Alaska Forage Manual - Alaska Plant Materials Center - State of ...

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Forage and Animals Photo: Franci Havemeister, AK Division of Agriculture Dairy cattle on a farm in the Matanuska Valley In this section, several classes of foraging animals and their basic nutritional requirements are discussed. Protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins are a few nutritional components necessary for animals to function properly. Other factors such as body size, type of digestive system, and the size and shape of an animal’s mouth are also discussed. Classes of Animals Livestock can be divided into three groups based on the type of forages they consume; grazers, browsers, and intermediate feeders. 9
Grazers This group of animal has a diet that is dominated primarily by various grass species. Cattle, bison, elk, and musk oxen are all considered grazing animals. Horses are also grazers, but have an enlarged cecum. As a consequence, horses have a considerably less efficient digestive system than other grazers. Horses have to consume 50-60% more forage in comparison to cattle to meet the same nutritional requirements. Browsers Browsing animals have a diet that consists primarily of forbs and shrubs. Moose, deer and domestic goats are the primary examples of browsing animals in Alaska. They utilize a variety of succulent forbs throughout the entire growing season and persist on tall growing woody species during the winter. Moose can be found browsing on grass hay bales, birch limbs, and spruce buds throughout the winter months. Photo: Brianne Blackburn, AK PMC Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK PMC Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK PMC A pair of dall sheep graze within the Brooks Range. A Musk Ox at the Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center. At right: A sitka black tailed deer munches on fireweed, Chamerion angustifolium. Photo: USDA Domestic goats are browsers. Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK PMC Photo: Franci Havemeister, AK Division of Agriculture 10 Bison cow and calf graze on a ranch near Delta, Alaska. A bull moose browses on Dwarf birch, Betula glandulosa, in Denali National Park.
Page 1 and 2: Alaska Forage Manual
Page 3 and 4: Alaska Forage Manual By Casey L. Di
Page 5 and 6: Section A. Background • Introduct
Page 7 and 8: Target Audience The intended audien
Page 9 and 10: Regions For the purposes of this ma
Page 11 and 12: Forage Types Photo: Alaska Division
Page 13: Silage Cropping Haylage Photos: Cas
Page 17 and 18: Diagram: fitdaffy.blogspot.com The
Page 19 and 20: Endophytes Endophytes are organisms
Page 21 and 22: Planning Photo: James McCormick Dev
Page 23 and 24: Nutrients Nutrients can be classifi
Page 25 and 26: 20 Topsoil The topsoil layer is a s
Page 27 and 28: Planting Choice Seed Seeding is the
Page 29 and 30: Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK PMC Procedu
Page 31 and 32: 26 Graphics: Manley, W.F., and Daly
Page 33 and 34: Grasses Photo: Casey Dinkel,AK PMC
Page 35 and 36: Photo: Stoney J. Wright, AK PMC Gra
Page 37 and 38: Grass Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK PMC C
Page 39 and 40: Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK PMC Grass C
Page 41 and 42: Grass Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK PMC C
Page 43 and 44: Grass Photo: Brennan Veith Low, AK
Page 45 and 46: Fertilized stands of Bluejoint may
Page 47 and 48: Photo: Alaska PMC Grass A field of
Page 49 and 50: Photo: Brennan Veith Low, AK PMC Gr
Page 51 and 52: Photo: Paul Slichter, Pacific North
Page 53 and 54: Photo: USDA Natural Resource Conser
Page 55 and 56: References Wright, S.J. and P.K. Cz
Page 57 and 58: Grass Cultivars and Releases A fiel
Page 59 and 60: Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK PMC Grass C
Page 61 and 62: Pastures should not be grazed prior
Page 63 and 64: Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK PMC Grass A
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References Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK
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Grass Photo: Casey Dinkel, AK PMC T
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BARLEY (Cereal) Wildlife: Barley ma
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Photo: Henrik Reinholdson (Wikimedi
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Legumes Photo: User BerndH (Wikimed
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Photo: Wikimedia.org Alfalfa, Medic
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Photo: User BerndH (Wikimedia.org)
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Photo: Jean Tosti (Jeantosti.com) C
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Legume Photo: Wikimedia.org Cultiva
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Photo: Forest and Kim Starr (Wikime
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Appendix A: Nutrient Study (Analysi
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Lab Analysis Samples were collected
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American Sloughgrass, Beckmannia sy
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Beach Wildrye, Leymus mollis Moistu
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Bluejoint Reedgrass, Calamagrostis
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Polargrass, Arctagrostis latifolia
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Siberian Wildrye, Elymus sibiricus
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Smooth Brome, Bromus inermis Moistu
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Timothy, Phleum pratense Moisture F
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Appendix B: Seed Specifications / C
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(B) The following are restricted no
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104 Term Definition Biennials: A pl
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106 Term Pinnate: Prostrate: Protei
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The Alaska Forage Manual was releas
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