The uranium needed in Ringhals per generated kWh is tracked back to <strong>the</strong> mine, and losses and wastes are shown in <strong>the</strong> figure below. Mine Ore 58,9g Mill Uranium 0,0239g Refinery & Conversion Uranium 0,0239g Waste rock O<strong>the</strong>r products: copper, gold etc Uranium loss
Safety, barriers and radiation The nuclear power industry is strictly regulated and closely monitored by authorities. The operator <strong>of</strong> a NPP is <strong>the</strong> owner <strong>of</strong> and responsible for <strong>the</strong> nuclear fuel from mining to final repository. In addition to strict design criteria including redundant control systems <strong>the</strong>re are safety considerations at three levels. See section 4.3 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> complete <strong>EPD</strong> ® documentation. Ionizing radiation from radioactive substances is harmful to living tissue. An individual in Sweden is exposed to an average dose <strong>of</strong> 4,5 mSv/year. The extra dose to personnel at facilities in <strong>the</strong> nuclear fuel cycle is measured and calculated. See section 4.4 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> complete <strong>EPD</strong> ® documentation. Annual dose-to-personnel Pre-NPP NPP Post-NPP Average individual mSv 0,03-3,4 1,8 0-1,5 Average individual per kWh mSv/kWh 7,2∙10 -12 7,3∙10 -11 < 6,1∙10 -11 7 Environmental risk assessment The conclusion is that over a longer period <strong>of</strong> time, <strong>the</strong> emissions due to undesired events are considerably smaller than those emanating from normal operation. See chapter 4.5 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> complete <strong>EPD</strong> ® documentation. Noise Maximum level at <strong>the</strong> NPP gate: 43 dBA at <strong>the</strong> closest inhabitation. Information from <strong>the</strong> Certification Body and mandatory statements General To be noted: <strong>EPD</strong>s from different <strong>EPD</strong> ® programmes may not be comparable. When comparisons are made between different products in this product category it should be noted that energy can be supplied through different energy carriers like heat/steam or electricity, but <strong>the</strong> amount <strong>of</strong> kWh needed will differ with different energy carries due to different energy quality and conversion/distribution efficiencies. Omissions <strong>of</strong> life cycle stages The use stage <strong>of</strong> produced electricity has been omitted in accordance with <strong>the</strong> PCR since <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> electricity fulfils various functions in different contexts. Means <strong>of</strong> obtaining explanatory materials ISO 14025 prescribes that explanatory material must be available if <strong>the</strong> <strong>EPD</strong> ® is communicated to final consumers. This <strong>EPD</strong> ® is aimed for industrial customers and not meant for B2C (=business to consumer) communication. Information on verification The certification <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> environmental product declaration, <strong>EPD</strong> ® , <strong>of</strong> electricity from Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant has been carried out by Bureau Veritas Certification (BVC), which confirms that <strong>the</strong> product fulfils relevant process- and product-related laws and regulations. The <strong>EPD</strong> ® has been made in accordance with General Programme Instructions for an international <strong>EPD</strong> ® system for environmental product declaration, 2008-02-29 ver. 1.0, published by <strong>the</strong> International <strong>EPD</strong> Consortium (IEC)) and PCR-CPC17 version 1.1 (Product Category Rules (PCR) for preparing an Environmental Product Declaration (<strong>EPD</strong> ® ) for Electricity, Steam, and Hot and Cold Water Generation and Distribution). BVC has been accredited by SWEDAC, <strong>the</strong> Swedish Board for Accreditation and Conformity Assessment, to certify Environmental Product Declarations, <strong>EPD</strong> ® . <strong>EPD</strong> ® programme: The <strong>EPD</strong> ® system managed by International <strong>EPD</strong> ® Consortium (IEC) www.environdec.com Product Category Rules: PCR-CPC17 version 1.1 PCR review, was conducted by: Sven-Ol<strong>of</strong> Ryding, Swedish Environmental Management Council, www.environdec.com Independent verification <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> declaration and data, according to ISO 14025: Internal External Third party verifier: Bureau Veritas Certification ©2011 Vattenfall AB, <strong>EPD</strong> Ringhals
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