1/15 © Copyrighted Material Spanish Final Study Sheet Ser vs. Estar ...

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Spanish Final Study Sheet
Ser vs. Estar (Pages 129-138)
Uses of Ser
-to express a characteristic, a description, or an identification
-to express occupation or nationality
-to express time and dates
-with de, to express origin, possession, or material
Note:
-Adjectives used with ser must agree with the subject in number and gender
-In questions, adjectives usually follow the verb
Uses of Estar
-to express location or position
-to express a condition or state
-to form the progressive tenses with the present participle
Note:
-Adjectives used with estar agree with the subject in number and gender
-In questions, the adjective usually follows the verb
-Some adjectives may be used with either ser or estar, but differ in meaning
Forms of Estar
Present estoy estás está estamos estáis están
Preterit estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvisteis estuvieron
Present
Subjunctive
esté estés esté estemos estéis estén
Preterit vs. Imperfect (Pages 64-94)
Preterit
[1] Regular –ar Verbs
a. The preterit tense of regular –ar verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive
ending –ar and adding the personal endings –é, -aste, ó, amos, -asteis, and –aron.
b. In the preterit, the nosotros ending (-amos) is the same as in the present tense:
regresamos (we return, we returned).
c. Most verbs that are stem-changing (o to ue; e to ie) do not change the stem in
the preterit tense.
d. Verbs that end in –car, -gar, and –zar hve a spelling change in the yo form. In
–car and –gar verbs, this change occurs to keep the original sound of the c and g,
respectively. The change occurs in –zar verbs because z rarely precedes e or I in
Spanish.
[3] Regular –er and –ir Verbs
a. The preterit tense of regular –er and –ir verbs is formed by dropping the
infinitive ending –er or –ir and adding the personal; ending –í, -iste, -ió, -imos,
-isteis, and –ieron.
b. The preterit endings are the same for –er and –ir verbs.
c. In –ir verbs, the first-person plural ending (-imos) is the same as in the present
tense. In –er verbs, however, the endings are different.
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d. The accent mark is omitted over the following forms of ver: vi, vio.
e. Stem-Changing verbs ending in –er do not change the stem vowel in the preterit
tense. Stem-changing verbs ending in –ir have special stem changes in the preterit
and are discussed in Chapter 7.
[1] Verbs That Change I to Y in the Preterit
a. In the preterit, -er and –ir verbs whose stems end in a vowel change the endings
of the third-person singular and plural forms from –ió to –yó and –ieron to –
yeron, respectively. The -i has an accent in all the other forms.
[2] Stem-Changing –ir Verbs in the Preterit
a. Stem-changing verbs ending in –ir change the stem vowel from e to I and o to u
in the third-person singular and plural of the preterit.
b. Stem-changing verbs ending in –ar or –er do not change the stress vowel in the
preterit tense.
Note:
-Ir verbs tha have ñ directly before the ending (gruñir, reñir) drop the i of
the ending in the third-person singular and plural (riñó, riñeron). The
sound of the ending is still regular because of the ñ.
[3] Verbs Irregular in the Preterit
Note:
1. The preterit endings of –i-stem verbs do not have accent marks.
2. In the third-person singular of hacer, the c changes to z to preserve the
original sound
a. U—stem verbs in the Preterit
Infinitive Stem Preterit Forms
andar anduv anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos, anduvieron
estar estuv estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvieron
poder pud pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudieron
poner pus puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusieron
saber sup supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supieron
tener tuv tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvieron
traer traj traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajieron
decir dij dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijieron
traducir traduj traduje, tradujiste, tradujo, tradujimos, tradujieron
Note:
1. The preterit endings of u-stem verbs do not have accent marks.
2. All verbs ending in –ducir are conjugated like traducir.
conducir to drive; to lead conduje condujiste condujo condujimos condujeron
producir to produce produje produjiste produjo produjimos produjeron
b. The Verbs dar, ir, and ser in the Preterit
Dar, ir, and ser are also irregular. Dar takes the endings of regular –er and
–ir verbs, but without a written accent in the first- and third-person
singular forms. Ir and ser have the same forms.
dar to give di diste dio dimos dieron
ir; ser to go; to be fui fuiste fue fuimos fueron
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[4] Uses of the Preterit Tense
a. The preterit tense is used to narrate an action or event that occurred in the past.
It may incate the beginning or end of the action, or the completed action or event
begun and finished in the past .
(1) Beginning or End of an Action
(2) Completed Action
b. Some expressions often used with the preterit (trigure words):
-anoche
-ayer
-anteayer
-el año pasado
-el mes pasado
-la semana pasada
Imperfect
[1] The Imperfect Tense of Refular Verbs
a. The imperfect tense of regular verbs is formed by dropping the ending (-ar, -er,
-ir), and adding the following endings:
pensar
to think
volver
to return
sufrir
to suffer
yo pensaba volvía sufría
tù pensabas volvías sufrías
ud., el, ella pensaba volvía sufría
nosotros, -as pensabamos volvíamos sufríamos
uds., ellos, ellas pensaban volvían sufrían
b. Verbs that are stem changing in the present tense do not change the stem vowel
in the imperfect.
c. In the imperfect, yo, ud., èl, and ella have the same form. Subject pronouns are
used if necessary to clarify the meaning of the verb.
[2] Verbs Irregular in the Imperfect Tense
-There are three irregular verbs in the imperfect tense: ir, ser, and ver.
ir
to go
ser
to be
ver
to see
yo iba era veía
tù ibas eras veías
ud., el, ella iba era veía
nosotros, -as ibamos èramos veíamos
uds., ellos, ellas iban eran veían
[3] Uses of the Imperfect Tense
a. to express what used to happen.
b. to express what happened repeatedly in the past.
c. to describe what was going on at a particular time.
d. to describe simultaneous actions in the past. Mientras is usually used to connect
the two actions
e. to describe what was going on in the past (imperfect) when something else
began or ended (preterit). Cuando usually links the two actions.
f. to describe persons or things in the past.
g. to express the time of day (the hour) in the past.
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Preterit and Imperfect Tenses Compared
1. The preterit is used to indicate the beginning or the end of an action or even occurring
in the past. It may also indicate the complete event (both beginning and end).
2. The imperfect is used to indicate the continuance of a situation or even in the past.
Neither the beginning nor the end is indicated. Thus, it is used:
a. To express what was happening, used to happen, or happened repeatedly in the
past.
b. To describe persons, things, or situations in the past.
c. To express the time of day in the past
d. In the construction hacía + time expression + que + imperfect, to describe an
action or event that began in the pst and continued in the past. In questions, how
long is expressed by ¿Cuánto timepo hacía que… + imperfect.
e. With the preterit, to describe what was going on in the past (imperfect) when
another action or event occurred, that is, began or ended (preterit).
Preterit= you did
Imperfect= you had the ability to
The Subjunctive (Pages 155-174)
The subjunctive mood, on the other hand, expresses uncertainty, doubt, wished, desires, fears,
conjecture, supposition, and conditions that are unreal or contrary to fact.
[1] The Present Tense Subjunctive
a. Regular Verbs
Most verbs form the present tense subjunctive by dropping the ending of
the yo form of the present indicative (-o) and adding the corresponding
endings.
bailar
(bailo)
vender
(vendo)
recibir
(recibo)
yo baile venda reciba
tù bailes vendas recibas
ud., el, ella baile venda reciba
nosotros, -as bailemos vendamos recibamos
uds., ellos, ellas bailen vendan reciban
b. Verbs with Irregular yo Forms
Verbs with regular yo forms in the present tense indicative used the same
irregular stem to form the present tense subjunctive.
caber
to fit in
coger
gather
conocer
to know
destruir
to destroy
distinguir
to distinguish
salir
to leave
venir
to come
quepo cojo conozco destruyo distingo salgo vengo
yo quepa coja conzca destruya distinga salga venga
tù quepas cojas conozcas destruyas distingas salgas vengas
ud., el, ella quepa coja conozca destruya distinga salga venga
nosotros, -as quepamos cojamos conozcamos destruyamos distingamos salgamos vengamos
uds., ellos, ellas quepan cojan conozcan destruyan distingan salgan vengan
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c. Stem Changing Verbs
(1) Stem-changing –ar and –er verbs have the same stem changes in the
present tnese subjunctive as in the present tense indicative (e to ie, o to
ue).
cerrar
to close
volver
to return
yo cierre vuelva
tù cierres vuelvas
ud., el, ella cierre vuelva
nosotros, -as cerremos volvamos
uds., ellos, ellas cierren vuelvan
(2) Stem-changing –ir verbs have the same stem changes in the present
tense subjunctive as in the present tense indicative (e to ie, o to ue, e to i).
In the nosotros and vosotros forms, the stem vowel e changes to I and the
stem vowel o changes to u.
sentir
feel sorry for
dormir
to sleep
repetir
to repeat
yo sienta duerma repita
tù sientas duermas repitas
ud., el, ella sienta duerma repita
nosotros, -as sintamos durmamos repitamos
uds., ellos, ellas sientan duerman repitan
(3) Some verbs ending in –iar or –uar have an accent mark on the I or u in
all forms except those for nosotros and vosotros.
enviar
to mail
continuar
to continue
yo envíe continúe
tù envies continues
ud., el, ella envíe continue
nosotros, -as enviemos continuemos
uds., ellos, ellas envíen continúen
d. Verbs with Spelling Changes
In the present subjunctive of verbs ending in –car, -gar, and –zar, c
changes to qu, g to gu, and z to c. These spelling changes are the same as
those that occur in the yo fomr of the preterit.
buscar
(busqué)
pagar
(pagué)
alzar
(alcé)
yo busque pague alce
tù busques pagues alces
ud., el, ella busque pague alce
nosotros, -as busquemos paguemos alcemos
uds., ellos, ellas busquen paguen alcen
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f. Present Tense Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs
The following verbs have irregular forms in the present subjunctive:
dar estar haber ir saber ser
yo dé esté haya vaya sepa sea
tù des estés hayas vayas sepas seas
ud., el, ella dé esté haya vaya sepa sea
nosotros, -as demos estemos hayamos vayamos sepamos seamos
uds., ellos, ellas den estén hayan vayan sepan sean
[2] The Present Perfect Subjunctive
a. The present perfect subjunctive is formed by the present subjunctive of haber +
the past participle of the verb in the dependent clause.
b. The present perfect subjunctive is used if the verb in the main clause is in the
present tense and the dependent verbs refers to an event that has taken place.
Uses of the Subjunctive Mood Tenses
[1] Dependent Clauses
The subjunctive in dependent clauses is introduced by the conjunction que.
a. The subjunctive tenses are used in a dependent clause when the verb in the
main clause expresses advice, command, demand, desire, hope, permission,
preference, prohibition, request, suggestion. Here are some common verbs
that require the subjunctive.
aconsejar—to advise decir—to tell desear—to wish
esperar—to hope exigir—to demand mandar—to order
ordenar—to order pedir—to ask; to request permitir—to permit
preferir—to prefer prohibir—to prohibit querer—to want
rogar—to beg sugerir—to suggest suplicar—to implore
b. The subjunctive is used after verbs of feeling or emotion, such as fear, joy,
sorrow, regret, surprise. Such verbs include:
alegrarse (de)—to be glad lamenter—to be sorry about; to regret
sentir—to be sorry about; regret sorprenderse (de)—to be surprised
temer—to fear
tener miedo (de)—to fear; to be afraid
[2] Impersonal Constructions
a. The subjunctive is used after certain impersonal expressions if the dependent
verb has an expressed subject.
es dudoso—it is doubtful es importante—it is important
es imposible—it is impossible es una lastima—it is a pity
b. The subjunctive is not used after impersonal espressions that ezpress certainty.
es cierto—it is certain
es claro—it is clear
es evidente—it is evident es verdad—it is true
[3] Sequence of Tenses
a. The present tense of the subjunctive mood is generally used if the verb in the
main clause is in the present indicative, tue future, present perfect, or the
imperative (command form).
b. The present perfect subjunctive (haya hablado has spoken) is formed by the
present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the verb in the dependent
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clause. The perfect subjunctive is used if the verb in the main clause is in the
present tense and the dependent ver represents an event that has taken place.
Different Tenses
Present Tense (Page 3-42)
[1] Present Tense of Regular Verbs
a. The present tense of regular verbs is formed by droipping the infinitive ending
(-ar, -er, -ir) and adding the following personal endings:
-ar: o, as, a, amos, an
-er: o, es, e, emos, en
-ir: o, es, e, imos, en
Note:
1. In a negative statement, no follows the subject and goes
immediately before the verb.
2. In a question, the subject usually follows the verb.
3. Unless required for clarity or for emphasis, subject pronouns
are usually omitted.
[2] Common –ar Verbs
ayudar—to help coleccionar—to collect desear—to want, wish
bajar—to go down comprar—to buy enseñar—to teach
borrar—to erase contester—to answer entrar—to enter
buscar—to look for cultivar—to cultivate escuchar—to listen
caminar—to walk dejar—to let, allow, leave esperar—to wait, hope
cantar—to sing descansar—to rest estudiar—to study
explicar—to explain necesitar—to need regresar—to return
gritar—to shout pagar—to pay for sacar—to take out
hablar—to talk pasar—to pass tomar—to take, eat
hallar—to find patinar—to skate trabajar—to work
invitar—to invite practicar—to practice usar—to use
llenar—to fill preguntar—to ask vijar—to travel
llevar—to wear preparar—to prepare visitor—to visit
mirar—to look at quitar—to take away
[3] Common –er Verbs
aprender—to lear correr—to run leer—to read
beber—to drink creer—to believe prometer—to promise
comer—to eat deber—to have to responder—to answer
comprender—to understand esconder—to hide vender—to sell
[4] Common –ir Verbs
abrir—to open dividir—to divide recibir—to recieve
asistir—to attend escribir—to write subir—to go up
cubrir—to cover insister—to insist on sufrir—to suffer
decidir—to decide partir—to leave vivir—to live
describir—to describe permitir—to permit
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Note: Meanings in English
yo como
I eat
usted baila you dance
ellos viven they live
[5] Stem-Changing –ar and –er Verbs
a. Many verbs that contain e in the stem change the e to ie in all present tense
forms exceptthose for nosotros.
b. Many verbs that contain o in the stem change the o to ue in all present tense
forms except those for nosotros.
c. This change occurs in the syllable directly before the verb ending.
d. The verbs cerrar, defender, contra, and volver have regular endings in the
present tense.
Common Stem-Changing Verbs
E to IE
atravesar—to cross despertarse—to wake up pensar—to think
calentar—to heat empezar—to begin perder—to lose
cerrar—to close encender—to light quebrar—to break
comenzar—to begin entender—to understand querer—to want
confesar—to confess gobernar—to govern sentarse—to sit down
defender—to defend nevar—to snow temblar—to tremble
O to UE
acordarse—to remember envolver—to wrap poder—to be able to
acostarse—to go to bed jugar (ue)—to play probar—to prove
almorzar—to eat lunch llover—to rain recorder—to remember
contar—to count morder—to bite sonar—to sound
costar—to cost mostrar—to show soñar con—to dream
devolver—to return mover—to move volar—to fly
encontrar—to find oler (hue)—to smell volver—to return
[6] Stem-Changing –ir Verbs
a. Some –ir verbs that contain an e in the stem change the i to ie or to i in all
present-tense forms, except those for nosotros.
b. Some –ir verbs that contain an o in the stem change the o to ue in all presenttense
forms, except those for nosotros.
c. The change occurs in the syllable directly befor the verb ending.
d. The verbs sentir, dormir, and pedir have regular ending in the present tense.
E to IE
preferir—to prefer referir—to tell; to narrate sentir—to regret
O to UE
dormir—to sleep morir(se)—to die
E to I
despedirse—to say goodbye reír(se)—to laugh sonreír(se)—to smile
impeder—to prevent reñir—to scold vestirse—to dress
medir—to measure repetir—to repeat server—to serve
pedir—to ask for
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[7] Verbs Ending in –iar and –uar
a. Some verbs ending in –iar and –uar have a written accent mark on the I or the u
in all present-tense forms, except those for nosotros.
Note:
1. The verbs anunciar, averiguar, cambiar, copiar, estudiaar,
iniciar, limpiar, odiar, principiar, and pronunciar are exceptions
and have no accents on the i or the u.
2. All –iar and –uar verbs that have an accent on the I or u are
identified in the end vocabulary by (í) or (ú) after the verb.
enviar
to send
continuar
to continue
yo envío continúo
tù envías continúas
ud., el, ella envía continua
nosotros, -as enviamos continuamos
uds., ellos, ellas envían continúan
c. Verbs like enviar and continuar
confiar—to rely on actuar—to act
guiar—to guide
graduarse—to graduate
resfriarse—to catch a cold situar—to locate
variar—to vary
[8] Verbs Ending in –uir
a. Verbs ending in –uir (but not –guir) insert a y in the stem before the presenttense
endings.
huir
to flee
yo
huyo
tù
huyes
ud., el, ella huye
nosotros, -as huimos
uds., ellos, ellas huyen
Note:
All verbs ending in –uir that add a y are identified in the end
vocabulary by (y) after the infinitive.
b. Common Verbs Ending in –uir
concluir—to conclude destruir—to destroy influir—to influence
construir—to construct destribuir—to distribute sustituir—to substitute
contribuir—to contribute
[9] Verbs Ending in –cer and –cir
a. Most verbs whose infinitives end in –cer and –cir have the ending –zco in the
first-person singular of the present tense. This pattern occurs only if a vowel
precedes the c in the infinitive.
b. If a consonant precedes the c in the infinitive, the ending –zo is used in the
first-person singular of the present tense.
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Note: Verbs with these spelling changes are identified in the end
vocabulary by (z) or (zc) after the infinitive.
d. Common Verbs with Spelling Changes
1. –cer Verbs (like ofrecer)
agradecer—to thank for nacer—to be born parecer—to seem
aparecer—to appear obedecer—to obey permanecer—to remain
conocer—to know ofrecer—to offer pertenecer—to belong
desaparecer—to disappear padecer—to suffer reconocer—to recognize
merecer—to deserve
2. –cer Verbs (like venecer)
convenecer—to convince ejercer—to exercise venecer—to conquer
3. –cir Verbs
conducir—to lead reducir—to reduce producir—to produce
traducir—to translate
Note: The verbs hacer and decir are exceptions
[10] Verbs Ending in –ger and –gir
a. Most verbs whose infinitives end in –ger and –gir have the ending –jo in the
first-person singular of the present tense.
b. This pattern occurs to preserve the original sound in accordance with the rules
for Spanish pronunciation.
Note: Verbs with these spelling changes are identified in the end
vocabulary by (j) after the infinitive.
c. Common –ger and –gir Verbs
coger—to catch recoger—to pick up dirigirse—to address
escoger—to choose corregir (i)—to correct proteger—to protect
dirigir—to direct elegir (i)—to elect
[11] Verbs Ending in –guir
a. Most verbs whose infinitive end in –guir have the ending –go in the first-person
singular of the present tense.
b. This pattern occurs to preserve the original sound in accordance with the rule
for Spanish pronunciation.
Note: Verbs with these spelling changes are identified in the end
vocabulary by (g) after the infinitive.
c. Common –guir Verbs
conseguir (i)—to get perseguir (i)—to pursue distinguir—to distinguish
seguir (i)—to follow extinguir—to extinguish
Verbs Irregular in the Present Tense
[1] Verbs With Irregular Yo Forms
a. In the present tense, the following verbs have irregular yo forms:
caber—to fit quepo
dar—to give doy
hacer—to do hago
poner—to put pongo
saber—to know sé
salir—to go out salgo
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valer—to be worth valgo
ver—to see veo
b. The yo ofrm of caer (to fall) and traer (to bring) has an I between the stem and
the first-person singular ending (-go). Their other forms are regular.
caer—to fall caigo
traer—to bring traigo
[2] Verbs with Irregular Present-Tense Forms
The following verbs are irregular in the present form:
decir—to say digo dices dice decimos dicen
estar—to be estoy estás está estamos están
ir—to go voy vas va vamos van
oir—to hear oigo oyes oye oímos oyen
ser—to be soy eres es somos son
tener—to have tengo tienes tiene tenemos tienen
venir—to come vengo vienes viene venimos vienen
Progressive Tenses (Pages 120-125)
[1] The progressive tenses are used to talk about an action that is (was or will be) in
progress or is continuing at the moment indicated. The gerund is used with forms of the
verbs estar, seguir, and continuar, and with verbs of motion.
Los ninos están llorando. The Children are crying.
El estaba leyendo.
He was reading.
Siguen escribiendo.
They continue writing.
Continuaban hablando.
They continued speaking.
Entró gritando.
He entered shouting.
Note: The present participles of estar, ir, and venir are not usually used to
form the progressive tenses. Instead, the simple tenses are used.
The Past Participle; Compound Tenses
[1] The Past Participle
a. Past Participles of Regular Verbs
The past participle of refular verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending
and adding –ado or –ido.
Infinitive Past Participle Meaning
visitar visitado visited
aprender aprendido learned
vivir vivido lived
b. Past Participles Ending in –ido
The past participles of –er and –ir verbs with stems ending in a vowel have an
accent mark.
Infinitive Past Participle Meaning
caer caído fallen
reír reído laughed
traer traído brought
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c. Irregular Past Participles Ending in –to
The following verbs have irregular past participles ending in –to.
Infinitive Past Participle Meaning
abrir abierto opened
cubrir cubierto covered
descubrir descubierto discovered
escribir escrito written
morir muerto died
poner puesto put
romper roto broken
ver visto seen
volver vuelto returned
The following verbs have irregular past participles ending in –cho.
Infinitive Past Participle Meaning
decir dicho said
hacer hecho done, made
[2] The Present Perfect Tense
a. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the verb haber (to
have) and a past participle
yo
he
tù
has
ud., el, ella ha
visitado/ aprendido/ vivido
nosotros, -as hemos
uds., ellos, ellas han
b. To make a verb in the perfect tenses negative, place no before the verb haber.
To make a verb interrogative, place the subject after the past participle.
No han vivido allí.
They haven’t lived there.
¿Ha visto Ud. la película Have you seen the film
Yo no me he bañado todavía. I haven’t bathed myself yet.
Note: Nothing comes between the verb haber and the past participle.
Pronouns (reflexive and object) come before the verb haber.
c. The present perfect tense is used to describe an action that began in the past and
continues up to the present or an action that took place in the past but is connected
with the present.
[3] The Pluperfect Tense
a. The pluperfect tense is formed by the imperfect tense of the verb haber (to
have) and a past participle.
yo
había
tù
habías
ud., el, ella había
visitado/ aprendido/ vivido
nosotros, -as habíamos
uds., ellos, ellas habían
b. The pluperfect tnese is used to describe an action that was completed in the past
before another action took place
Yo los había visitado antes.
I had visited them before.
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The Future Tense (Page 96-99)
[1] The Future Tense of Regular Verbs
The future tense is formed by adding to the infinitive the following endings:
ayudar
to help
aprender
to learn
abrir
to open
I shall help I shall learn I shall open
yo ayudaré aprenderé abriré
tù ayudarás aprenderás abrirás
ud., el, ella ayudará aprenderá abrirá
nosotros, -as ayudaremos aprenderemos abriremos
uds., ellos, ellas ayudarán aprenderán abrirán
Note:
1. In English, the future tense is expressed by means of the helping verb
will or shall.
2. All endings have an accent mark except –emos.
[2] The Future Tense of Irregular Verbs
Some verbs form the future tense by adding the future personal endings (-é, -ás, -
á, -emos, -án) to an irregular stem.
a. The following verbs drop the e of the infinitive ending before adding the
endings of the future.
caber
to fit
haber
to have
poder
to be able
querer
to want
saber
to know
yo cabré habré podré querré sabré
tù cabrás habrás podrás querrás sabrás
ud., el, ella cabrá habrá podrá querrá sabrá
nosotros, -as cabremos habremos podremos querremos sabremos
uds., ellos, ellas cabrán habrán podrán querán sabrán
b. The following verbs replace the e or i of the infinitive ending with a d before
adding the dndings of the future:
poner
to put
salir
to leave
tener
to have
valer
to be worth
venir
to come
yo ponder saldré tendré valdré vendré
tù pondrás saldrás tendrás valdrás vendrás
ud., el, ella pondrá saldrá tendrá valdrá vendrá
nosotros, -as pondremos saldremos tendremos valdremos vendremos
uds., ellos, ellas pondrán saldrán tendrán valdrán vendrán
c. The following verbs drop the e and c of the infinitive before adding the endings
of the future:
decir
to say
hacer
to do
yo dire haré
tù dirás harás
ud., el, ella dirá hará
nosotros, -as diremos haremos
uds., ellos, ellas dirán harán
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[3] Uses of the Future Tense
The future tense is used:
a. To express future time.
b. To express wondermentor probability in the present time.
The Conditional Tense (Pg. 104-108)
[1] Regular Verbs
a. The conditional tense is formed by adding to the infinitive the following
endings:
viajar
to travel
comer
to eat
permitir
to permit
yo viajaría comería permitiría
tù viajarías comerías permitirías
ud., el, ella viajaría comería permitiría
nosotros, -as viajaríamos comeríamos permitiríamos
uds., ellos, ellas viajarían comerían permitirían
b. In English, the conditional tnese is expressed by means of the helping verb
would.
¿Adonde viajarías Where would you travel to
c. All the endings have an accent mark on the i of the ending.
[2] Verbs Irregular in the Conditional Tense
Some verbs form the conditional tnese by adding the conditional personal endings
to an irregular stem.
a. The following verbs drop the e of the infinitive ending before adding the
endings of the conditional.
caber
to fit
haber
to have
poder
to be able
querer
to want
saber
to know
yo cabría habría podría querría sabría
tù cabrías habrías podrías querrías sabrías
ud., el, ella cabría habría podría querría sabría
nosotros, -as cabríamos habríamos podríamos querríamos sabríamos
uds., ellos, ellas cabrían habrían podrían querrían sabrían
b. The following verbs replace the e (or i) of the infinitive ending with a d before
adding the endings of the conditional:
poner
to put
salir
to leave
tener
to have
valer
to be worth
venir
to come
yo pondría saldría tendría valdría vendría
tù pondrías saldrías tendrías valdrías vendrías
ud., el, ella pondría saldría tendría valdría vendría
nosotros, -as pondríamos saldríamos tendríamos valdríamos vendríamos
uds., ellos, ellas pondrían saldrían tendrían valdrían vendrían
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c. The follwing verbs drop the e and c of the infinitive before adding the endings
of the conditional:
decir
to say
hacer
to do
yo diría haría
tù dirías harías
ud., el, ella diría haría
nosotros, -as diríamos haríamos
uds., ellos, ellas dirían harían
[3] Uses of the Conditional Tense
The conditional is used:
a. To express what would or could happen in the future or to make a polite
request.
Pagaría mucho por las joyas. I would pay a lot for the jewlry.
b. To express wonderment or probability in the past.
Sería la una.
It was probably one o’clock.
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