Chapter 25: The Industrial Revolution I. The Beginnings of ...

Chapter 25:
The Industrial Revolution
I. The Beginnings of Industrialization
a. The Industrial Revolution Begins
1. Small farms covered England’s landscape, and farming methods were
improved, this led to the agricultural revolution
ii. The Agricultural Revolution
1. Inside farming areas called enclosures, landowners experimented to discover
more productive farming methods
2. Jethro Tull was one of the first scientific farmers, and he developed a better
way of planting seeds. (drill into ground and plant, create more crops)
iii. Crop Rotation
1. Crop rotation was the best form of farming, the crops changed each year so
the nutrients in the soil would not be exhausted
2. Livestock increased also, farmers would only breed the best sheep
3. As food supplies increased, so did the population, and as farmers lost land,
farmers became factory workers
iv. Britain’s Advantages
1. Industrialization began in England because they were rich in resources
2. Industrialization was the process of developing machine production of goods
3. Natural resources included: water power and cola, iron ore, rivers, and harbors
v. Economic Strength and Political Stability
1. Britain had an expanding economy
2. Their highly developed banking system also contributed
3. Trade, prosperity, and climate contributed to demand for goods
4. Their political stability gave them a huge advantage over their neighbors
5. Military success gave them a positive attitude
6. Factors of production were resources needed to produce goods and services
that the Industrial Revolution required
b. Inventions Spur Technological Advances
1. Explosion of creativity made inventions revolutionize the industry
ii. Major Inventions in the Textile Industry
1. John Kay made a shuttle that sped back and forth on wheels, and did double
the work a weaver could do in a day
2. A cash prize attracted James Hargreaves to produce a better spinning machine,
it could do eight threads at a time
3. The first two used hand power, and then Richard Arkwright made a machine
that used water
4. Edmund combined the spinning jenny and the water frame to produce the
spinning mule which sped up weaving
5. The machines were all expensive, and textile workers set them up in factories,
or large buildings
6. An American inventor named Eli Whitney produced the cotton gin which
multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned
7. Between 1790 and 1810, production increased from 1.5 to 85 million pounds

iii. Improvements in Transportation
1. With the progress in the textile industry, other industrial improvements started
2. The steam engine was developed, and it was a cheap source of energy
3. James Watt, a mathematical instrument maker, figured a way to make the
steam engine to work faster and more efficiently
4. Matthew Boulton was an entrepreneur, a person who organizes, manages, and
takes on the risks of a business, aid Watt a salary and encouraged him to build
a better engine
iv. Water Transportation
1. A steam engine could be used to propel boats, and Robert Fulton made the
steamboat Clermont where he had his first successful trip
2. In England, water transportation improved with the creation of a network of
canals or human-made waterways
v. Road Transportation
1. British roads improved with the help of John McAdam. He equipped roadbeds
with of large stones for drainage, and placed a smooth layer on top
2. Soon wagons could travel over these without sinking in mud
3. Companies built roads and operated them for profit
vi. The Railway Age Begins
1. A steam engine on wheels, the railroad locomotive, drove English industry
after 1820
2. Richard Trevithick won a bet by hauling ten tons of iron over nearly ten miles
of track
3. George Stephenson was one of the first railroad engineers, he worked on the
first railroad line which went 27 miles, from Yorkshire to Stockton
vii. The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad
1. News of the first train spread, and entrepreneurs wanted a train to connect
Liverpool and Manchester
2. Trials were held to choose the best locomotive, but no one’s matched
Stephenson’s. It could take a 13-ton load at 24 miles an hour
viii. Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain
1. Spurred the Industrial Revolution by creating a cheap way to transport
2. It created thousands of new jobs
3. The railroads boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries
4. Last, it made travel easier encouraging people to take distant city jobs
5. The revolution brought rapid unsettling changes to peoples lives
II. Industrialization
a. Industrialization Changes Ways of Life
1. The pace of industrialization quickened in Britain
2. British Cities soon swelled with workers
ii. Growth of Industrial Cities
1. With the creation of factories, people moved from rural areas to cities
2. Urbanization was city building and movement of people to cities
3. Factories were developed in clusters near cities where they had a work force

4. London, Britain’s capital, had twice as many people as Paris, and was the
most important city providing a vast labor force
5. Countries tried to match London
a. Birmingham and Sheffield became iron-smelting centers
b. Leeds and Manchester dominated textile manufacturing
c. Manchester and Liverpool formed Britain’s cotton industry
iii. Living Conditions
1. No plans, no sanitary codes, and no building codes controlled the growth of
England’s cities
2. Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, whole families in one bedroom
3. Sickness was widespread, and epidemics regularly swept through the slums
iv. Working Conditions
1. Factory workers wanted machines to be running as long as possible. The
average worker spent 14 hours a day, 6 days a week
2. Factories were seldom well-lit or clean, and injuries were countless
3. There was no government protection agency to aid in the case of injury
4. Coal mines had the most frequent accidents
v. Class Tensions
1. Factory owners and well-to-do merchants build fancy homes in the suburbs
2. Factories lined England with enormous amounts of money that usually ended
up with factory owners, shippers, and merchants—middle class- skilled work
3. The middle class transformed social structure, and some were often wealthier
than aristocrats and landowners
4. Landowners looked down on those who made their business in the “vulgar”
business world
5. A larger middle class formed made of: government employees, doctors,
lawyers, and managers of factories, mines, and shops
6. The lower middle class: factory overseers, toolmakers, mechanical drafters,
and printers
7. Lower class workers saw no improvements, and machines were putting them
out of business, and groups of workers began smashing those machines
8. One group, the Luddites, attacked whole factories in northern England
vi. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
1. The industrial revolution created jobs for workers, and contributed to the
wealth of the nation
2. It increased the production of goods, and increased the standard of living
3. There were also: healthier diets, better housing, and cheaper, mass-produced
clothing
4. Middle and upper classes immediately prospered from the Industrial
Revolution. And labor eventually won higher wages
5. Long term effects are that people living in industrialized countries can afford
items considered luxuries 50-100 years ago. It had economic success
b. The Mills of Manchester
1. Manchester’s unique advantages made it a leading example of the new
industrial city: it had water power, and available labor
2. Manchester showed the best and worst of the Industrial Revolution

a. They had a filthy sewer
b. Living conditions for the middle class soon rose
3. Their businesspeople took pride in mastering each detail of the manufacturing
process, and worked many hours risking their own money
4. Workers labored under terrible conditions
a. Children as young as 6 joined factories
b. 6 days a week they worked from 6 A.M. to 7 or 8 P.M.
c. To keep children awake, mill supervisors would whip them
d. Machines caused many injuries. They also picked up cotton fluff, and the
fluff came into children’s lungs, and made them cough
5. Until the Factory Act was passed in 1819, British government exerted little
control over child labor
6. Manchester produced consumer goods, and created wealth on a grand scale,
but the unplanned city also showed the cities dark side
III. Industrialization Spreads
a. Industrial Development in the United States
1. The U.S. had the same resources that allowed Britain to mechanize, rushing
rivers, rich deposits of coal and iron ore, and immigrant labor workers
ii. Industrialization in the United States
1. U.S. industrialization began with the textile industry
2. Britain forbade anyone involved highly with industrialization to leave the
country. But Samuel Slater emigrated to the U.S. where he built a spinning
machine from memory and a partial design
3. Moses Brown opened the first factory in the U.S.
4. Francis Cabot Lowell and four other investors revolutionized the American
textile industry. Their profits allowed them to build another factory
5. Many young single girls left the rural areas and went to where factories were
and worked as Mill Girls for 12 hours a day, 6 days (Alternative to servant)
6. Textile led the way, but that and shoemaking underwent mechanization
iii. Later Expansion of U.S. Industry
1. There was a great deal of industrial growth in the north, but the U.S. remained
mainly an agricultural nation until the Civil War ended
2. Railroads played a major role in America’s industrialization
3. The railroads proved to be a profitable business
4. Smaller companies began to pair with other ones to make a large company
5. Building railroads costs a lot of money, so entrepreneurs sold stock, and by
purchasing stock, you became a partial owner of the company
6. A corporation is a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits
7. Business giants controlled entire industries
8. They made big profits by cutting the costs of production and paying small
wages for long hours
b. Industrialization Reaches Continental Europe
1. The Napoleonic Wars halted trade, interrupted communication, and caused
inflation in some parts of the continent
2. Eventually, Industrialization caught up to continental Europe

ii. Beginnings in Belgium
1. Belgium led the way in adopting Britain’s technology
2. Like Slater, British skilled workers played a key role in carrying
industrialization to Belgium
3. William Cockerill carried secret plans for building spinning machinery
4. Cockerill’s son John eventually built an enormous industrial enterprise in
Belgium
5. Many workers from Europe came to work for Cockerill, his new technology
iii. Germany Industrializes
1. Germany was politically divided
2. Germany began to copy the British model, imported engineers and machines
3. Railroads linked most of the countries major factories
4. Germany’s economic strength spurred it’s ability to build a military
iv. Expansion Throughout Europe
1. In the rest of Europe, Industrialization continued in region, and not country
2. Spain processed more cotton than Belgium
3. Northern Italy increased their textile industry
4. France’s industry continued with their construction of Railroads
5. Some countries did not industrialize because of social structure, geography,
and transportation
c. Worldwide Impact of Industrialization
1. The Industrial Revolution shifted the world balance of power. It inspired
competition, and increased poverty
ii. Rise of Global Inequality
1. Industrialization widened the gap between the industrialized and non
industrialized nations
2. Britain led in exploiting its overseas colonies for resources and markets
3. Imperialism gave more wealth to countries already wealthy
4. Imperialism was born out of the cycle of industrialization
iii. Transformation of Society
1. Revolutions in agriculture, production, transportation, and communication
changed the lives of people in Western Europe and the U.S.
2. Europe gained enormous economic power
3. Industrialization revolutionized every aspect of society
IV. An Age of Reforms
a. The Philosophers of Industrialization
1. Laissez faire refers to the economic policy of letting owners of industry and
business set working conditions without interference
ii. Laissez-faire Economics
1. It stemmed from French economic philosophers
2. They argued government interfered with government wealth
3. Adam Smith was a professor who defended a free economy
a. He believed that economic liberty guaranteed economic progress
iii. The Ideas of Malthus and Ricardo
1. Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo supported Smith’s basic ideas

2. Their important ideas were the foundation of laissez-faire capitalism
a. Capitalism is an economic system in which money is invested in business
ventures with the goal of making a profit
3. With a big increase in population, many people would be destined to poverty
4. And with so many being poor, labor resources were great and cheap
5. Laissez-faire workers hated governments helping the poor
b. Rise of Socialism
1. Socialism, unlike laissez-faire, wanted governments to intervene to improve
people’s lives
ii. Utilitarianism
1. Utilitarianism, introduced by Jeremy Bentham, argued that people should
judge ideas, institutions, and actions based on usefulness
2. He also argued that the government should produce the greatest good for the
greatest number of people
3. He also believed that individuals should be allowed to pursue their goals
without interference from the government
4. John Stuart Mill led the utilitarian movement, he questioned capitalism
5. He thought it was wrong that workers led deprived lives
6. He called for the government to do away with separation of the wealthy
iii. Utopian Ideas
1. Robert Owen, a factory owner, was shocked by the poverty he saw and
improved working conditions for his employees
2. He traveled to the U.S. and founded a cooperative community in New
Harmony, Indiana, he intended for it to be a utopia, it only lasted 3 years
iv. Socialism and Marxism
1. Charles Fourier Saint-Simon wanted to offset effects of industrialization by
promoting socialism, the factors of production are owned by the public and
operate for the welfare of all
2. Grew out of an optimistic view of human nature and concern for social justice
3. Socialists argued that government should always plan for the economy
4. They argued that if government controlled industry, poverty would disappear
v. The Communist Manifesto
1. Karl Marx introduced the world to a radical socialism, Marxism
2. Marx argued that human societies have always been divided into warring
classes
3. The wealthy controlled much of the production of goods
4. According to Marx, the industrial revolution had enriched the wealthy and
impoverished the poor
vi. The Future According to Marx
1. Marx believed that capitalists would eventually destroy itself
a. Factories would drive small artisans out of business
b. Workers sharing in the profits, would bring about economic equality
c. Workers would control the government in a: dictatorship of the proletariat
2. Marx called this final phase communism
3. Communism was a form of complete socialism in which the means of
production would be owned by the people

4. The Communist Manifesto produced few short-term results. Revolts broke out,
and after the turn of the century, his predictions became evident in Russia,
China, Vietnam, and Cuba. Many predictions have been proved wrong
5. They believed that economic forces alone dominated society
c. Unionization and Legislative Reform
1. As workers became more active in politics, unions began to form
ii. The Union Movement
1. Unions consisted of all people in a certain trade. They engaged in collective
bargaining, negotiations between workers and their employers
2. If employers did not meet demand, workers could strike, refuse to work
3. Skilled workers led the way in forming unions
4. The formation was a slow process, and the government believed that they
were a threat to social order and stability
5. British unions shared same goals as raising wages and improving working
conditions
6. The A.F.L.—American Federation of Labor—won higher wages and shorter
hours through a series of strikes
iii. Reform Laws
1. New laws reformed some of the worst abuses of industrialization
2. Parliament passed the Factory Act in 1833 which made it illegal to hire
children under 9 years old, and limited hours on other children
3. The Mines act prevented women and children from working underground
d. Other Reform Movements
1. Reforms sprang from the negative effects of industrialization
ii. Abolition of Slavery
1. William Wilberforce led the fight for abolition—end the slave trade
2. Some were morally against slavery, others viewed it as an economic threat
3. To fulfill the promises of the declaration of independence, they ended slavery,
and was finally ended after the civil war
4. In other countries, slavery was finally ended in 1888 when Brazil ended it
iii. Women Fight for Change
1. The industrial Revolution offered mixed blessings for women
2. Women spinners in Manchester made more money than those who span at
home
3. Women factory workers only made one-third of what men made
4. Women led reforms to address social issues
5. Women in the U.S. and Britain rallied for the abolition of slavery
iv. Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life
1. Reformers tried to correct problems troubling industrialized nations
2. Horace Mann favored free public educations for all children, it became
available in the late 1800s
3. Reformers wanted to restore prisoners to useful lives (democracy forms)