Lesson 13:Louise Arner Boyd and Glaciers

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The crew began unloading supplies from the ship. They placed equipment, food, coal, and water on the ice. Captain Olson deduced that if the ship were lighter, it might float itself free. But unloading did not help. The ship remained stuck, and the ice continued to close in on it. In a desperate move, Captain Olson used the ship’s ropes and chains to loop around a nearby iceberg. He planned to wait for high tide and use engine power to help pull the ship free. All on board held their breath as Captain Olson gave the order for full engine power. The plan worked! Finally, the ship pulled free and was able to make it safely back to port. Boyd made further expeditions in 1937 and 1938, learning more about the Arctic each time. After her journeys, Boyd wrote books that included her photographs and scientific reports. Then, in 1939, World War II broke out in Europe. American military leaders wanted information about Greenland and the Arctic. Sea ice can trap ships, as this historical photo from a 1916 exploration shows. 11
Boyd was hired as a consultant to the U.S. War Department. She helped by sharing all of her knowledge about Arctic lands. American leaders asked Boyd to delay the publication of her book, The Coast of Northeast Greenland. They thought it contained valuable information that could help enemies of the United States. Boyd also organized another expedition to Greenland, this time for the U.S. military. She made it appear that she was studying radio waves in the Arctic. Actually, Boyd and her crew were mapping the ice and shipping lanes to be used in a possible military expedition. The top-secret mission was a complete success. Boyd stayed on as an advisor to the government during the rest of the war. A First After World War II ended, Boyd’s book on Greenland was finally published. She was about 60 years old and realized her days of roughing it in the Arctic were over. But she did have one more adventure left to experience. In 1955, Boyd became the first woman ever to fly over the North Pole. She hired a plane and crew to make her historic flight. It was also the first private flight over the North Pole. Louise Arner Boyd died in 1972. She was remembered as a true pioneer, one who refused to be limited by what other people thought was proper. She turned the gift of her parents’ wealth into a full, original life. 12
Page 1 and 2: HOUGHTON MIFFLIN
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Introduction . .
Page 5 and 6: Chapter 1 Finding the Arctic Louise
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 2 Exploring the Arctic In 1
Page 9 and 10: Highlights of Boyd’s Career 1887
Page 11: Chapter 3 Dealing with Danger Boyd
Page 15 and 16: How Glacier Ice Forms Snowflake Gra
Page 17 and 18: Landforms Created by Glaciers Landf
Page 19 and 20: Index A Amundsen, Roald, 7, 9 B Boy
Page 21 and 22: TARGET VOCABULARY affirmed culminat

Lesson 13:Louise Arner Boyd and Glaciers

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