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Savannah River Annotated Bibliography: January 2003 We present a conceptual model for identifying restoration sites for riparian wetlands and discuss its application to reaches within the Upper Arkansas River basin in Colorado. The model utilizes a Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyze a variety of spatial data useful in characterizing geomorphology, hydrology, and vegetation of riparian wetland sites. The model focuses on three basic properties of riparian wetland sites: relative soil moisture, disturbance regime, and vegetative characteristics. Restoration potential is evaluated as a combination of nominal scores from wetness, land cover, and disturbance indices. Application of these methods to field sites within the Upper Arkansas River basin identifies a wide range of riparian wetland sites for preservation or restoration. Potential sites within identified reaches are prioritized using size and proximity criteria. Rheinhardt, R. D., M. M. Brinson and P. M. Farley (1997). "Applying wetland reference data to functional assessment, mitigation, and restoration." Wetlands 17(2): 195- 215. This study demonstrates the hydrogeomorphic (HGM) assessment procedure by identifying ecological functions performed by mineral soil wet flats, obtaining quantitative field data from 19 wet Bats (reference sites) in southeastern North Carolina, and modeling wetland functions using variables derived from those field data. We chose a subset of the 19 reference sites to demonstrate how HGM assessment can be used to measure ecosystem functions before and after a project site is altered and the degree to which ecosystem restoration can compensate for a reduction in functions caused by a project's impact. HGM assessment can be used to determine the minimum area over which restoration should be applied to achieve a no-net-loss in function objective. The ratio of wetland area restored to wetland area altered by a project impact (compensatory mitigation ratio) varies among functions and is influenced by (1) the magnitude to which any given function occurs at a project site both before and after the site is altered, (2) the magnitude to which any given function occurs at a compensatory mitigation site both before and after restoration is applied, and (3) the rate at which any given function is restored. Schmidt, J. C., R. H. Webb, R. A. Valdez, G. R. Marzolf and L. E. Stevens (1998). "Science and values in river restoration in the Grand Canyon - There is no restoration or rehabilitation strategy that will improve the status of every riverine resource." Bioscience 48(9): 735-747. Forest dynamics and productivity Allen, B. and R. Sharitz (1999). Post-hurricane vegetation dynamics in old-growth forests of Congaree Swamp National Monument. On the Frontiers of Conservation: 10th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands, Asheville, NC, The George Wright Society, Inc. Bates, R. and J. Williams (1986). Estimation of biomass and primary productivity of an early successional forest site on the Santee River floodplain. Freshwater Wetlands and Wildlife Symposium, Charleston, SC. Conner, W. (1995). "Woody plant regeneration in three South Carolina Taxodium/Nyssa stands following Hurricane Hugo." Ecological Engineering 4: 277-287. Hesse, I., W. Conner and J. Day Jr. (1996). Herbivory impacts on the regeneration of forested wetlands in Louisiana. Proceedings of the Southern Forested Wetlands Ecology and Management Conference, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 26
Savannah River Annotated Bibliography: January 2003 Consortium for Research on Southern Forested Wetlands. Pederson, N., R. Jones and R. Sharitz (1997). "Age structure and possible origins of old Pinus taeda stands in a floodplain forest." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 124(2): 11-123. Sharitz, R., M. Vaitkus and A. Cook (1992). Hurricane damage to an old-growth floodplain forest in the southeast. Seventh Biennial Southern Silviculture Research Conference, Mobile, AL. General river floodplain reference Lydeard, C. and R. Mayden (1995). "A diverse and endangered aquatic ecosystem of the Southeast United States." Conservation Biology 9(4): 800-805. Freshwater ecosystems are a valuable ecological resource that has been overlooked by many conservationists. Biodiversity in temperate freshwater environments is comparable to tropical terrestrial environments but receive less attention. Biodiversity in these habitats depends on the interaction between species, such as predator-prey or host-parasite, so the loss of a species impacts many other species. Dams, channel modification, siltation, reduced water quality, and invasive species are destroying these freshwater habitats. Bayley, P. B. (1995). "Understanding Large River Floodplain Ecosystems." Bioscience 45(3): 153-158. This article discusses the economic advantages and increased biodiversity and stability, which would result from the restoration of impaired river systems. The flood-pulse concept defines the dynamic interaction between water and land as the natural process that has adapted and maintained the native biota. The absence of flood-pulse is a disturbance to the system. Inundation of the floodplain allows nutrient cycling as minerals are dissolved, nutrients are replenished, and detritus decomposes. Animals such as fish, mammals, and invertebrates are adapted to the floodpulse of the river. Their cycle of reproduction and growth is timed to the flood pulse to take advantage of the floodplain's size and nutrient availability. Beasley, B., W. Marshall, A. Miglarese, J. Scurry and C. Vanden Houten (1996). Managing Resources for a sustainable future: the Edisto River Basin Project. Columbia, SC, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. Bedient, P. and W. Huber (2002). Hydrology and floodplain analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall. Benke, A. C., I. Chaubey, G. M. Ward and E. L. Dunn (2000). "Flood pulse dynamics of an unregulated river floodplain in the southeastern US coastal plain." Ecology 81(10): 2730-2741. We used aerial photography to delineate the degree of floodplain inundation and GIS to quantify flooded areas on the forested floodplain of a 6.3-km reach of the Ogeechee River, an unregulated sixth-order river in the southeastern USA. A regression was used to quantify the relationship between discharge and percentage floodplain inundation. Using 58 years of daily discharge data obtained from a U.S. Geological Survey gauging station, we converted daily discharge into daily percentage inundation and produced an inundation-duration curve, which describes the percentage of time that a particular inundation level is exceeded. The long term pattern over a period of 58 years (1938-1995) showed considerable fluctuation in inundation and recession occurring 27
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