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NORTH AMERICA PROFILE L’ORÉAL-UNESCO FOR WOMEN IN SCIENCE 2005 L’ORÉAL-UNESCO AWARDS 2005: The Laureates Myriam P. SARACHIK “For important experiments on electrical conduction and the transition between metals and insulators” Condensed Matter Physics For more than 40 years, Myriam P. Sarachik has been a prominent experimental condensed matter physicist and a leader in the international physics community. After earning a PhD from Columbia University in 1960, she did postdoctoral work at IBM Watson and Bell Laboratories before joining the faculty at the City College of the City University of New York, where she has been teaching since 1964. In 2003 she served as president of the American Physical Society, the third woman president in the society’s 105-year history. Professor Sarachik’s career in experimental condensed matter physics has focused on superconductivity, disordered metallic alloys, metal-insulator transitions, hopping transport in solids, and the properties of © Micheline Pelletier / Gamma Distinguished Professor of Physics Department of Physics City College of New York (CUNY) New York USA molecular nano-magnets. In particular, she has made seminal contributions to Kondo physics, a central theme in condensed matter physics, and the metal-insulator transition (MIT). She has shown that, contrary to conventional wisdom, a true phase transition may occur in two-dimensional systems; her group has also demonstrated quantum mechanical spin dynamics in molecular magnets. In her laboratory, she and her team are currently pursuing the study of condensed matter properties at low temperatures, with particular focus on two areas: molecular nano-magnets and the novel behavior of two-dimensional electron systems. In addition to her accomplishments as an internationally recognized researcher, Myriam P. Sarachik has a distinguished record as a teacher of undergraduate students, graduate students, and post-doctoral associates. She is the author of 150 articles in professional journals and has given colloquia, talks and
L’ORÉAL-UNESCO FOR WOMEN IN SCIENCE 2005 L’ORÉAL-UNESCO AWARDS 2005: The Laureates seminars in many countries. She has testified before the U.S. Congress and works to promote collaboration between physicists in the U.S. and Africa. She received a 2004 Sloan Public Service Award from the City of New York for "blazing trails as a scientist, researcher, teacher, mentor, and humanitarian" and the 2005 Oliver E. Buckley Prize in Condensed Matter Physics. Professor Sarachik is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Context of the Laureate’s research The conducting behavior of solids An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus, surrounded by electrons that have a negative charge. In many solid materials the atoms are regularly spaced in three dimensions forming a crystal structure which can be insulating or metallic. In the insulator “phase” the electrons continue to be tied to the nucleus, and the material does not conduct electricity. In metals some of the electrons (those furthest from the nucleus) can move freely throughout the solid: a metallic phase is conducting. Semiconductors are intermediate between the two: pure semiconductors are insulators at very low temperatures, while they become metallic with the addition of controlled amounts of “dopant” substances at higher temperatures. “Doped” semiconductors are the basis for much of our technology. For example, semiconductors are used to make transistor switches, where the presence or absence of a current denotes a “0” or “1” in digital electronics and computers. The Kondo effect before Kondo Myriam P. Sarachik has studied electrical transport and magnetic properties of a variety of materials, mostly at low temperatures. Some of these materials have potential applications for memory storage and quantum computation. Much of her research has centered around semiconductors, which are the basis of the solid-state optical and electronic devices that have revolutionized communications, computation, and information gathering during the twentieth century. In her own words: “The better we understand their fundamental properties, the better we can utilize them to full capacity.” Professor Sarachik worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the illustrious Bell Laboratories, where she did a seminal measurement of the resistivity of alloys containing magnetic iron impurities. She found that an unexplained increase in the resistance of the alloy with decreasing temperature was correlated with the presence of the magnetic impurity. The effect was explained shortly thereafter by the legendary Japanese physicist J. Kondo, who cited Myriam Sarachik’s work as the major experimental evidence that the anomaly in the resistivity was associated with magnetic impurities. Kondo’s calculations showed that electrons of the conducting host metal shield the magnetism in the local vicinity of the magnetic impurity by collectively establishing a “cloud of electrons” with magnetism in the opposite direction. As the temperature is reduced, the shielding becomes more effective and the electron cloud surrounding the impurity presents a bigger obstacle and a larger resistance to current flow. The Kondo effect is now ubiquitous and central in solid state
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