Winter - Classical MileEnd Alpacas
Winter - Classical MileEnd Alpacas
Winter - Classical MileEnd Alpacas
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Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
£4.80 where sold<br />
Inside this Issue<br />
Will DNA testing<br />
determine the<br />
appearance of your<br />
alpacas ?<br />
Claire Whitehead's<br />
guide to keeping your<br />
alpacas fit throughout<br />
the winter months<br />
Nanobodies: could<br />
alpacas provide a<br />
treatment for some<br />
human ailments ?<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
Welcome to Alpaca World Magazine<br />
<strong>Classical</strong> Publishing Ltd<br />
© 2008<br />
Issue 22 <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
ISSN 1477–7088<br />
Editor: Rachel Hebditch<br />
Vulscombe Farm,<br />
Pennymoor, Tiverton,<br />
Devon, EX16 8NB.<br />
Telephone 01884 243579<br />
Mobile 07816 912212.<br />
Email: rachel@<br />
alpacaworldmagazine.com<br />
Advertising: Heidi Hardy<br />
Telephone 01598 752799<br />
Copy deadline for the<br />
next issue: 7 March 2008<br />
Design & Production:<br />
Bright Friday Media<br />
2 Turnpike Cottages,<br />
Leonard Moor Cross,<br />
Uffculme, Devon,<br />
EX15 3EX.<br />
Telephone: 01884 840741.<br />
Email: production@<br />
bright-friday.co.uk<br />
Print: Buxton Press Ltd,<br />
Derbyshire, England<br />
The material contained in<br />
Alpaca World Magazine is<br />
compiled by the publishers<br />
for information purposes<br />
only. Although the material<br />
included has been obtained<br />
from sources believed to be<br />
reliable, no guarantees are<br />
given as to its accuracy or<br />
completeness. Readers are<br />
reminded that expert advice<br />
should always be sought in<br />
individual cases.<br />
Whilst every care has been<br />
taken in the compilation of<br />
the material contained in<br />
this issue the publisher does<br />
not accept responsibility for<br />
any loss arising out of such<br />
changes or inaccuracies nor<br />
for any other loss suffered<br />
as a result of information<br />
contained in this issue.<br />
Notice to Advertisers:<br />
It is a condition of<br />
acceptance of advertisement<br />
orders that the publishers,<br />
<strong>Classical</strong> Publishing Ltd, do<br />
not guarantee the insertion<br />
of a particular advertisement<br />
on a specific date, or at all,<br />
although every effort will<br />
be made to meet the wishes<br />
of advertisers; further the<br />
company does not accept<br />
liability for any loss or<br />
damage caused by any<br />
error or inaccuracy in the<br />
printing or non appearance<br />
of any advertisement, or if<br />
we decide to edit or delete<br />
any objectionable wording,<br />
or reject any advertisement.<br />
Although every<br />
advertisement is carefully<br />
checked, occasionally<br />
mistakes do occur. We<br />
therefore ask advertisers to<br />
assist us by checking their<br />
advertisements carefully<br />
and to advise us by the<br />
deadline given should an<br />
error occur. We regret<br />
that we cannot accept<br />
responsibility for more than<br />
one incorrect insertion and<br />
that no republication or<br />
discount will be granted in<br />
the case of typographic or<br />
minor changes which do<br />
not affect the value of the<br />
advertisement.<br />
The only independent magazine reporting on the international alpaca industry. Distributed by subscription worldwide and<br />
through country stores across the UK, Alpaca World Magazine reaches the largest readership in its market.<br />
Down here in the South West of England we have all decamped to Noah's Ark and are<br />
contemplating a trip to a land where the roads and ditches are not raging torrents and the<br />
alpacas are fluffballs rather than soggy looking things with felted fleeces.<br />
The weather apart, let's hope that 2008 is a good year for all alpaca breeders and that the doom<br />
and gloom – housing market, lack of credit, bluetongue – lifts sooner rather than later. There is<br />
the Futurity on February 16 and 17 at Newbury Racecourse to look forward to, the British Alpaca<br />
Society Spring Show and Sale at the<br />
Bristol Sales Centre at the end of March,<br />
and of course if you are feeling flush<br />
the World Alpaca Conference 2008 in<br />
Sydney, Australia.<br />
Meanwhile back at home there is plenty<br />
of advice in this issue from veterinarian<br />
Claire Whitehead on how to keep your<br />
herd healthy during the winter and the<br />
importance of body scoring as well as<br />
news from Europe from our contributors<br />
Nigel Cobb in Spain, Hilary Shenton in<br />
Italy and Andy Spillane in France.<br />
Inside Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
NEWS<br />
04 British Alpaca Futurity 2008<br />
06 <strong>Winter</strong> Slows Bluetongue<br />
06 BAS Registry Audit<br />
06 Standardising Health Issues<br />
06 A Show for the Dutch and Belgians<br />
06 Mange Project<br />
06 Show Notice<br />
06 French Show and Sale<br />
08 East German Show<br />
08 Wills and <strong>Alpacas</strong><br />
08 SWAG Spring Show and Sale<br />
10 Alpaca on the Menu<br />
SPECIAL FEATURES<br />
12 Genomic Era<br />
32 From Dromedary to Drugs<br />
44 <strong>Winter</strong> Worries ?<br />
FEATURES<br />
27 Distant Echoes<br />
54 Potato<br />
58 Changing Lives<br />
HEALTH AND Welfare<br />
18 It Always Happens on a Bank Holiday<br />
22 The Watchdogs<br />
Foreign Correspondence<br />
36 Her Outback<br />
50 Moving On<br />
64 Italian Job<br />
68 Letter from France<br />
OVERVIEW<br />
38 Why <strong>Alpacas</strong> ?<br />
ADVERTISING Features<br />
35 BCF Technology<br />
Cover: Gaia Dakalo<br />
www.alpacaworldmagazine.com
News BAF 2008<br />
The British Alpaca Futurity 2008<br />
If you have news of events<br />
or developments within the<br />
alpaca industry which you<br />
would like to share with<br />
others please send it to:<br />
The Editor<br />
Alpaca World Magazine<br />
Vulscombe Farm<br />
Pennymoor<br />
Tiverton<br />
Devon EX16 8NB<br />
United Kingdom<br />
Email: info@<br />
alpacaworldmagazine.com<br />
<strong>Alpacas</strong> at the winning post … the British<br />
Alpaca Futurity 2008 expects to build on<br />
the success achieved by last year's event.<br />
The British Alpaca Futurity 2008 will take place<br />
at Newbury Racecourse on February 16th and<br />
17th. This will be the premier two day Spring<br />
Show for alpaca enthusiasts in the UK and<br />
Europe despite the Bluetongue virus controls<br />
still in place.<br />
At the moment breeders inside the<br />
surveillance zone will be able to<br />
show their alpacas at the Futurity<br />
and it seems there is a possibility<br />
that animals from outside the zone<br />
may be able to take part in the<br />
show classes. DEFRA and a core<br />
group of industry stakeholders are<br />
considering a ‘seasonally vector free<br />
period’ between January and early<br />
March that will permit movement.<br />
This corresponds directly to a period<br />
of low midge activity when midges<br />
are either dying off, inactive and/or<br />
unable to transmit the virus.<br />
The best of British alpaca breeding<br />
will be on display in the show classes<br />
judged by Mike Safley (USA) and<br />
Paul Cullen (UK). There will<br />
be authoritative seminars from<br />
the British veterinarian Claire<br />
Whitehead, lecturer in Camelid<br />
Medicine and Reproduction at the<br />
Royal Veterinary College and British<br />
Camelids chairman and experienced<br />
alpaca breeder Nick Weber who will<br />
talk about practical nutrition. The<br />
American judge and author Mike<br />
Safley will discuss Alpaca Type on<br />
the Sunday morning.<br />
There are fantastic prizes to be<br />
won in the raffle and an opportunity<br />
to see the best of British alpaca<br />
fashions on the catwalk. This will<br />
consist of new garments designed<br />
by students at the Leeds College of<br />
Fashion and Design and a range of<br />
commercially available garments<br />
from existing producers.<br />
There will be a champagne<br />
reception and celebration dinner<br />
followed by an elite auction of nine<br />
alpacas. The online auction of stud<br />
services provided by an excellent<br />
range of alpaca males from across the<br />
country continues to raise money for<br />
the event - there are no reserves.<br />
For those of you still slightly<br />
bemused as to what a Futurity<br />
actually is, John Potts explains.<br />
What is a Futurity?<br />
Forgive me if you know all about<br />
them or have seen them in the USA<br />
or Canada. They follow a slightly<br />
different format but all have the same<br />
purpose-to add some razzamatazz<br />
to the format of the usual county<br />
agricultural shows, to wave the alpaca<br />
flag with lots and lots of attendant<br />
publicity, to sell alpacas at very good<br />
prices and to have a good time.<br />
Let me explain in outline the<br />
format of The British Futurity: It<br />
is designed to be a showpiece for<br />
all British alpaca breeders, large<br />
or small. The show classes, with<br />
substantial prize money on offer, are<br />
open to any alpaca offspring, over<br />
six months of age on February 16,<br />
2008, of all 'nominated' Herd Sires.<br />
Nominating a Herd Sire requires<br />
the owner (or any other person with<br />
the owner’s permission) to pay a<br />
nomination fee. This nomination<br />
then makes all of that male’s<br />
offspring eligible for the event.<br />
A Herd sire must be domiciled in<br />
Europe and registered with the BAS<br />
to be eligible for entry. The owner<br />
of the herd sire receives ten percent<br />
of the winnings of his progeny and<br />
the Futurity Championship will<br />
be awarded to the nominated sire<br />
whose progeny have won the most<br />
money during the show. There will<br />
be a Futurity Champion Huacaya,<br />
a Futurity Champion Suri, a<br />
Small Breeder award and a Junior<br />
Herdsire award.<br />
The owner of each qualifying<br />
offspring pays an entry fee for each<br />
alpaca entered. Entries will compete<br />
in classes run under BAS rules and<br />
the top three or five, depending<br />
on the number of animals in the<br />
class, will win cash awards starting<br />
at £100 for first. The top two in<br />
each class will move on to the<br />
Championship classes. There will<br />
be colour championships only. Cash<br />
prizes will be awarded to the first two<br />
places in each of the Championship<br />
classes.<br />
Entries for the auction have now<br />
closed but there will also be three<br />
‘wild card’ slots where animals that<br />
have been shown at the Futurity<br />
can go into the auction. The<br />
alpacas will be paraded during the<br />
auction and will be available for<br />
inspection on the first floor during<br />
the day. The Futurity sponsors - The<br />
Alpaca Stud, Bozedown <strong>Alpacas</strong>,<br />
EP Cambridge UK, <strong>Alpacas</strong> of<br />
Wessex, <strong>Classical</strong> <strong>MileEnd</strong> <strong>Alpacas</strong><br />
and Langaton <strong>Alpacas</strong> - have also<br />
purchased an animal that will be<br />
auctioned for charity.<br />
The British Alpaca Futurity is a<br />
non-profit making event. All entry<br />
money will be returned in prizes<br />
after costs are met. In the event that<br />
there is a surplus from sponsorship<br />
money/stands/promoters it will be<br />
put towards next year’s event.<br />
Will another show be an<br />
unnecessary burden on our season<br />
and breeders generally? I don’t<br />
"For more information on any aspect of the<br />
Futurity please contact John Potts on 01903<br />
891425 or go to www.BritishAlpacaFuturity.com<br />
where you can also reserve your tickets and<br />
obtain entry forms."<br />
believe so. The Futurity will kick<br />
off the 2008 show season and help<br />
to give the industry a much needed<br />
boost after a difficult 2007.<br />
Is it a show mainly for the bigger<br />
breeders? Absolutely not! It is an<br />
occasion where all breeders, however<br />
small, can participate. There is no<br />
limit on numbers. The facility can be<br />
adjusted to take almost any number<br />
of alpacas. We hope breeders will<br />
attend who only have one alpaca to<br />
show-or even none at all, to be able to<br />
see the showing, listen to our speakers<br />
and experience the excitement of the<br />
auction. It is an occasion for everyone<br />
to have a good time<br />
The originating sponsors are The<br />
Alpaca Stud, <strong>Alpacas</strong> of Wessex,<br />
Bozedown <strong>Alpacas</strong>, EP Cambridge<br />
UK, <strong>Classical</strong> <strong>MileEnd</strong> <strong>Alpacas</strong> and<br />
Langaton <strong>Alpacas</strong>.<br />
4 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
www.alpaca-uk.co.uk<br />
CME Tulaco Centurion and TAS Dovecote Jaquinto<br />
Service and Quality in Depth<br />
Whether you are new to alpacas or an existing breeder,<br />
we have a depth of choice, service and ten years<br />
experience to help you.<br />
With some of the best Australian, American and British<br />
bloodlines in our herd, we can offer a package of quality<br />
alpacas, stud services and one of the best after sales<br />
support in the industry.<br />
More information can be found on our website or<br />
please get in touch if you would like to arrange to visit<br />
our stud farm.<br />
Based in Mid Devon, we’re just twenty minutes from the<br />
M5 junction 27<br />
Discover <strong>Alpacas</strong> with Rachel and Chas<br />
A friendly introduction to alpacas and their husbandry.<br />
This event is usually run every month, see our website<br />
for details or telephone to reserve a place.<br />
BRITISH<br />
ALPACA<br />
FUTURITY<br />
2008<br />
Vulscombe Farm, Pennymoor, Tiverton, Devon, EX16 8NB. Telephone: 01884 243579. Email: rachel@alpaca-uk.co.uk<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
5
News <strong>Winter</strong> Slows Bluetongue / Registry Audit / Standardising Health Issues / Dutch and Belgian Show / Mange Project / Show Notice / French Show and Sale<br />
<strong>Winter</strong> Slows Bluetongue<br />
BAS Registry Audit for DEFRA<br />
Bluetongue cases have slowed with<br />
the onset of winter and there is some<br />
hope that animals will be permitted<br />
to move out of the restricted<br />
zones to live during a ‘seasonally<br />
vector free period’. This would be<br />
between January and March as this<br />
corresponds directly to a period of<br />
low midge activity when midges<br />
are either dying off, inactive and/or<br />
unable to transmit virus.<br />
Bluetongue is a viral disease of<br />
ruminants spread by a biting midge<br />
that is thought to have reached the<br />
UK from Europe in August 2007.<br />
DEFRA issued a tender to supply<br />
between 10 and 20 million doses<br />
of Bluetongue BTV-8 vaccine in<br />
November 2007 and it is hoped<br />
that vaccine will be available by<br />
the summer. In the government’s<br />
Disease Control Policy Statement<br />
they say: ‘In keeping with the<br />
principles set out in the Bluetongue<br />
Control Strategy, which was<br />
developed in partnership with the<br />
farming industry, livestock keepers<br />
will be offered the opportunity to<br />
purchase vaccine from the bank.<br />
We are developing a detailed plan<br />
with representatives of the farming<br />
industry, Bluetongue scientific<br />
experts and others as to how a<br />
vaccination programme would work.’<br />
There have also been discussions<br />
as to whether expanding the<br />
Surveillance Zone to the whole<br />
of England so that more animal<br />
movements would be permitted<br />
inside that zone would be of<br />
economic benefit. The assumption is<br />
that movement restrictions would be<br />
in place for a full twelve months.<br />
Mange Project<br />
Mange mites in alpaca, llama and<br />
goat populations in the UK are the<br />
subject of a new research project at<br />
the University of Bristol Veterinary,<br />
Parasitology & Ecology Research<br />
Group. Breeders are asked to fill in<br />
a questionnaire that will allow the<br />
researchers to study the prevalence<br />
of mites and the possible crosstransmission<br />
between sheep and nonovine<br />
species. Follow up farm visits are<br />
expected to collect mite samples for<br />
DNA analysis. Jacqueline Lusat, Dr<br />
Eric Morgan and Professor Richard<br />
Wall will examine existing methods of<br />
control and then try and find new and<br />
more effective control techniques.<br />
The bluetongue virus appeared<br />
in Germany, Benelux and France<br />
in 2006 and has inexorably spread<br />
with large areas of France now being<br />
in a restricted zone. However the<br />
five alpacas reported to have died of<br />
bluetongue in Belgium turned out,<br />
on post mortem, to be free of the<br />
disease.<br />
In December, the Veterinary<br />
Record carried a report on the death<br />
of an alpaca from bluetongue in<br />
central Germany from veterinarians<br />
M. Henrich M. Reinacher and H.P.<br />
Hamann. Three months before<br />
its death the alpaca gave birth to<br />
a healthy cria. Four weeks before<br />
it died, the alpaca showed signs<br />
of colic with recumbancy and<br />
tympanic abdomen. The animal was<br />
degassed via nasogastric intubation<br />
and recovered quickly but the<br />
cause of the clinical signs remained<br />
undetected. Immediately before the<br />
infection both mother and cria were<br />
in excellent body condition and both<br />
showed no sign of an underlying<br />
disease.<br />
Acute clinical signs started<br />
with ‘hiccup-like’ breathing and<br />
a stertorous sound discernable by<br />
auscultation. One hour later the<br />
animal was inappetant, recumbent<br />
and lethargic. Seven hours later the<br />
animal was observed coughing and<br />
mildly disorientated. Fourteen hours<br />
after the first observation of signs,<br />
the animal died.<br />
Sequences of bluetongue virus<br />
were found in tissue samples of the<br />
blood, lymph nodes and spleen. The<br />
rest of the herd, including the cria,<br />
remain healthy.<br />
Show Notice<br />
Breeders from Holland, Belgium,<br />
France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy,<br />
and of course Germany are expected<br />
at the International Alpaca Show<br />
2008 organised by the Alpaca<br />
Association e.V. at Ulm in Germany<br />
on March 16. The organisers hope<br />
to have around 150 alpacas at the<br />
show which will be judged by the<br />
UK’s Val Fullerlove. There will also<br />
be a market with at least twenty<br />
five different trade stands selling<br />
products associated with the alpaca<br />
business.<br />
For more information contact<br />
Jochen Kramer info@alpacaland.de<br />
A national herd audit has been accurate and up to date. This<br />
put in train by the British Alpaca follows the outbreaks of Foot and<br />
Society Registry in order to Mouth and Bluetongue when<br />
ensure that the records of all the the registry had to work closely<br />
alpacas registered in the UK are with DEFRA to locate and test<br />
alpacas in the affected areas. It<br />
is understood that DEFRA do<br />
not want to impose legislation<br />
to administer the movement<br />
or registration of alpacas but<br />
instead prefer the BAS to provide<br />
the essential interface between<br />
owners and governments.<br />
A Show for Dutch and Belgians<br />
On Sunday March 16th 2008 a animals. This also gives the smaller<br />
small group of alpaca breeders will alpaca owners who own only wethers<br />
organise the first ever alpaca show a chance to bring their animals to a<br />
in the Netherlands this year in the show.<br />
town of Hapert, about 15 km from Besides judging the alpacas there<br />
Eindhoven. Mr Dominic Lane will will be a lot of tradestands where<br />
judge the animals and fleeces and various businesses will promote their<br />
on Saturday evening he will hold company and products. There is also<br />
a workshop for Dutch and Belgian animation for the younger visitors<br />
alpaca breeders. A unique event in like pony rides and a petting zoo. For<br />
this show will be the wether-class more information visit our website at<br />
where the audience will judge the www.alpacashow.eu<br />
Standardising Health Issues<br />
Spanish alpaca breeders Nigel<br />
• Agreeing similar movement<br />
and Ginny Cobb have found the requirements across the EU for farm<br />
different health protocols for alpacas to farm or farm to show<br />
across Europe frustrating to say the • Research into camelid diseases,<br />
least. They have come up with this in particular, TB, BT, FMD and<br />
proposal for an EU Camelid Health brucellosis and development of<br />
Committee.<br />
preventative measures<br />
This committee should be appointed • What Bio-security measures should<br />
with the objective of getting better be taken at the farm<br />
standardised health arrangements for • Testing of camelids for disease<br />
camelids across the EU<br />
prevention - what is required and<br />
To achieve this it will need the how often.<br />
associations across the EU to<br />
• Possible notification of reasons for<br />
work together through an effective deaths of alpacas<br />
health committee, appointed by the We feel that all camelid owners<br />
associations and working closely across the EU should ask their<br />
with each country’s Department of associations to work together to<br />
Agriculture<br />
achieve this.<br />
The sort of issues that this health www.andaluciaalpacas.com<br />
committee could investigate might<br />
include:<br />
French Show and Sale<br />
International judge Dominic Lane will be judging at the French Alpaca Show<br />
held at Vierzon in the centre of France on March 29 that will be followed by a<br />
sale of stud animals the following day March 30.<br />
For more information contact Marie-Genevieve Lion at Lionpitou@aol.com<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
Newbury<br />
Racecourse<br />
Berkshire<br />
16 th and 17 th<br />
February<br />
BRITISH<br />
ALPACA<br />
FUTURITY<br />
2008<br />
This is the premier two day spring show<br />
for alpaca enthusiasts in the UK and<br />
Europe. Come and see the best of British<br />
alpaca breeding in the show classes<br />
judged by Mike Safley (USA) and Paul<br />
Cullen (UK).<br />
Listen to authoritative seminars from<br />
British veterinarian Claire Whitehead,<br />
lecturer in Camelid Medicine and<br />
Reproduction at the Royal Veterinary<br />
College, Nick Weber on Practical Nutrition<br />
and Mike Safley, international judge and<br />
author, will discuss Alpaca Type.<br />
There are fantastic prizes to be won in<br />
the Prize Draw and an opportunity to see<br />
the best of British alpaca fashions on the<br />
catwalk. You can party the night away at<br />
our champagne reception and celebration<br />
dinner followed by an elite auction of<br />
nine alpacas.<br />
The excitement has started with our<br />
online auction of stud services provided<br />
by an excellent range of top alpaca males<br />
from across the country – there are no<br />
reserves.<br />
Join us at the 2008 British Alpaca Futurity<br />
and support your industry<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
News East German Show / Wills and <strong>Alpacas</strong> / SWAG Spring Show and Sale<br />
East German Alpaca Show<br />
By Dominic Lane Australian Alpaca<br />
Association Judge<br />
It is always a pleasure and a privilege<br />
to be invited to judge an alpaca show,<br />
even more so when it is an inaugural<br />
event such as the East German<br />
Alpaca Show which was held in<br />
a pretty village called Burgstadt<br />
near Leipzig on the 6th and 7th of<br />
October. The distance is certainly<br />
covered quickly via the German<br />
autobahn which, I must say, is the<br />
perfect place to own a sports car.<br />
The evening before the show<br />
we were invited as the guests of<br />
honour to a lovely restaurant within<br />
the Hotel complex. Now this was<br />
some dinner function. We were<br />
treated to an amazing variety of<br />
local produce featuring plenty of<br />
meat, bread and potatoes which<br />
were staples of the East German<br />
diet in harder times. The evening<br />
was full of surprises including a fire<br />
juggler followed by an alpaca fashion<br />
parade. The garments were of very<br />
high quality and were paraded by<br />
professional models and next came<br />
what appeared to be alpaca lingerie,<br />
it was hard to tell considering the<br />
size of the pieces, and was not for the<br />
faint hearted but great fun and very<br />
entertaining.<br />
The venue was a well presented,<br />
spacious shed that had more than<br />
enough room to house over 150<br />
alpacas along with a number of<br />
displays and trade stands. I was very<br />
interested to see the quality that was<br />
being bred in East Germany and I<br />
was not disappointed. The quality<br />
was generally very high although<br />
there was not the depth that I am<br />
used to judging in the show rings in<br />
Australia, New Zealand or the UK.<br />
The handlers presented their<br />
alpacas professionally and in clean<br />
paddock condition. For some this<br />
would have been their first show<br />
but you wouldn’t have known it.<br />
Everyone seemed to take it very<br />
seriously but as always, I made it<br />
clear before the show started that<br />
the main thing was that they enjoyed<br />
themselves and to remember that it<br />
was also meant to be a fun day. In<br />
one of the classes one of the alpacas<br />
was led into the show ring by a young<br />
fellow who did very well to control<br />
his alpaca when it played up which<br />
was fantastic to see. I made sure<br />
that my comments reflected this as<br />
he was also fortunate enough to win<br />
his class. We mustn’t forget that our<br />
children are the next generation and<br />
it was great to see an exhibitor so<br />
young gaining the courage to show<br />
his alpaca.<br />
You may wonder how my oral<br />
reasoning was deciphered by<br />
the spectators as in the east of<br />
Germany, English has only been<br />
taught in schools since 1989 and<br />
therefore not many of the locals<br />
of Burgstadt were fluent. I was<br />
fortunate to have a couple of very<br />
competent interpreters who repeated<br />
my comments to the crowd. The<br />
Champion Female and Male Suri<br />
were both wonderful examples of<br />
the suri breed and exhibited great<br />
lustre, fineness and density with<br />
outstanding architecture, coverage<br />
and sound conformation. It was<br />
unfortunate that I was not able<br />
to award a Supreme Champion<br />
Suri as the Champion Female and<br />
Male Suri both compete against<br />
the Champion Female and Male<br />
Huacaya for Best of Show. This is an<br />
interesting approach that I have been<br />
faced with before when I was invited<br />
to judge in Belgium and which I<br />
Grand Champion Suri Male - Zeus of Zauberland Alpakas<br />
Reserve Champion Suri Male - Admiral of Zauberland Alpakas<br />
Grand Champion Suri Female - Soleil of Zauberland Alpakas<br />
Reserve Champion Suri Female - Alina of Alpakahof Bochmann<br />
Grand Champion Haucaya Male - Maranon of Alpakas Von Silberberg<br />
Reserve Champion Huacaya Male - Mica of Alpaca of Density<br />
Grand Champion Huacaya Female - Curly Sue of Alpaca of Density<br />
Reserve Champion Female Huacaya - Melina of Alpaca of Density<br />
Best of Show - Maranon of Alpakas Von Silberberg (shown above)<br />
believe isn’t really giving each breed This seemed to be a very popular<br />
the opportunity to be awarded the decision with the local breeders and I<br />
Supreme award in their own section. wish the owners of the Best of Show<br />
However, as a judge, we have to all the best in the future.<br />
respect and judge to the show rules The crowd was always attentive<br />
of the country we are judging in. and were genuinely interested in<br />
As usual there was an alpaca that the judgingl. This was evident with<br />
stood out from the rest in being over 4,000 people attending the<br />
the complete package combining show which was a great success and<br />
fleece and conformation. I awarded a reflection of how popular alpacas<br />
the Best of Show to a German bred are becoming in Eastern Germany.<br />
alpaca being the Grand Champion This is a very exciting time for the<br />
Male Huacaya. He was very<br />
European Alpaca Industry and it<br />
upstanding and displayed the best was a pleasure to see how eager the<br />
uniformity of micron and character breeders and general public were<br />
throughout the fleece with excellent to gain as much knowledge as they<br />
conformation and presence.<br />
could during the weekend.<br />
Your Will Could Benefit <strong>Alpacas</strong><br />
SWAG Spring Show and Sale<br />
Nigel Cobb writes - Charitable<br />
donations are a vital lifeblood of<br />
any charity. We continually give to<br />
charities during our lifetime, but we<br />
could, and many do, a little bit more.<br />
The Daily Telegraph reported in<br />
October that a staggering £1.6 billion<br />
is bequeathed to charities in people’s<br />
wills. Alpaca owners should consider<br />
the Camelid Trust, our charity, to<br />
which 10% of your subscription to<br />
your breed society goes. But it needs<br />
to have more funds in order to finance<br />
research and help the welfare of our<br />
lovely animals. If you want to make<br />
a difference, then leave something in<br />
your will to help this research in the<br />
future. Adding a clause to your will is<br />
easy and bear in mind that any gift<br />
given to a charity in your will is free of<br />
inheritance tax, so the bonus for the<br />
charity is quite large. You will need<br />
its actual name and Charity number<br />
- British Camelids Ltd - Charity<br />
Registration Number 802688. Get<br />
your solicitor to amend your will<br />
or I would be happy to do this for<br />
members, as a regulated will writer<br />
(and alpaca owner) - see my web site<br />
- www.dragonflywills.com<br />
The South West Alpaca Group’s<br />
Spring Show and Sale returns to<br />
its original venue at the Bristol<br />
Sales Centre on the 29th and 30th<br />
of March. The show classes for<br />
huacayas and suris will be run<br />
under BAS rules and judged by<br />
Nick Harrington Smith on the<br />
Saturday. On the Sunday, the Sale<br />
Day, approximately sixty alpacas<br />
will be offered for private sale.<br />
It is expected that there will be<br />
a number of trade stands taken<br />
by breeders and those marketing<br />
alpaca products. Under the current<br />
Bluetongue restrictions only<br />
animals from outside of the control<br />
surveillance zone will be able to<br />
take part in this two day event. For<br />
more details visit www.swagsale.<br />
co.uk or contact the organisers:<br />
Show: Di Davies 07739 382483<br />
didavies@alpacafsnet.co.uk<br />
Sale: Karen Oglesby 01489 878663<br />
info@mvalpacas.co.uk<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
ng and<br />
l<br />
Birthing & Cria Care a guide<br />
for the new alpaca owner.<br />
Send a cheque for £16 plus<br />
£1 p & p (UK mainland) to<br />
help their gate receipts. In short they have a but certainly the big shows are outgrowing the<br />
<strong>MileEnd</strong> financial Farm incentive Ltd, and are thus not always facilities currently used. However the shows<br />
being magnanimous to the alpaca exhibitors. that do 'stand alone' will have to be aware of<br />
If we have stand-alone shows there are two budget. It may well be that the entry costs<br />
immediate benefits to the alpaca industry. need to increase but this can be in part offset<br />
The first being that any visitors would be by sponsorship and entry fees for the public. It<br />
specifically interested in alpacas and the may well be that this is more acceptable if we<br />
second is that monies earned stay within the don't have to spend endless days in attendance<br />
Vulscombe Farm, Pennymoor, Tiverton, Devon EX16 8NB<br />
purse of the show organisers.<br />
for no good purpose. There are many areas<br />
Telephone 01884 243579 Fax 01884 243514<br />
that can generate income for show organisers<br />
Will our alpacas have enough fleece to although in the short term, whilst confidence<br />
show in the winter?<br />
builds, the breed society would need to<br />
www.alpaca-uk.co.uk<br />
become involved in backing individual shows.<br />
This is nothing new as it has been doing so for<br />
the Royal Show for a number of years.<br />
If they are old enough to show then they will<br />
have enough fleece. With the intermediates and<br />
older you will be able to shear early enough in<br />
the year and the fleece will be at its best.<br />
Who will organise the shows?<br />
The current show organisers would find the<br />
task less onerous given that it would happen<br />
at a time of year when they perhaps have less<br />
pressure on their time from their own alpaca<br />
enterprise. Also they would not be dancing to<br />
the tune of the host show organisers. It may<br />
well be that more people would be willing to<br />
help because of the timing.<br />
If we move away from the Agricultural<br />
shows who will underwrite the cost?<br />
Certainly this area will cause most concern.<br />
Not all shows will need to change their timing<br />
32 Alpaca World Magazine Summer 2007<br />
www.hanleyhallalpacas.co.uk<br />
To advertise in<br />
Alpaca World Magazine<br />
telephone Heidi Hardy<br />
on 01598 752799<br />
What about keeping animals in show<br />
condition?<br />
The current timings pose as many problems.<br />
Although the biggest challenge would be<br />
winter weather and mud, we have all seen<br />
our alpacas in dry weather bathe in the water<br />
tanks or roll in the dust bowl shortly after a<br />
shower. Indeed as I write I am looking at some<br />
very dirty alpacas destined for a show in 24<br />
hours. I am sure they will be fine on the day!<br />
Where are the shows going to be held?<br />
There are tremendous indoor facilities<br />
available at various show grounds that would<br />
accommodate the majority of shows. I was<br />
offered an equestrian facility this year that<br />
752490. Email: alpaca@jarbon.com. Website: www.jarbon.com<br />
could have accommodated an alpaca show of<br />
200 plus, and at a cost of less than one-third<br />
the cost of a marquee that would only cover a<br />
show ring. One racecourse has offered their<br />
parade ring and seating for no charge.<br />
"What started as a germ of<br />
an idea seems to have taken<br />
hold with at least some of this<br />
year's show participants."<br />
The above are but a few of the issues and I<br />
am sure many of you will have other concerns.<br />
However, I think it useful to consider the pros<br />
and cons of the concept.<br />
What started as a germ of an idea seems<br />
to have taken hold with at least some of<br />
this year's show participants. Whatever<br />
individuals may believe, things cannot<br />
change without discussion and consensus.<br />
If you have comments on this subject I am<br />
sure the editor would welcome constructive<br />
contributions. Above all else we do need to<br />
ensure the welfare of our alpacas. A change of<br />
show season is doing no more than mirroring<br />
the practises of countries whose alpaca<br />
industries evolved before ours. We now have<br />
the alpacas to rival the best elsewhere, it is<br />
time we recognised this and acted accordingly<br />
to protect their well being.<br />
Alpaca Alpaca World World Magazine Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> Summer 2007 2007 / 08 69
News Alpaca on the Menu<br />
Alpaca on the Menu<br />
www.laviande.com.au<br />
Australian alpaca meat will be on the<br />
menu at Adelaide’s Hilton Hotel for<br />
the first time early this year. Simon<br />
Bryant, executive chef, has created<br />
several dishes for the meat they call<br />
Viande. 'It is one of those freak meats<br />
that is high in protein, low in fat and<br />
sodium. I know alpacas are cute but<br />
it’s time to get real about the future of<br />
farming in this country'<br />
The man driving the Australian<br />
alpaca industry’s move into the<br />
meat market is Steve Ridout who set<br />
up the LaViande company. He has<br />
been working with the Australian<br />
government’s Rural Industries<br />
Research and Development<br />
Corporation and Ausmeat to create<br />
a carcase and cuts specification for<br />
alpaca meat.<br />
Dr Ian Davison, chairman of the<br />
Australian Alpaca Association, writes<br />
in the LaViande brochure:<br />
‘Increasingly the focus is on<br />
accelerating genetic improvement,<br />
aiming for improved fertility, higher<br />
fleece weights, finer fleece, and robust<br />
animals with higher carcase weights.<br />
Whilst the market has focused on<br />
stud sales during the establishment<br />
phase of the industry, there is<br />
increasing emphasis on production<br />
traits as the industry moves towards<br />
commerciality. Ultimately, as in their<br />
native home of Peru, alpacas will be<br />
bred for fleece, meat and skins, and<br />
Australia seeks to position itself as<br />
an international market leader in all<br />
production traits.<br />
The alpaca is highly suited to the<br />
Australian climate and environment,<br />
arguably much more so than the<br />
sheep. It is a very efficient browser<br />
and grazer, estimated to be 30%<br />
more efficient than sheep in feed<br />
conversion, and does well on native<br />
grasses and unimproved pasture.<br />
Like its cousin, the camel, it can<br />
tolerate drier climates better than<br />
most livestock, and its soft padded<br />
foot produces minimal compression<br />
and compaction on Australia’s fragile<br />
soils.'<br />
Australia now has a national herd<br />
of nearly 100,000 alpacas with over<br />
1200 registered studs and 1500<br />
registered breeders and the industry<br />
is 20 years old.<br />
Steve Ridout explained that up until<br />
now the alpaca business had been<br />
fleece driven but growers were looking<br />
for new income streams. He writes:<br />
‘It has been a lot of hard work in the<br />
early stages learning the food industry<br />
ropes, pitfalls, marketing techniques<br />
and many other issues to get to a<br />
"The meat is said to be like a very tender veal<br />
with no game taste at all and a buttery texture.<br />
It is a versatile meat to cook with and is best<br />
eaten rare but lends itself to a variety of dishes<br />
including sashimi."<br />
launch stage. We recognised that the<br />
industry really required a business to<br />
start up to ensure that the lower end<br />
of the market was supported which in<br />
turn benefits all growers alike. This<br />
timing coupled with the drought here<br />
in Australia, lower prices for lesser<br />
stock and high feed costs forced the<br />
industry to really take a look at where<br />
they were headed. The industry is<br />
maturing and has now got to a stage<br />
where we are no longer a cottage<br />
industry and have to move forward<br />
into a commercial industry where<br />
meat needs to be an option. LaViande<br />
is not for everyone, there are those<br />
who ventured into alpacas as a hobby<br />
or lifestyle farming. This concept is<br />
fine for those who choose to do it,<br />
however as the numbers and quality<br />
have grown across Australia the meat<br />
industry will make this a viable, long<br />
lasting enterprise’.<br />
In July last year LaViande held a<br />
successful Chefs Round Table event<br />
at the Meat and Wine Company in<br />
Darling Harbour, Sydney, where<br />
chefs and wholesalers tasted the<br />
products that the Hilton chef Simon<br />
Bryant had been working on for<br />
the previous eighteen months.<br />
They signed an exclusive wholesale<br />
agreement with Game Farm who<br />
market a range of exotic meats in<br />
Sydney and Queensland.<br />
The meat is said to be like a very<br />
tender veal with no game taste at all<br />
and a buttery texture. It is a versatile<br />
meat to cook with and is best eaten<br />
rare but lends itself to a variety of<br />
dishes including sashimi.<br />
The alpacas that are slaughtered<br />
are up to 18 months old and at the<br />
moment growers can expect to be<br />
paid 100AUD$ a head although it is<br />
hope that this will rise once demand<br />
increases and other markets open up.<br />
Steve Ridout has been travelling<br />
around Australia giving a presentation<br />
to interested breeders about<br />
LaViande. These talks have attracted<br />
a wide variety of people with very little<br />
negative feedback.<br />
He says:'This is a high quality<br />
product with health benefits and<br />
environmental pluses. It commands<br />
a higher price and is designed to be<br />
sold through restaurants and gourmet<br />
outlets.'<br />
10 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
11
The alpaca enters the<br />
GENOMIC ERA<br />
Warren Johnson and Polina Perelman describe the<br />
development of a Radiation-Hybrid Map<br />
In many livestock industries, an increasing array<br />
of DNA tests are being offered to enhance<br />
health and determine the physical appearance<br />
of their animals. Will alpacas be next ?<br />
Our appreciation and understanding of<br />
the impact of genetics on human health,<br />
appearance and behaviour has increased<br />
rapidly over the last decade, with several<br />
disciplines coalescing around the new field<br />
of genomics. The results of these advances<br />
are filtering into our lives in innumerable<br />
ways, some of which are obvious but others of<br />
which are less evident. Perhaps one of the least<br />
appreciated aspects of this genomic evolution<br />
is the rate at which the associated technologies<br />
and sciences are being applied to other<br />
species, and how this focus on non human<br />
subjects is, in turn, increasing the overall<br />
pace of discovery in the field. This synergy<br />
is especially apparent for members of the<br />
exclusive genomics club, consisting of species<br />
for which there is a detailed genomic map.<br />
The alpaca, as one of the most recent<br />
entries into this genomics club, is already<br />
beginning to benefit from the added exposure<br />
and biomedical and scientific attention that<br />
membership accrues. And although it is<br />
uncertain exactly what the genomics era<br />
portends for the extended alpaca community,<br />
the experiences of other groups - such as those<br />
centered on species like dogs, cats, horses, and<br />
cows - provide some context.<br />
However, it is first useful to have a sense<br />
of what is a genetic map, how is it made,<br />
and what is its utility? The most detailed<br />
genomic maps are physical maps. These<br />
serve both to orient genomic information<br />
along chromosomes, much as a road map,<br />
but equally as important, it serves as a way of<br />
linking landmarks and knowledge obtained<br />
from other species and their physical maps.<br />
These maps also have the desirable feature<br />
of being built to scale, not only providing the<br />
likely order of features along a chromosome,<br />
but also a good estimate of the relative<br />
distance between items of interest, such as<br />
regions coding for genes or specific mutations<br />
associated with different traits. Until recently,<br />
the only available physical maps were<br />
chromosomal or cytogenetic maps, often<br />
highlighted with different banding patterns<br />
with a light microscope (Figure 1) or with<br />
fluorescently labelled probes (Figure 2). Of<br />
DEFINITIONS<br />
GENOME An organism's complete genetic make up, its complete<br />
nucleotide sequence of DNA, which provides the instructions that<br />
are used to make an entire organism, and guide its growth and<br />
development.<br />
GENOMICS The study of the relationships between genetic features<br />
and biological function in organisms. Genomics is a broad discipline<br />
that has arisen as a new science that studies the whole genome<br />
by integrating traditional genetic disciplines such as molecular,<br />
population, and quantitative genetics with new technologies in<br />
molecular biology, DNA analysis, bioinformatics, and automated<br />
robotic systems.<br />
GENETIC MARKERS An observable variation that results from an<br />
alteration or mutation at a single genetic locus. Markers may be used<br />
as landmarks on a genomic map if it is passed from parent to offspring<br />
following standard rules of inheritance. Markers can be linked with<br />
genes that code for traits of interest or be located within non-coding<br />
regions in unique regions of a chromosome.<br />
12 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
FIG. 1 C-banding pattern of alpaca chromosomes.<br />
The alpaca karyotype consists of 74 chromosomes, one of<br />
the highest numbers in mammals. The alpaca karyotype<br />
also has unusually large heterochromatic regions,<br />
represented here as dark bands. All camelid species have<br />
an almost identical set of chromosomes with the same<br />
diploid number but with differences in their distribution<br />
of heterochromatin (consisting largely of repetitive DNA<br />
sequences).<br />
Figure 1<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br />
much broader utility, however, and as such, a<br />
general prerequisite for entry into the genomic<br />
era, are radiation hybrid maps and sequence<br />
maps.<br />
At the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity<br />
at the National Cancer Institute, we recently<br />
completed a "first-generation" radiation hybrid<br />
map of the alpaca (Figure 4). The donor<br />
cell line was established from a white male<br />
huacaya named Limerick (Figure 3). This<br />
resource provides a way to localise almost<br />
any genetic marker, as well as other genomic<br />
fragments, to a defined map position, and can<br />
be essential to the rapid identification of genes<br />
or mutations that are involved in specific<br />
inherited diseases or physical traits (Figure 4).<br />
As useful as a radiation hybrid map can be,<br />
even more informative are maps consisting<br />
of large amounts of direct sequencing of the<br />
genome, often referred to as whole genome<br />
sequences (WGS). These have been made<br />
possible by new technologies that have rapidly<br />
increased the speed and reduced the costs<br />
of sequencing every base pair of a chosen<br />
genome. These WGS not only more directly<br />
identify the genetic markers, but also quite<br />
precisely measure the distance between these<br />
markers in base pairs.<br />
Although the initial focus of sequencing<br />
efforts was the human genome, the number of<br />
mammals for which there are whole genome<br />
sequences is growing at an increasing pace.<br />
These species are chosen for a variety of<br />
reasons, but generally selection has been based<br />
on their economic importance (e.g. cow, pig,<br />
horse, domestic dog), their use and potential<br />
as a bio-medical research model (e.g. mouse,<br />
rat, zebra fish, domestic cat), or for how their<br />
sequence will increase our understanding of<br />
8 9 10 11 12 13 14<br />
15 16 17 18 19 20 21<br />
22 23 24 25 26 27 28<br />
29 30 31 32 33 34 35<br />
36 X Y<br />
Figure 2<br />
■ HSA 14<br />
■ HSA 15<br />
FIG. 2 Localization of two fluorescent painting probes<br />
of human chromosomes 14 (green) and 15 (red) onto<br />
alpaca metaphase chromosomes. The grouping of human<br />
chromosomes 14 and 15 is an ancestral association that<br />
is observed in most mammalian karyotypes and depicts<br />
how sections of the alpaca genome have similar patterns<br />
(homology) with other mammals, including humans.<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
13
Special Feature Genomic Era<br />
Figure 3 Figure 4<br />
Alpaca Cell Irradiated Alpaca Cell Hamster Cell<br />
1 X-rays<br />
2 Cell Fusion<br />
3 Radiation Hybrid Panel<br />
4 PCR Analysis 5 Statistical Analysis 6 Radiation Hybrid Map<br />
FIG. 3 Limerick, a male huacaya white alpaca from the<br />
Oregon State University research herd, was the donor for<br />
the alpaca radiation hybrid map in Fig. 4..<br />
human genome organization and function<br />
(e.g. baboon, macaque).<br />
Last year, in large part because of the<br />
genomic resources that were already being<br />
developed for the alpaca, including the<br />
radiation hybrid map, and with the support of<br />
researchers from the Laboratory of Genomic<br />
Diversity, the momentous decision was made<br />
by the National Human Genome Research<br />
Institute to nominate the alpaca for whole<br />
genome sequencing. Sequencing of the alpaca<br />
at the Genome Sequencing Center at the<br />
Washington University School of Medicine in<br />
St. Louis (http://genome.wustl.edu/genome_<br />
group.cgi?GROUP=8) is expected to be<br />
complete sometime around the end of 2007.<br />
The implications of the selection of the<br />
alpaca cannot be overestimated. Once the<br />
sequence is assembled, integrated with<br />
the radiation hybrid map, and linked with<br />
other whole genome maps, it will be a<br />
tremendous catalyst for researchers from near<br />
and far afield. It will allow for the efficient<br />
identification of genes and mutations of<br />
functional importance to alpaca breeders and<br />
researchers. The availability of comparative<br />
genomic information in closely related species<br />
(pig, horse, cow, dog, cat, human, mouse<br />
etc.) and a fuller description of patterns of<br />
similarity (homology) between the alpaca and<br />
other related mammals will also dramatically<br />
increase the utility of the alpaca map and will<br />
facilitate the transfer of discoveries from one<br />
species to another. There is already growing<br />
interest in the scientific community in the<br />
use of the alpaca as an animal model. By<br />
some estimates, of over eighty congenital<br />
defects identified in camelids, a third have<br />
similar inherited conditions in humans. This<br />
promises to lead to the further commitment<br />
of resources for alpaca research and to the<br />
broadening of the number of researchers<br />
embarking on camelid research projects<br />
worldwide. It also bears emphasis that the vast<br />
majority of what is learned about the alpaca<br />
genome will be directly applicable to the<br />
llama, the two new world wild camelids, the<br />
FIG. 4 Construction of a Radiation Hybrid Map is<br />
based on the assumption that the closer the genes are on<br />
the chromosome, the more likely they are to be in the same<br />
fragment.<br />
1. Radiation randomly breaks chromosomes into small<br />
fragments. Close genes will stay in one fragment with<br />
higher probability than genes that are far apart on the<br />
chromosome. Irradiated alpaca cells will not survive by<br />
themselves, that is why they are fused with non-irradiated<br />
hamster cells.<br />
2. Fragments of alpaca chromosomes can survive inside<br />
of hamster cells. Some chromosome fragments will be<br />
retained by one hamster cell and some by another cell.<br />
This will create diversity among clones.<br />
Figure 5<br />
linkage group 52 assigned to<br />
alpaca chromosome 9<br />
alpaca<br />
chromosome 9<br />
FIG. 5 Genes with similar vectors are combined<br />
in linkage groups. Linkage groups are assigned to<br />
a particular chromosome based on the comparative<br />
sequence analysis and the chromosome painting data. For<br />
example, gene BDNF is a brain-derived neurotrophic<br />
factor that is essential for the survival of neurons in<br />
the brain. The link between changes in this gene and<br />
behavioral and neurodegenerative syndromes (like<br />
memory impairment, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and<br />
hypoventilation syndrome) was shown both in human<br />
and mouse. Maker lgnuc457 was designed from a Lama<br />
sequence of the BDNF gene. This gene is known to be<br />
on chromosome 11 in humans and on chromosome D1<br />
3. Radiation hybrid panel consist of 92 different hybrid<br />
clones and control DNA.<br />
4. PCR analysis will show if the hybrid clone retained the<br />
particular gene. Bright band on the agarose gel shows the<br />
presence of the gene in the clone. Presence of the signal for<br />
a particular clone is scored as 1, absence as 0.<br />
5. The vector is created for each gene and it contains<br />
information about presence or absence of the gene in all<br />
92 clones.<br />
6. Statistical difference between vectors is an indication<br />
of the distance between genes on the chromosome. Genes<br />
A and B have similar distribution of positive signals, so<br />
they are situated on the chromosome closely. The vector of<br />
marker C is quite different. It had a big distance between<br />
genes A and B.<br />
human<br />
chromosome 11<br />
cat<br />
chromosome D1<br />
part of BDNF sequence from llama<br />
(highlighted areas were used as<br />
primers to amplify the part of the<br />
gene on the panel)<br />
in cats. Chromosome painting data show that alpaca<br />
chromosome 9 and human chromosome 11 have very<br />
similar DNA content. So we can safely assign whole<br />
linkage groups with BDNF to alpaca chromosome 9. This<br />
may be checked by direct localization of this gene on the<br />
alpaca chromosomes. The radiation hybrid map of alpaca<br />
allows one to determine not only the chromosome, but also<br />
precise location of the gene on this chromosome.<br />
By screening the DNA of their animals for desirable and<br />
undesirable traits that might appear in their offspring,<br />
breeders will be able to make more informed decisions<br />
about which animals to mate.<br />
14 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
Special Feature Genomic Era<br />
guanaco and vicuña, and most likely, to the<br />
old-world Bactrian and dromedary camels, as<br />
well.<br />
So what are the implications for alpacas and<br />
other camelids? Breeders of many animals,<br />
including horses and dogs, are already<br />
pioneering the use of genetic research to exert<br />
more control over the gene pool, using an<br />
increasing array of DNA tests being offered by<br />
companies to enhance health and determine<br />
the physical appearance of their animals.<br />
Candidate genes, or genes controlling the<br />
expression of many of the traits of interest to<br />
alpaca and llama owners, have already been<br />
identified in other species. Once tested in<br />
camelids, genetic tests will quickly become<br />
available. Eventually more complex traits,<br />
such as those associated with behaviour,<br />
will also be linked with genetic variation.<br />
By screening the DNA of their animals for<br />
desirable and undesirable traits that might<br />
appear in their offspring, breeders will be<br />
able to make more informed decisions about<br />
which animals to mate. This management<br />
will greatly enhance the economic value of<br />
these populations and will improve animal<br />
health and husbandry. As has been amply<br />
demonstrated with other domestic species,<br />
genetic management is an important step in<br />
herd improvement.<br />
The alpaca is one of the most recent<br />
entries into the genomics club, due largely<br />
to the inspiration and financial support of<br />
members of the camelid community, through<br />
the Alpaca Research Foundation and Morris<br />
Animal Foundation. The speed with which<br />
genomic techniques are translated into herd<br />
improvements and more active management<br />
will depend greatly on the continued interest<br />
and support of this community, both in terms<br />
of financial support, but also as measured<br />
by open access to information and biological<br />
samples from their animals.<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
This project received critical assistance from Leslie<br />
Wachter, Mike Benjamin, John Page, Bob Stephens,<br />
Beena Neelam, Jack Chen, Joan Pontius, Alex Peters,<br />
Mark Peters, Christina Walker, Alejandro Schaffer,<br />
Richa Agarwala, Bill Murphy, Victor David, Guo Pei,<br />
Nicole Crumpler, Mary Thompson, Roscoe Stanyon,<br />
Gary Stone, Sandra Burkett, and Stephen O'Brien. The<br />
majority of this work was funded by the Alpaca Research<br />
Foundation through a grant from Morris Animal<br />
Foundation.<br />
About the Authors<br />
© 2007 <strong>Alpacas</strong> Magazine; all rights reserved. Reprinted by permission.<br />
Dr Johnson earned his PhD in Animal Ecology from Iowa State University in<br />
1992 after receiving an MS in Wildlife Ecology from Utah State University in<br />
1984 and a BA in Biology from Oberlin College in 1983. For his PhD research,<br />
he worked with Dr. William Franklin studying pumas, guanacos, and other<br />
wildlife in southern Chile. He has been with the Laboratory of Genomic<br />
Diversity at the National Cancer Institute in Frederick, Maryland since 1992. Dr.<br />
Johnson specializes in comparative genomics, molecular ecology, population<br />
genetics, conservation genetics, and evolutionary biology.<br />
Dr Polina L. Perelman earned her PhD in Genetics from the Institute of<br />
Cytology and Genetics in Novosibirsk, Russia in 2002 after receiving her<br />
MS from Novosibirsk State University. She has been a Visiting Fellow at the<br />
Laboratory of Genomic Diversity in Frederick, Maryland since 2004. She is<br />
the recipient of the academician M.A. Lavrentiev award to young scientists<br />
from the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science for outstanding<br />
postgraduate students. Dr. Perelman specializes in cytogenetics, genome<br />
evolution, and phylogenomics. Drs. Johnson and Perelman can be contacted<br />
in care of <strong>Alpacas</strong> Magazine.<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
15
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16 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08 Alpaca World Magazine Summer 2007 49
g e t t h e g e n e t i c s . . .<br />
w w w . a l p a k a l a n d . c h<br />
Sire: Sandjo High Esteem<br />
Grandsire: Purrumbete Highlander<br />
Granddam: Benstart Anastasia<br />
Great Grandsire: Jolimont Stefano<br />
Great Granddam: Jolimont Violet<br />
Dam: Atkins Ashleigh<br />
Grandsire: ILR Peruvian Drambuie<br />
Granddam: Coonawarra Anna<br />
Sire: Blue Grass Leroy Brown<br />
Grandsire: Purrumbete El Dorado<br />
Granddam:Purrumbete Clarity<br />
Great Grandsire: Purrumbete Highlander<br />
Great Granddam: Purrumbete Bambi<br />
Dam: Wyona Octapussy<br />
Grandsire: Inca Paddington<br />
Great Grandsire: Inca Black Magic<br />
Great Granddam: Inca Treacle<br />
Granddam: Wyona Pussy Galore<br />
Great Grandsire: Royal Canadian Ian Flemming<br />
Great Granddam: Wyona La Noir<br />
S t u d S e r v i c e s A l p a k a l a n d S c h w e i z<br />
M a t t h i a s & M i r j a m B a l s i g e r<br />
H a s l i<br />
3 1 3 2 R i g g i s b e r g<br />
S w i t z e r l a n d<br />
+ 4 1 3 1 8 0 9 3 7 0 7 / + 4 1 7 9 3 3 2 1 6 9 4<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
17
It always happens on a Bank Holiday !<br />
August Bank holiday is supposed to be<br />
a time for relaxation; but not if you have<br />
<strong>Alpacas</strong>.<br />
During morning feed time and herd<br />
inspection I came across Max with a reddish/<br />
pink bulge on his right hind foot. On a quick<br />
inspection I suspected an abscess so went off<br />
for some warm water to bathe it.<br />
With the help of husband Tom we rounded<br />
Max up for a closer look.<br />
It turned out not to be an abscess but a nasty<br />
cut across his pad – the reddish bulge being<br />
fatty tissue. I ran off to phone the vet. As it was<br />
Bank holiday Monday I had to get in touch<br />
with the emergency vet who turned out to be a<br />
South African and had no idea where we lived,<br />
not being from this area, but after a lengthy<br />
conversation I managed to direct him to us.<br />
Max, a four year old entire male, did not<br />
seem unduly worried at this point – he was<br />
putting weight on the foot and walking OK so<br />
we separated him from his field companion<br />
and put him in a corral next door. The vet<br />
arrived an hour later and we set off to inspect<br />
Max's foot.<br />
The vet's verdict – it would have to be<br />
stitched as it would never heal on its own due<br />
to the foot flexing all the time, but not today as<br />
we needed to clean it up and keep it that way.<br />
His first job was to detach the fatty bulge;<br />
however the vet had come without any suture<br />
to tie and cut off the bulging fatty pad, so Tom<br />
was sent off to raid his fishing rod for some<br />
line. That done the cut was given a good clean<br />
out, heavily bandaged and Max was given a<br />
painkiller and Pen/Strep antibiotic. The vet<br />
left with instructions to give the foot a daily<br />
clean and bandage. He would be back on the<br />
Wednesday to check on its progress as he did<br />
not want to stitch it up yet as a foot infection<br />
could be a strong possibility.<br />
Wednesday arrived – the vet came and<br />
inspected but said we still needed more time<br />
before stitching so we had to carry on with a few<br />
more days cleaning and bandaging and a date<br />
was set for the following Monday for stitching.<br />
We were keeping our fingers crossed as Monday<br />
arrived. Was this the day for stitching? Terrible<br />
thoughts had been going through my mind over<br />
the last few days – what if his foot had become<br />
infected and would not heal?<br />
The vet arrived with a nurse and I can only<br />
describe the scene as something out of the film<br />
M.A.S.H as a field hospital was set up in the<br />
pen. Luckily, re-enforcements had arrived to<br />
help in the form of one of our sons, Ben.<br />
As many of you will know, entire males<br />
hate having their feet and legs touched so<br />
we needed all the help we could get. I was in<br />
charge of the head end, Ben had the middle<br />
area and Tom was at the rear end holding on<br />
Just when you think you have an opportunity to relax your alpacas<br />
are guaranteed to have a surprise in store. Kath & Tom Wordsworth's<br />
plans get disrupted by an emergency at Newland <strong>Alpacas</strong>.<br />
Max's wounded foot, above, with the repair and healed<br />
pad shown right.<br />
" … it would have to be stitched<br />
as it would never heal on its<br />
own due to the foot flexing all<br />
the time, but not today as we<br />
needed to clean it up and keep<br />
it that way".<br />
to the affected leg and foot for the vet. We<br />
had Max against a metal gate in full view of<br />
all the other <strong>Alpacas</strong> to help in comforting<br />
him. I tried all methods of keeping him calm,<br />
rubbing his head and ears and generally<br />
talking nicely to him – on the whole it seemed<br />
to work, so the vet set to.<br />
Firstly a local anaesthetic was put into the<br />
foot, then another clean out. The local soon<br />
took effect and stitching began. Thankfully I<br />
was at the front end and didn't see anything<br />
but Tom told me all the gory details. In<br />
between jobs the veterinary nurse took some<br />
photos. The foot was double stitched (internal<br />
and external) and then re-bandaged. The<br />
vet and nurse departed leaving the healing<br />
process to take its course. We had to keep the<br />
foot as dry as possible and re-bandage daily.<br />
We were fortunate with the weather and we<br />
had very little rain over the next few weeks so<br />
the bandages remained dry.<br />
On the 20th September we became a little<br />
anxious about Max's foot as the area on the<br />
side of his foot where the fatty bulge had been<br />
severed did not seem to be healing well and<br />
looked a little unhealthy. We rang the vet and<br />
she thought it wise if we gave him another<br />
course of Pen/Strep.<br />
The vet came out on the 25th September to<br />
attend a difficult alpaca birth so after she had<br />
finished that emergency we asked her to take a<br />
look at Max's foot. She was happy how things<br />
were going but we had to carry on with the<br />
daily bandaging. As you can imagine this was<br />
one daily task nobody looked forward to – least<br />
of all Max. We got it down to a fine art, taking<br />
about five minutes. First we had to remove<br />
the old bandage without his foot touching<br />
the floor, then a non-adhesive dressing was<br />
placed over the stitched foot followed by<br />
some Soffban bandage then finishing off with<br />
coloured Vetrap bandage secured around the<br />
leg with tape. He looked like he had a clubfoot<br />
but didn't seem to mind.<br />
This routine carried on for the next few<br />
weeks and on the 18th October we decided the<br />
foot had healed well enough and decided to<br />
stop bandaging. The pad was as good as new.<br />
We still have no idea how the foot was cut<br />
– had he been fighting or had he caught it<br />
on the fence wire? What we do know is that<br />
we will now keep a supply of bandaging in<br />
the emergency chest and we have some idea<br />
of how to treat before we call the vet out. It<br />
has been a learning curve – another piece of<br />
knowledge to help in the keeping of alpacas.<br />
18 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
Bowford Farm, Goose Green<br />
Thakeham, West Sussex<br />
RH20 2LP UK<br />
Telephone +44 (0)1903 891425<br />
Email info@alpacastuduk.com<br />
To assess an alpaca stud male<br />
properly you have to inspect<br />
its progeny.<br />
We believe our 2007 huacaya and suri crias surpass any we have<br />
seen before. Please come and see what our studs have to offer your<br />
breeding programme.<br />
Call us today on 01903 891425, mobile on 07979 651742 or<br />
email nick@alpacastuduk.com<br />
www.alpacastuduk.com<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
19
Bozedown Orbital<br />
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Limited stud services available 2007<br />
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*Co-owned by The Alpaca Stud UK and Spring Farm <strong>Alpacas</strong><br />
MF<br />
CR<br />
Stu<br />
ma<br />
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20 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
Banksia Park <strong>Alpacas</strong><br />
Jenny and Dr George Jackson<br />
Telephone: +61 8 95252536<br />
Email: banksiaparkalpacas@bigpond.com<br />
www.banksiaparkalpacas.com.au<br />
Ellen Vale <strong>Alpacas</strong><br />
Ron and Kay Raynor<br />
Telephone: +61 8 92960442<br />
Email: raynor@advproj.com.au<br />
www.ellenvalealpacas.com.au<br />
Eversprings Suri Stud<br />
Gwyn and John Bell<br />
Telephone: +61 8 9572 1322<br />
Email: eversprings2002@yahoo.com.au<br />
www.eversprings.com.au<br />
Faversham <strong>Alpacas</strong><br />
Sue and Jim Wiltshire<br />
Telephone: +61 8 9250 4044<br />
Email: favpaca@iprimus.com.au<br />
www.favershamalpacas.com.au<br />
Hillside Gardens Alpaca Farm<br />
Jim and Jenny McAuliffe<br />
Telephone: +61 8 95740012<br />
email: hillsidegardens@bigpond.com.au<br />
www.hillsidegardens.com.au<br />
Jenanda <strong>Alpacas</strong><br />
Dave Coburn and Jenny Pearce<br />
Telephone: +61 8 9306 4450<br />
Email: jenanda@iinet.net.au<br />
Negrita <strong>Alpacas</strong><br />
Antonia Bagshawe<br />
Telephone: +61 8 95260050<br />
Email: abagshawe@bbsat.com.au<br />
Wesuri <strong>Alpacas</strong><br />
Lorraine James & David Wesley<br />
Telephone: +61 8 95746857<br />
Email: wesuri@iprimus.com.au<br />
www.wesuri.com.au<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
21
The Watchdogs<br />
Maremmanos at Tierra Helada Alpakas<br />
Dominic Müller's twenty-four hour, all-year-round alpaca security service …<br />
We have been asked many times, "Are you sure that the dogs will<br />
not hurt your alpacas? Are you not worried about your cria?". To<br />
get straight to the point – no, we were not worried at all! We had our<br />
first acquaintance with Maremmanos at Mountain Meadows Ranch<br />
in Canada. For many years now Hans and Karin Buhrmann have<br />
their alpacas successfully guarded by their Maremmanos and breeders<br />
such as Bluestone <strong>Alpacas</strong> on Vancouver Island are also keeping and<br />
breeding these dogs.<br />
As we live in a rural area and now and again rumours about the<br />
lynx or the racoon dog are spread we decided to have our alpacas<br />
protected by Maremmanos too. And once we decide something we<br />
do it without delay. We quickly gathered information on the internet<br />
and found a breeder in Oldenburg, northern Germany, almost next<br />
to our former hometown who told us about a breeder in France. The<br />
Reber-Lyoth family lives in Puylaurens, Laval, with their children and<br />
680 sheep, Border Collies and Maremmanos. We told them about our<br />
intention to have Maremmanos for our alpacas and Monsieur Reber<br />
promised to choose the appropriate whelp from the next litter as the<br />
initial imprinting during the first 8 weeks builds the basis for their later<br />
behaviour. Our two whelps were chosen out of a litter of nine. From the<br />
beginning they experienced family life, but also life and its perils within<br />
a sheep flock, birth of the lambs, the protecting females and so on.<br />
They had been perfectly prepared.<br />
In December 2006 our two dogs, Babar and Buffalo, joined us at<br />
the age of 8 weeks. Even though it was difficult for us they had to stay<br />
in the stable with the alpacas to get used to their new companions<br />
and environment. We built a little enclosure to allow them to retreat<br />
whenever they wanted to. During the first weeks they also had a kennel<br />
on the meadow which was not necessary anymore after four to five<br />
weeks. By then they already felt very much at home. Of course they had<br />
to learn a lot and fooled around but the experienced alpaca females left<br />
no doubts about where they set the limits. Very quickly they learned<br />
from which female they should keep aloof, which one does not mind<br />
them scampering underneath her belly and which females should be<br />
approached from the rear side. They humbly lower their heads now<br />
when pacing the stables signalling "I will not bother you" and if once<br />
in a while one of them dares to jauntily nose at the alpacas they accept<br />
the immediately following kick. They very easily mingled with the<br />
adolescent alpacas. Soon they had found out that can play and jump<br />
around with them as long as the mothers allow it. Soon they preferred<br />
the soft and cosy hay racks to the rubber mats as sleeping berths. And<br />
it did not take long before they began to signal all strangers along the<br />
fence "Do not enter" and "The alpacas belong to us" but whoever now<br />
comes in with us is immediately accepted. After five months the first<br />
alpaca cria was born. Of course we were anxious to see how they would<br />
behave. But there was no reason to worry as our dogs watch over the<br />
females and the first thing a newborn sees is a white Maremmano.<br />
Thus all our crias are used to our dogs.<br />
All-in-all we are happy to have the dogs out there with the alpacas<br />
but one has to mention that the upbringing of this breed is different<br />
to other breeds. We do not know any other breed so bull-headed and<br />
stubborn and at the same time so devoted. Invest a lot of patience,<br />
no force and a lot of love and you will have a loyal protector for your<br />
animals.<br />
22 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
Maremmano-Abruzzi dog<br />
or Cane da Pastore<br />
Maremmano Abruzzi<br />
"In December 2006 our two dogs,<br />
Babar and Buffalo, joined us at the age<br />
of 8 weeks. Even though it was difficult<br />
for us they had to stay in the stable<br />
with the alpacas to get used to their<br />
new companions and environment. We<br />
built a little enclosure to allow them to<br />
retreat whenever they wanted to".<br />
The herding dog, still bred by shepherds today, is<br />
named after two breeds and originates from Italy. He<br />
is not a sheepdog as he is often categorised; he is a<br />
'Cane da Pastore', a 'dog of the herder' which is not<br />
droving the herd but wandering with it and keeping<br />
watch.<br />
The breed specification (FCI-Nr. 201) is very detailed<br />
and comprehensive and describes this herding dog as<br />
big with a strong bone structure and at the same time<br />
as majestic and elegant. His sturdy appearance goes<br />
along with qualities such as being tough, brave and<br />
intelligent. His character is said to be of good nature.<br />
His coat is long, opulent and pure white. Any variation<br />
is ineligible. Nose, claws and muzzle are pigmented<br />
with black.<br />
In size the male is 65–73 cm high, weighing up to<br />
45–50kg. The female 60-68 cm high, weighing up to<br />
40 kg.<br />
Maremmas are very intelligent dogs and have<br />
been living within the European culture for centuries<br />
without loosing their natural characteristics.<br />
They are clever and always out for their own<br />
advantage like a cat. They are assertive like a wolf and<br />
as obstinate as a donkey. A Maremmano is an allrounder.<br />
She can (when female) be the most beautiful<br />
(and most dominant) mother of all bambini. He can<br />
(when male) be the most entertaining (but also most<br />
self-loving) Papagalli. And he has one big advantage<br />
compared to other white giants: he is easier to handle.<br />
But 'A Maremmano without strict upbringing is like a<br />
Ferrari without brakes' is said in Italy and the Italians<br />
certainly should know.<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
23
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24 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
Unless you can move sideways and keep<br />
your alpaca from running past you the space<br />
is too wide- a space such as a barn aisle way or<br />
pasture lane way no more than15 feet wide by<br />
30-40 feet long is ideal. In order to be useful,<br />
your leading space must be directly adjacent<br />
to the area that you use for halter training.<br />
Once your alpaca has gone on a few walks,<br />
has negotiated a few easy obstacles and is<br />
responding to a signal to stop consistently you<br />
are ready to teach your alpaca to tie.<br />
The first several tying lessons should happen<br />
inside an enclosed area. Panic reactions are<br />
much less likely in an enclosed space and<br />
if they do occur they are usually much less<br />
violent. Using a 11-15 foot long smooth flat<br />
lead line attach your lead rope to the halter<br />
and run it around a smooth pole using one<br />
wrap and hold the end of the line in your hand.<br />
Make sure that the line can slide freely around<br />
or cane to tap the rear legs of the alpaca when<br />
he pulls back to help him understand that he<br />
should come forward. Once your alpaca learns<br />
to come forward and accept the restriction of<br />
being tied you can tie him to the rail using a<br />
quick release knot (see sidebar??). Make sure<br />
to stay alert and be ready to pull on the release<br />
end of the lead rope if your alpaca really begins<br />
to lay back on the rope.<br />
In my opinion it is not a good idea to tie an<br />
alpaca without being close at hand. There are<br />
also times when alpacas should not be tied.<br />
Never tie an alpaca in a trailer unless you<br />
can continually monitor the animal.<br />
Avoid tying your alpaca when you introduce<br />
new things. It is much better to work in a<br />
catch pen when teaching your alpaca to accept<br />
new and potentially scary equipment.<br />
When you do use a chute always use one<br />
with a back gate or barrier. Tie the alpaca with<br />
into your tying system is a good safety measure<br />
if you must leave your alpaca alone even for a<br />
short period of time. I would much rather cope<br />
with a loose alpaca than one that is injured.<br />
The fight response is a powerful instinctive<br />
response. Take the ability to run away from<br />
an alpaca and he moves to the fight response<br />
or freeze response sometimes moving rapidly<br />
between the two. Animals that are in the<br />
midst of a panic response have a very hard<br />
time processing information just as we<br />
humans have a hard time learning when<br />
we are frightened. Tying an alpaca without<br />
teaching him to accept the process first is not<br />
an efficient way to educate him and can be<br />
dangerous. Work with your alpacas in a way<br />
that honours their nature and capitalises on<br />
their considerable intelligence and you will be<br />
rewarded with an alpaca that truly enjoys his<br />
association with humans.<br />
38 Alpaca World Magazine Summer 2007<br />
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Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
25
26 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
Distant Echoes<br />
European links with<br />
Peru have not always<br />
been as amicable as<br />
those we enjoy today.<br />
In the time of King<br />
Philip III of Spain<br />
Felipe Guanam Poma<br />
produced a unique<br />
work that documented<br />
the supression of<br />
a national culture<br />
by foreign invaders<br />
– one which echoes<br />
still, today, nearly five<br />
hundred years after<br />
publication.<br />
"It is our country because God has given it to us"<br />
Those are the words of Guanam Poma, an indigenous Peruvian,<br />
to King Philip 111 of Spain in his 'Illustrated Chronicle from<br />
Colonial Peru' written in 1615, that outlines the injustices of colonial<br />
rule and argues that the Spanish were merely foreign settlers.<br />
This extraordinary document is one of the great treasures of the<br />
cultural history of the Andean peoples in Peru and has been kept in<br />
the Royal Library of Denmark for two centuries. It is over a thousand<br />
pages long with three hundred and ninety eight full page drawings and<br />
is included in UNESCO's 'Memory of the World' list.<br />
The Royal Library, aware that scholars had virtually no access to<br />
this fragile manuscript, decided in 2001 to put together an internet<br />
version that can be found at www.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/info/es/<br />
frontpage.htm<br />
Guanam Poma sets out the facts about the forced labour imposed<br />
on the native population especially in the mines and the loss of life and<br />
confiscation of property produced by the witch hunts in the seventeenth<br />
century. Behind these accounts is the assumption that the Spaniards<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
27
Left: The author Guanam Poma,<br />
accompanied by his son Don Francisco<br />
de Ayala, begins his journey to Lima<br />
to present his account to the king's<br />
representative.<br />
Right: The administrator of the Royal<br />
Mines punishes the native Lords with<br />
great cruelty.<br />
did all this without justification in violation of every precept of<br />
justice and of their own laws.<br />
This historian, teller of epic tales and preacher pleads for<br />
justice for the Andean peoples and turns it into a threat of divine<br />
punishment when he writes: I don't see that you give anything back<br />
either in life, or at the time of death. It seems to me, Christian,<br />
that all of you are condemning yourselves to hell...Even though you<br />
were to abandon yourselves into the desert and become religious<br />
hermits, as long as you do not make restitution and pay what you<br />
owe, you will be condemned to the inferno'.<br />
Felipe Guanam Poma de Ayala was from a noble family who<br />
lived in the central southern province of Lucanas located in the<br />
modern department of Ayacucho. He was a native Quechua<br />
and Aymara speaker and probably learned Spanish as a child.<br />
Above left: Six devouring beats feared<br />
by the poor Indians of Peru. This visual<br />
allegory assigns animal identities to<br />
various colonial functionaries. The tiger<br />
is the vagabond Spaniard often a soldier;<br />
the fox the parish priest; the cat the clerk,<br />
the royal administrator the serpent.<br />
Left: How the corregidores and the priests<br />
of this kingdom abuse the Indians<br />
Right: The Indian parents defend their<br />
daughter from the lascivious Spaniard.<br />
28 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
Feature Distant Echoes<br />
Left: Chief accountant and treasurer,<br />
Tawantin Suyu khipuq kuraka, authority<br />
in charge of the knotted strings, or khipu,<br />
of the kingdom.<br />
Right: The execution of Tupac Amaru<br />
Inka by order of the viceroy Toledo, as<br />
distraught Andean nobles lament the<br />
killing of their innocent Lord.<br />
A handful of sixteenth century documents reveal that Guanam<br />
Poma served as a Quechua translator for Spanish priests in the<br />
campaign to 'extirpate idolatry' in the Peruvian countryside. He<br />
appears as plaintiff in a number of lawsuits in which he attempted<br />
to recover land and political title in the Chupas valley that he<br />
believed to be his by family right. These law suits eventually<br />
proved disastrous as in 1600 he was stripped of all his property and<br />
forced into exile from the towns he once ruled as a noble.<br />
His great work is the longest sustained critique of Spanish<br />
rule produced by an indigenous subject. It is the only surviving<br />
text that has actual illustrations of pre-conquest Inca life and<br />
contains the frequent use of Quechua words and phrases in a work<br />
primarily written in Spanish. It is also remarkable for his brilliant<br />
welding together of writing and fine line drawings.<br />
"His great work is the<br />
longest sustained critique of<br />
Spanish rule produced by an<br />
indigenous subject. It is the<br />
only surviving text that has<br />
actual illustrations of preconquest<br />
Inca life and contains<br />
the frequent use of Quechua<br />
words and phrases in a work<br />
primarily written in Spanish."<br />
Left: The Royal Council of these realms<br />
- the Lords of Chinchaysuyu, Antisuyu,<br />
Cuntisuyu and Collasuyu.<br />
Right: The Inca sing the song of the<br />
llamas in an April ritual<br />
'They sing the Puca Llama to the tone<br />
of the llama. The Inca pronounces thus:<br />
With a very slow measure, for half an<br />
hour he says "y y y" to the tone of the<br />
llama. The Inca begins like the llama; he<br />
says and goes on saying "yn". He takes<br />
this tone and beginning there sings many<br />
of his songs. The queens and princesses<br />
respond; they sing very sweetly with a<br />
high voice'<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
29
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30 56 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> Summer 2007 2007 / 08
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
31
From<br />
Dromedary<br />
to Drugs<br />
Could a unique type of antibody found<br />
in the blood of camelids hold the key to<br />
unlocking cures for many dibillitating<br />
human diseases ?<br />
Henry Nichols reports on the success of<br />
current research<br />
Discovery<br />
In the late 1980s, Belgian immunologist<br />
Raymond Hamers, then at the Free<br />
University of Brussels (VUB), found<br />
himself confronted by a couple of bold<br />
undergraduates. The practicals for their<br />
course were just too predictable, they<br />
complained. Could he find them an<br />
original research question to answer?<br />
Hamers remembered half a litre<br />
of camel serum sitting in a freezer.<br />
Although he had it stashed away for<br />
some ongoing research into sleeping<br />
sickness, he reckoned he could spare a<br />
bit for his students to play around with.<br />
"Why don't we see if we can purify camel<br />
antibodies?" he asked.<br />
The results were so unexpected the<br />
students were flummoxed. For a time, so<br />
too was Hamers. The diffusion pattern<br />
of antibodies isolated from the serum<br />
suggested that in addition to the type of<br />
antibody found in all other vertebrates,<br />
the camel also produced a smaller and<br />
entirely novel variety.<br />
They went on to demonstrate this<br />
immunological phenomenon is not just<br />
limited to the dromedary. Other camelids<br />
– the Bactrian camel, llama, alpaca,<br />
guanaco and vicuña – also have the same<br />
resilient slimline antibodies.<br />
In the scorching heat in the heart of downtown Dubai, a herd of dromedary<br />
camels is chewing the cud. These majestic beasts, owned by Sheikh<br />
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, are living it up in retirement at the city's<br />
Central Veterinary Research Laboratory. But their lives are far from over. In fact,<br />
these animals could be behind something of a medical revolution.<br />
A chance discovery in the late 1980s revealed that camelids have an extraordinary<br />
immune system unlike that of any other mammal: in addition to normal antibodies,<br />
their blood also contains a miniature variety. Belgian immunologists are working<br />
with the Sheikh's dromedarys to isolate and use these small antibodies as the basis<br />
for 'nanobodies' – tiny proteins about one tenth the size of conventional antibodies<br />
but capable of the same defensive skills.<br />
Nanobodies are so exciting because they can get to parts of the body conventional<br />
antibodies cannot reach. They are less prone to destruction by enzymes and it's<br />
possible they could even be taken in tablet form rather than by injection. Since they<br />
are far simpler than larger antibodies, they are much easier to manufacture and<br />
hence cheaper. The results of the first nanobody-based therapy to enter clinical<br />
results are expected soon.<br />
Antibodies are a key component of the vertebrate immune system, chunky Y-<br />
shaped proteins let loose in the bloodstream or tethered to immune cells. They<br />
are designed to bind to a specific target on a foreign object and bring about its<br />
destruction. In the mid-1970s, scientists worked out how to manufacture these<br />
cunning little proteins in the laboratory. The ability of these so-called 'monoclonal<br />
antibodies' to bind to a target of choice gave them a serious advantage over<br />
conventional drugs, which are not particularly specific and can have all sorts of<br />
side-effects.<br />
But 30 years on, there are only around 20 therapeutic antibodies on the market,<br />
largely because making them is a lengthy and expensive procedure. This has fuelled<br />
a demand for molecules with antibody-like properties that perform as well but are<br />
structurally simpler. Camels and their relatives might offer the solution.<br />
The arms of a conventional antibody are made from two complimentary peptide<br />
32 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
chains – one 'heavy' and one 'light'. Like all other mammals, camelids<br />
produce these double-chained antibodies, but they also make a simpler,<br />
slender variety that lacks light chains altogether.<br />
It's a complete mystery why camelids should have evolved these two<br />
types of antibody, says Serge Muyldermans, an immunologist at the<br />
Free University of Brussels (VUB). That hasn't stopped him and other<br />
scientists from exploring the therapeutic promise of tiny antibody-like<br />
proteins modelled on the variable portion of the camelid antibody that<br />
binds to its target. Animal experiments strongly suggest that these tidy<br />
little proteins, or nanobodies as Muyldermans coined them, are just<br />
as effective at seeking out and sticking to their target as are full-sized<br />
antibodies.<br />
With their straight-forward structure and small size, nanobodies<br />
have a long list of things going for them. Since each one is just a single<br />
string of around 120 amino acids, it's possible to get bacteria or yeast<br />
to churn them out rather than resorting to the rigmarole of monoclonal<br />
antibody production. This makes the artificial synthesis of these<br />
proteins relatively cheap, opening up a whole range of applications that<br />
would be unthinkable for normal antibodies.<br />
cancers of epithelial origin, such as those of the colon, rectum, lung,<br />
breast and ovaries.<br />
They identified the nanobody that bound most effectively to its<br />
target and engineered bacteria to produce it in association with the<br />
enzyme lactamase. The idea was that the nanobody would give the<br />
enzyme a piggy-back straight on to the surface of the cancer cells,<br />
where it would convert a harmless prodrug into a potent cell-destroying<br />
chemical. 'It was incredibly effective in animal models of these cancers,'<br />
says Muyldermans.<br />
Nanobodies are also being engineered into bivalent and bispecific<br />
molecules. In 2002, a biopharmaceutical company – Ablynx – began<br />
to develop products based on these miniature camelid antibodies. The<br />
most advanced of these is a bivalent drug known as ALX-0081. This<br />
is designed to bind to von Willebrand Factor (vWF), a component<br />
of the blood involved in clotting, and in so doing reduce dangerous<br />
coagulation in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease.<br />
The journey towards ALX-0081 began by injecting llamas with<br />
human vWF, triggering them to churn out antibodies against it. The<br />
animals produced hundreds of different antibodies, each binding to<br />
"The signs are that ALX-0081 is going to breeze through its Phase I trials, which<br />
began in March 2007. Early results coming in from a group of healthy volunteers<br />
suggest it produces the desired effect without causing any serious side-effects,<br />
says Moses. Ablynx is expected to reveal the results of the trial any day now.<br />
In the meantime, scientists at the company are working on some 100 other<br />
nanobody-based drugs in the pipeline, including one that could treat rheumatoid<br />
arthritis and another designed to control Alzheimer's disease."<br />
Nanobodies seem to be particularly tough. 'You can use them in<br />
very harsh conditions where normal antibodies fold, collapse or get<br />
digested,' says Muyldermans. So whilst conventional antibodies get<br />
picked off by stomach enzymes, nanobodies are better at surviving a<br />
journey through the gut. This raises the prospect of nanobody pills<br />
for treating intestinal disorders such colon cancers and inflammatory<br />
bowel disease.<br />
Nanobodies are also small enough to find their way into the active sites<br />
of enzymes, the deep clefts on surface of membranes or into the middle<br />
of tumours. They might even penetrate the blood-brain barrier well<br />
enough to contemplate designing drugs to fend off Alzheimer's disease.<br />
In addition, nanobodies can easily be linked to other things<br />
without the combined structure getting too large. Most obviously,<br />
they can be tagged to 'effector molecules', such as a toxin, an enzyme<br />
or a radioactive substance. It's also possible to engineer an effective<br />
'bivalent' molecule, a single protein comprised of two identical<br />
nanobodies strung together like a couple of beads. Alternatively,<br />
two different nanobodies can be combined, resulting in a 'bispecific'<br />
particle capable, for example, of effecting the introduction between an<br />
antigen and an immune cell from the patient. This ability to combine<br />
nanobodies is what makes them really exciting, says Sir Gregory<br />
<strong>Winter</strong>, Acting Director of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology<br />
in Cambridge.<br />
Finally, they are unlike most other antibodies that are en route to<br />
or already in the clinic. This, says <strong>Winter</strong>, is something that can get<br />
the marketing and sales teams of pharmaceutical companies excited.<br />
'Whether or not they are better than conventional antibodies, they are<br />
likely to have a different therapeutic profile,' he says.<br />
It's early days for the nanobody, but there are promising signs. In<br />
2004, Muyldermans and his colleagues experimented with a nanobody<br />
tagged to an effector molecule to see if could help in the fight against<br />
cancer. They began by immunising Sheikh Mohammed's dromedary<br />
camels at the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory in Dubai against<br />
an antigen that's almost exclusively expressed on the surface of cells in<br />
vWF in a slightly different way. The Ablynx scientists extracted these,<br />
identified the nanobody sequences and tweaked a few amino acids<br />
to make them more like human proteins. They set about working<br />
out which of these humanised llama nanobodies grasps vWF most<br />
effectively and then strung two of them together to make ALX-0081.<br />
'This enhances the way in which the molecule binds to its target and so<br />
potentially improves the therapeutic effect,' says Edwin Moses, CEO<br />
and Chairman of Ablynx.<br />
The signs are that ALX-0081 is going to breeze through its Phase<br />
I trials, which began in March 2007. Early results coming in from<br />
a group of healthy volunteers suggest it produces the desired effect<br />
without causing any serious side-effects, says Moses. Ablynx is<br />
expected to reveal the results of the trial any day now. In the meantime,<br />
scientists at the company are working on some 100 other nanobodybased<br />
drugs in the pipeline, including one that could treat rheumatoid<br />
arthritis and another designed to control Alzheimer's disease.<br />
But nanobodies may end up doing far more than inspiring a new<br />
generation of pharmaceuticals. It is already possible to engineer these<br />
miniature proteins into a developing organism, inhibiting specific<br />
proteins and thereby revealing the role they play in laying down the<br />
nervous system. Since nanobodies are far simpler structures than<br />
full-blown conventional antibodies, they could also be engineered<br />
into plants. This might lead to a world with crops endowed with basic<br />
immunity against a specific pest or even vegetables that when eaten<br />
combat infections of the human gut.<br />
Nanobodies raised against a surface, for example a crystal lattice,<br />
could even be used to bring different enzymes into a carefully<br />
coordinated sequence. 'This would be like creating a miniature<br />
chemistry laboratory capable of performing a series of incredibly<br />
efficient reactions,' says Raymond Hamers, the immunologist who<br />
unveiled the unusual nature of camelid antibodies in the early 1990s.<br />
'The applications are endless,' he says.<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
33
34 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
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Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
35
Alex Harrington Smith updates her diary about life<br />
and the alpaca business in Australia<br />
I normally like to sit down with a glass of<br />
wine and write my diary, it helps the art of<br />
reflection I find. Unfortunately there are a<br />
few days of very high temperatures coming<br />
through so for this poor Pom alcohol is off the<br />
menu. It has been sometime since I last wrote<br />
this diary (Rachel's patience is astounding<br />
– she loves me really) and so for once it is hard<br />
to know where to begin.<br />
The birthing season has been in full swing<br />
for at least a month now so plenty of checking<br />
of these girls is the order of the day. There<br />
are about 100 girls out there at present and all<br />
these should birth by the middle of December<br />
at the latest; plenty more to fill their shoes<br />
though. Even after nine years the magnitude<br />
of the breeding programmes in a large stud<br />
can blow your mind. Fortunately Matthew<br />
and Cathy are now back so the highs and<br />
lows are shared out a little. It was a pleasure<br />
introducing them to the new drop the day<br />
after they returned. We have some stunning<br />
cria gracing the paddocks that will move<br />
us to a whole new level of breeding. The<br />
completeness of Commisario blending with<br />
the ageless charm of the old master Ruffo,<br />
the artistry of Stravinsky, or the finesse of<br />
Spartacus over Caesar blood, the discovery of<br />
how new lines gel with the old. All of it weird<br />
and wonderful, almost incomprehensible in<br />
the way it comes to fruition. For breeders<br />
there is nothing quite this exciting.<br />
The farm at Oakbank is a hive of activity as<br />
the drought calls for some major harvesting<br />
of hay. There is a lot to cut and bale whilst<br />
constantly battling the weather – temperatures<br />
are getting high and the hay has been getting<br />
too dry to bale. Add to that the heavy dews<br />
you see in the Adelaide hills, particularly<br />
Oakbank, it can also get too wet. It seems<br />
to be a balancing act with short windows of<br />
opportunity available to get the job done.<br />
Undoubtedly it will all come together<br />
and if it is anything like the clover hay my<br />
girls received courtesy of one of the other<br />
properties it will be beautiful quality.<br />
Irrigation has also started – you often hear<br />
the sound of the irrigators creaking as they<br />
spin round. I find it quite relaxing watching<br />
these majestic jets of water slowly working<br />
there way across the paddocks, especially at<br />
the end of the day when they first get going.<br />
At least some of the paddocks will stay green<br />
during the heat of the summer – it is quite odd<br />
seeing these patches of green on the landscape<br />
where everything else can be so arid and<br />
brown. They are like small oasis in the desert.<br />
I often feel sorry for the girls on pasture<br />
which is not irrigated as they watch the girls<br />
next door partaking in some lush irrigation<br />
grazing. In this instance I guess the grass<br />
really is greener …<br />
Meanwhile the alpacas are eagerly waiting<br />
for shearing. They are often seen in rather<br />
languid poses under the shade of a gum tree<br />
or positioned under the irrigators in the early<br />
evening cooling off. The best part of shearing<br />
this year will be my well timed absence – no<br />
need for luxury holidays, just the knowledge I<br />
won't be in that shearing shed for a second is<br />
enough. Almost like finding your own slice of<br />
utopia. Now to convince everyone that Cathy<br />
is surplus to requirements (not easy!) and<br />
I'll even have a serious<br />
shopping partner. This<br />
may be pushing it a little.<br />
The other big<br />
adventure was of course<br />
the AAA National<br />
Show and Sale. I am<br />
sure there is no need for<br />
too much gossip about<br />
events irrelevant to showing as the UK blogs<br />
I read suggest all this has been more than<br />
covered by the rumour mills. The show had<br />
a great atmosphere not tainted by politics<br />
or sore losers. In this respect perhaps the<br />
best show I have been to in Australia. Plenty<br />
of Brits turned up which was good – since<br />
leaving the UK I don't think I have ever felt<br />
more at home at a show. EP Cambridge had<br />
a successful show – plenty of calls between<br />
Melbourne AUS and Baydon UK, resulting<br />
in an exaggerated mobile phone bill and<br />
some stern words from Sally. Sally who is<br />
the administration and accounts supremeo,<br />
came to the show with me and was a constant<br />
source of support and amusement – if only one<br />
could put videos in print I would show you<br />
the lesson I had in dancing to Neil Diamond's<br />
crunchy granola Suite. To give you some ideas<br />
please recall being 13 or 14 and watching<br />
your parents dance in public. Thankfully<br />
the transit van was in motion at the time and<br />
no one could possibly have seen it, if they<br />
did I hope the therapist they find is not too<br />
expensive. Luckily for us Philip (O'Conor)<br />
also turned up. Now if you ever want an<br />
evening of sophisticated entertainment in<br />
Melbourne look no further than Philip. I<br />
believe EPC UK is not his only job, he also<br />
works for the TAB (a betting agency here<br />
in Oz) and is in charge of keeping patron<br />
numbers up. We went to the TAB at the end<br />
of the road both nights and then I discover<br />
his one night in an Adelaide motel was in<br />
suspiciously close proximity to, you guessed<br />
it, a TAB. Something fishy going on there.<br />
My victory on the Pokies was the highlight of<br />
the evening. Philip gave some amazing fund<br />
to start with (at least 50 cents if not a whole<br />
dollar!) and I was up nine bucks by the end.<br />
Sally has since raised some concern over a<br />
possible gambling addiction.<br />
What else? Another successful embryo<br />
transfer flush took place last week which is<br />
always good. Great fun as ever with Jane<br />
Vaughan's ever increasing repertoire of<br />
amusing anecdotes, not to mention nutrition<br />
and reproduction 101. It really is a fascinating<br />
exercise but with its highs and lows it is not<br />
for the faint hearted. In addition to all this<br />
there is the burgeoning alpaca meat industry<br />
here in Australia, you should check out www.<br />
laviande.com.au. I took some time to get my<br />
head around the whole thing but I am now<br />
there. Having sampled the fare at the National<br />
Show it is with some trepidation that I admit<br />
how excellent it is. It has a very pleasant and<br />
subtle taste, incredibly tender and all in all<br />
pretty damn good. There are many factors in<br />
Australia which meant that the time had come<br />
and Steve Ridout has recognised this. He is<br />
very knowledgeable and enthusiastic along<br />
with being completely committed to seeing it<br />
done right and in a manner that ensures it is in<br />
no way damaging to the larger industry.<br />
36 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
Hanley Hall alpacas<br />
UK Alpaca Fully Worsted Hand Knit Yarns<br />
near Malvern, Worcestershire<br />
A gorgeous child’s<br />
cardigan designed by<br />
student Vibe Sondergaard<br />
using UK Alpaca Ltd<br />
double knit<br />
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FEMALE ALPACAS<br />
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Also gelded males for fibre or pets.<br />
Telephone: 07624 462 973<br />
We are always happy to give free<br />
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Call Val or visit our website for<br />
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Utilising the UK’s coarse<br />
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Telephone: 01684 310214<br />
Email: valpacas@aol.com<br />
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752490. Email: alpaca@jarbon.com. Website: www.jarbon.com<br />
UK Alpaca Ltd’s yarns<br />
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show<br />
Novello Alpaca Farm South Africa<br />
PO Box 106, Montagu 6720, South Africa Tel: +27 21 614 2674<br />
Here on our farm, using traditional<br />
methods of cleaning, spinning and<br />
felting, Alpaca fibre is made into top<br />
quality knitted and felted garments<br />
and fabrics for scarves, shawls<br />
jackets, throws and cushions<br />
Sell us your fleece and help to create a great<br />
name for British alpaca yarns. Visit our<br />
website www.ukalpaca.com to find out how<br />
or ring Rachel Hebditch on 01884 243579<br />
We also offer B&B accommodation<br />
www.novello-alpacas.com<br />
UK Alpaca Ltd, Vulscombe Farm, Pennymoor, Tiverton, Devon, EX16 8NB<br />
www.ukalpaca.com<br />
32 Alpaca World Magazine Summer 2007<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
37
Lifestyle, Investment or Business ?<br />
Why <strong>Alpacas</strong> ?<br />
There are a myriad of reasons for people to become involved with<br />
alpacas. Are you currently considering entering the alpaca industry?<br />
Are you an alpaca breeder evaluating your position within the<br />
industry? What initially attracted you to alpacas? Some people<br />
are simply fascinated and attracted to alpacas because they are<br />
so unique. Others turn to alpacas as the environmentally friendly<br />
livestock. Some are drawn to alpacas by the possible financial gains.<br />
Owning alpacas meets the needs and desires of a vast range of people<br />
in a wide variety of circumstances. Although the reasons people<br />
become involved in alpacas may be quite diverse Steve Marshall<br />
believes there are three main foundation categories namely lifestyle,<br />
investment and business.<br />
38 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
<strong>Alpacas</strong> for lifestyle<br />
Perhaps the most common reason people<br />
become involved with alpacas is because they<br />
are such enchanting animals. The idyllic<br />
situation of a small herd of alpacas gently<br />
grazing hillsides providing a picturesque<br />
view from the front verandah is attractive.<br />
It could be just a few wethers to mow the<br />
paddock and showing a beautiful range of<br />
natural colours. Or possibly a small herd of<br />
breeding females and the excitement of a new<br />
born cria every few months. The endearing<br />
and intelligent nature of alpacas draws some<br />
people while others are attracted to the<br />
luxurious fine fleece. <strong>Alpacas</strong> are possibly<br />
the most environmentally friendly livestock,<br />
with soft padded feet and don't need mulesing<br />
or crutching. Not susceptible to foot rot and<br />
flystrike alpacas are a common choice for<br />
busy people seeking relatively maintenance<br />
free livestock. Gentle on fences, the ability to<br />
be halter trained and even kept as pets, it is<br />
understandable why alpacas are so popular.<br />
However, to purchase alpacas simply as<br />
an investment, put them in a paddock to<br />
breed and expect a financial return is a huge<br />
risk. This approach is ultimately likely to<br />
lead to disillusioned alpaca breeders that<br />
have failed to achieve their goal. Who is<br />
responsible for tracking market trends? Who<br />
is making wise management and marketing<br />
decisions? Keeping in touch with industry<br />
directions and making good decisions about<br />
management is vital for success and requires<br />
some effort. On the other hand one could<br />
successfully invest in alpacas if they were<br />
managed by an experienced alpaca breeder<br />
with good management techniques and a<br />
sound business plan. <strong>Alpacas</strong> may be owned<br />
outright or in a syndicate and agisted with<br />
a reputable breeder. In this situation the<br />
investor may choose to relinquish control<br />
over livestock management decisions and<br />
is charged for the services of the expert<br />
alpaca breeder. For an owner of just a few<br />
alpacas this approach may be more cost<br />
effective, taking advantage of the expertise,<br />
marketing and reputation of an established,<br />
experienced breeder.<br />
"There are a growing number of people involved<br />
in alpacas running highly successful and<br />
profitable businesses. There is now a world wide<br />
community of successful alpaca businesses<br />
trading not only within their own country but also<br />
internationally."<br />
<strong>Alpacas</strong> for Investment<br />
Possibly the poorest reason to become<br />
involved in alpacas is as an investment. Stocks<br />
and shares, gold, antiques and fine artwork<br />
may be reasonable investments as they<br />
involve no maintenance and little business<br />
expertise. It is quite common for someone<br />
to invest in an object of value and perhaps<br />
rarity and expect that one day it will be worth<br />
more than the initial cost. An investment<br />
shouldn't require constant attention or work<br />
to increase its value. Although, real estate,<br />
gold or shares, may provide good financial<br />
returns some investors are attracted to<br />
alpacas because they want to be part of an<br />
exciting, growing industry. There is also<br />
the enjoyment of touching and seeing your<br />
investment (the alpacas) grow and breed.<br />
<strong>Alpacas</strong> for business<br />
There are a growing number of people<br />
involved in alpacas running highly successful<br />
and profitable businesses. There is now a<br />
world wide community of successful alpaca<br />
businesses trading not only within their own<br />
country but also internationally. A business<br />
differs from a simple investment in that it<br />
requires a plan and constant attention to be<br />
successful. However, satisfaction that comes<br />
from a successful alpaca business is both<br />
financially and personally rewarding. The<br />
key ingredients to owning and operating a<br />
successful business are common across a wide<br />
range of businesses. To own and run an alpaca<br />
business requires;<br />
■ Research market opportunities and<br />
sustainability – <strong>Alpacas</strong> have been run in<br />
Australia since 1988 and although their<br />
value, in general has declined slowly over a<br />
long period the industry is well established<br />
and sustainable. In fact the lower average<br />
price has made it possible for more people<br />
to become involved in the industry which<br />
is growing. Although the average price per<br />
alpaca is considerably less than in 1988,<br />
individual elite alpacas are commanding<br />
record prices.<br />
■ Research stock quality – Depending on<br />
the goals and objectives of the business<br />
the type, number and quality of initial<br />
alpacas purchased may be quite different in<br />
various business situations. Embryo transfer<br />
technology has enabled owners of very low<br />
quality females to access and purchase top<br />
quality genetics in the form of embryos.<br />
Initial stock quality and quantity to some<br />
extent determines a breeder's role in the<br />
industry.<br />
■ Development of a business plan with<br />
projected costs and income – There are<br />
numerous courses and opportunities<br />
available to learn about business<br />
management. If the intent is to make<br />
money, the farm must be run in a business<br />
fashion with management of a budget that is<br />
realistic and achievable.<br />
■ Development of a breeding plan –<br />
Understand your market and construct<br />
a plan to breed alpacas that are sought<br />
after. Knowing how to recognize and<br />
breed top quality alpacas is critical to gain<br />
recognition and therefore reputation within<br />
the industry. Market trend may change over<br />
time. However, a good breeding plan should<br />
be flexible to a certain degree, but also<br />
adaptable and stable enough to cope with<br />
changes without starting at the beginning<br />
with each new idea.<br />
■ Development of a marketing strategy or<br />
plan – Perhaps identify a niche market that<br />
suits your position. Maybe a particular<br />
colour or type of alpaca that assists<br />
you in standing out from the crowd.<br />
Often marketing includes attending and<br />
competing in shows. It certainly involves<br />
some sort of advertising to your target<br />
market. The development of a marketing<br />
plan goes hand in hand with a business<br />
plan. There is no financial gain to be made<br />
breeding the world's best alpacas if no one<br />
knows about them.<br />
■ The desire to succeed – There is no<br />
doubt about the fact that to be successful<br />
in business requires some risks, a lot of<br />
effort and plenty of hard work. There are<br />
often hiccups and obstacles along the way<br />
that require research, perseverance and<br />
determination to work through and achieve<br />
success.<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
39
40 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
42 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
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Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
43
… not likely, says<br />
the Royal Veterinary<br />
College's Claire<br />
Whitehead. Follow her<br />
practical guidance and<br />
healthy livestock in the<br />
spring are assured.<br />
© Claire E Whitehead bvm&s ms Dipacvim<br />
mrcvs<br />
<strong>Winter</strong> is the time that things can<br />
go horribly wrong if you have not<br />
prepared adequately and holes exist in your<br />
management plans. Clearly, certain groups of<br />
alpacas are going to be at greater risk under<br />
winter conditions. These include neonates<br />
if you have females giving birth during the<br />
winter and young crias, geriatric alpacas,<br />
alpacas having inadequate fleece or poor body<br />
condition, and sick alpacas. Neonates are<br />
more at risk in cold conditions even once they<br />
are dry because they have a larger surface area<br />
compared to their body size from which they<br />
can lose heat. Geriatric animals may have<br />
dental issues resulting in loss of condition,<br />
and may not grow back their fleece as quickly<br />
as younger animals following shearing<br />
leaving them more susceptible to the effects<br />
of cold weather. All groups may have varying<br />
degrees of immune compromise or immune<br />
incompetence leaving them more susceptible<br />
to disease, especially if they are put under<br />
further stress due to cold. Additionally, if<br />
alpacas are confined in barn accommodation<br />
during cold spells, closer proximity to each<br />
other increases the risk of disease transmission<br />
– for example, respiratory viruses,<br />
gastrointestinal parasites and coccidia. Barn<br />
accommodation should be well-ventilated to<br />
reduce respiratory problems.<br />
It takes more energy to maintain body<br />
condition and organ function in the cold<br />
and this is why nutritional management<br />
is especially important during the winter.<br />
In winter, grazing quality is not as good as<br />
it may be at other times of year such that<br />
more supplementary feeding is likely to be<br />
necessary, especially for lactating dams, late<br />
gestation females and growing youngsters.<br />
<strong>Alpacas</strong> will tend to lose body condition<br />
during winter if feed quality deteriorates. This<br />
can cause all sorts of problems for females due<br />
to give birth in the Spring since this coincides<br />
with the period that they actually need to be<br />
on an increasing plane of nutrition due to<br />
rapid growth of the unborn cria. Most alpacas<br />
will be out grazing throughout the winter,<br />
but they may still need hay provision if the<br />
quantity of grazing is insufficient. You will<br />
also need hay if animals are brought inside.<br />
Whether you make your own or buy in hay,<br />
it is worth having it analysed for quality so<br />
that you know what it is likely to provide in<br />
terms of energy and protein. Don't take the<br />
supplier's word for it, especially if you are<br />
buying in large quantities.<br />
If you are feeding supplements, make sure<br />
that this is feed specifically marketed for<br />
camelids as this will have the right balance<br />
of minerals. Camelid feed is also usually<br />
supplemented with vitamin D. Other species<br />
non-specific feed-stuffs may also be used,<br />
such as alfalfa or sugar beet. The latter is an<br />
excellent source of carbohydrate and doesn't<br />
induce ulcers unlike corn. It is especially<br />
good for feeding to underweight animals<br />
to help them put on weight. The volume of<br />
supplementary feeding will vary depending<br />
on gender, age, stage of gestation, body<br />
condition, quality of grazing etc. But you can<br />
start off using a measured amount per head<br />
as recommended by the feed manufacturer or<br />
other breeders and monitor the effectiveness<br />
of that amount by monitoring body condition.<br />
If your alpacas lose condition, then you will<br />
need to feed more, and if they gain condition<br />
then reduce the volume. With any changes<br />
in feed volume though, make these changes<br />
44 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
slowly in order to allow the fore-stomachs<br />
to adapt. Small changes in feed volume are<br />
likely to be okay though. When feeding<br />
supplements, always make sure that you have<br />
sufficient trough space for all alpacas in order<br />
to reduce the effective of competition – ideally<br />
3ft per head. Pay attention to any dominant or<br />
recessive feeders and make provision for any<br />
alpacas seen not to be receiving enough.<br />
Monitoring body condition is a key<br />
management tool in alpaca farming and one<br />
that I cannot emphasise enough. I recommend<br />
body condition scoring adult alpacas rountinely<br />
once monthly but you can do it more frequently<br />
with animals that you are worried about and<br />
when monitoring the effectiveness of dietary<br />
changes. Routine condition scoring allows<br />
you to spot problem animals but also to group<br />
animals and make the best use of feed. For<br />
example, you don't want to overfeed nonpregnant<br />
maidens that will become fat on the<br />
same ration as a late gestation or lactating<br />
dam. This is not only a waste of feed but can<br />
be detrimental to the health of the animal. It<br />
is important to keep records of your findings<br />
so that you can easily check back and notice<br />
any changes. Some herd management software<br />
packages will allow you to show this data<br />
graphically making trends in condition loss or<br />
gain easy to spot. It is also important that the<br />
same person is responsible for scoring at each<br />
time point because different people will score<br />
slightly differently – this is not a problem per se,<br />
but it will make it harder to establish whether<br />
a change in condition is real or just individual<br />
variation between testers!<br />
The main area to palpate for body condition<br />
score (BCS) is over the back where you are<br />
feeling the muscle and fat that surrounds and<br />
supports the spine, but you will also need to<br />
feel over the ribcage. Suris will body condition<br />
score differently from Huacayas as they tend<br />
to store more fat around their backbones<br />
for insulation because of their different coat<br />
types. Also, older animals will feel different<br />
from younger animals and you can often get a<br />
better idea of their body condition by feeling<br />
the ribs. Finally, males have more muscle<br />
around the spine, so feel the rib cover to get a<br />
proper idea of their condition too. I prefer to<br />
use a scale of 1-10, with 1/10 being a very thin<br />
animal with a knife-edge spine and prominent<br />
ribs (you can fit your fingers between them<br />
easily) and 10/10 being obese (flat to bulging<br />
back, can't feel the spine or ribs). An ideal<br />
body condition score for a female at any stage<br />
of gestation or lactation is 5.5-6 out of 10:<br />
at this BCS, the muscle cover either side of<br />
the spine feels slightly rounded and you can<br />
feel the ribs, but you cannot fit your fingers<br />
between them. Fatter animals will start to<br />
store fat on their chests and in the perineal<br />
area (under the tail) as well as starting to<br />
"Monitoring<br />
body<br />
condition<br />
is a key<br />
management<br />
tool in alpaca<br />
farming and<br />
one that<br />
I cannot<br />
emphasise<br />
enough."<br />
Many thanks for the<br />
use of photographs of<br />
alpacas in the snow<br />
to Jenny MacHarg,<br />
Fowberry <strong>Alpacas</strong>,<br />
Northumberland. UK.<br />
deposit fat at the tops of their thighs. This fat<br />
deposition begins at BCS 7.5 upwards.<br />
Other than monitoring BCS to assess<br />
the effectiveness of diet in maintaining<br />
good condition, there are other preparatory<br />
measures that can be done in order to<br />
maintain optimal health of your alpacas<br />
during the winter. A couple of factors that<br />
will have a big influence on an alpaca's ability<br />
to maintain condition during winter are the<br />
presence of any gastrointestinal (GI) parasites<br />
and dental problems. GI parasites essentially<br />
'steal' the food that your alpacas consume<br />
and can also cause anaemia. Ensuring that<br />
your alpacas are free from parasites before<br />
the winter comes helps to give them the best<br />
chance during the colder months. Then<br />
retest in the Spring to see if they have picked<br />
anything up during the winter. This can<br />
be done by evaluating faecal samples and<br />
worming appropriately based on test results.<br />
Worming blindly, without knowledge of the<br />
parasites present in your alpacas may at best<br />
be inappropriate, and at worst ineffective as<br />
drug selection may be wrong for the parasites<br />
present. Faecals must be fresh and taken from<br />
individual animals and not from a communal<br />
pooping area. This is important because it<br />
allows you to identify particular animals with<br />
problems and may show up patterns if you<br />
have a herd parasite problem. Try to collect<br />
a good size sample – a minimum of 8-10<br />
pellets. Put it in a clean pot or ziplock bag and<br />
clearly label with the animal's identification<br />
and the date. Labs do not like to receive<br />
samples in inside-out gloves! Give to your<br />
vet as soon as possible after collection to<br />
prevent deterioration of the sample (or have<br />
the vet collect the samples). If there is any<br />
delay, refrigerate the samples. I recommend<br />
collecting samples from 10% or 10 animals in<br />
your herd, whichever is the greater number.<br />
If you have fewer than 10 animals, then test<br />
them all. If you need to choose between<br />
animals, select those that may be a little on<br />
the skinny side and from a variety of ages, but<br />
younger animals between 6 and 18 months<br />
of age are useful as they act as herd sentinels<br />
– they usually have not developed much<br />
immunity to parasites and can have higher<br />
levels of infestation.<br />
Dental problems also will have a greater<br />
negative impact on animals during cold<br />
weather as any reduction in appetite due to<br />
oral pain or dental malocclusion will result<br />
in more loss in body condition. Carefully<br />
check your alpacas for evidence of tooth root<br />
abscesses and these will be evident by hard<br />
swellings along the mandibles, or sometimes<br />
purulent material may appear on the face<br />
if the abscess ruptures. Compare with the<br />
opposite mandible or other animals if you're<br />
not sure whether what you are feeling is<br />
normal. Also pay attention to any alpacas<br />
that do not have good dental conformation,<br />
especially those with overshot lower incisors.<br />
If these are overgrown, they can sometimes<br />
trap the jaw preventing side-to-side jaw<br />
movement that is necessary for chewing<br />
forages. Incisors can be trimmed by your<br />
vet using a dremel tool with a cutting disc.<br />
Sedation will probably be required.<br />
During winter, if your alpacas are kept on<br />
pasture, the ground is likely to be soft. This<br />
will result in overgrown toenails in many<br />
animals. If severe this can alter weight-bearing<br />
and potentially cause injury and lameness,<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
45
Health and Welfare <strong>Winter</strong> Worries ?<br />
so watch out for this and trim toenails<br />
accordingly.<br />
Finally, if we get some really freezing<br />
weather this winter, make sure that you<br />
remember to check the water tanks and break<br />
any ice, or ensure that automatic waterers are<br />
functioning properly. And minimise any areas<br />
of standing water that may freeze and create<br />
ice-rinks. Be prepared to cordon them off<br />
with hurdles if drainage isn't possible in order<br />
to prevent injury of both alpacas and their<br />
human carers!<br />
Now that we've dealt with the more routine<br />
preventative measures, I would like to make<br />
a few comments regarding specific groups<br />
of animals that may need special attention<br />
during winter. There may be additional<br />
preparations recommended that will help you<br />
to deal with any problems that may arise in<br />
each of these groups.<br />
Geriatric alpacas<br />
As previously mentioned, geriatric alpacas<br />
are more susceptible to cold weather, as well<br />
as to changes in the weather. Ensure that you<br />
check faecals for GI parasites and the teeth, as<br />
described above, and make special provision<br />
to feed these animals extra if they are<br />
struggling to maintain their condition. Coats<br />
may be useful in colder or wet conditions.<br />
Crias<br />
During the winter, all growing alpacas are<br />
susceptible to rickets, or vitamin D deficiency<br />
(see article in the last issue of Alpaca World,<br />
Autumn 2007). Therefore all crias and<br />
juveniles should be given vitamin D during<br />
the winter months. This can be achieved using<br />
either injectable or oral vitamin D-containing<br />
products, both of which have to be sourced<br />
from outside the UK at the current time.<br />
Injectable vitamin D lasts about 6-8 weeks,<br />
and I recommend one injection in November<br />
and another one in February. If winter is<br />
prolonged, a further injection in April may be<br />
necessary. Oral products need to be dosed a<br />
little more frequently – every 6 weeks.<br />
In the winter, groups of crias and<br />
youngsters are more likely to develop<br />
diarrhoea due to confinement as this increases<br />
the risk of transmission of infectious agents.<br />
Coccidia are likely to be a common problem<br />
and GI parasites can also cause diarrhoea<br />
in older crias, but other infectious agents<br />
cause diarrhoea in alpacas, so diagnostics<br />
will help your vet treat the underlying cause<br />
appropriately and also help you avoid infection<br />
personally since many pathogens are zoonotic<br />
agents, meaning that they can infect humans<br />
also. Other potential pathogens include<br />
cryptosporidia, giardia, E coli, coronavirus,<br />
rotavirus and Salmonella.<br />
"In winter, hypothermia can<br />
set in quickly, so be prepared<br />
to have somewhere indoors<br />
where you can bring the new<br />
mum and her cria to keep<br />
warm."<br />
Pregnant females<br />
This group will require special monitoring<br />
during the winter months, especially if<br />
they are due to give birth. Neonates born<br />
in inclement weather are much more likely<br />
to have problems such as hypothermia and<br />
hypoglycaemia, but also failure to ingest<br />
sufficient colostrum as they may not readily<br />
nurse enough. This can result in failure of<br />
passive transfer of immunity (FPT) and<br />
subsequent septicaemia. You can test for FPT<br />
by using a camelid-specific immunoglobulin<br />
(IgG) test which takes about 24 hours. A<br />
blood sample can be drawn between 24<br />
hours of age and seven days, but preferably<br />
in the window between 24 and 48 hours. If<br />
the IgG is low, a plasma transfusion can be<br />
given intravenously in order to prevent your<br />
cria from becoming ill, and can also be used<br />
as part of the treatment for septicaemia if<br />
this occurs first. Your vet may be able to do<br />
this test, but if they do not have it at their<br />
practice, they can send serum samples to the<br />
Diagnostic Laboratory at the Royal Veterinary<br />
College. If your vet is not able to acquire<br />
camelid plasma, you could ask for referral to<br />
the Royal Veterinary College where we have a<br />
supply and also have a neonatal care facility.<br />
Always have a birthing kit ready in case<br />
a female experiences difficulty in labour,<br />
and a 'cria kit' in order to take care of the<br />
newborn cria. In winter, hypothermia can set<br />
in quickly, so be prepared to have somewhere<br />
indoors where you can bring the new mum<br />
and her cria to keep warm. Also have clean<br />
towels available to dry the cria off (alpacas will<br />
not lick their crias), as well as an assortment of<br />
hot water bottles, warming discs or heat lamps<br />
to help warm a hypothermic cria. A few clean<br />
cria jackets are also useful to have available.<br />
Keep some sort of sugary solution available<br />
too (such as honey or syrup) which can be a<br />
lifesaver in case of hypoglycaemia. Just smear<br />
a finger-full inside the mouth of the cria if it's<br />
flat out and unresponsive. The sugar will be<br />
rapidly absorbed and may help save the cria's<br />
life before you can get veterinary treatment.<br />
Finally, females due in the Spring will<br />
need to be on an increasing plane of nutrition<br />
during this period as the unborn foetus is<br />
growing rapidly in the last few months of<br />
gestation. Be especially careful to monitor<br />
BCS regularly in this group during the winter<br />
so that you can add to their ration if necessary.<br />
This group are at risk from 'pregnancy<br />
toxaemia' during this period if they do not<br />
ingest sufficient feed resulting in abortion and<br />
potentially also the death of the female.<br />
Sick animals<br />
This group will be especially susceptible in<br />
cold weather conditions as they will already be<br />
directing their resources towards fighting their<br />
illness. Therefore, always make sure that you<br />
have somewhere that you can house sick animals<br />
to give them shelter from wet and windy weather<br />
and keep them warm. At the very least, this<br />
should be a three-sided field shelter that can<br />
have a portion enclosed with hurdles while still<br />
allowing access to other alpacas. Coats can be<br />
useful for this group as well.<br />
Sick alpacas may not drink enough,<br />
especially if the water is icy cold. Therefore,<br />
be prepared to provide warm water which may<br />
improve the quantity ingested and keep them<br />
hydrated.<br />
Isolation of sick alpacas can help minimise<br />
the spread of infectious disease, such as those<br />
causing diarrhoea or respiratory disease.<br />
Finally, from the above it can be seen that<br />
there are many things that you can do to help<br />
protect your animals from disease and injury<br />
in the winter months. A few preparations can<br />
make all the difference and even help save you<br />
money in the long run!<br />
46 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
Canchones<br />
fine black alpaca<br />
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Peter Kennedy & Robert Gane<br />
Phone: 61 3 5773 2468<br />
alpacas@canchones.com.au<br />
360 Swamp Creek Road<br />
Taggerty, Victoria, Australia 3714<br />
www.canchones.com.au<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
47
THE ALPACA TRAINING CENTRE<br />
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48 66 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> Summer 2007 2007 / 08<br />
62 Alpaca World Magazine Summer 2007
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
49
Moving on<br />
Nigel and Ginny Cobb bring us up to date with their<br />
activities in Spain<br />
The excitement is building here in<br />
Spain as we eagerly await the arrival of<br />
twenty-one alpacas from the UK, if the export<br />
restrictions for FMD and BTV are ever lifted!<br />
Arish and Sue Turle of Alham Valley<br />
<strong>Alpacas</strong> have kindly agreed to invest in our<br />
business over here, by providing nineteen<br />
animals, most of which are pregnant to some<br />
of the best studs available in the UK. Their<br />
generosity is overwhelming and their belief in<br />
what we are doing here is encouraging to say<br />
the least. We already have buyers for two of<br />
their breeding females and more interest all<br />
the time; long may it last.<br />
The consequence of this opportunity is that<br />
we will have to move house, as we need more<br />
land; by this time next year our herd will have<br />
grown from 19 to about 65. We have buyers<br />
for our finca who are willing to wait till we can<br />
re-locate, thank goodness. But we are having<br />
problems finding something suitable. The<br />
hunt is on-going and no doubt this will mean<br />
another large building project is on the cards.<br />
We are expecting some 30 births, spread<br />
throughout the year unfortunately, for all sorts<br />
of circumstances, too numerous to mention<br />
here, with no respite other than December<br />
2008. Alpaca hell! Plus the first births for<br />
a couple of our clients as well. Ginny has<br />
birthed a flock of 100 ewes with great success<br />
and of course alpacas for the last four years,<br />
not in this quantity though. Let's face it, there<br />
is no comparison between the potential value<br />
of an alpaca cria and a lamb. This will put a<br />
lot of additional strain on the situation as this<br />
is our livelihood and we strive to give them<br />
the very best care at all times. Wish us luck,<br />
please.<br />
It is the goat birthing season here now and<br />
we have already secured our supply of "liquid<br />
gold", in the form of goats' colostrum. Since<br />
being here we have found it invaluable, when<br />
necessary. Blood will be taken shortly from<br />
our boys and spun locally in Ronda. The<br />
plasma will join the colostrum in the freezer.<br />
Having everything necessary at hand before<br />
the event is a must – just in case.<br />
<strong>Alpacas</strong> de Andalucia had a remarkable<br />
day last month when a group of twenty single<br />
parents and their children came to visit. As<br />
luck would have it on the chosen day it rained<br />
cats and dogs, so we postponed the visit till<br />
later in the week. We had a great afternoon,<br />
introducing them to Max, Martin, Bonita,<br />
Lulu and the star of the show Zac and gave a<br />
little educational stuff as well. The children,<br />
aged between two and twelve behaved<br />
impeccably and the alpacas did their bit. Ella<br />
was too interested in her public to take much<br />
notice of where her feet were going and fell<br />
in the swimming pool, shallow-end, thank<br />
goodness, and broke a toe nail. All is well and<br />
she now has no more public engagements until<br />
her cria is born in the Spring. We received<br />
good local press coverage for the event and as<br />
all the visitors live in the UK, we are doing our<br />
bit for the home industry. Ian and Elaine Love<br />
proprietors of Hotel Molino del Puente (www.<br />
hotelmolinodelpuente.com), whose idea it was,<br />
are going to promote similar events for their<br />
guests in the future. Every bit of publicity<br />
creates awareness of what we are doing.<br />
In Estepona, on the Costa del Sol we<br />
attended the Over 50's exhibition. We were<br />
actually promoting Nigel's business of writing<br />
English and Spanish wills, but we gave over<br />
half the stand to our alpacas. To be honest<br />
we had not expected much in the way of real<br />
interest – lots of 'what are they?', but nothing<br />
serious. It could not have been further from<br />
the truth. In fact we now have four serious<br />
potential buyers, a spinner who thinks alpaca<br />
fleece is amazing and other people wanting to<br />
come and see the farm. It just shows you that<br />
publicity, where ever you can get it, may bring<br />
results. We are following up these leads and<br />
hope that it will create new owners in this part<br />
of the world.<br />
The current disease situation is causing us<br />
all concern and one wonders if the market<br />
will ever be the same. Certainly there will be<br />
more conditions on the movement of alpacas<br />
and with this in mind we are trying to get an<br />
initiative across Europe for a level playing<br />
field. In our minds we need to get the National<br />
associations working together to resolve the<br />
issues of disease control and prevention for<br />
camelids. There are too many differences<br />
across the various countries. This may seem<br />
unimportant to the UK owner, but as Nick<br />
Harrington-Smith pointed out in the last issue<br />
of Alpaca World the UK needs the rest of<br />
50 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
Europe as its market place. Doing nothing and<br />
adopting the UK mentality of 'rowing our own<br />
boat' could prevent such trade. Just look at the<br />
regulations last year regarding showing our<br />
animals in the French shows. Be warned!<br />
The issue for us all to consider is that we<br />
now have a certainty in that Blue Tongue<br />
is here to stay. The serotypes may change,<br />
but we know that alpacas are susceptible<br />
to the disease, though we do not yet have<br />
firm evidence to say that they die from it.<br />
Whether they should be vaccinated against<br />
this disease is not something we are qualified<br />
to comment on, but surely we must research<br />
any vaccine before we go into a programme for<br />
the European stock. We are sure that Claire<br />
Whitehead has this in hand, as she sits on<br />
the relevant DEFRA committee, on behalf of<br />
camelid owners. We suggest that funds should<br />
be made available from the Camelid Trust<br />
urgently to research this issue, in conjunction<br />
with DEFRA and a university. There are<br />
owners who would be prepared to donate<br />
some animals for this research.<br />
There is another issue that we should be<br />
taking more seriously. We have seen the<br />
consequence of poor bio-security with FMD<br />
spreading from a research establishment.<br />
That's not our fault, we hear you say. But<br />
many of us have little idea about bio-security<br />
at our own farms and if we are to be serious<br />
about our investment in these animals, then<br />
we need to lead the way and ensure we have<br />
proper controls and systems in place to<br />
combat and prevent disease in the future. We<br />
would suggest that the BAS works with the<br />
British Veterinary Camelid Society (BVCS)<br />
and creates a bio-security regime for all alpaca<br />
owners. Maybe we could also centralise our<br />
findings on animal diseases and deaths, so<br />
that we can build up a better picture to help<br />
protect them in the future.<br />
This is all rather depressing, we know, but<br />
the trouble is that we are all living with these<br />
issues now. It will be quite likely that Blue<br />
Tongue could affect the show programme<br />
and our marketing activities next year. We<br />
hope we are not being too gloomy in saying<br />
that this may well be the beginning of the<br />
end for the industry as we know it, unless we<br />
can collectively act together. But a simple<br />
request to the Camelid Trust bought me down<br />
to earth, when Nick Weber said that this<br />
issue had to be agreed not by two societies,<br />
as in the past, but now three. That is not<br />
what we thought when we merged the two<br />
organisations. Then there is the rest of Europe<br />
to get to agree to a programme.<br />
Put in a nutshell; think of the consequences<br />
for drive-by matings etc if blood tests and<br />
quarantine periods are introduced. What<br />
happens then?<br />
We suggest that the Societies across Europe<br />
appoint a pan-European committee to meet<br />
and discuss these issues. Let us all work<br />
together on issues that affect us all.<br />
We would welcome comments on our thoughts. Please do let us know<br />
what you feel. Email nigel.cobb@andaluciaalpacas.com<br />
www.alpacasdeandalucia.com<br />
Facing page: Lucy and<br />
Yolanda taking a well<br />
earned rest from walnut<br />
harvesting on the farm<br />
whilst our boys, especially<br />
Ross, take advantage of<br />
the hay.<br />
Above left: The Dragonfly<br />
Wills stand at the Over<br />
50's in Estepona where we<br />
were primarily promoting<br />
our wills business, but as<br />
a result of the alpaca signs<br />
got four new potential<br />
owners.<br />
Above right: Hannah<br />
gives halter training a go.<br />
Left: Ginny Cobb<br />
discussing the merits of<br />
alpacas with some children<br />
who came to stay near<br />
Ronda for a week and<br />
came to the farm for a<br />
visit - which they later<br />
described as the highlight<br />
of their week.<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
51
Foreign Correspondence Seeing Red About Blue Tongue<br />
On a lighter note, we have thus been concentrating our<br />
marketing to people living in Andalucia and it is really<br />
good news that Mike and Linda Hall, newly arrived<br />
residents, have decided that alpaca breeding is a business<br />
they want to get involved with. They selected two of our<br />
breeding females and will take possession of them as you<br />
read this article. There are others also wanting to become<br />
breeders, so it is a really exciting time for the Spanish<br />
industry which is lagging well behind that of the rest of<br />
Europe.<br />
We showed some of our alpacas at the annual Ronda<br />
Feria which attracted over 40,000 visitors. We gave out<br />
over 1000 leaflets. Lots of interest from the Spanish and in<br />
time they will be buyers. Ella stole the show for the second<br />
year running, with her perambulation around the show<br />
ground in amongst the stands and the thousands of people.<br />
She does love her public.<br />
She was also on show at the Setenil Romeria, a local<br />
festival where the townsfolk take to the country, camping<br />
out for the week-end and in particular show off their lovely<br />
horses. We felt that Ella could compliment this and she did<br />
not disappoint. Our builder, Sebastian Lain had invited us<br />
to his 'pitch' and whilst we talked, ate and drank, Ella again<br />
wowed her public.<br />
It was wonderful to come back to the UK and attend<br />
the Bath & West show at the beginning of June. Funny to<br />
be there without any animals to show, but the standard of<br />
winners seemed to us to be higher than ever before. Our<br />
congratulations to everyone involved.<br />
Certainly we had less stress than the owners who were<br />
showing their animals, but it was good to see the show<br />
from the sidelines, so to speak. We brought our vet, Alonso<br />
Rodriguez over from Spain. It was his first visit to the UK<br />
and he was thrilled with what he saw. Martin Jose, trustee<br />
of the Camelid Trust, very kindly spent some time with<br />
him and it is really good that vets from different countries<br />
meet and discuss things. We are so reliant on them for<br />
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their knowledge. Alonso would like to thank those who<br />
spent time with him and for the many invitations he<br />
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Finally<br />
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alpacas moved onto their pasture, though we did need one<br />
of the cria in the house for a few days. When the builders<br />
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01308 485207<br />
Wholesale orders for 2008 need to<br />
be with Mary Bunney by 12th<br />
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All good wishes for 2008 from<br />
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Telephone 01308 485207<br />
Email quipu@tiscali.co.uk<br />
52 60<br />
Alpaca<br />
Alpaca<br />
World<br />
World<br />
Magazine<br />
Magazine<br />
<strong>Winter</strong><br />
Summer<br />
2007<br />
2007<br />
/ 08<br />
30 Alpaca World Magazine Summer 2007
A Perf ect Gift<br />
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Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
53
South America's other famous export makes its mark in<br />
2008. Rachel Hebditch celebrates the humble tuber that<br />
sustained the people of a simple society and<br />
perhaps enabled them to domesticate and<br />
develop the camelid species that so many 'first<br />
world' businesses profit from today. Read, eat<br />
and give thanks.<br />
This is the Year of the Frog, the<br />
National Year of Reading, the<br />
International Year of Planet Earth, European<br />
Year of Intercultural Dialogue and, wait for<br />
it, the United Nations International Year of<br />
the Potato.<br />
It is the potato we are concerned about,<br />
one of the world's great staple foods, which<br />
originated in South America where thousands<br />
of varieties are grown.<br />
Potatoes are rich in carbohydrates with<br />
the highest protein content in the family of<br />
root and tuber crops. The protein is of fairly<br />
high quality with an amino acid pattern well<br />
matched to human requirements. They are<br />
rich in vitamin C – a single medium sized<br />
potato contains about half the recommended<br />
daily intake – and they contain a fifth of the<br />
recommended daily value of potassium.<br />
The farmers in Peru's high Andes are<br />
among the poorest in the country with<br />
average incomes of under one US dollar a<br />
day. But they are sitting on something of a<br />
goldmine as the region is home to some three<br />
thousand varieties of indigenous potatoes.<br />
Some of the native strains look pretty strange<br />
as they are brightly coloured inside and out<br />
and come in all sorts of odd shapes. Many<br />
are disease resistant and were selected by the<br />
pre-Inca peoples for their good taste and high<br />
culinary qualities.<br />
The potato, Solanum tuberosum, is an<br />
herbaceous annual that grows up to 40 inches<br />
tall and produces a tuber – also called potato<br />
– so rich in starch that it ranks as the world's<br />
fourth most important food crop, after maize,<br />
wheat and rice. The potato belongs to the<br />
Solanaceae or 'nightshade' family of flowering<br />
plants, and shares the genus Solanum with<br />
at least 1000 other species, including tomato<br />
and eggplant. S. tuberosum is divided into two,<br />
only slightly different, subspecies: andigena<br />
which is adapted to short day conditions and<br />
is mainly grown in the Andes, and tuberosum,<br />
the potato now cultivated around the world<br />
which is believed to be descended from a small<br />
introduction to Europe of andigena potatoes<br />
that later adapted to longer day lengths.<br />
There are many organisations working to<br />
exploit the enormous diversity of species in<br />
South America. T'ikapapa, an initiative of the<br />
International Potato Center's Papa Andina<br />
Partnership Program, is one of the finalists<br />
in a global competition for development<br />
projects. T'ikapapa is a marketing concept<br />
that links small farmers in the Andean<br />
highlands to expanding urban markets<br />
utilising potato biodiversity to create new<br />
market opportunities. It has won two awards<br />
already and the local farmers working with<br />
researchers have produced two new varieties<br />
of potato – the Pallayponcho and Pukalliclla<br />
– named after the poncho and a square shawl.<br />
Farmers in these areas do not use chemical<br />
fertilisers or pesticides or prepare the soil in<br />
a commercial way but rather till the soil with<br />
the traditional chaquitaclla. They plant a large<br />
number of different varieties that are suited<br />
to the particular environment to decrease the<br />
chances of crop failure.<br />
The vast majority of the native species of<br />
potatoes are grown above 3800 meters but<br />
because of climate change many are now<br />
victims of late blight. The work done by the<br />
community farmers and potato researchers to<br />
breed superior potato clones with resistance to<br />
blight will be used in other parts of the world.<br />
The potato company, Greenvale, in the<br />
UK, has recently launched Mayan Gold, after<br />
working with the Scottish Crop Research<br />
Institute for fifteen years, to produce a<br />
variety that goes back to an original South<br />
American potato. This Institute holds the<br />
Commonwealth Potato Collection which has<br />
54 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
" … the region is home to some three thousand<br />
varieties of indigenous potatoes. Some of the<br />
native strains look pretty strange as they are<br />
brightly coloured inside and out and come<br />
in all sorts of odd shapes. Many are disease<br />
resistant and were selected by the pre-Inca<br />
peoples for their good taste and high culinary<br />
qualities."<br />
over 1000 samples of wild potato collected<br />
by the British Empire Potato Collecting<br />
Expedition in 1938. From Lima, the party<br />
journeyed 9000 miles through Peru, Bolivia,<br />
Argentina, Ecuador and Colombia, ending in<br />
Panama eight months later.<br />
One of the members of that team was the<br />
late Professor Jack Hawkes who played an<br />
important international role in the emerging<br />
discipline of plant genetic conservation. It was<br />
recognised that plant genetic resources and<br />
potentially important genes were rapidly being<br />
lost in many parts of the world. Today crop<br />
germplasm is kept in gene banks across the<br />
globe which contributes to the sustainability<br />
of the world's food supply.<br />
The potato was probably domesticated<br />
between seven and ten thousand years ago in<br />
the Lake Titicaca region and the varieties were<br />
particularly suited to the quechua or 'valley'<br />
zone at altitudes of 3100 to 3500 metres. A<br />
frost resistant species was also developed that<br />
grew in the puna at around 4300 metres.<br />
The Huari civilisation in the Ayacucho basin<br />
and the Tiahuanacu near Lake Titicaca, had<br />
sophisticated irrigation, terraced fields and<br />
raised field technology which resulted in yields<br />
estimated at ten tonnes per hectare.<br />
It was the 'people's food' and played a<br />
central part with time being measured by how<br />
long it took to cook a pot of potatoes and land<br />
measured by topo, the area a family needed to<br />
grow its potato supply.<br />
The Andean peoples stored potatoes in<br />
fresh and processed forms. Inca archaeological<br />
sites reveal extensive storage systems where<br />
temperature, moisture and diffused light were<br />
carefully managed to reduce spoilage. They<br />
also made chuno which was light, lasted for<br />
years and could be traded. The tubers were<br />
frozen at night, then warmed in the sun but<br />
shielded from direct rays, trampled to slough<br />
off the skins and soaked in cold running water<br />
for one to three weeks. Next the product was<br />
removed to the fields and sun dried for five to<br />
ten days. As the tubers dry they form a white<br />
crust, hence 'white chuno'.<br />
The first potatoes to reach Europe arrived<br />
in Spain around 1570, unfortunately Sir<br />
Francis Drake did not get there first. They<br />
were viewed with suspicion and were<br />
rumoured to cause wind and leprosy and<br />
incite sexual desire and were given names like<br />
'earth's testicles' and 'Eve's apple'. It wasn't<br />
until the eighteenth century that the potato as<br />
a food crop in Europe began to take off and<br />
Henry Hobhouse was among the historians<br />
who believed that the potato encouraged the<br />
rapid rise in population that brought about<br />
the Industrial Revolution. The famines,<br />
harsh winters and wars in Europe during that<br />
century hastened the popularity of potatoes<br />
as they grew well and could be stored in the<br />
ground where they were less likely to be stolen<br />
by hostile armies.<br />
'Late blight', phytophthora infestans, first<br />
appeared in the Low Countries in 1845<br />
spreading to England and then to Ireland<br />
where the poor farming population had no<br />
alternative foods to fall back on. The British<br />
government largely ignored the emergency<br />
and by the end of 1848 a million and a half<br />
Irish people had either died or emigrated.<br />
Even though the potato was seen as the<br />
cause of the Irish famine, it has in general<br />
prevented famine with its high yields, brought<br />
about increased population growth and is now<br />
grown world wide. It allows even the poorest<br />
farmers to produce more healthy food with<br />
little investment or hard labour. Even children<br />
can easily plant, harvest and cook potatoes.<br />
Paradoxically the potato as an anti famine<br />
food has today, in our obesity obsessed age,<br />
been transformed from a simple source of<br />
carbohydrate, protein and vitamins into a<br />
relatively expensive processed food carrying<br />
large amounts of fat known internationally as<br />
fries or if you are English – chips.<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
55
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56 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
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Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> Summer 2007 2007 / 08 29 57
Peru's mountainous landscape is a<br />
breathtaking experience for thousands<br />
of visitors every year, but it has proved costly<br />
for isolated communities across the country.<br />
More than 50 per cent of the population<br />
in Peru survive on less than one dollar a day,<br />
surviving by growing and selling food. <strong>Alpacas</strong><br />
are vital to their way of life as they are used for<br />
their milk, wool and for transporting goods to<br />
market.<br />
Recent cold weather has seen disaster strike<br />
as thousands of alpacas could not survive the<br />
freezing temperatures, having devastating effects<br />
on communities leaving them facing a crisis.<br />
Changing lives: Small is beautiful<br />
However, international development charity<br />
Practical Action has been working with<br />
Peruvian communities for a number of years<br />
and has come up with innovative new ways<br />
for people to look after their alpacas and avoid<br />
disaster before it strikes.<br />
Practical Action was introduced by radical<br />
economist, philosopher and author of Small<br />
is Beautiful, Dr E F Schumacher more than<br />
40 years ago. Schumacher strongly believed<br />
in using small scale, low cost and appropriate<br />
ideas to help people to help themselves.<br />
The UK-based charity has more than 40<br />
years' experience of working towards reducing<br />
poverty worldwide; its ethos is the right idea<br />
– however small – can change lives, create<br />
job and improve health and livelihoods.<br />
The tools to reduce poverty may be simple<br />
or sophisticated but to provide long-term,<br />
practical answers they must be firmly in the<br />
hands of local people.<br />
The problem<br />
Peru has seen temperatures plunge in recent<br />
years; during winters communities face the<br />
fraije – a new phenomenon of intense cold<br />
– never before seen in the country. The last<br />
time it hit, more than 50 children died,<br />
13,000 people suffered hypothermia and more<br />
than10,000 alpacas perished.<br />
Many communities rely on their alpacas for<br />
vital wool and milk, but harsh winters have led<br />
to thousands of their animals dying and crops<br />
failing. This led to lifelines for many Peruvian<br />
communities being severed, as their means<br />
of transporting goods and earning a living<br />
disappeared.<br />
The loss of the alpacas had a devastating<br />
effect on communities as the animals provide<br />
nutrient packed milk and cheese, while<br />
They have little enough to begin with so<br />
even small amounts of assistance can bring<br />
about enormous improvements in the lives<br />
of the indiginous alpaca breeders of Peru.<br />
Jane Eason, of the charity, Practical Action,<br />
reports on their recent successful initiatives<br />
designed to bring about change.<br />
their insulating fibre is used for clothes and<br />
bedding which provides an invaluable income.<br />
Alpaca manure is also essential as the manure<br />
provides fuel to help keep people warm and<br />
also as biofuel for cooking.<br />
The only way to transport the little<br />
goods they had was to trek for miles across<br />
mountainous terrain to the nearest market.<br />
It also became harder and harder to get vital<br />
medicines and food into villages, which meant<br />
prices soared making survival even more<br />
precarious.<br />
Sadly, isolated villages and rural<br />
communities are often forgotten about,<br />
receiving little or no government help making<br />
recovery more and more difficult.<br />
The solution<br />
<strong>Alpacas</strong> are part and parcel of Peru's<br />
traditional way of life and looked upon as an<br />
essential part of community life, therefore<br />
Practical Action's project work is designed to<br />
uphold these traditions, while improving ways<br />
alpacas are looked after and nurtured.<br />
A training scheme for farmers – known as<br />
Kamayoqs – is now up and running. Training on<br />
how to care for their animals, irrigation, general<br />
health, avoiding landslides and how to build<br />
shelters are just some of the issues covered. The<br />
58 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
Kamayoqs then have revision classes every six<br />
months to look at any new issues which may<br />
have arisen and also to share information within<br />
and between communities. To date, more than<br />
160 farmers have been trained.<br />
One of the most important aspects of this<br />
training is improving self confidence and trust<br />
within communities. Gregorio Flores Road<br />
told Practical Action, 'I have learnt so much<br />
more which I can share with my friends and<br />
neighbours. My income has risen and I can<br />
provide a much better standard of living for my<br />
family. I breed for wool and at the moment I<br />
am trying to classify them by colour and hair<br />
length so I can produce the best possible breed.'<br />
The Kamayoqs were also shown how<br />
to administer medicine and taught how to<br />
increase milk to increase the production of<br />
yoghurt and cheese.<br />
Shelters<br />
To protect the alpacas – particularly the young<br />
and weak – from the extremely cold weather,<br />
Practical Action has designed a simple shelter<br />
while understanding how to spot the signs.<br />
As a result of this, Practical Action held<br />
additional workshops to look at how farmers<br />
could improve their knowledge of basic<br />
immunisation skills; in addition the charity<br />
distributed the medicine needed to care for<br />
their livestock.<br />
Emilio Chalco Valladares, Alpaca Farmer<br />
said, "Previously when an animal was sick,<br />
taking it to the town might take a day at<br />
least. While we were away more animals<br />
might become sick – disease spreads quickly.<br />
Now we save much time because we have<br />
the knowledge ourselves and diseases don't<br />
spread. Animals don't die any more."<br />
The farmers who have been trained are now<br />
confident enough to share their knowledge<br />
to enable other community members to<br />
become Kamayoqs. This farmer-to-farmer<br />
training means knowledge of hydroponics<br />
– growing barley grains in small amounts of<br />
water – and basic veterinary skills is passed<br />
on. This is vital, as many farmers have little<br />
understanding of techniques to protect alpacas<br />
from disease.<br />
Practical action has recently being working<br />
with women from the communities to ensure<br />
they receive as much training as possible,<br />
enabling them to care for the animals and<br />
improve their skill set.<br />
As well as working in the field, Practical<br />
Action has also been working with an alpaca<br />
farm on its doorstep, based in Warwickshire<br />
to raise the profile of these important animals.<br />
Toft <strong>Alpacas</strong>, at Toft Manor in Dunchurch,<br />
has a herd of over 170 alpacas and is now<br />
supporting the charity by selling Practical<br />
Action cards and other gifts.<br />
Practical Action not only realises<br />
the importance of alpacas to Peruvian<br />
communities, but also the social impacts<br />
of working together. Sharing information<br />
and helping others to learn is vital if harsh<br />
winters are no longer to be feared by remote<br />
communities across the country. The charity<br />
has proved that sharing knowledge through<br />
programmes and workshops has a ripple<br />
effect; leading to more and more people<br />
becoming empowered through learning and<br />
practical help.<br />
made from local materials. The shelters can<br />
each house up to 50 alpacas which are not<br />
only protected from the harsh winds and cold,<br />
but also generate their own warmth through<br />
standing together. In the summer, the shelters<br />
are used for shearing the alpacas and sorting the<br />
wool. They are also used to protect pregnant<br />
alpacas, which often miscarry in the cold.<br />
Nutritious Food<br />
Once the cold weather hits the country, one<br />
of the effects is the land dries up and what<br />
little vegetation there is actually blows away.<br />
Practical Action has worked with communities<br />
to enable people to grow nutritious barley<br />
through hydroponics systems.<br />
Barley grains fetched from the valley floor<br />
– with the help of healthier alpacas – are<br />
grown in a trough of water the barley is<br />
milled, enriched with syrup and formed into<br />
blocks. Needing only sunlight and water, the<br />
whole process takes just two weeks. These<br />
high energy blocks keep the alpacas healthy<br />
and strong when no other food is available.<br />
Veterinary Skills<br />
Many farmers told Practical Action they<br />
needed more training in how to prevent<br />
their alpacas falling victim to disease,<br />
Practical Action in action<br />
Supporting communities all year round as well as vital project work to help support<br />
communities in Peru, Practical Action also sells 'Practical Presents' throughout the year.<br />
This initative includes alpaca gifts ranging from alpacas, veterinary kits, alpaca food and<br />
shelters.<br />
Rather than buying friends, family and loved ones gift for birthdays, next month's<br />
Valentine's Day, Mother's Day or Father's Day, which could end up in the back of the<br />
cupboard, Practical Action is encouraging people to take a look at its gift brochure. Practical<br />
Present's have a major impact on helping to improve the lives of some of the world's poor.<br />
All alpaca gifts come with a free alpaca finger puppet, made out of the animal's wool.<br />
As Justine Williams, Practical Action's Head of Public Fundraising, said, 'Novelty socks<br />
can't fight poverty but buying a Practical Presents can. It really is an ideal way to buy for<br />
friends and family while making a real difference to a poor community.'<br />
The brand new 'Practical Presents' catalogue and website www.practicalpresents.org is<br />
packed with innovative gifts which aim to benefit people in the developing world. Prices<br />
start from under £10. Gifts can also be purchased over the phone, 0845 108 3057.<br />
Other gifts include ducks for families in Bangladesh to provide eggs and a livelihood<br />
through breeding, goats in Africa to produce milk for HIV/AIDS orphans and fuel efficient<br />
stoves for Sudan refugees.<br />
As well as a special gift card to personalise the present, shoppers will also receive<br />
photographs and details of the Practical<br />
Presents gift idea they are interested in.<br />
For more information about Practical<br />
Action's invaluable work or to make a<br />
donation, please telephone 01926 634400.<br />
Alternatively visit:<br />
www.practicalaction.org<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
59
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32 Alpaca World Magazine Alpaca Summer World 2007 Magazine Summer 2007<br />
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60 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
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Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
61
genetic improvement, there can be no way<br />
forward without the help of science.<br />
For once, it's great to feel AGE'd.<br />
This article is © Dr Ian Davison, and cannot be reproduced in any format or media without the author’s prior<br />
permission. Correspondence to ian@illawarraalpacas.com<br />
50 Alpaca World Magazine Summer 2007<br />
6<br />
62 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
63
Crias and crisis in Salento !<br />
Hilary welcomes the arrival of the first crias<br />
to be born in Puglia but struggles to bring her<br />
plans for the development of her property to a<br />
satisfactory conclusion …<br />
So here we are in the Salento region of<br />
Puglia, three months further on and so<br />
much has happened.<br />
The alpacas have settled in very well. They<br />
are in a large pen in our stonemason's garden,<br />
behind eight feet high stone walls so no chance<br />
of feral dogs getting in! We have found a local<br />
supplier of alfalfa pellets which they have<br />
taken to well and a new supplier of hay so all is<br />
now much improved on the food front. They<br />
have no grazing to speak of but the diet has<br />
suited them well. I keep the pen scrupulously<br />
clean to avoid any chance of intestinal worms<br />
and we have had no upset tummies or mites to<br />
deal with.<br />
Our first cria, a black female suri, was born<br />
to dark brown suri Atlantic Cosmos on July<br />
9th. Her sire I-Spy Legacy has certainly put<br />
his stamp on her. Her fleece has excellent<br />
independent locks and very high lustre as you<br />
will see from the photograph. Named Nicola<br />
del Salento she is, as far as we know, the first<br />
alpaca ever to be born in captivity south of<br />
Rome. She has hit the headlines and was<br />
featured in Italia! magazine.<br />
A month later she was followed by two<br />
more crias: Giuglia del Salento, a black female<br />
huacaya sired by our Zarza Rizardo and a fawn<br />
male Nando del Salento sired by Wessex Cosmos.<br />
Finally Emilia del Salento was born out of<br />
"We are delighted with the<br />
quality of all of these [ cria ]<br />
and only sorry we shall not be<br />
in the UK with them to show<br />
them all off on the show circuit<br />
in 2008."<br />
Nicola del Salento, premier alpaca cria of Puglia and star of Italia! magazine<br />
Emilia del Salento a pure white, very beautiful female huacaya<br />
64 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
Wessex Frederica by Westcroft Cloud. She is a<br />
pure white, very beautiful female huacaya and<br />
we are thrilled to have Cloud's bloodline here<br />
in Italy.<br />
We are delighted with the quality of all of<br />
these and only sorry we shall not be in the UK<br />
with them to show them all off on the show<br />
circuit in 2008.<br />
As at the end of November all are<br />
thriving well and totally unfazed by their<br />
surroundings.<br />
During this period I have been catching<br />
up with administration. All the land here in<br />
Puglia (and indeed in most areas of Italy)<br />
has a building index which dictates how<br />
many cubic metres of building can be built<br />
for each square metre of land. If you can<br />
obtain registration as a farmer with the local<br />
equivalent of the Chamber of Commerce – the<br />
Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato<br />
Agricultura di Lecce – then you qualify for a<br />
higher building index and so you can have a<br />
larger house, buildings for animals, porticos<br />
and garages etc. Every area of covered space<br />
counts as long as the building is permanent.<br />
One can therefore use wooden buildings for<br />
animals but as soon as a concrete or brick<br />
pillar is used and a roof appears it becomes<br />
permanent.<br />
It was very important for us to qualify for a<br />
high building index so that we could not only<br />
build our house but convert the ruin on our<br />
ground into a second house which we plan to<br />
sell to help finance the rest. A further smaller<br />
ruin was going to be used as an alpaca house<br />
initially but with plans to be converted to a<br />
guest house in future years.<br />
I was very concerned that I might get asked<br />
all sorts of things in Italian when I arrived at<br />
the Camera di Commercio and further that my<br />
Italian would not be 'up to it'. I therefore took<br />
with me Roberta, an Italian graduate who I<br />
met at the local internet office. She spoke good<br />
English and agreed to interpret for me. Thank<br />
heavens! It took three separate visits because no<br />
written instructions were provided informing<br />
us of the documentation they required and<br />
whilst the officials were perfectly nice people<br />
there always seemed to be another piece of<br />
paper needed before moving onto the next step.<br />
Amazingly the one thing I did not need to<br />
provide was any concrete proof that I bred<br />
alpacas. They were more concerned that I<br />
had proof of identity, proof of address and<br />
was registered for taxes than anything else.<br />
However on the third visit I decided to wear<br />
an alpaca sweater (very hot) and by the time<br />
the lady on the desk had finished discussing it<br />
we were friends and the paperwork veritably<br />
whizzed through. I then found out that it<br />
took a minimum of one week to register this<br />
application on the computer and that until<br />
that time they could not print off a certificate.<br />
'Did I want a certificate?' I was asked! Why<br />
ever was I there if not for that I thought. 'If<br />
you do please return with proof of paying five<br />
euros at the post office and we'll give you one'<br />
they said. Ho hum … Italian bureaucracy!<br />
Giuglia del Salento, a black female<br />
huacaya sired by our Zarza Rizardo<br />
" … we decided that<br />
whilst we would go<br />
ahead and apply for<br />
planning permission<br />
there was no way we<br />
would wait for what<br />
could be over two<br />
years in order to get<br />
our own roof over our<br />
heads."<br />
A similar but much more long winded<br />
exercise took place in order to get our Italian<br />
residency. Again we took an interpreter with<br />
us and once she realised the lady on the<br />
desk was a distant aunt things moved very<br />
quickly indeed. Another hurdle crossed and a<br />
necessary one because until that was achieved<br />
we could not (legally) own an Italian car.<br />
However on the house front all was not<br />
plain sailing. By September we had become<br />
very concerned that the final plans for<br />
the new house had not been completed by<br />
the geometra (a sort of architect/quantity<br />
surveyor who is responsible for applying for<br />
the planning permissions). Neither had we<br />
received a final budget. This was now some<br />
ten months from when we first agreed to build<br />
a house. A difficult and unsatisfactory series of<br />
meetings was held, with interpreters.<br />
We were told there were significant delays<br />
in the planning departments throughout<br />
Puglia particularly at this time because the<br />
authorities were tightening up on applications<br />
in order to achieve specific styles of property<br />
that were in keeping with the traditional style<br />
of Salento houses. Apparently many houses<br />
here have not been built according to the<br />
permission the owners have received.<br />
We also found out that the budget for the<br />
building we had pre-agreed prior to purchase<br />
of the land was exceeded by 50% in the plans.<br />
No amount of negotiating enabled us to<br />
change this. We even agreed to have a house<br />
two-thirds of the size but to no avail.<br />
To cut a tortuously long story short we<br />
decided that whilst we would go ahead and<br />
apply for planning permission there was no<br />
way we would wait for what could be over two<br />
years in order to get our own roof over our<br />
heads. So the search for a house with land<br />
commenced.<br />
We saw many properties but mostly we<br />
could find either the house with no land or the<br />
land with no house. Everywhere we went in<br />
Salento we met the same planning problems.<br />
Many houses did not have permission for<br />
every part of the house or they needed extra<br />
permission to achieve what we wanted.<br />
Having come this far we were not about to<br />
compromise too much.<br />
Eventually we decided to spread the net<br />
in our search and to look wider than Puglia<br />
but still within southern Italy. We therefore<br />
considered southern Campania and Basilicata<br />
having found out that planning permission<br />
was much more straightforward in these areas.<br />
At the time of writing this piece, end of<br />
November, I am pleased to report we have<br />
now found a house with land that we love<br />
in the mountains two hours drive south of<br />
Naples. This is just over the Campania border<br />
into Basilicata and is within 15 minutes of the<br />
main north-south motorway to Naples, Rome<br />
and Florence. Hence we shall be able to get<br />
to the rest of our herd in Umbria much more<br />
quickly and visitors will be able to access us<br />
more easily.<br />
We expect to complete the purchase in<br />
early January and to move over there with<br />
the alpacas as soon as possible to make a<br />
permanent home. As for our land here in<br />
Salento, we shall simply wait. It is increasing<br />
in value all the time and we are advised it will<br />
be a very attractive proposition for someone<br />
to buy if it is offered complete with the two<br />
planning permissions. Time will tell …<br />
For more news of our adventure see our<br />
website www.zarza-alpacas.co.uk where we<br />
have pages in both English and Italian.<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
65
66 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
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A m e m b e r o f t h e Z a r z a A l l i a n c e<br />
Alpaca Alpaca World World Magazine Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> Spring 2007 2007 / 08<br />
67 51
Andrew Spillane shows how an expensive piece of kit that may seem like a bit of an extravagance can<br />
finally surprise you and show its true worth and how a multiplicity of voices speaking for French<br />
camelid breeders end up speaking as one to the benefit of all.<br />
After a miserable spring and a damp<br />
summer we have enjoyed a beautiful<br />
mild autumn. The enjoyment marred only by<br />
the continued unseasonable mildness as we<br />
enter winter watching the inexorable spread of<br />
the blue tongue virus. As of Tuesday this had<br />
reached more than sixty percent of France and<br />
is predicted, by the Ministry of Agriculture,<br />
to be 100% by some time in Spring. Work<br />
continues apace for a vaccine and it is hoped<br />
to be available in 2008.<br />
I have often found it strange how an item<br />
or project designed or bought for one purpose<br />
can provide a significant benefit in a totally<br />
unforeseen area. In the autumn of 2006 we<br />
purchased an ultrasound scanner. We had not<br />
been happy with our breeding programme<br />
depending on spit-offs. The scanner was for us<br />
a significant investment at around e2400 and<br />
we were unsure if the investment was entirely<br />
justified, but we believed that we needed to<br />
improve our ability to predict pregnancy.<br />
This autumn one of our alpacas gave<br />
birth to a female cria from one of our top<br />
studs. On the third morning we noticed the<br />
mother behaving strangely, obviously in great<br />
discomfort and rejecting the cria whenever she<br />
tried to suckle. The birth had been quick and<br />
easy and the entire placenta voided within the<br />
hour. On initial examination by ourselves we<br />
found an abundance of milk but the mother<br />
was in very serious pain with no obvious<br />
external signs of cause.<br />
Our next step was to call our vet and we<br />
caught him between clients. He arrived late<br />
morning and by now the mother was showing<br />
serious signs of distress and the infant was<br />
weakening rapidly, refusing any form of bottle<br />
feeding. The vets initial external examination<br />
confirmed our own findings, much pain,<br />
much milk but no obvious signs of obstruction<br />
or infection. His highly sophisticated and<br />
expensive scanner was in use by a partner at<br />
a farm over an hour away so we offered our<br />
hand held model. After a little searching he<br />
located the problem, a very large blood clot<br />
pressing on the wall of the uterus and causing<br />
immense pain. A suitable pain killer was<br />
administered followed by a clot de-coagullent.<br />
Within ten minutes the mother was feeding<br />
her cria and twenty minutes later moving<br />
freely. Without doubt our scanner proved a<br />
major factor in saving the life of a cria and<br />
probably the mother. Expense on scanner<br />
suddenly justified.<br />
In a strange way politics in the French<br />
Petite Camilides world have followed a similar<br />
path. As many of you are aware the French<br />
alpaca and llama world is very factionalised,<br />
with five associations and one Syndicat Eleveur<br />
Professionale. This latter, SNELA, was formed<br />
in Autumn 2005 with high hopes that it could<br />
give leadership and cohesion to the amateur<br />
societies. For a while nothing changed and<br />
attitudes became more entrenched, rivalries<br />
more intense. Sadly a familiar story in the<br />
alpaca world everywhere.<br />
In March 2007 the unforeseen and<br />
unpredicted enforcement by a local DSV<br />
of a ten year old directive was to change all<br />
this. <strong>Alpacas</strong> and llamas have always been<br />
considered ruminants in France, but health<br />
legislation concerning sheep and cattle has<br />
not been enforced on them. A Departmental<br />
(county) veterinary officer decided to do so<br />
and was backed by the Ministry and suddenly<br />
we were faced with draconian regulations and<br />
unreliable tests.<br />
SNELA and the associations wrote letters<br />
to the Ministry and several agreed to allow<br />
SNELA to represent their interests. In France<br />
the world shuts down for July and August,<br />
so little was expected to happen before<br />
September.<br />
In September several individuals and<br />
associations wrote to SNELA requesting<br />
information, a meeting to discuss policy and<br />
a long overdue (18 months since the previous)<br />
AGM. All such requests were peremptorily<br />
rejected by the self appointed president and<br />
several were told in conversation that she<br />
would decide policy and they would do as<br />
they were told. It became evident that the only<br />
concern of SNELA was to protect the multispecie<br />
(cattle & sheep) breeders entitlement<br />
to government compensation in the event of<br />
culling. In the land of egality this did not get a<br />
good reception.<br />
The associations wrote individually to the<br />
Ministry and started to co-ordinate their<br />
efforts. Within weeks the various association<br />
presidents were freely communicating and they<br />
rapidly produced a cohesive and compelling<br />
letter justifying their arguments and position.<br />
They also discovered that a private meeting had<br />
been arranged by SNELA with the ministry<br />
the day before a reluctantly called AGM.<br />
The associations wrote a joint letter to the<br />
Ministry and were promptly invited to attend<br />
the meeting along with Dr Guidicelli, a vet,<br />
breeder of alpacas and llamas and France's<br />
foremost authority on these species. The<br />
meeting, on the 27 November 2007 in Paris,<br />
proved both positive and productive.<br />
The Director from the Ministry of<br />
Agriculture explained that his primary<br />
concern was for the health of the French<br />
population and French agriculture as a whole.<br />
Having said this, he recognised the concerns<br />
of the alpaca and llama community. He<br />
realised that we are a growing and developing<br />
industry and we must accept that legislation<br />
is inevitable for the protection of all. At the<br />
same time he agreed further research was<br />
essential before final specific legislation and<br />
accepted that testing should, in general,<br />
be on a voluntary basis at this time. If one<br />
opted for testing then animal registration<br />
was to be mandatory. He further accepted<br />
that compulsory registration, as requested<br />
by the associations of all small camelids, was<br />
desirable but pointed out that this was not<br />
practical for administrative reasons at present.<br />
It was accepted that current tests available<br />
were extremely fallible and research would<br />
take place to find the best solution, however it<br />
must also be acknowledged that all tests were<br />
fallible to a certain extent.<br />
In answer to a question concerning the<br />
compulsory slaughter of animals he affirmed<br />
that a compensation package was not a<br />
problem, experts needed to be used to provide<br />
true values for this. He recognised that the<br />
associations had behaved responsibly in their<br />
reaction to these issues and had encouraged<br />
their members to be positive and proactive in<br />
trying to respond to these and other problems.<br />
He assured all that he was not interested in<br />
'a quick fix solution', calling for a further<br />
meeting to discuss progress in three months.<br />
It is indeed ironic that SNELA whilst<br />
arbitrarily trying to dominate alpaca affairs in<br />
France has succeeded in uniting the various<br />
associations in common cause for the first<br />
time in the history of small camelids. I can<br />
only hope that the associations will build upon<br />
this fledgling relationship. Sadly SNELA<br />
seems to be the only casualty, marginalised<br />
with only a handful of supporters remaining.<br />
68 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08
At Pinkney <strong>Alpacas</strong> we have<br />
a large herd of suri alpacas,<br />
including seven prize<br />
winning stud males (three<br />
Pinkney Phantom<br />
Winner of Progeny Class<br />
Three Counties Show 2007<br />
Supreme Champion<br />
BAS National Show 2004<br />
Supreme Champion<br />
Royal Bath & West 2004<br />
pictured). A small number of<br />
animals are for sale<br />
each year.<br />
Telephone: 01666 840540<br />
or 07775 780345<br />
Email:<br />
info@pinkneyalpacas.com<br />
Pinkney SibeliuS<br />
Supreme Champion<br />
Bath & West Show 2007<br />
Supreme Champion & Best<br />
UK Bred Alpaca at Show<br />
Three Counties Show 2007<br />
Pinkney nutkin<br />
Sire of Pinkney Sibelius<br />
Supreme Champion<br />
Three Counties Show 2004<br />
Reserve Supreme Champion<br />
Royal Show 2004<br />
Supreme Champion Fleece<br />
Royal Bath & West 2005<br />
www.pinkneyalpacas.com<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
69
alpaca feeds<br />
• contain cereals for high energy<br />
• contain sugar beet for quality fibre and<br />
palatability<br />
• fully mineralised to balance forages<br />
• high levels of vitamins and trace elements for<br />
health and fertility<br />
• packed in 25kg bags<br />
• available delivered direct to farm in minimum<br />
1 tonne lots<br />
• also available in bags from MVF or SCATS<br />
Countrystores<br />
for information<br />
contact the MVF FeedLine on<br />
01278 444829<br />
70 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
70 Alpaca World Magazine Summer 2007
Looking for quality<br />
alpaca sales and<br />
stud services?<br />
<strong>Alpacas</strong> of Wessex<br />
offer you choice<br />
… in depth.<br />
Congratulations to all our clients<br />
on their numerous successes in<br />
the show ring this season!<br />
The secret to our clients’ success is in the<br />
genetic quality of our stud males, helping to raise<br />
standards of fleece and conformation in many<br />
established herds.<br />
Whether you are new to alpacas or a breeder of<br />
long standing the package of sales, stud services<br />
and support offered by <strong>Alpacas</strong> of Wessex won’t<br />
let you down. With 14 UK based stud males and<br />
with a wide range of breeding females we can<br />
provide you with a depth of choice few others can<br />
match.<br />
Telephone John Gaye on 01258 821499 to<br />
request a copy of our Stud Brochure 2007 or<br />
visit www.alpacasofwessex.co.uk for more<br />
information.<br />
BRITISH<br />
ALPACA<br />
FUTURITY<br />
2008<br />
Sponsors of the<br />
British Alpaca Futurity 2008<br />
<strong>Alpacas</strong> of Wessex, Clouds Park, East Knoyle<br />
Wiltshire, SP3 6BE. Telephone 01258 821499<br />
Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08<br />
71
72 Alpaca World Magazine <strong>Winter</strong> 2007 / 08