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NOTES (1) a. Zsombor Szasz: Erdely Romaniaban, Budapest, 1927; Gyorgy Lukacs: A Nepszovetsegi Kisebbsegvedelem Csodje, b. Kisebbsegvedelem, 1941 Nos. 5-6. (2) a. Bela Szasz: Nemzetisegpolitikank Valsaga; A Dunai Kerdes, Budapest, 1932; b. SandorTurnovszky: A Tarsadalom. Metamorphosis Transylvaniael 1918-1936, Kolozsvar, 1937 (3). Ibid (4) Karoly Kapronczay: A Szulofold Emleke, ET Kalendarium 1989, pp. 159-165 (5) Ibid. (6) Kulugyi Szemle, 1931, No.l (7) Daniel Csatari: Forgoszelben. (Magyar-Roman viszony 1940-1945), Budapest, 1969 (8) Karoly Kapronczay: Menekultek Magyarorszagon...Valosag, 1993, No.2 (9) Karoly Kapronczay: id. Antall Jozsef, Europai Utas, 1990, No. 4 (10) National Archives, K63, BM IX, July 4, 1943. Jozsef Antall's summary report to Interior Minister Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer on the situation of the refugees. (11) Ibid (12) Ibid. 4056 cs. The Transylvanian refugees, 1940 (13) Ibid. 946/1940. Circular concerning refugees. (14) Note 10 (15) National Archives, K63, IX, 5180 cs. 1943.Transylvanian refugees: Accounts, Reports (16) Jozsef Antall, Sr.: Menekultek Menedeke. Egy Humanista a 20. szazadbol (Memoirs), Budapest, 1996. 22
THE LAST HOURS OF PEACE After Czechoslovakia's dismemberment, it became increasingly clear that the next victim of Hitler's Germany will be Poland. From the spring of 1939 on, the world has been watching with anxiety the deepening rift between Germany and Poland but hoped that the countries that maintained friendly relationships with England, France, and Poland will be able to avert this tragedy. Feeling friendship for Poland but tied by her vital interests, the Hungarian government did its best, with its limited means, to smooth over the German-Polish differences and to avoid becoming caught up in the war. When, in the spring of 1939, Poland obtained England's and France's guarantees, Hitler had already signed, on April 11, 1939, the secret war plans against Poland, code named "Fall Weiss". The world, of course, knew nothing about this secret plan and pinned its hopes, once the offer of military assistance to Poland became known, it would deter Hitler from opening a war on two fronts.*1 In these times of tension, Poland could count on the support of Hungarian diplomacy. Even before the signing of the English-Polish mutual assistance pact, this was made clear in a speech made by Polish foreign minister Jozef Beck on April 6th, in London, when he stressed the special significance of Hungarian-Polish friendship. In Hungary, the English-Polish and French-Polish mutual assistance pacts were regarded as reinforcing Poland's security and placing her in a key position in that territory. They were also viewed with caution as, after all, they did not diminish the antagonisms between the two countries. Naturally, Germany reacted with asperity to England's and France's show of solidarity with Poland. As a response, she denounced, on April 28, 1939, the friendship treaty she had entered into with Poland in 1934 and cancelled the naval agreement with England. This precluded all possibility of negotiations, even though Warsaw was willing to make concessions concerning Gdansk (Danzig). A never-before-seen anti-Polish campaign was started in Germany: day after day, the German press published ever-newer slanderous accusations against Poland. This press campaign found an "unfavourable" echo in Budapest: the public reacted sharply to 23
Page 1 and 2: TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents
Page 3 and 4: SYNOPSIS Hungary is situated at the
Page 5 and 6: into the economic life and workforc
Page 7 and 8: the most important ones. Aside from
Page 9 and 10: instance, they were almost wholly d
Page 11 and 12: their defeat, the Hungarian authori
Page 13 and 14: Moscow and of their environs were p
Page 15 and 16: N O T E S (1) a. Pal Engel: Beilles
Page 17 and 18: estates also brought with it the in
Page 19 and 20: II their remnants were settled near
Page 21: needed the approval of Germany whic
Page 25 and 26: Hungarian prime minister will have
Page 27 and 28: ecame enervated by the scorching su
Page 29 and 30: seashore, Pomerania, Silesia, Mazov
Page 31 and 32: the Chief Province with Hans Frank
Page 33 and 34: The Polish Government and the Reorg
Page 35 and 36: disparate forces into his organizat
Page 37 and 38: The Hungarian government and the Po
Page 39 and 40: The standpoint of the Hungarian gov
Page 41 and 42: with a request of this nature. On S
Page 43 and 44: corps. Thus, a senior officer or an
Page 45 and 46: have become so successful without o
Page 47 and 48: asked for a central camp in Baja so
Page 49 and 50: of the Polish armed forces that ent
Page 51 and 52: (13) Ibid (14) Kapronczay, Karoly:
Page 53 and 54: From 1932-39 editor of the "Przegla
Page 55 and 56: Ministers. (42) Kapronczay, Karoly:
Page 57 and 58: (67) Kapronczay, Karoly: Op.Cit (1/
Page 59 and 60: had an important role in initiating
Page 61 and 62: and newspaper editor of Katowice, b
Page 63 and 64: The Polish Government's Secret Mili
Page 65 and 66: efugees, eliminating, for instance,
Page 67 and 68: Polish Military Institutions in the
Page 69 and 70: Consulate the needed papers and boa
Page 71 and 72: the German conquest of France. Duri
Page 73 and 74:
In determining the number, we must
Page 75 and 76:
operations of an illegal print shop
Page 77 and 78:
arrested after the German occupatio
Page 79 and 80:
The evacuation office was in contac
Page 81 and 82:
NOTES (1) a. Kapronczay, Karoly: Le
Page 83 and 84:
(17) Rev. Bela Varga's interview on
Page 85 and 86:
SOCIAL WELFARE OF THE POLISH REFUGE
Page 87 and 88:
case. Thus, assistance to the civil
Page 89 and 90:
Cross.*7 The Polish organizations i
Page 91 and 92:
THE RED CROSS AND THE REFUGEES In m
Page 93 and 94:
Yugoslavia, England, Switzerland),
Page 95 and 96:
NOTES (1) National Archives, K.150.
Page 97 and 98:
E D U C A T I O N Children and scho
Page 99 and 100:
German protests. What prompted thes
Page 101 and 102:
General or Elementary Schools The g
Page 103 and 104:
school opened the 1941/1942 school
Page 105 and 106:
Polish Jewish Schools Within the pr
Page 107 and 108:
High Schools As mentioned earlier,
Page 109 and 110:
56 students). However, there were g
Page 111 and 112:
The aim of their training was to pr
Page 113 and 114:
lack of knowledge of the Hungarian
Page 115 and 116:
THE INDEPENDENT POLISH HEALTH-CARE
Page 117 and 118:
Academy (university)*4. Already at
Page 119 and 120:
altered living conditions perturbed
Page 121 and 122:
AFTER THE GERMAN OCCUPATION The occ
Page 123 and 124:
Noga, Zygmund Pogoda, and Ignacy Bo
Page 125 and 126:
arrests either: together with Fathe
Page 127 and 128:
Fietowicz, Borowko shunned publicit
Page 129 and 130:
and its resistance movements are de
Page 131 and 132:
the military authorities and place
Page 133 and 134:
invaluable. Its primary goals were
Page 135 and 136:
Command of the Polish Refugee Camps
Page 137 and 138:
Going Home - Spring 1945 The bigges
Page 139 and 140:
Hegyko where the refugees received
Page 141 and 142:
N O T E S (1) Lengyel Menekultek Ma
Page 143 and 144:
Hungarian Aristocracy and the Refug
Page 145 and 146:
them, to look after the refugees, m
Page 147 and 148:
The Polish Catholic Church in Hunga
Page 149 and 150:
ostentatiously participated in thes
Page 151 and 152:
N O T E S ( 1) Gergely, Jeno: A Pus
Page 153 and 154:
egions, their losses were 169,008 J
Page 155 and 156:
the Jews they wanted, their rescue
Page 157 and 158:
them, thus perfecting the "document
Page 159 and 160:
of Pastor Sandor Puszta, the famous
Page 161 and 162:
who are, maybe, their own employees
Page 163 and 164:
about 164,000 Jews from the capital
Page 165 and 166:
exist on the help that was offered.
Page 167 and 168:
N O T E S ( 1) Gilbert, Marti: Atla
Page 169 and 170:
arrested, shot, and dumped into the
Page 171 and 172:
German power into new territories f
Page 173 and 174:
military authorities placed the Fre
Page 175 and 176:
temporary camp at Komarom where the
Page 177 and 178:
the camp at Balatonboglar; at that
Page 179 and 180:
guards but their activity was more
Page 181 and 182:
esistance. In May they tried to fin
Page 183 and 184:
As a result of the German occupatio
Page 185 and 186:
Les Evades, Paris, 1979; 3.- Pflege
Page 187 and 188:
and whom the 2. Division of the Gen
Page 189 and 190:
January, 1944 the prisoners and int
Page 191 and 192:
opposed and in the end forbade the
Page 193 and 194:
Memoirs: "Col. Howie worked out the
Page 195 and 196:
needs upon the express request of t
Page 197 and 198:
(29) Ibid; documents of the DM's 21
Page 199 and 200:
German troops. In retaliation, the
Page 201 and 202:
Lt. Van der Waals was sent to the P
Page 203 and 204:
of smugglers but only one escapee,
Page 205 and 206:
in Austria. By profession he was a
Page 207 and 208:
N O T E S ( 1) a. Ranki, Gyorgy: A
Page 209 and 210:
The DM telegraphed the army command
Page 211 and 212:
Somloszollos were already being org
Page 213 and 214:
"At 10.40 AM of October 1st of this
Page 215 and 216:
small to house them all, so the win
Page 217 and 218:
The political differences among the
Page 219 and 220:
transports were sent out from Daka;
Page 221 and 222:
SERB AND RUSSIAN REFUGEES The Serb
Page 223 and 224:
and financial assistance. Of partic
Page 225 and 226:
prisoner-of-war camps returned to t
Page 227 and 228:
were executed when they were shippe
Page 229 and 230:
EXCERPTS FROM "MY RECOLLECTIONS OF
Page 231 and 232:
the Polish Military Internees. He w
Page 233 and 234:
as if they were in jail. The comman
Page 235 and 236:
soldiers for their planned Ukrainia
Page 237 and 238:
Colonel JAN EMISARSKI Military Atta
Page 239 and 240:
Budapest of impotence; I replied th
Page 241 and 242:
Society, by helping the civilian re
Page 243 and 244:
POLISH LEGATION BUDAPEST To overcom
Page 245 and 246:
The Honor Roll We are deeply ingrat
Page 247 and 248:
Mr. & Mrs. Frank Mayer KMCSSZ V. Ke
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