistan,<br />
Seychelles & Sri<br />
Lanka;<br />
Comoros,<br />
Djibouti, Egypt,<br />
Eritrea, France,<br />
Kenya,<br />
Madagascar,<br />
Mauritius,<br />
Mozambique,<br />
Somalia, South<br />
Africa, Sudan &<br />
Tanzania;<br />
Australia,<br />
Indonesia,<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>,<br />
Myanmar,<br />
Singapore,<br />
Thailand &<br />
Timor Leste.
Indian Ocean Regionalism<br />
HoAC<br />
India Maldives Sri Lanka<br />
(IMSL)<br />
2012 Coast Guard exercises<br />
DCoC ISC<br />
Dar es Salaam<br />
Mombasa<br />
Sana’a<br />
Ops since 2011<br />
Counter Piracy MoU<br />
South Africa,<br />
Mozambique<br />
and Tanzania<br />
2012<br />
MSSI<br />
ReCAAP<br />
ISC<br />
China, Indian and Japan<br />
Coord. Escort responsibility<br />
Reference Navy for 3 months
MARITIME MULTILATERALISM<br />
International Efforts in GoA laudable and effective<br />
Despite diff. pol-mil structures, maritime forces coop.<br />
Unprecedented industry initiatives to counter piracy<br />
Capacity Building : The New<br />
Piracy a law enforcement problem and can be best<br />
addressed by constabulary forces<br />
Counter piracy addresses symptoms ;<br />
focus on rebuilding
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