Sustainable Vineyard Management and Herbicide ... - Lodi Wine

Lodi Winegrape Commission 

May 24, 2011, Lodi, Ca. 

John Roncoroni 

Weed Science Farm Advisor 

& Affiliate IPM Advisor 

UCCE Napa County

Work as contact herbicide 

Usually need warm to hot weather 

to work well 

Work better on small weedsbetter 

on broadleaves

Sunflower cultivation 

approximately 2 weeks prior to 

first application 

Applications made on December 

11. and February 15. 

Weather on both days clear and 

sunny- but not hot.

untreated

Acetic Acid 20% + Nufilm P 

Not registered for crop use 

2/28/08

GreenMatch O 15%

Matran 10%

Matran 5%

Registration of compounds as 

pesticides 

Costs 

Must use high gallonage

In the right situation animals can 

do a good job of weed control

In the wrong situation animals 

can cause compaction, and crop 

damage‐ 

Can be expensive‐ do you rent or 

buy?

Goats? 

No!

1. Weed Spectrum

Common groundsel Asparagus 1981 triazine (atrazine) 

Perennial ryegrass Roadside, railways 1989 sulfonylurea 

Smallflower umbrella sedge Rice 1993 sulfonylurea 

California arrowhead Rice 1993 sulfonylurea 

Russian thistle Roadside 1994 sulfonylurea 

Wild oat Barley, wheat 1996 pyrazolium (difenzoquat) 

Redstem Rice 1997 sulfonylurea 

Ricefield bulrush Rice 1997 sulfonylurea 

Late watergrass Rice 1998 fops & thiocarbamates 

Rigid ryegrass Almonds, roadsides 1998 glyphosate 

Long‐leaved loosestrife Rice 2000 sulfonylurea 

Barnyardgrass Rice 2000 fops & thiocarbamates 

Early watergrass Rice 2000 fops & thiocarbamates 

Small‐seeded canarygrass Sugar beets, onions 2001, 03 fops and dims 

Smooth crabgrass Rice 2002 synthetic auxins 

Horseweed Roadsides 2005 glyphosate 

Italian ryegrass Roadsides 2005 glyphosate 

Hairy fleabane Roadsides 2007 glyphosate 

Hairy fleabane Roadsides, vines 2009 glyphosate & paraquat 

www.weedscience.org

Common groundsel Asparagus 1981 triazine (atrazine) 

Perennial ryegrass Roadside, railways 1989 sulfonylurea 

Smallflower umbrella sedge Rice 1993 sulfonylurea 

California arrowhead Rice 1993 sulfonylurea 

Russian thistle Roadside 1994 sulfonylurea 

Wild oat Barley, wheat 1996 pyrazolium (difenzoquat) 

Redstem Rice 1997 sulfonylurea 

Ricefield bulrush Rice 1997 sulfonylurea 

Late watergrass Rice 1998 fops & thiocarbamates 

Rigid ryegrass Almonds, roadsides 1998 glyphosate 

Long‐leaved loosestrife Rice 2000 sulfonylurea 

Barnyardgrass Rice 2000 fops & thiocarbamates 

Early watergrass Rice 2000 fops & thiocarbamates 

Small‐seeded canarygrass Sugar beets, onions 2001, 03 fops and dims 

Smooth crabgrass Rice 2002 synthetic auxins 

Horseweed Roadsides 2005 glyphosate 

Italian ryegrass Roadsides 2005 glyphosate 

Hairy fleabane Roadsides 2007 glyphosate 

Hairy fleabane Roadsides, vines 2009 glyphosate & paraquat 

www.weedscience.org

‣ Herbicide tolerance: the inherent ability of a species 

to survive and reproduce after herbicide treatment; 

implies no selection or genetic manipulation to make 

the plant tolerant 

“We’ve never gotten dependable control of this weed with 

this herbicide…” 

‣ Herbicide resistance: the inherited ability of a plant 

to survive and reproduce following exposure to a dose 

of herbicide normally lethal to the wild type 

“We used to be able to control this weed with this 

treatment but it doesn’t work as well anymore…”

‣ Often co‐exist (swarm) 

‣ Annual grass 

‣ Obligate outcrossers 

‣ Throughout CA but 

more common weed in 

northern Central Valley 

‣ 2 to 15‐fold resistance 

‣ Usually target site mutation

Italian Ryegrass 

Figure 1. Map of California showing the 

geographical distribution of Italian 

ryegrass populations sampled for this study. 

Closed circles indicate populations 

with more than 20% seedlings surviving 

treatment with glyphosate t 866 g ae / ha; 

open circles indicate populations with 5% 

(two populations) or no surviving 

seedlings. Forty seedlings from each 

population were tested for 

glyphosate response. 

From Jasieniuk et al. 2008. 

Weed Sci 56:496-502

• AKA mare’s tail 

• Annual weed 

• Prolific seed producer 

• Wind‐blown seed 

• Early colonizer 

• Doesn’t tolerate disturbance 

• 6‐fold resistance (whole plant) 

• 4‐8 fold resistance (in vivo) 

• Mechanism not know. Suspected 

translocation mutation

• AKA mare’s tail 

• Annual weed 

• Prolific seed producer 

• Wind‐blown seed 

• Early colonizer 

• Doesn’t tolerate disturbance 

• 6‐fold resistance (whole plant) 

• 4‐8 fold resistance (in vivo) 

• Mechanism not know. Suspected 

translocation mutation

Results 

718 plants at 144 sites 

-62% GR 

-15% Intermediate 

-23% GS 

Hanson et al. 2009 

Weed Sci 57:48-53

‣ AKA flaxleaf fleabane 

‣ Annual weed 

‣ Wind‐blown seed 

‣ Early colonizer 

‣ Doesn’t tolerate 

disturbance 


(whole plant screening) 

‣ ~ 4‐fold resistance in vivo 

‣ Mechanism not known

Hairy Fleabane Survey ‐ 2009 

Prelim Results 

75 populations 

-27% GR 

-52% Mixed 

-21% GS 

Zozaya et al. 2010 

CWSS poster session

Large Horseweed treated with glyphosate

Glyphosate Rate (ai) Mortality (%) 

5 to 8 leaves 1 lb 2 lbs 4 lbs 

Susceptible 100 100 100 

Resistant 0 50 100 

From Shrestha, Hembree and Va, California Agriculture 61(2) 67-70

Glyphosate Rate (ai) Mortality (%) 

6.1 to 12 inches 1 lb 2 lbs 4 lbs 

Susceptible 30 80 100 

Resistant 0 0 0 

From Shrestha, Hembree and Va, California Agriculture 61(2) 67-70

‣ AKA flaxleaf fleabane 

‣ Annual weed 

‣ Wind‐blown seed 

‣ Early colonizer 

‣ Doesn’t tolerate 

disturbance 


(whole plant screening) 

‣ ~ 4‐fold resistance in vivo 

‣ Mechanism not known

Herbicide Tolerant Weeds 

Malva 

Willowherb 

Filaree

Malva

Tall annual willowherb 

Epilobium brachycarpum C. Presl

Willowherb growing in vineyard

Willowherb skeletons at time of treating at Laguna

Roundup on willowherb

Filaree 

C139-06 

C139-08

Herbicides Registered 

for use in Grapes 

Surflan 

Chateau 

Princep 

Goal 

Solicam 

Kerb 

Visor* 

Casoron 

Karmex 

Devrinol 

Gallery 

Prowl 

Matrix 

Glyphosate 

Gramoxone 

Rely 

Goal 

Shark 

Fusilade 

2,4-D 

Poast 

Venue 

Prism* 

* Registered for non-bearing grapes only

Compound Acreage sprayed % of total 

Glyphosate 10,837 38.8 

Simizine 6,918 24.8 

Oxyfluorfen 6,225 22.3 

Total for top 3 85.9 

Oryzalin 1,719 6.2 

Paraquat 1,536 5.5 

Methyl Bromide 458 1.6 

Diuron 116 0.4 

2,4‐D 68 0.2 

Norflurazon 20 0.1 

Total (all herbicides) 27,896 100 

Total Acre for Grapes 32,261 0.86

Compound Acreage sprayed % of total 

Glyphosate 35,667 54.8 

Flumioxazin 9,935 15.3 

Oxyfluorfen 7,583 11.6 

Total for top 3 81.7 

Glufosinate 6,454 9.9 

Oryzalin 1,270 1.9 

Simizine 1,190 1.8 

Pendimethalin 750 1.2 

Rimsulfuron 732 1.1 

Total for top 8 63,581/65,144 97.6 

Total Acres for Grapes 45,942 1.42

1. Weed Spectrum 

2. Germination Time

Fillaree, which grows early in the 

season may ‘hide’ willowherb seedlings 

from herbicide applications

Fluvellin germination continues late into the 

growing season 

C236-05

February 28 

November 28

Horseweed 

Young plant 

Rosette 

Adult 

Pictures taken Sept 19

Sharp-point Fluvellin

Fall ‘variation’ of fluvellin 

There is a milk carton under this plant! 

Fluvellin competing with newly planted grapes


2. Germination time‐ 

3. Leaf or duff cover

8 sets of paired treatments- either leaves 

raked or leaves left. 

Plots raked at 11:30 AM 12/19/07 

Plots treated 12:30 PM 12/19/07 

Treated with 10 oz Chateau +24 oz 

Roundup with OC nozzles sprayed from 

both sides of row. 

Each plot 4 vines (24 feet) long 

Merlot grapes

Unraked plot 

Raked plots

60% Leaf Cover 

Raked pre-treatment 

Raked post treatment 

Unraked pre-treatment 

Unraked post treatment

% Leaf 

Cover 

2/29/2008 6/12/2008 

%Fillaree Cover 

Willowherb control 

0-10 scale 

Raked Not Raked Not 

60 5 50 10 7 

50 7 30 10 5 

50 15 40 9 4 

40 3 20 9 5 

40 5 10 10 7 

33 1 15 9 7 

25 5 20 10 7 

Ave 8.30% 28% 9.6 6.0

Willowherb

•Raked 

•Unraked

Jan 20/Mar 21 Sept 11 09 Sept 11 09 

Raked 

Unraked 

overall wh fluv overall wh fluv 

UTC 2.75 2.75 8.75 1.50 1.50 6.50 

Rely 200 2 Qt/ 2Qt 2.75 10.00 2.75 5.25 10.00 5.25 

Rely 200 ‐ / 3Qt 2.75 9.50 2.75 3.50 9.25 3.75 

Roundup WM 1 Qt/ 1Qt 2.50 5.00 3.33 3.00 3.00 7.25 

Roundup WM ‐ / 2Qt 6.25 7.75 6.50 4.25 5.00 5.25 

Rely 200+ Chateau 2 Qt + 6oz 7.00 10.00 6.88 8.00 9.38 8.38 


Roundup + Chateau 1 Qt + 6 oz 6.50 9.75 6.50 6.50 8.75 7.00 


Rely 200 + Matrix 2 Qt + 2oz 6.00 9.75 6.13 6.00 9.00 6.00 

Rely 200 + Matrix 2 Qt + 4 oz 8.88 10.00 8.50 7.75 9.75 7.75 

Roundup + Matrix 1 Qt + 2oz 6.25 8.75 7.00 6.00 7.75 7.00 

Roundup + Matrix 1 Qt + 4oz 7.50 9.00 8.00 6.25 6.75 8.50


Raked 

Unraked 


UTC 2.75 2.75 8.75 1.50 1.50 6.50 

Rely 200 2 Qt/ 2Qt 2.75 10.00 2.75 5.25 10.00 5.25 

Rely 200 ‐ / 3Qt 2.75 9.50 2.75 3.50 9.25 3.75 


Roundup WM ‐ / 2Qt 6.25 7.75 6.50 4.25 5.00 5.25 










Raked 

Unraked 


UTC 2.75 2.75 8.75 1.50 1.50 6.50 

Rely 200 2 Qt/ 2Qt 2.75 10.00 2.75 5.25 10.00 5.25 

Rely 200 ‐ / 3Qt 2.75 9.50 2.75 3.50 9.25 3.75 


Roundup WM ‐ / 2Qt 6.25 7.75 6.50 4.25 5.00 5.25 










2. Germination time 

3. Leaf or duff cover 

4. Rainfall timing




4. Rainfall timing 

5. Rainfall amount





5. Rainfall amount 

6. Duration of control


Raked 

Unraked 


UTC 2.75 2.75 8.75 1.50 1.50 6.50 

Rely 200 2 Qt/ 2Qt 2.75 10.00 2.75 5.25 10.00 5.25 

Rely 200 ‐ / 3Qt 2.75 9.50 2.75 3.50 9.25 3.75 


Roundup WM ‐ / 2Qt 6.25 7.75 6.50 4.25 5.00 5.25 













5. Rainfall amount 

6. Duration of control 

7. Coverage

Large willowherb treated with Rely- application missed top of plant

Droplet size classification 

(droplets

Kurt Hembree – UCCE, Fresno County 

Spray nozzle choices for herbicide application, 

drift management, and herbicide performance.

Untreated 

30 DAT 

XR11004VS 

Kurt Hembree – UCCE, Fresno County 

TJ60-11004VS 

TTJ60-11004VP

Twin Turbo Turbo Jet Flat Fan

Treatment Rate nozzle type Nozzle Gallonage 

1 56 oz Flat Fan 8002 VS 25 

2 82 oz Flat Fan 8002 VS 25 

3 56 oz Flat Fan 8004 VS 50 

4 82 oz Flat Fan 8004 VS 50 

5 56 oz Turbo Turbo 02 25 




9 56 oz Twin Turbo TT 02 25 




13 Untreated Control

Flumioxazin‐ Chateau 

Rimsulfuron‐Matrix, others 

Oxyflurofen‐ GoalTender 

Pendimethalin‐Prowl H2O 

Glufosinate –Rely 200, Rely 280 

Carfentrazone –Shark

Flumioxazin‐ PPO inhibitor 

Taken up by roots in Preemergent treatment 

Little systemic movement 

Primary loss by microbial degradation 

Not persistent in soil‐ Low potential for leaching 

Not susceptible to volatility once on soil 

Must have ¼inch of rain to activate 

Clean tank thoroughly 

Application rate of 6 to 12 oz 

“2 oz per month” of control

Treated 12/14/07

Rimsulfuron‐ALS inhibitor‐ Sulfonylurea 

Plants rapidly stop growing‐followed by chlorosis 

and necrosis and plant death 

Resistance due to altered binding site 

Chemical degradation most important 

Low potential for leaching 

Use rate 4 oz per acre‐ only rate 

Control is very moisture dependant

Treated 12/14/07

Treated 12/14/07

Oxyflurofen 

Pre and postemergence control 

No odor 

Water‐based flowable 

Increased crop safety due to reduced potential for lift‐off 

or co‐distillation 

Formulated at 2x strength of Goal 2 XL 

Preemergence: 2.5–3 pt Goaltender/ac 

Postemergence: 1–3 pt Goaltender/ac 

Weeds controled including annual morning glory, annual 

sowthistle, common cocklebur, common purslane, 

London rocket, prickly lettuce, pigweed, and others. 

Labeled for control of weeds prior to bud swell. Do not 

use if bud swell occurs.

Pendimenthalin 

Pre‐emergent 

New encapsulated formulation‐lasts longer without 

incorporation 

Tank mix to add pre grass control 

Use rate 2‐6.3 quarts/ac 

Controls most annual grasses and certain broadleaf 

weeds as they germinate. 

Remarks: Prowl H2O is labeled for nonbearing and 

bearing trees. Pre‐harvest interval of 60 days. Do not 

apply more than 6.3 qt of Prowl H2O per acre per year. 

Do not graze livestock in treated orchards.

Less Binding to Crop and Weed Residue 

Efficacy of Pendimethalin Formulations as 

Affected by Mulch 

HARDWOOD MULCH (shredded) 

21 DAT 

UNTREATED 

Pendimethalin EC

Carfentrazone‐ethyl 

PPO inhibitor 

Contact, non residual for the control of broadleaf 

weeds 

Rapid burndown 

Very limited movement in plant 

Non‐volatile 

Use rate 1‐2oz

Pyraflufen 

PPO inhibitor 

Contact, non residual for the control of broadleaf 

weeds 

Rapid burndown 

Very limited movement in plant 

Non‐volatile 

Low toxicity to honeybees

Glufosinate 

Postemergent 

Contact only 

Strong on some glyphosate resistant weeds such as 

Horseweed and fleabane and on Willowherb‐ 

Not strong on Grass 

New formulation Rely 280 more active 

Rely 200‐ 57.5 ‐115 oz per acre‐ usually 2‐3 quarts 

Rely 280‐48‐82 oz per acre

Indaziflam‐ Pre‐emergence herbicide 

Formulated as 200 SC 

3 to 6 months or more of residual control 

Will need to be mixed with glyphosate or glufosinate if 

weeds are present 

Registration expected on Tree Nuts for next seasonother 

crops to follow 

Use Rate 5‐6.5 oz per acre

Saflufenacil 

Chemical Family: Pyrimidinedione. 

Only herbicide technology in the pyrimidinedione class 

of chemistry available in the North American market. 

Similar to flumioxazin 

Readily absorbed by foliage, root and shoot tissue of 

plants. 

A process of membrane disruption which is initiated by 

the inhibition of the enzyme protoporphyrinogenoxidase 

(PPO) interferes with the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway.

Combination of 2 herbicides‐ Penoxsulam(Pindar) and 

Oxyflurofen (Goaltender) 

Penoxsulam is an ALS inhibitor like Rimsulfuron‐ 

Goaltender added to help with burndown and 

broader‐ weed control spectrum 

Labeled for nuts only 

4lbs of GoalTender per gallon 

Use rate: 1.5‐3 pints per acre 

May need burndown or grass herbicide added

Sustainable Vineyard Management and Herbicide ... - Lodi Wine

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