the text - Corvinus Library - Hungarian History

territories. After the Turks were driven out at the end of the 17th
century, the Habsburg policy of resettling the depopulated regions
invited not only German immigrants but also Serbians for the
southern borders. They were promised tax-exemptions, religious
freedom and the establishment of an Eastern-rite bishopric. The
invitation of Vienna did not fall on deaf ears in the Serb population
suffering under Turkish rule: in that decade, 200,000 Serbians
arrived, led by the Patriarch Arsenije Crnojevic (Arzen Csernovics),
to settle the depopulated southern regions. In 1692 and 1695,
Emperor Leopold I.'s privileges granted collective rights and
exemptions to the Serbians settling in. These will become the basis
of the l9th century's erupting nationalist movement. It was Vienna's
deliberate policy to grant these privileges: she wanted to build on
them to play Hungary off. Later, Joseph I, Charles "I, and Maria
Theresia all confirmed these privileges, thus effectively removing
these Serbian-inhabited border regions from Hungary's
administrative supervision. This separatism was significant not only
from the legal and ethnic point of view, but also in its religious
aspect as the head of the Serbian Church in Hungary was as well its
temporal head. With the end of the 17th century, one of the Middle
Ages' largest migration closed. Its aim was our country's territory
and, as a consequence, created this significant southern-Slav
minority in Hungary *4.
The Polish refugees arriving from time to time on the Hungarian
nation's soil - except for those from the Szepesseg and the borders
of Poland and Hungary - are typical of all phases of the care given
historically to refugees (emigration, social work, etc.). The political
and economic decline of the Polish state in the 18th century stirred
the ambitions of her neighbors (Austria, Russia, and Prussia) to
acquire additional territory. Between 1772 and 1796, they divided
three times Poland's territory. At the beginning of the l9th century,
Polish patriots hoped for redress from the Napoleonic wars but his
fall sealed their fate. At the Congress of Vienna (1815) the Holy
Alliance declared its final decision: they attached to Prussia the
industrially more advanced western part (the Grand Duchy of
Poznan), to Russia the central and eastern territories (Kingdom of
Poland), and Austria received Galicia. The Republic of Cracow
represented the Polish State under the supervision of the three
powers.
The three territories developed very differently. The fate of the
Poles living under German rule depended on the strong
Germanization process. Under Bismarck's chancellorship, for
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