solvent-abuse-pakistan

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Section two 2.3.3 The Questionnaire A team of researchers including an epidemiologist, psychologist, social scientists and social workers working with street children developed the questionnaire. A 03 days training on data collection was conducted in Karachi, which included issues on subject selection, explaining the rationale and objectives of the study to the subjects, acquiring informed consent and a thorough understanding regarding each question. The training was followed by pre-testing of data collection technique and questionnaire implementation on 42 subjects (10% of overall sample) at 3 different sites. The questionnaire was pre-tested on a sample of 10% of the actual sample size, which was modified, and all required changes were incorporated. Information on various demographic and socio-economic variables, information related to the family of the child and current living arrangements, knowledge of the drug abuse problem and awareness of the consequences was collected. Information related to average daily income, sources of income and mode of spending were also noted. Information on drug use practices i.e., severity and routes of administration etc., Medical, social and psychological consequences of solvent abuse were obtained from the child. Knowledge related to HIV, its modes of transmission and prevention as well as an evaluation of high-risk HIV behaviour and practices was done at the end. 2.3.4 Interview procedures Four data collection teams, each comprising of a field supervisor and three interviewers worked simultaneously in their targeted areas. All interviewers were social science graduates, having a minimum of 2-3 years fieldwork experience. As already mentioned a three-day training of interviewers was held in Karachi. The work schedule of all interviewers was prepared by the field supervisor in such a way that each interviewer was assigned to conduct three interviews per day at various targeted sites. An equal number of children were selected on the basis of incidental sample for data collection from the identified sites. Furthermore, to capture the entire segments of the street children population, each site was visited on different days of the week as well as on different times of the day. Among children present at a selected site, one child was selected by the interviewer, after the drug abuse status was determined. This was followed by an informed consent and a structured interview, which took an average time of 35 minutes, was conducted. 2.3.4.1Focus Group Discussions In addition to collecting questionnaire information, purposive sampling on the basis of stratified grouping was applied to hold seven Focus Group Discussions (FGD's). Each group consisted of Typical & Critical cases, and at least one child from each age bracket i.e., upto 10 yrs, 11 to 14 yrs and more than14 yrs. A total number of 8 ± 1 member participated in each group discussion, which were conducted in Karachi (Jehangir Park), Quetta (Baldia Park, Railway station), Peshawar (General Bus stand, city station sara-e-pul) and Lahore (Abbot road, Ravi park). A total number of 58 children participated in this activity altogether. The purpose of FGD's was to indicate and illustrate: I. II. III. IV. antecedents of nurturance on behaviors and attitudes; reason of incomplete education; living conditions and group dynamics; effects, reasons and consequences of solvent abuse; 2.3.4.2 Key Informant Interviews To acquire information about the existing services for the treatment and rehabilitation of street children, as well to comprehend the awareness of the service providers, 18 key informant interviews were conducted with individuals in a regular contact with these children frequently. Two major groups of people were interviewed i.e., people Box.4 Key Informants interviews Karachi Lahore Police station – Metha dar Police station – Darakhshan Azam Clinic - Pakistan Society Marie Adelaide Drug rehabilitation Programee Police station – Qilla Gujar Singh Police station – Naulakha Nighaban centre Nai Zindagi Model drug abuse treatment centre – Mayo Hospital Peshawar Quetta Police station - Hashtnagar Police station – Kabuly Bazar Dost Welfare Foundation Lady Reading Hospital Police station - Pushtoonabad Police station – City Milo Shaheed Trust Psychiatric Ward – Civil Hospital Edhi centre 10 11
Section three involved in providing drug detoxification and rehabilitation facilities, as well as police officials. Various government and non governmental organizations were selected to identify and recognize the existing resources available for drug detoxification and treatment of these children. Moreover, an evaluation of the knowledge and awareness as well as the skills of these providers is a requisite for developing interventions in future. On the other hand, police and law enforcement agencies are known to come into interaction with these children frequently. Moreover, these institutions play a key role in providing first hand information regarding the criminal involvement and illicit activities done by these children. It was equally important to know that if children are involved in such an activity, how frequent is such an involvement while at the same time, what sort of rehabilitation and rectification methods are in place. 2.3.5 Ethical Standards (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) informed consent of the interviewee; ensuring privacy and confidentiality of personal information; non-inclusion of subject's personal information in data files; Presentation of results in aggregate; form, without individual identification. 2.3.6 Data Management A data base was specifically designed in Fox Pro for the purposes of data entry. The completed questionnaires after field editing and checking by the field supervisors were received at the data management unit. All questionnaires were assigned a code number, and the forms were edited by the data manager. After editing, data set were double entered in the software designed for data entry, followed by data cleaning and analysis. STUDY results 12 To assure adherence to the ethical standards of epidemiological research, procedures followed included: STUDY results 13
Page 1 and 2: This publication is available from:
Page 3 and 4: This research study would not have
Page 5 and 6: 3.2 Living Conditions & group dynam
Page 7 and 8: e felt on use of the solvent drugs.
Page 9 and 10: BACKGROUND & INTRODUCTION Section o
Page 11 and 12: Section one 1.2 Solvent Abuse Defin
Page 13: RESEARCH & METHODOLOGIES Section tw
Page 17 and 18: Section three from where these chil
Page 19 and 20: Section three Results show that a l
Page 21 and 22: 3.4.3 Effects of Solvent abuse Rese
Page 23 and 24: Section three 3.4.6 Treatment When
Page 25 and 26: Section three 3.6 Magnitude of the
Page 27 and 28: Section four 36 treatment methodolo
Page 29 and 30: REFRENCES Section four Formative o

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