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I n t r o d u c t i o n Shark fisheries Major environmental degradation in Borneo, along with a four-fold increase in worldwide fisheries since World War II, has coincided with a major increase in exploitation of cartilaginous fishes. Most species known from Borneo occur in coastal or freshwater habitats easily accessible to fisheries and other antropogenic activities impacting on these fishes. Indonesia traditionally has the largest annual global production of elasmobranchs but, despite the early focus on them, only recently has the composition of this fauna been comprehensively described. The declaration of the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in 1983, which includes the waters of Kalimantan, gives Indonesia control of more than 5.4 million km 2 of sea. With a reported 118,000 and 121,000 tonnes landed in 2003 and 2004 respectively, Indonesia has the largest chondrichthyan fishery in the world. Catches of Malaysian Borneo are smaller but far from insignificant. Chondrichthyans are caught locally by target fisheries, and as commercial and artisanal bycatch, using fishing methods that vary greatly geographically and between nations. In Indonesia, chondrichthyans are targeted using a variety of fishing methods, such as gill and tangle nets, longlines and harpoons. Fisheries that land substantial catches of elasmobranchs as bycatch include those operating small-scale bottom trawls, trammel and gill nets, and longlines and droplines. In Malaysia, demersal trawling and drift nets account for the bulk of the catch (DOFM, 2006). Darwin project In 1996, the first major investigation of the elasmobranchs of Sabah was initiated by an international research team led by Sarah Fowler and supported by funding from the UK Darwin Foundation. This project attempted to answer basic questions relating to the biodiversity, fisheries impact, biology, and conservation status of coastal marine and freshwater elasmobranchs of Sabah, and compile a preliminary checklist of chondrichthyans of greater Borneo. The survey work, which focused on both coastal marine and freshwater habitats, uncovered a relatively rich freshwater fauna. For example, Fowler & Payne (1995) recorded two species of rays, several species of rare sharks and a species of sawfish, from the Kinabatangan River in East Malaysia. A preliminary report on the project was published by Cook & Compagno (1996) providing data on 36 elasmobranch species in markets and freshwater habitats of Sabah. At the completion of the formal survey of elasmobranchs from fish markets, and river and coastal villages throughout Sabah, conducted by the IUCN Shark Specialist Group (see Fowler et al., 1999), 69 species of elasmobranchs (34 sharks and 35 rays) were recorded, 23 of which were new records for the state. Of particular note was the listing of new species of the river shark, genus Glyphis, and new species of Mustelus, Orectolobus and Rhynchobatus. A checklist of chondrichthyan fishes of all of Borneo was compiled at the same time, which included 82 species (40 sharks, 41 rays and 1 chimaera). Following on from this project (1999-2004), a primarily Malaysian led study of the chondrichthyans of Brunei and Malaysia, including Sabah and Sarawak, led to the
S h a r k s a n d R a y s o f B o r n e o collection of 760 specimens of 79 species, comprised of 43 sharks, 35 rays and one chimaera (Yano et al., 2005), but some of these species appear to be invalid. A new and valid species of catshark, Cephaloscyllium sarawakensis, was also described from this research. Figure 1 Map of Borneo showing the locations of landing sites and villages surveyed. The different landmass colours used correspond to the different countries making up Borneo: grey (Indonesia), green (Malaysia) and yellow (Brunei).
Page 1 and 2: SHARKS and RAYS of BORNEO Peter R.
Page 3 and 4: © CSIRO 2010 All rights reserved.
Page 5 and 6: iv Contents Foreword . . . . . . .
Page 8 and 9: Introduction The region The island
Page 12 and 13: I n t r o d u c t i o n National S
Page 14 and 15: I n t r o d u c t i o n Table 2 Co
Page 16 and 17: How to use this book This book is d
Page 18 and 19: H o w t o u s e t h i s b o o k 11
Page 20 and 21: G l o s s a r y 13 transferring spe
Page 22 and 23: G l o s s a r y 15 histotrophy - fo
Page 24 and 25: G l o s s a r y 17 plain - uniforml
Page 26 and 27: G l o s s a r y 19 teeth - hard out
Page 28 and 29: G l o s s a r y 21 upper origin dor
Page 30 and 31: R u n n i n g h e a d 23 Key to fam
Page 32 and 33: K e y t o f a m i l i e s a n d g e
Page 42 and 43: SPECIES INFORMATION
Page 44 and 45: H e x a n c h i f o r m e s 37 5 Ve
Page 46 and 47: S q u a l i f o r m e s 39 2 Ventra
Page 48 and 49: S q u a l i f o r m e s 41 2 Ventra
Page 50 and 51: S q u a t i n i f o r m e s 43 Util
Page 52 and 53: H e t e r o d o n t i f o r m e s 4
Page 54 and 55: O r e c t o l o b i f o r m e s 47
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O r e c t o l o b i f o r m e s 53
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L a m n i f o r m e s 63 Utilisatio
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L a m n i f o r m e s 65 Utilisatio
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P r i s t o i d e i 141 Conservatio
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P r i s t o i d e i 143 seriously d
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P r i s t o i d e i 145 6 Caudal fi
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R h i n o i d e i , R h y n c h o b
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T o r p e d i n o i d e i 161 Diet
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T o r p e d i n o i d e i 163 Like
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T o r p e d i n o i d e i 165 yolk-
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T o r p e d i n o i d e i 167 Utili
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T o r p e d i n o i d e i 169 a mod
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R a j o i d e i 171 bottoms. Ovipar
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R a j o i d e i 173 Similar forms o
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R a j o i d e i 175 shelf. Oviparou
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R a j o i d e i 177 Habitat and bio
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R a j o i d e i 179 Conservation st
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 181 biolo
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 183 Austr
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 185 possi
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 187 Habit
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 189 Distr
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 193 and f
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 211 25-26
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 219 an un
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 227 conti
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 229 proba
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 231 100 m
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 237 Utili
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 239 Vivip
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 241 Utili
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 243 bival
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 251 tal s
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 257 seas.
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 259 crust
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 261 perio
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M y l i o b a t o i d e i 265 commo
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C h i m a e r i f o r m e s 267 Con
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A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s 269
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271 References Ahmad, A., Lim, A.P.
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R e f e r e n c e s 273 betreffende
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R e f e r e n c e s 275 the offshor
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277 Checklist of Borneo sharks and
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C h e c k l i s t o f s p e c i e s
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C h e c k l i s t o f s p e c i e s
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283 Scientific names index A acutus
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RS cu ine nitn i g f i c h en adm e
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S c i e n t i f i c n a m e s i n d
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E n g l i s h c o m m o n n a m e s
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293 Indonesian common names index C
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I n d o n e s i a n c o m m o n n a
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M a l a y s i a n c o m m o n n a m
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Sharks and Rays of Borneo This full
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