The ecology of eelgrass meadows of the Atlantic coast

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................................................ .................................. Functional Components and Sources ..................................... 45 Sediment-Nutrient Cycle ............................................... 46 Water Column .......................................................... 52 Biota ................................................................. 53 ............................. Devel opoent of Two-Species Comnuni ties ................................ 60 3.2 Sedimentation Dynamics 43 3.3 Elemental Cycles in Eelgrass Meadows 45 3.4 A Scenario of Eelgrass Meadow Development 54 CHAPTES 4 . THE EELCRASS COMMUNITY: BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS ............................................. 62 General Considerations ................................................ 62 Vertical Structure .................................................... 62 Horizontal Structure .................................................. 63 Epiphytic Community ................................................... 64 Macroalgae ............................................................ 65 Microalgae. Fungi. and Bacteria ....................................... 66 Faunal Epiphytes ...................................................... 67 Benthic and Epibenthic Fauna .......................................... 69 Zooplankton ........................................................... 72 Nekton ................................................................ 74 Reptiles and Mammals .................................................. 81 Birds ................................................................ 82 Trophic Relations ..................................................... 85 Detrital Processes and Transfer Links ................................. 94 Physical Breakdown ................................................... 96 Microbial Colonization and Activities ................................. 97 Microflora in Detritivore Nutrition ................................... 97 Chemical Changes During Decomposition ................................. 98 Chemical Changes as Indicators of Food Value .......................... 98 Release of Dissolved Organic Matter ................................... 99 Role of the Detrital Food Web ......................................... 100 Belowground Organic Detritus .......................................... 100 CHAPTER 5 . INTERSYSTEM COUPLING .................................................. 101 CHAPTER 6 . CONSIDERATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT ......................................... 109 Introduction .......................................................... 109 Susceptibi 1 i ty and Vulnerabi 1 i ty of Eelgrass Meadows .................. 109 Dredge and Fill ....................................................... 110 Commercial Harvest/Recreational Vehicles .............................. 111 Temperature/Sal ini ty .................................................. 112 Organic and Inorganic Pollutants ...................................... 113 Planning and Uti 1 ization .............................................. 115 Management Needs ...................................................... 115 Mitigation ............................................................ 115 Restoration 116 REFERENCES ...................................................................... 120 APPENDIXES ..................................................................... 142 A Macroalgae Epiphytic on Zostera narina .............................. 142 B . Microalgae Epiphytic on Zostera pa_r% .............................. 144 .................... C . Faunal Invertebrates Epiphytic on Zostera marina 146
FIGURES Page 1 Major geographic distributions of genera of marine seagrasses ............. 1 Number 2 Zostera marina leaves ..................................................... 2 3 Zostera marina root-rhizome complex ....................................... 3 4 Drawing of transverse section through an eelgrass leaf and details of the midvein and mesophyll ................................................. 3 5 Longitudinal section of eel grass root and corresponding cross-sectional view ...................................................... 3 6 Sketches of Zostera. Halodule. and Ruppia leaves showing major differences among these genera ...................................... 4 7 Diagram of the east coast of North America showing major provinces of eelgrass occurrence ................................... 5 8 Variations of morphology of coastal-plain shore1 ines with respect to differences in tidal range ................................ 6 9 Typical subtidal-intertidal zonation before and after depletion of eelgrass from Danish fjords 7 .................................. 10 Major features of the morphology of Zostera marina ........................ 13 11 The life history of Zostera marina ........................................ 14 12 Mean length of primary shoot. number of leaves per seedling. and number of shoots per seedling ............................... 15 13 A flowering shoot of Zostera marina ....................................... 16 14 Reproductive phenology of eelgrass at different la ti tudes along the east coast of the United States ................................. 20 15 Data for the growth of Zostera marina in five transplant experiments ...... 22 16 Conceptual growth model of eelgrass ....................................... 24 17 The relati onship between average annual photosynthetically active radiation and the instantaneous coefficient of growth for eel grass in five transplant experiments in North Carolina .......................... 25
Page 1 and 2: FWSlO BS-84102 July 1984 The Ecolog
Page 3 and 4: The findings in this report are not
Page 5: PREFACE ...........................
Page 9 and 10: Number 3 9 40a Page Computer simula
Page 11 and 12: TABLES Number Page la lb Weight and
Page 13 and 14: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The development of
Page 16 and 17: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 TAXONOMI
Page 18 and 19: mechanical support and absorptive t
Page 20 and 21: insolation and water clarity, is a
Page 22 and 23: stand provides a continuous cover o
Page 24 and 25: carbon from detritus (Thayer et al.
Page 26 and 27: from interstitial water in the sedi
Page 28 and 29: oldest standing leaf meristem withi
Page 30 and 31: speci a1 i zation in eelgrass. Rece
Page 32 and 33: acd female flowers mature coinciden
Page 34 and 35: viability 7s iess than cerldin. Fie
Page 36 and 37: Popuiarion Gro~th As part of this e
Page 38 and 39: - Table 2. Instantaneous coefficien
Page 40 and 41: are pnotosynthetical lj important.
Page 42 and 43: JANUARY 29. 1980 LIGHT LEVEL (Percm
Page 44 and 45: coast locations and one Pacific coa
Page 46 and 47: Vp-7 --A f p4 q,7 LIIyI ,,, I y Y ~
Page 48 and 49: Table 3. (continued) Table 3. (conc
Page 50 and 51: iomass is lost rapidly. It is repla
Page 52 and 53: yield approiinately 50-182 g C yr-l
Page 54 and 55: Figure 24. Three-dimensional il lus
Page 56 and 57:
U, cm/sec Figure 26. Velocity profi
Page 58 and 59:
strcct2ri ng eelgracc meadows. The
Page 60 and 61:
a? lochthonous material tra~ped by
Page 62 and 63:
PERCENT ORGANIC MATTER (dry wt. bas
Page 64 and 65:
WATER COLUMN -------- FLOCCULENT IN
Page 66 and 67:
WATER COLUMN - SORBED FLOCCULENT PH
Page 68 and 69:
phytoplankton and release DOM and i
Page 70 and 71:
3.4 A SCENARIO OF EELGRASS MEADOW o
Page 72 and 73:
Sedimentat~on /-f\ in bed J Prolife
Page 74 and 75:
Figure 40. (a) Wavelets refracting
Page 76 and 77:
that future studies be directed to
Page 78 and 79:
system is dominated by the plant co
Page 80 and 81:
eel grass leaf itself, and .its aen
Page 82 and 83:
in the e~';hytk conascity ;n of eei
Page 84 and 85:
observed a similar trend in one mea
Page 86 and 87:
Table 6. Partial list of epibenthic
Page 88 and 89:
elate to swarming behavior of the z
Page 90 and 91:
supply (Thayer et al. 1979). Seagra
Page 92 and 93:
ecorded as permanent residents of e
Page 94 and 95:
Table 10. !concluded) . Species nam
Page 96 and 97:
% sandbar shark (Carcharhinus umbeu
Page 98 and 99:
of their seasonally 1 arge numbers
Page 100 and 101:
when algal cover becomes sparse. Pr
Page 102 and 103:
(i.e., nearness to sources of terre
Page 104 and 105:
Table 13. Organi sms that reportedl
Page 106 and 107:
Tab1 e 13, (concl uded) . Herbi vor
Page 108 and 109:
not consider phytoplankton. Stable
Page 110 and 111:
-----------____ -. '. ---* '. . . .
Page 112 and 113:
Microbial Colonization and Activiti
Page 114 and 115:
allel ochemi cal s. These compounds
Page 116 and 117:
CHAPTER 5 INTERSYSTEM COUPLING Tida
Page 118 and 119:
(Zieman et al. 1979). This export f
Page 120 and 121:
July wu8t I 1976 1977 Figure 55. Wr
Page 122 and 123:
Table 15. General sequence of event
Page 124 and 125:
CHAPTER 6 CONSIDERATIONS FOR MANAGE
Page 126 and 127:
or from drift off the immedi ate im
Page 128 and 129:
-- Bittium varium (Figure 42) may h
Page 130 and 131:
in productivity have potential for
Page 132 and 133:
covered with seawater for transport
Page 134 and 135:
Table 16, Estimates of the average
Page 136 and 137:
japonica and Kuppia maritima, at Ro
Page 138 and 139:
Crosby, N.D., and R.G.B. Reid. 1971
Page 140 and 141:
Fonseca, M.S., J.J. Fisher, J.C. Zi
Page 142 and 143:
in vegetated aquatic habitats. J. E
Page 144 and 145:
Kirkman, H., and P.C. Young. 1981.
Page 146 and 147:
Roy, eds. Handbook of seagrass biol
Page 148 and 149:
Orth, R.J. 1975. Destruction of eel
Page 150 and 151:
Pomeroy, L.R., and D. Deibel. 1980.
Page 152 and 153:
Smith, G.W., A.M. Kozucki, and S.S.
Page 154 and 155:
Tubbs, C.R., and J.M. Tubbs. 1982,
Page 156 and 157:
systems. Ann Arbor Press, Ann Arbor
Page 158 and 159:
Masti ocoleus testarum h y n g b y
Page 160 and 161:
-- S. ulna - S. undlildta iabell ar
Page 162 and 163:
Microdeuto~us . - - - - -~~ darnnon
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The ecology of eelgrass meadows of the Atlantic coast

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