South African Child Gauge 2009/2010 - Children's Institute

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Abbreviations ACRWC African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ART Antiretroviral Therapy ASSA Actuarial Society of South Africa BFHI Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative CESCR (United Nations) Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights CDG Care Dependency Grant CRC (United Nations) Convention on the Rights of the Child CSG Child Support Grant CASP Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme CFHI Child-Friendly Healthcare Initiative CHIP Child Healthcare Problem Identification Programme CHW Community Health Worker DHS (South African) Demographic and Health Survey EAs Enumerator areas EBF Exclusive Breastfeeding EPI Expanded Programme of Immunisation FCG Foster Child Grant GDP Gross National Product GHS General Household Survey GNI Gross National Income GPI Gender Parity Index HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HHCC Household and Community Component (of the IMCI) ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights IFSNP Integrated Food Security and Nutrition Programme IMCI Integrated Management of Childhood Illness IMR Infant Mortality Rate INP Integrated Nutrition Programme IQ Intelligence Quotient IYCF Infant and Young Child Feeding m2m mothers2mothers (programme) MDGs Millennium Development Goals MDR-TB Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis MMR Maternal Mortality Ratio NAFCI National Adolescent-Friendly Clinic Initiative NFCS National Food Consumption Survey 2005 NPOs Not-for-Profit Organisations NSNP National School Nutrition Programme PHC Primary Health Care PMTCT Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (of HIV) SASSA South African Social Security Agency SATVI South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections TB Tuberculosis U5MR Under-Five Mortality Rate UN committee United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund VAT Value Added Tax WHO World Health Organisation XDR-TB Extreme Dug Resistant Tuberculosis 4
List of figures, tables and cases PART TWO: HEALTHY CHILDREN: FROM SURVIVAL TO OPTIMAL DEVELOPMENT Boxes Box 1: Article 24(2) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child . .................................................................. 22 Box 2: Minimum core of the right to health .............................................................................................. 23 Figures Figure 1: How the Constitution and the Children’s Act give effect to children’s international rights to health ................... 25 Figure 2: MDG 4 trend, with various under-five mortality rate estimates . ............................................................. 30 Figure 3: Causes of death in newborns and children under five years, 2000 – 2005 ............................................... 31 Figure 4: Leading causes of death among older children, by age group and by sex, 2007 ........................................ 32 Figure 5: Key interventions to address the determinants of child illness and injury . ................................................ 33 Figure 6: The causes of malnutrition and proposed interventions ....................................................................... 47 Figure 7: A continuum of care across a child’s life ........................................................................................ 58 Figure 8: Coverage of key interventions for maternal, newborn and child health . .................................................... 62 Figure 9: A cycle of poverty .................................................................................................................. 83 Tables Table 1: Primary laws and key programmes for the realisation of children’s socio-economic rights ............................. 25 Table 2: Socio-economic indicators with a critical impact on child health . ........................................................... 35 Table 3: South Africa’s progress towards the Millennium Development Goals: A summary of key indicators .................. 38 Table 4: TB rates in a Cape Town community ............................................................................................ 42 Table 5: Progress towards child-specific targets set by the HIV & AIDS and STI National Strategic Plan . ...................... 43 Table 6: Focus areas of the Integrated Nutrition Programme .......................................................................... 48 Table 7: Prevalence of substance use among school children in Cape Town and South Africa .................................. 54 Table 8: National prevalence data on violent behaviour collected from 260 primary and high schools .......................... 54 Table 9: Prevalence of bullying among grades 8 and 11 learners from Cape Town and Durban schools ...................... 55 Table 10: As easy as ABC? An A to Z of basic health service interventions for child health ......................................... 60 Table 11: Responses required to improve child health care in South Africa in the short and medium term ..................... 68 Table 12: Package of community-based mother, child and women’s health and nutrition services ................................ 75 Table 13: Child- and family-friendly services ................................................................................................ 78 Table 14: Child-Friendly Healthcare Initiative – Standards for child-friendly care ...................................................... 79 Table 15: Factors affecting infant mortality ................................................................................................. 82 Table 16: Child poverty, hunger and access to services in the Western and Eastern Cape, 2008 ................................ 83 Cases Case 1: The South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative .............................................................................. 42 Case 2: The Healthwise intervention ....................................................................................................... 56 Case 3: The Perinatal Education Programme and Eduhealthcare courses ........................................................... 67 Case 4: Mothers2mothers ................................................................................................................... 72 Case 5: The Mbabakazi community-based care programme ........................................................................... 73 Case 6: Addressing childhood burns ....................................................................................................... 85 Case 7: Local partnerships for health – The Khayelitsha Task Team .................................................................. 86 5
Page 1 and 2: SOUTH AFRICAN ChildGauge Edited by
Page 3 and 4: SOUTH AFRICAN ChildGauge Edited by
Page 5: Contents Abbreviations ............
Page 9 and 10: Foreword Marian Jacobs (Dean: Facul
Page 11: This finding is true across the who
Page 14 and 15: Key legislative developments in 200
Page 16 and 17: ised breach of confidentiality abou
Page 18 and 19: pation of children. Both the Free S
Page 21 and 22: PART 2 Healthy children: From survi
Page 23 and 24: Child health and community-based se
Page 25 and 26: Similar to article 12 of the ICESCR
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1: How the Constitution and
Page 29 and 30: Is the State implementing its laws
Page 31 and 32: The status of child health in South
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3: Causes of death in newbor
Page 35 and 36: The mortality burden does not give
Page 37 and 38: macro-economic policies that emphas
Page 39 and 40: What are the recommendations and co
Page 41 and 42: Goal 5: Improve maternal health Tar
Page 43 and 44: HIV, TB and child health Brian Eley
Page 45 and 46: Table 5: Progress towards child-spe
Page 47 and 48: y the WHO. Furthermore, some TB-dru
Page 49 and 50: Figure 6: The causes of malnutritio
Page 51 and 52: Addressing the basic and underlying
Page 53 and 54: success. There are several challeng
Page 55 and 56: Mental health and risk behaviour Al
Page 57 and 58:
Table 9: Prevalence of bullying amo
Page 59 and 60:
orientation classes, school assembl
Page 61 and 62:
• promotive - to maintain good he
Page 63 and 64:
Integrated across levels of care Ba
Page 65 and 66:
How might basic health care service
Page 67 and 68:
since 1994, including in the latest
Page 69 and 70:
attempt to ensure that all IMCI tra
Page 71 and 72:
Problems Inequity Inefficiencies an
Page 73 and 74:
Strengthening community-based child
Page 75 and 76:
calls for “mass mobilisation for
Page 77 and 78:
Table 12: Package of community-base
Page 79 and 80:
Towards child- and family-friendly
Page 81 and 82:
Table 14: Child-Friendly Healthcare
Page 83 and 84:
Conclusion Children’s opinions, o
Page 85 and 86:
Table 16: Child poverty, hunger and
Page 87 and 88:
Case 6: Addressing childhood burns
Page 89 and 90:
Community- and faith-based organisa
Page 91 and 92:
46 Davies L, Jacobs N, Jordaan E, L
Page 93 and 94:
• Initiating ART in all HIV-infec
Page 95 and 96:
Eliminate inequities Allocate more
Page 97 and 98:
PART 3 Children Count - The numbers
Page 99 and 100:
The tables on the following pages g
Page 101 and 102:
Demography of South Africa’s chil
Page 103 and 104:
PROPORTION OF CHILDREN (%) 100 90 8
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Income poverty, unemployment and so
Page 109 and 110:
The number and proportion of eligib
Page 111 and 112:
The number of children receiving th
Page 113 and 114:
The infant mortality rate and under
Page 115 and 116:
Proportion of adolescents engaging
Page 117 and 118:
Child health: HIV/AIDS Leigh Johnso
Page 119 and 120:
Access to antiretroviral treatment
Page 121 and 122:
References 1 Constitution of the Re
Page 123 and 124:
Proportion of children affected by
Page 125 and 126:
Table 5c: Proportion of children af
Page 127 and 128:
South Africa has high levels of sch
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
The number and proportion of childr
Page 133 and 134:
The number and proportion of childr
Page 135 and 136:
dents will have accurate informatio
Page 137 and 138:
About the contributors Lesley Bamfo
Page 139 and 140:
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South African Child Gauge 2009/2010 - Children's Institute

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