Guidelines For Rural Beekeeping In Queensland
Guidelines For Rural Beekeeping In Queensland
Guidelines For Rural Beekeeping In Queensland
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<strong>Queensland</strong> the Smart State<br />
<strong>Guidelines</strong> for<br />
<strong>Rural</strong> <strong>Beekeeping</strong><br />
in <strong>Queensland</strong>
<strong>Guidelines</strong> for<br />
<strong>Rural</strong> <strong>Beekeeping</strong><br />
in <strong>Queensland</strong><br />
Compiled by:<br />
Hamish Lamb Apiary Officer<br />
i
QI04110<br />
ISSN 0727-6273<br />
© State of <strong>Queensland</strong>, Department of Primary <strong>In</strong>dustries and Fisheries 2005.<br />
Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the Copyright Act, reproduction<br />
by whatever means is prohibited without the prior written permission of the Department of Primary<br />
<strong>In</strong>dustries and Fisheries.<br />
<strong>In</strong>formation contained in this publication is provided as general advice only. <strong>For</strong> application to<br />
specific circumstances, professional advice should be sought.<br />
The Department of Primary <strong>In</strong>dustries and Fisheries, has taken all reasonable steps to ensure the<br />
information contained in this publication is accurate at the time of publication. Readers should<br />
ensure that they make appropriate enquiries to determine whether new information is available on<br />
the particular subject matter.<br />
<strong>In</strong>quiries should be addressed to: Manager Publication Production, Department of Primary <strong>In</strong>dustries<br />
and Fisheries, <strong>Queensland</strong>, GPO Box 46, Brisbane Q 4001.<br />
<strong>For</strong>mulated by a working party comprising members from:<br />
<strong>Beekeeping</strong> <strong>In</strong>dustry Consultative Committee (BICC), which includes representatives from:<br />
• Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)<br />
• <strong>Queensland</strong> Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS)<br />
• Department of Primary <strong>In</strong>dustries and Fisheries (DPI&F)<br />
• Department of Natural Resources and Mines (NR&M)<br />
• Department of Main Roads (MR)<br />
• <strong>Queensland</strong> Beekeepers’ Association (QBA)<br />
• Recreational <strong>Beekeeping</strong> Associations<br />
<strong>Queensland</strong> Health, Environmental Section<br />
Department of Equity and Fair Trading, Trade Measurement Section<br />
Cover photo: Apiary sited in forest for honey production<br />
ii
Contents<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
Definitions<br />
iv<br />
v<br />
<strong>In</strong>troduction 1<br />
<strong>In</strong>dustry profile 2<br />
<strong>In</strong>dustry structure 3<br />
Requirements under the Apiaries Act 1982 4<br />
Registration 4<br />
Notification of disease 4<br />
Marking of hives 4<br />
Apiary classification and distance between sites 4<br />
<strong>In</strong>terstate movement of beehives 5<br />
Call Centre for swarm enquiries 6<br />
Types of beekeeping activities 7<br />
Land tenure for apiary sites 8<br />
DPI <strong>For</strong>estry requirements 12<br />
<strong>Queensland</strong> Parks and Wildlife Service requirements 15<br />
Main Roads requirements 17<br />
Application requirements 17<br />
Conditions 17<br />
Department of Natural Resources and Mines requirements 19<br />
NR&M application requirements 19<br />
Conditions 20<br />
Good beekeeping practices 21<br />
Hive placement 21<br />
Fire prevention 21<br />
Water requirements 22<br />
Smokers 22<br />
Robbing and working hives 22<br />
Prevention of robbing 22<br />
Managing swarms 23<br />
Capturing swarms 24<br />
Docile strains of bees 24<br />
Site responsibilities 24<br />
Transporting hives 25<br />
Methods of shifting 25<br />
Accidents 25<br />
Breakdown services 26<br />
iii
Honey Sheds and Quality Assurance 27<br />
Honey 27<br />
Sheds 27<br />
Quality assurance 27<br />
Product labelling 28<br />
Department of Equity and Fair Trading contacts 29<br />
Health Department contacts 30<br />
Disease control 32<br />
American Foulbrood (AFB) control program 32<br />
Testing for other diseases 33<br />
DPI Apiary staff 34<br />
Suggested reading 34<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
These guidelines were prepared by the DPI&F Apiary Section in consultation with the beekeeping<br />
industry, <strong>Queensland</strong> <strong>Beekeeping</strong> Association (QBA), recreational beekeeping associations,<br />
Environment Protection Authority (EPA), Department of Natural Resources and Mines (NR&M),<br />
DPI&F, DPI <strong>For</strong>estry, <strong>Queensland</strong> Health, Department of Equity and Fair Trading, and Department of<br />
Main Roads.<br />
The contribution of individuals representing their groups is gratefully acknowledged. Wendy Ward,<br />
Peter Warhurst, Patricia Greer, Diane Werner, Fraser Trueman, Bryan Cantrell and Ross Newman also<br />
contributed to this document.<br />
iv
Definitions<br />
AFB (American foulbrood) — bacterial brood disease Paenibacillus larvae subsp larvae<br />
Apiarist or beekeeper — a person keeping bees<br />
Apiary — a group of one or more European honeybee hives<br />
Apiary site or bee site — the premises where an apiary is situated<br />
Apiculture or beekeeping — the management of bees and beehives for production of honey or<br />
related purpose<br />
Bee — European honeybee, Apis mellifera<br />
Bee sting — defensive behaviour of a honeybee worker<br />
Brand — unique identification code issued by DPI&F to each registered apiarist in <strong>Queensland</strong>; used<br />
to mark ownership of frames and hives<br />
Flight path — the route taken by foraging worker bees when leaving from or returning to their hive<br />
<strong>For</strong>aging bees — worker bees seeking out and collecting food and water for their hive; bees naturally<br />
forage at flowers for nectar and pollen supplies. (If there is a low natural supply, bees may seek<br />
alternative sources, e.g. stock feed.)<br />
Hive — a honeybee hive, comprising a colony with a queen, workers, drones and brood, being either a<br />
nucleus colony or standard size colony of one or more supers<br />
Honeybee comb — removable frames supporting wax cells that contain honey, pollen, and/or brood<br />
(eggs, larvae, pupae)<br />
Honey flow — the gathering of nectar from flora by bees for conversion into honey<br />
Honey extraction — the removal of honey from combs<br />
Package bees — a number of adult worker bees, with or without a queen, contained in a ventilated<br />
shipping cage<br />
Pollination — plant fertilisation, achieved by the transfer of pollen by bees from anthers to stigmas<br />
of flowers<br />
Queen raising yard — a site or property where queen bees are raised<br />
Robber bees — worker bees attempting to gather stored or spilt honey<br />
Strong hive — a populous honeybee colony<br />
Super — box or boxes containing frames<br />
Swarm — cluster or flying mass of bees, including workers, queen and drones<br />
Water supply — a natural or man-made water supply accessed by bees<br />
v
<strong>In</strong>troduction<br />
<strong>Beekeeping</strong> is one of Australia’s oldest primary industries, stemming from the successful importation<br />
of hives of European honeybee, Apis mellifera, in Sydney 1810 and 1822. Other recorded introductions<br />
occurred in Hobart in 1817 and 1821. From those humble beginnings, the industry has grown to the<br />
stage where the nation’s domestic honey needs are met and there is a surplus for export. The annual<br />
farm-gate value of honey and other bee products is in the order of $65 million nationally, while the<br />
indirect value of pollination by honeybees is estimated at $1.2 billion.<br />
<strong>Queensland</strong>’s honey production is valued at $14 million annually, while other products, including<br />
queenbees, beeswax and pollen, bring the total <strong>Queensland</strong> value to $16 million. <strong>Queensland</strong><br />
agriculture relies on managed honeybees for the pollination of an array of fruits and vegetables<br />
such as apples, avocados, stone fruit, melons, citrus, cucurbits and vegetable seed production.<br />
Pollination provides a benefit of $347 million annually to these industries.<br />
Most commercial apiarists are migratory, shifting their hives sometimes up to six times a year to<br />
optimise access to floral resources. Native forests and woodlands, particularly eucalypts, make up<br />
more than 90% of the floral resources for the <strong>Queensland</strong> industry. An estimated 40% of resources<br />
currently utilised are on State <strong>For</strong>ests, with the remaining 60% on other land tenures, including<br />
leasehold and freehold lands, stock routes, roads and reserves. Successful beekeepers maintain a high<br />
degree of knowledge of the location and flowering characteristics of native trees in order to ensure<br />
their bees are well-placed for access at peak nectar flow times.<br />
The purpose of this book is to provide beekeepers and government departments with accurate<br />
information on beekeeping on a variety of land tenures. The practices and techniques explained<br />
herein will help beekeepers to maintain their business in a safe and responsible way. The document<br />
also aspires to offer policy makers a credible support manual of beekeeping, which highlights the<br />
industry’s chief concerns, especially regarding resource security.<br />
All information contained in this book is current as at December 2004.<br />
Apiary in state forest working spotted gum<br />
1
<strong>In</strong>dustry profile<br />
• There were 3094 registered beekeepers in <strong>Queensland</strong> as of June 2004.<br />
• Annual honey production in <strong>Queensland</strong> is approximately 8400 tonnes, which represents 17% of<br />
the total Australian crop.<br />
• Average annual honey production per hive is 70 kg.<br />
• Commercial apiaries can often have 100 hives at one particular site.<br />
• A viable commercial honey-producing operation is assumed to operate a minimum of 400 hives.<br />
Pollination-based enterprises can have fewer hives.<br />
Table 1. Registered beekeepers by groups as of June 2004<br />
Apiary Beekeeper/Hive Statistics<br />
No. of Hives<br />
Beekeepers<br />
per Group<br />
% of<br />
Beekeepers<br />
No. of<br />
Hives<br />
% of<br />
Hives<br />
0 46 1.49% 0 0.00%<br />
1–4 1262 40.79% 2880 2.12%<br />
5–24 1156 37.36% 12 154 8.97%<br />
25–49 211 6.82% 7101 5.24%<br />
50–99 163 5.27% 10 903 8.04%<br />
100–249 146 4.72% 21 266 15.69%<br />
250–499 49 1.58% 16 670 12.30%<br />
500–749 34 1.10% 19 560 14.43%<br />
750–999 8 0.26% 6710 4.95%<br />
1000+ 18 0.58% 38 325 28.27%<br />
3094 135 569<br />
2
Table 2. Some of the major beekeeping areas in <strong>Queensland</strong><br />
Location Importance Season Resource utilised<br />
The far west<br />
Paroo<br />
honey and pollen winter/spring yapunyah, wildflowers<br />
Coastal ranges<br />
Burnett<br />
honey<br />
summer<br />
spotted gum, grey<br />
ironbark, brush box<br />
Darling Downs honey and pollen winter/summer<br />
Burdekin horticultural area pollination autumn/winter/spring<br />
mountain coolibah,<br />
sunflower, ironbark,<br />
agricultural weeds,<br />
yellow box<br />
horticultural crops,<br />
melons, pumpkins<br />
cucumber, zucchini<br />
<strong>In</strong>dustry structure<br />
The beekeeping industry has an active State peak body association — the <strong>Queensland</strong> Beekeepers’<br />
Association (QBA). Numerous recreational groups sometimes affiliate with QBA.<br />
QBA — The Secretary P.O. Box 49 Mapleton Q 4560.<br />
The peak national industry body is the Australian Honeybee <strong>In</strong>dustry Council (AHBIC).<br />
P.O. Box R838 Royal Exchange NSW 1225.<br />
Telephone: 02 9221 0911<br />
Email: ahbic@honeybee.org.au<br />
3
Requirements under the Apiaries Act 1982<br />
Registration<br />
If you own one or more hives it is a requirement under the Apiaries Act to be registered as<br />
a beekeeper with the <strong>Queensland</strong> Department of Primary <strong>In</strong>dustries and Fisheries (DPI&F).<br />
Registration forms are available from the DPI&F.<br />
Registration renewal forms are sent to registered beekeepers for return to the DPI&F, Warwick, along<br />
with the annual fee of $10.60.<br />
Beekeepers who change their postal address are requested to notify the DPI&F of their new address.<br />
The addresses to notify of these changes are shown under the section DPI&F Apiary Staff.<br />
Notification of disease<br />
It is a requirement under the Apiaries Act to notify DPI&F within 48 hours when a beekeeper is aware<br />
of, or suspects, the existence of certain diseases in beehives or bee products. These diseases include<br />
AFB, parasitic mites, Small Hive Beetle and the bee louse.<br />
Marking of hives<br />
Beekeepers are advised to mark all hives as proof of ownership, and to assist recovery in the event<br />
of theft. Upon registration a unique registered brand is issued to each beekeeper. This brand is not<br />
transferable to other beekeepers, and is cancelled or suspended when beehives are no longer kept by<br />
that person. The onus is on beekeepers to notify DPI&F when they dispose of their bees.<br />
The Apiaries Regulations specify that the registered brand is to be no less than 25 mm high. The brand<br />
marking must be maintained in a legible condition. One hive in each 50 or part thereof must be<br />
branded. The first owner’s mark must be placed in the centre of the hive. Subsequent owners’ marks are<br />
to be placed in a clockwise sequence starting at the top left-hand corner, as per the diagram below.<br />
The sequence for owner’s marking on the hive front<br />
Apiary classification and distance between sites<br />
At the time of registration, beekeepers are requested to identify all of their apiary sites. This is to<br />
allow swift, direct contact with the beekeeper if necessary. Classes of apiaries are based on hive<br />
numbers, and determine the minimum distance between apiaries, as indicated in Table 3.<br />
4
Apiaries are classified into classes to better administer distance between apiaries. Apiary sizes can be<br />
managed according to the availability of a floral resource. Sound floral resource management allows<br />
beekeepers to govern the competition between hives and avoid over-exploitation of the resource.<br />
A special form must be completed and returned to DPI&F Apiary Officers to apply for class<br />
C and D apiaries.<br />
Apiary Officers and contact details are listed in the section DPI&F Apiary Staff.<br />
Table 3. Apiary classifications<br />
Class Number of hives Distance apart<br />
A Less than 40 hives No minimum distance<br />
B Not less than 40 hives 0.8 km<br />
C<br />
D<br />
Over 100 hives in which queen bees<br />
are bred for sale<br />
Over 500 hives used exclusively<br />
for mating queen bees<br />
1.6 km<br />
20 km<br />
<strong>In</strong>terstate movement of beehives<br />
Special movement conditions apply when proposing to shift hives interstate. Details may be obtained<br />
from Apiary Officers.<br />
5
Call Centre for swarm enquiries<br />
The DPI&F Call Centre is available to the public for enquiries on specialist topics.<br />
Enquiries are directed to specialist officers for speedy resolution. The service is available for the cost<br />
of a local call from anywhere in <strong>Queensland</strong> (higher charges on mobile phones).<br />
If required, operators will send callers follow-up information by electronic mail, fax or post.<br />
Swarm enquiries are also handled through the DPI&F Call Centre by referring to a recent list of<br />
beekeepers prepared to collect swarms in the caller’s area. Some individuals nominate a charge<br />
for this service.<br />
The telephone number is 13 25 23 and is available from 8.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m. five days a week,<br />
Monday to Friday (excluding public holidays).<br />
<strong>Queensland</strong> the Smart State<br />
DPI&F Call Centre<br />
13 25 23<br />
(for callers within <strong>Queensland</strong>)<br />
www.dpi.qld.gov.au<br />
(07) 3404 6999<br />
(for interstate callers)<br />
Monday to Friday 8.00 am to 6.00 pm<br />
6
Types of beekeeping activities<br />
Migratory apiaries<br />
Commercial beekeeping is generally conducted by moving beehives from one honey and pollen flow<br />
to the next. Hives may be placed at an apiary site for the duration of the flow that may be only one<br />
month or many months. This process of migration may be repeated five to six times per year over<br />
considerable distances of more than 1000 km.<br />
Permanent occupation of sites<br />
Beehives may also be operated from permanent sites that yield well from a variety of floral sources.<br />
This type of operation is common for sideline or hobby beekeepers. There can be significant advantages<br />
for both the beekeeper and neighbouring crops by conducting apiary management in this way.<br />
Queenbee rearing<br />
Queenbee rearers or breeders require hundreds of small colonies in a number of different locations to<br />
receive the queen cell, and so that the bees can mate. These apiaries are frequently permanent and<br />
are utilised for the peak seasons of summer, spring and autumn.<br />
Crop pollination<br />
Bees are well known for their efficiency in pollinating crops. Beehives are delivered to the crop at the<br />
required time and remain for approximately three to four weeks. Paid pollination for many crops is an<br />
area of increasing importance for the apiary industry. Crops such as melons, stone fruit, pome fruit,<br />
cucurbits, macadamias, citrus, avocados and vegetables are pollinated by honeybees.<br />
Package bees<br />
<strong>Queensland</strong> apiaries supply a clean source of live worker bees for export to repopulate colonies in<br />
cold countries.<br />
Package bees are a collection of adult bees shaken from donor hives to make a required weight of<br />
bees. The bees are held in a gauze box with a queen bee and enough food stores for the bees until<br />
their destination is reached.<br />
Equipment suppliers<br />
A range of trade workshops support the apiary industry. These include woodworking and<br />
metalworking factories supplying specialist beekeeping equipment such as supers, frames, wax<br />
foundation, clearer boards, smokers and hive loaders.<br />
Honey packers<br />
Eight honey packing plants operate in <strong>Queensland</strong>, packing local product for domestic use and the<br />
export trade.<br />
Producer packers<br />
Some beekeepers prefer to produce and pack their own product. Many hobby beekeepers operate in<br />
this way, supplying regular clients with small quantities of honey.<br />
Beeswax processors<br />
Wax, a product from the hive, is processed for many different uses. Beekeepers may deliver refined<br />
block wax to a processor for an exchange of wax foundation that is needed for the building of comb<br />
in frames. Good quality block wax is exported directly for cosmetics, candles and wood polish.<br />
7
Land tenure for apiary sites<br />
A wide range of locations are utilised by beekeepers, involving various types of land tenure.<br />
Stocking rates vary in different designations and are summarised in Table 4 below.<br />
Table 4. Beehive stocking rates in different designated areas<br />
Area<br />
Private land — (rural zone with no Local<br />
Government restrictions)<br />
<strong>For</strong>estry/QPWS<br />
NR&M<br />
Main Roads — road side<br />
Leasehold<br />
Stocking rates<br />
Unlimited, private negotiations<br />
150 hives at one site as per permit<br />
150 hives at one site as per permit<br />
150 hives at one site as per permit<br />
Unlimited, private negotiations<br />
Several authorities oversee land tenure. These bodies have individual requirements and particular fee<br />
scales apply. Some authorities overseeing land tenure are shown in Table 5.<br />
8
Apiary site located on a stock route<br />
9
Table 5. Authorities overseeing land tenure used for apiary sites<br />
Land Tenure Authority Contact<br />
<strong>For</strong>est Reserve DPI&F (<strong>For</strong>estry) DPI <strong>For</strong>estry<br />
<strong>In</strong> collaboration with QPWS<br />
Resource Reserve<br />
Conservation Park<br />
QPWS<br />
QPWS<br />
National Park QPWS QPWS<br />
Reserves<br />
NR&M<br />
Local Government<br />
Trustee<br />
NR&M<br />
(Application <strong>For</strong>m 104)<br />
Roads and (stock routes) NR&M NR&M (Application <strong>For</strong>m 104)<br />
Unallocated State Land NR&M NR&M (Application <strong>For</strong>m 104)<br />
Leasehold Landholder Landholder<br />
Roads (Main Roads) MR MR Application form Ancillary<br />
Works and Encroachment (AWE)<br />
form M2373<br />
Powerline easements<br />
Regional electricity authority<br />
and owner<br />
Regional electricity authority<br />
and owner<br />
Freehold (privately owned) Owner Owner<br />
10
Fee/Permit As of December 2004. Fees are subject to change at any time. GST free.<br />
A fee applies — Fees range from $59.50 for six months to $333.30 for five years.<br />
A fee applies — Fees range from $59.50 for six months to $333.30 for five years.<br />
No fee applies — <strong>Beekeeping</strong> is not permitted except phase-out provisions.<br />
A fee applies — Short Term Permit (for a term of three months maximum). $87.80<br />
or<br />
Permit to Occupy. Application fee $87.80. If the application is approved, payment of a $44.25<br />
document fee is required, plus payment of an annual rental. The current minimum rent for a Permit<br />
to Occupy is $75 p.a. payable on approval.<br />
NOTE: <strong>Beekeeping</strong> is not permitted on Reserves that are already subject to an existing Land Act lease.<br />
A fee applies — Fees and permit requirements are the same as for Reserves.<br />
A fee applies — Fees and permit requirements are the same as for Reserves.<br />
A fee applies — Private negotiations/arrangements with the lessee can be made at the lessee’s<br />
discretion, so long as the proposed use will not be inconsistent with the purpose and conditions<br />
of the head lease. This can be as formal as a written sublease, which requires the consent of the<br />
Minister for Natural Resources and Mines, and must be registered in the Land Registry at a cost<br />
of $102.50 and $22 extra for postage, courier or document exchange service. Additionally, $27.60<br />
is charged for examination of sketch plan or $110.65 for plan. $16.55 is payable for each lot or<br />
interest surveyed. The lessee is also entitled to charge rent for the area covered by the sublease.<br />
No fee applies — permit for site use. Application form Ancillary Works and Encroachment form<br />
M2373.<br />
NO fee — Regional electricity authorities stipulate access to powerline easements must be made<br />
available at all times for repairs and maintenance.<br />
Private negotiations/arrangements with the land owner.<br />
11
DPI <strong>For</strong>estry requirements<br />
DPI <strong>For</strong>estry oversees apiary sites on State <strong>For</strong>est Reserves and Timber Reserves under the <strong>For</strong>estry<br />
Act. DPI <strong>For</strong>estry provides approximately 2000 designated sites to apiarists and a permit must be<br />
obtained for their use. Apiary sites are transferable upon sale of the beekeeping business. Permits can<br />
be taken out for periods from six months up to five years. Sites are defined as a 40 m radius from the<br />
site marker peg/stake in the centre of the site. Ideally sites are located 40 m away from roadways.<br />
Minimum distance between sites is 0.8 km but new sites are now spaced 1 km apart to match<br />
proposed changes to the Apiaries Act. Apiary sites in forests have already undergone assessment for<br />
suitability considering aspects such as:<br />
• forest type<br />
• water<br />
• microclimate<br />
• current forest uses and adjoining land uses<br />
• road access.<br />
However, as forest uses can change over short periods of time in particular areas, beekeepers should<br />
investigate access, road conditions and water before taking out a permit. Each site is considered to<br />
have a capacity to hold 150 hives and to allow truck access and turnaround.<br />
Permit allocation is issued on a ‘first-in-first-served’ basis after the previous holder of the site is first<br />
considered. An annual fee instalment scheme operates for times of drought rather than two, three,<br />
four and five year permits.<br />
Upon taking out forestry sites the beekeeper must observe a number of conditions. These are<br />
provided when a permit is issued and when a permit is renewed if changes to the conditions have<br />
occurred during the currency of the expiring permit.<br />
Some important conditions are as follows:<br />
• Number of hives — the beekeeper shall not place any more than 150 hives on the site.<br />
• Fire protection — prior to placing any beehives on the site, a firebreak of 2 m width must be<br />
constructed. The site is to be maintained in a neat, tidy and non-flammable condition.<br />
Maintain the smoker in such condition that it does not constitute a fire threat. A forestry officer may<br />
inspect a smoker. Beekeepers are not to use a lighted smoker outside the firebreak.<br />
• Fence, gates and grids — gates are to be left in their original position, closed or open. Beekeepers<br />
must use only existing tracks for access to the site and not make additional roads.<br />
• <strong>In</strong>terference with forest products — beekeepers shall not interfere with any forest products or<br />
quarry material on the permit area.<br />
• Hazardous conditions — beekeepers must notify DPI <strong>For</strong>estry if it becomes apparent that any<br />
structures or forest products are likely to cause serious injury.<br />
• Safety — the forest is covered under the Workplace Health and Safety Act and beekeepers must<br />
comply with these standards. Accidents causing death or hospitalisation must be reported<br />
to DPI <strong>For</strong>estry. <strong>For</strong> safety, any person exposed to the risk of head injury must use helmets.<br />
Footwear must be worn. Chainsaw operation must be undertaken only by certified operators.<br />
Operators must be able to produce a chain saw certificate upon request if timber being cleared<br />
is greater than 10 m high and 15 cm in diameter. No person is to behave in a manner likely to<br />
cause danger to themselves or any other person.<br />
12
A swarm of honeybees<br />
13
Obtaining permits<br />
Permits can be obtained by contacting the nearest DPI <strong>For</strong>estry Office to the selected site as listed below.<br />
Fees are payable at the time of issue or renewal of the permit. Fees are adjusted on 1 January<br />
each year. This is calculated by the average of the annual change in the prices paid to <strong>Queensland</strong><br />
honey producers for the preceding three financial years (<strong>Queensland</strong> Honey Price <strong>In</strong>dex) as provided<br />
by Australian Bureau of Agriculture Resource Economics (ABARE). Fees may decrease following a<br />
sustained period of poor prices, and they may increase after a period of high prices.<br />
DPI <strong>For</strong>estry contacts for permits<br />
Centre Location Phone<br />
Atherton<br />
Dalby<br />
Gympie<br />
First Floor, 83 Main Street,<br />
Atherton Q 4883<br />
45 Drayton Street, Dalby<br />
Q 4405<br />
Fraser Road, Two Mile, Gympie<br />
Q 4570<br />
(07) 4091 5200<br />
(07) 4672 4834<br />
(07) 5482 2244<br />
Imbil Yabba Road, Imbil Q 4570 (07) 5484 3900<br />
<strong>In</strong>gham<br />
Jimna<br />
Maryborough<br />
Monto<br />
Pechey<br />
Rockhampton<br />
Roma<br />
Toolara<br />
52 McIllwraith Street, <strong>In</strong>gham<br />
Q 4850<br />
State <strong>For</strong>est 298, Yabba,<br />
via Kilcoy Q 4515<br />
123 Wharf Street,<br />
Maryborough Q 4650<br />
Rutherford Street, Monto<br />
Q 4630<br />
Pechey <strong>For</strong>estry Road, Pechey<br />
Q 4355<br />
<strong>For</strong>estry House, 109 Bolsover Street,<br />
Rockhampton Q 4700<br />
44–46 Bungil Street, Roma<br />
Q 4455<br />
State <strong>For</strong>est 1004, Toolara,<br />
via Gympie Q 4570<br />
(07) 4776 2777<br />
(07) 5497 3133<br />
(07) 4121 1833<br />
(07) 4166 1433<br />
(07) 4698 1150<br />
(07) 4938 4700<br />
(07) 4622 9763<br />
(07) 5486 5220<br />
Yarraman Mill Street, Yarraman Q 4614 (07) 4163 8223<br />
14
<strong>Queensland</strong> Parks and Wildlife Service requirements<br />
The introduction and keeping of introduced fauna is contrary to the management principles of all<br />
categories of national parks, where natural processes are maintained to the greatest possible extent.<br />
Therefore, beekeeping activities and apiary sites are not permitted in national parks other than as<br />
part of the phase-out process after declaration of the national park. Co-ordination with DPI <strong>For</strong>estry<br />
will ensure similar provisions by both agencies.<br />
Other protected areas managed by <strong>Queensland</strong> Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS) allow for the<br />
keeping of bees and location of apiary sites. Table 6 details the protected areas and the beekeeping<br />
activities allowable.<br />
Table 6. Protected status and allowed activities for areas controlled by <strong>Queensland</strong> Parks and Wildlife Service.<br />
National Park<br />
Protected area<br />
Conservation Park Resource Reserves<br />
Co-ordinated Conservation Area<br />
and Nature Refuges<br />
Wilderness Area<br />
<strong>Beekeeping</strong> activities<br />
Not permitted except for phase-out of existing activities,<br />
following the declaration of a new national park, 2024<br />
Permitted if not in conflict with other management<br />
objectives<br />
May be agreed through negotiation for area involved and<br />
depends on underlying land ownership<br />
Not permitted<br />
World Heritage Management Area<br />
Subject to requirement of underlying ownership<br />
QPWS, in consultation with <strong>Queensland</strong> <strong>Beekeeping</strong> Association, is developing a code of<br />
environmental practice for beekeeping on QPWS estate. Conditions associated with permits will<br />
reflect this code. Conditions are currently considered when an application is submitted dependent on<br />
particular environments.<br />
QPWS contacts for permit issue on protected areas<br />
An application for an apiary permit under the Nature Conservation Act should be sent to the relevant<br />
Regional Director listed below. The application needs to be accompanied by the permit fee and<br />
submitted at least 30 days before the permit is required. The application for renewal of a permit<br />
should be made 30 days before a permit is due to expire.<br />
Southern Region<br />
PO Box 42, Kenmore Q 4069. Phone: (07) 3202 0200 Fax: (07) 3202 6844<br />
Central Region<br />
PO Box 3130, Rockhampton Shopping Fair Q 4701. Phone: (07) 4936 0511 Fax: (07) 4936 2212<br />
Northern Region<br />
PO Box 2066, Cairns Q 4870. Phone: (07) 4046 6601 Fax: (07) 4046 6604<br />
15
<strong>For</strong> any general enquiry regarding beekeeping on QPWS managed lands please contact:<br />
Parks and Wildlife Operations. Phone: 1300 368 326 Fax: (07) 3227 7676<br />
<strong>Queensland</strong> Parks and Wildlife Service mailing address: PO Box 190 Brisbane Albert Street Q 4001.<br />
Permit conditions<br />
Conditions are considered upon application, suiting the particular environment. Decisions on hive<br />
numbers allowed, extent of clearing on the site, and duration of permit, will be indicated to the<br />
beekeeper when the permit is issued.<br />
Standard conditions include:<br />
• 1 km between apiary sites, and a minimum distance of 40 m from major roads and 300 m<br />
away from public recreation areas. These areas include water bodies, walking tracks, picnic<br />
and camping areas<br />
• hives should face away from roads and other public areas.<br />
16
Main Roads requirements<br />
<strong>For</strong> efficient land resource utilisation, Main Roads (MR) acknowledges that there are occasions when<br />
use of the land between the road boundaries should be considered for activities other than for road<br />
transport infrastructure. MR is focused on providing safer roads for all users, equitable access and<br />
protecting the environment and road infrastructure.<br />
Permission can be sought by submitting a written application for an Ancillary Works and<br />
Encroachment (AWE) permit (MR <strong>For</strong>m M2373). These are available through any MR district office at<br />
no cost. The application must be accompanied by details of the proposed location and installation.<br />
Application requirements<br />
When making an application to MR a site inspection is undertaken to determine the suitability of<br />
the proposed site. The suitability of a proposed site covers cultural heritage, legislative issues and<br />
environmental risks, e.g. weed transfer risks. Design documents are checked to ensure conformance<br />
with departmental requirements.<br />
Conditions<br />
A summary of the general conditions is outlined below. Other conditions may be added depending<br />
on circumstances.<br />
• Each site is a maximum 20 metres x 6 metres, with no more than 150 hives.<br />
• The applicant must bear all costs associated with the installation, existence, operation,<br />
maintenance and removal of beehives.<br />
• The applicant must be registered with the DPI&F, under the Apiaries Act 1982 and Regulations.<br />
• The applicant must abide by all legislative requirements and make all approvals available to MR<br />
officers when making application.<br />
• The applicant must provide an <strong>In</strong>surance Certificate from a reputable insurer for public liability<br />
insurance cover for at least $10 million in the name of the applicant/organisation, and with the<br />
interests of the State of <strong>Queensland</strong> acting through the MR noted thereon.<br />
• A statement by the applicant/organisation indemnifying the State of <strong>Queensland</strong> acting through<br />
the MR against any claims whatsoever arising from the beekeeping activities.<br />
• Minimum distance of 1 km from other registered/approved apiary sites.<br />
• Minimum distance of 9 metres from closest edge of roadway.<br />
• Minimum distance of 100 metres from recreation areas, rest areas and private property access.<br />
• Minimum distance of 3 metres from adjacent property boundaries.<br />
• Access must be made using existing intersections or property accesses.<br />
• 2 metre fire breaks must be cleared and maintained around the site. This must be kept to a<br />
minimum needed to install the beehives. Trees are not to be cleared without written permission of<br />
the district office.<br />
• All mechanical equipment must be maintained and used so that it does not cause a fire.<br />
• The applicant must not use a lighted smoker other than within the perimeter of the firebreak.<br />
• Existing drainage provisions must not be altered during any work associated with the beehives.<br />
• The area must be kept clean and tidy for the duration of the permit and all material brought on<br />
site must be removed.<br />
• When vacating the site the area must be returned to original condition and the district office advised.<br />
17
<strong>For</strong> the full list of conditions please contact your local MR district office. See list below:<br />
South East <strong>Queensland</strong><br />
South Coast Nerang 5583 8111<br />
Sunshine Coast Mooloolaba 5477 8450<br />
Metropolitan Spring Hill 3834 8344<br />
Southern <strong>Queensland</strong><br />
Wide Bay Bundaberg 4154 0200<br />
Southern Toowoomba 4639 0777<br />
South Western Roma 4654 1544<br />
Border Warwick 4661 6333<br />
Central <strong>Queensland</strong><br />
Central Rockhampton 4931 1500<br />
Central Western Barcaldine 4651 2777<br />
Mackay Mackay 4951 8555<br />
Central Highlands Emerald 4983 8700<br />
North <strong>Queensland</strong><br />
Northern Townsville 4720 7200<br />
North Western Cloncurry 4769 3200<br />
Peninsula Cairns 4050 5444<br />
18
Department of Natural Resources and Mines requirements<br />
Department of Natural Resources and Mines (NR&M) administers the majority of State-owned land<br />
on which it may be desirable to locate apiary sites.<br />
The areas under their jurisdiction include:<br />
• Reserves (excluding State <strong>For</strong>est Reserves and Protected Areas)<br />
• Roads (Local/State Government Roads and Stock Routes)<br />
• Unallocated State Land.<br />
NOTE: <strong>For</strong> areas leased from the State, private negotiations and arrangements with the lessee may<br />
be made at the lessee’s discretion, as long as the proposed use will not be inconsistent with the<br />
purpose and conditions of the head lease. The arrangement can be as formal as a written sublease,<br />
and requires the consent of the Minister for Natural Resources and Mines. The lease must be<br />
registered in the Land Registry. The lessee is also entitled to charge rent for the area identified under<br />
the sublease. The term of any agreement or sublease must not extend past the expiry date of the<br />
head lease.<br />
Authorised access to the above-mentioned State-owned land can be obtained by submitting an<br />
application (Land Act Application <strong>For</strong>m 104) to the NR&M district office in the locality of the<br />
desired site. The application also needs to be accompanied by a sketch or map depicting the land<br />
area to be affected by the application.<br />
Important Note: Siting an apiary on any of the above-mentioned State-owned land without<br />
authorisation may be dealt with as a trespass related act and be subject to payment of a penalty.<br />
NR&M application requirements<br />
When making an application to NR&M for access to the above-mentioned State-owned land,<br />
beekeepers may apply for either a Short Term Permit or a Permit to Occupy.<br />
Short Term Permit<br />
An application fee of $87.80 applies — a Short Term Permit may be issued to a person or organisation<br />
wishing to use an area of Unallocated State land, reserve (that is not already subject to an existing<br />
lease) or road (including Stock Routes) for a short period of time only (up to a maximum of three<br />
months). The occupation of the authorised land does not give the holder exclusive possession of the<br />
land, i.e. the use of the land must co-exist with the purpose for which the land has been set aside.<br />
Therefore, the Short Term Permit may not be sold, subleased or mortgaged.<br />
Permit to occupy<br />
An application fee of $87.80 applies plus other fees as mentioned below — Permits to Occupy are<br />
issued by the State to a permittee on a continuing basis, for a right to occupy or use State-controlled<br />
land, including unallocated State land, roads (including Stock Routes) or reserves, so long as the<br />
annual rent is paid. However, the permit may be cancelled at any time by the Director-General,<br />
NR&M upon giving reasonable notice to the permittee (at least 28 days). This would normally only<br />
occur if the land is required for some changed purpose. As with a Short Term Permit, a Permit to<br />
Occupy does not give the holder exclusive possession of the land, i.e. must be able to co-exist with<br />
the purpose for which the land has been set aside. Therefore, a Permit to Occupy may not be sold,<br />
subleased or mortgaged. If an application for a Permit to Occupy is approved, payment of a $44.25<br />
19
document fee is required, plus the permittee is required to pay an annual rental to NR&M (NOTE: The<br />
current minimum rent for a Permit to Occupy is $75 per annum, payable on or before 1 September<br />
each year). Local government rates may also apply, therefore it may be useful to check the policy of<br />
the relevant Local Government Authority regarding rates. Permittees may voluntarily surrender their<br />
permit if they no longer wish to use the site. Because it can take some time to obtain a Permit to<br />
Occupy, a beekeeper could obtain a Short Term Permit for three months to secure a site, and at the<br />
same time apply for a Permit to Occupy, which will commence after the initial three-month permit<br />
has expired.<br />
<strong>In</strong> considering the application, NR&M will seek the views of other relevant authorities including:<br />
• the relevant Local Government Authority<br />
• DPI&F Apiary Section<br />
• Trustee of the Reserve (if applicable)<br />
• Department of Main Roads (if applicable — for apiary sites on state-controlled roads for which<br />
NR&M are processing the application)<br />
• Environmental Protection Agency (if applicable — for beehives that are to be sited on a road<br />
through or adjoining a national park or other conservation area).<br />
Prior to submitting the application, the beekeeper may seek the views of the above relevant agencies<br />
and provide this information together with their application to NR&M. By doing this, the time taken<br />
for NR&M to process the application will normally be significantly reduced.<br />
Conditions<br />
Conditions relating to apiary sites vary according to the type of authority issued and the associated<br />
environmental impacts of the siting of the apiary sites on the subject land. However, standard<br />
conditions applicable to all apiary sites authorised under the Land Act are as follows:<br />
• Beekeepers are responsible for abiding by the provisions of the Apiaries Act, in particular<br />
maintaining the required distance from other apiary sites.<br />
• No standing timber is to be destroyed.<br />
• No structural improvements other than moveable improvements are permitted (except boundary<br />
fencing if necessary).<br />
• A public risk policy of insurance is required.<br />
• A bond may be required to ensure the area is left in a clean and tidy condition and that it has<br />
been reinstated to its former status.<br />
Other conditions may also be applied depending on the individual circumstances.<br />
20
Good beekeeping practices<br />
Hive placement<br />
The correct placement of hives is an important consideration for responsible beekeeping. <strong>In</strong> rural<br />
situations many issues should be considered to minimise impact on neighbouring property,<br />
stock or persons; for example, a horse in the same paddock or adjacent to a property gate or an<br />
apiary close to a dwelling. Bees should not be located within 50 m of an adjoining rural zoned<br />
neighbour’s dwelling.<br />
Hives should also be placed well away from roads, footpaths, parks and school bus stops.<br />
Presumably the pre-issue of a permit on Crown Land or other authority would have already covered<br />
many of the problems that may occur and a designated area will be defined on the permit.<br />
Privately sited apiaries can pose enormous problems if placed incorrectly or overstocked. The following<br />
considerations may minimise some of these problems:<br />
• Hives must not be within 30 m of a main thoroughfare.<br />
• Apiaries should be faced away from bright light sources, e.g. floodlights. A reasonable distance<br />
from bright light sources is 100 m.<br />
• Water and grain feeds can attract high numbers of bees during floral dearth and dry times.<br />
Alternative feed/stores and water should be available to the bees. Therefore, do not place hives<br />
near stock feeding points.<br />
<strong>In</strong> extreme circumstances an apiary may have to be shifted during the problem period. Regular<br />
communication with the property owner is advised so that any problem may be quickly rectified.<br />
Fire prevention<br />
It is recommended that apiaries be mown and cleaned of debris that could be combustible, such<br />
as branches, twigs and dead grass. It is advisable to construct a firebreak at least 2 m wide around<br />
the apiary to minimise risk to the apiary. Grass and bush fires can destroy apiaries quickly as the<br />
components are highly combustible. The fire risk should be considered carefully when choosing<br />
prospective sites.<br />
Easy access to the apiary in a severe bush fire season is also an important factor.<br />
Beekeepers should conform to all fire bans placed on areas where they have located apiaries.<br />
The lighting of smokers may be strictly prohibited. Check with local fire authorities, e.g. <strong>Rural</strong> Fire<br />
Brigade Division of <strong>Queensland</strong> Fire and Rescue Service.<br />
<strong>In</strong> times of fire risk, it is advisable that the bee smoker be kept in a fireproof container such as a cut<br />
down 20 litre drum. Sparks escaping from the air intake at the base of the smoker are a possible<br />
source of fire.<br />
The reporting of fires is an important community responsibility and should be acted upon<br />
immediately to minimise damage. All clearing of vegetation must take into account possible<br />
restrictions made under the Vegetation Management Act 1999 and Vegetation Management<br />
Plan 2000.<br />
21
Water requirements<br />
Water is essential for all forms of life, including bees. When the hive temperature reaches 32°C bees<br />
become water carriers. As the temperature increases the number of water carriers also increases,<br />
as water is used in the hive for cooling, via evaporation, as well as being a vital part of the bee’s diet.<br />
The provision of water needs to be considered when placing hives in rural areas, as a natural source<br />
may not be suitable (stock watering) or reliable (droughted streams). If this basic requirement is<br />
overlooked, or indeed disappears, bees can become a nuisance at alternative water sources, e.g. taps,<br />
hose fittings or stock watering points. Bees may die from the lack of available water. Therefore, water<br />
should be made available by the beekeeper. Ideally this should be as close as possible to the apiary,<br />
e.g. within 500 m.<br />
A public nuisance may also occur if bees utilising the provided water cross public spaces such as footpaths.<br />
Clean water should be in the capillary form. Wet gravel or a sand bed is excellent but a large drum<br />
with foam floats can also be effective.<br />
Smokers<br />
A bee smoker is one of an apiarist’s basic tools of trade and its use is essential for the correct<br />
manipulation of hives.<br />
A smoker is fuelled by various combustible materials and is used to calm the bees. The action of<br />
smoke through the hive masks any alarm pheromone emitted by the bees. It is advisable to use the<br />
smoker prior to disturbing the hive and during its manipulation.<br />
To prevent or reduce stinging it is recommended to smoke hives before mowing, slashing or using<br />
weed eaters or chainsaws in the vicinity of the hives.<br />
Robbing and working hives<br />
Avoid working bees when conditions are poor, that is during cool or rainy weather or when little<br />
nectar and pollen are available. If conditions are poor and the bees start to rob they become savage<br />
and the potential for trouble increases.<br />
Beekeepers should consider their neighbours when they need to work bees, and ensure their<br />
neighbours are not working or relaxing outdoors at the time. Try to make hive manipulations as short<br />
as possible so there is minimal disturbance to the bees.<br />
A suggested useful way of removing honey supers is to place clearer boards in the hive overnight.<br />
Clearer boards are available from beekeeping suppliers. The use of these boards is detailed in<br />
husbandry books such as the DPI&F publication by P. Warhurst and R. Goebel (1995), The Bee Book<br />
— beekeeping in the warmer areas of Australia.<br />
Prevention of robbing<br />
Robber bees are workers, usually from neighbouring hives, that appear when honey is exposed.<br />
When foraging conditions are unfavourable, robber activity increases and can be a real nuisance,<br />
leading to potential hazards as the frenzy escalates.<br />
22
The beekeeper should not expose cappings, sticky combs or honeycombs for bees to rob. Cease hive<br />
manipulation if robbing commences.<br />
Hazards include:<br />
• increased spread of disease, e.g. American Foulbrood Disease (AFB) spread between hives and even<br />
between apiaries<br />
• unsafe working conditions for the apiarist<br />
• unsafe areas for property owners and stock<br />
• possible killing of one or many hives by fighting workers.<br />
Bees working coastal flora, Stradbroke Island<br />
Managing swarms<br />
Swarming is a natural instinct of honeybees and occurs mainly in spring to early summer.<br />
Whenever possible, swarms should be collected and domesticated in a spare hive. This will reduce<br />
the risk of them becoming a nuisance if they fly to nearby properties and establish in houses, trees<br />
or similar sites.<br />
Honeybee colonies must be managed to prevent or minimise swarming. Suitable management<br />
practices are described in books such as the DPI&F publication by P. Warhurst and R. Goebel, (1995),<br />
The Bee Book — beekeeping in the warmer areas of Australia.<br />
To reduce the incidence of swarms, beekeepers are advised to divide the colony of honeybees into<br />
two or more units as the swarming season approaches. This will reduce the population and the<br />
likelihood of swarming. The reuniting of these units can take place later in order to reduce the<br />
number of hives. This procedure is known as artificial swarming and the practice is effective in<br />
removing the swarming impulse.<br />
23
Other factors, such as the provision of additional supers for brood rearing and honey storage, and<br />
the replacement of old or failing queens, may also reduce the swarming impulse.<br />
It should not be immediately assumed that swarms found in the vicinity of managed hives have,<br />
in fact, issued from these particular hives. Swarms issuing from other hives, and in particular feral<br />
colonies, may fly into nearby managed apiaries.<br />
Capturing swarms<br />
Beekeepers must take responsibility for a swarm that has issued from one of their colonies and<br />
whenever possible capture it as soon as it has formed into a cluster.<br />
Swarm enquiries are handled through the DPI&F Call Centre by referring to a recent list of<br />
beekeepers prepared to collect swarms in the caller’s area. Some individuals nominate a charge<br />
for this service.<br />
Docile strains of bees<br />
Honeybee colonies managed in rural areas should be maintained with young queens of a docile<br />
strain. Docile queens are specially bred and sold by queen breeders.<br />
Docility is one of the main selection criteria along with high honey production.<br />
Site responsibilities<br />
Beekeepers have a responsibility to property owners in the correct usage of apiary sites on<br />
private lands. Correct usage not only encompasses the tangible issues such as responsible apiary<br />
maintenance and effective bee husbandry, but it also means maintaining and presenting a credible<br />
image on behalf of the industry as a whole.<br />
Important issues that should be highlighted are:<br />
• appropriate arrangements for any locked gates<br />
• open communication on the nature of occupancy<br />
• notification to owner of entry to property, especially out of hours<br />
• providing owners with a gift of honey over and above any negotiated monetary agreement.<br />
Failure to observe these fundamental principles may result in irreparable damage to the relationship<br />
between owner and beekeeper. This not only affects the beekeeper at fault but also impacts on other<br />
beekeepers as well.<br />
It is also worth noting that property owners often have further links to other land holdings through<br />
relations or alternative networks.<br />
24
Transporting hives<br />
Methods of shifting<br />
Ideally hives should be shifted by one of the following methods.<br />
Open entrance transport<br />
• This is the most common way of shifting hives.<br />
• Hives are loaded at dusk or at night and the bees allowed to settle.<br />
• Travel is undertaken at night and destination is reached before daylight.<br />
• Bees are unloaded after arrival, preferably at daybreak.<br />
Closed entrance transport<br />
• This method allows an owner to shift bees a short distance and unload without being stung.<br />
• Hives must be fitted with adequate ventilation so bees do not suffocate.<br />
• Beehives can be shifted in a utility or a conventional station wagon vehicle.<br />
• Beehives can be closed at night. After the bees cluster at the entrance they are smoked and driven<br />
inside the hive.<br />
• Hives should be shifted at night when all bees are at home and when temperatures are coolest.<br />
Netted bee transport<br />
• The use of nets allows beekeepers to move hives during the day and at night.<br />
• Bees need to be loaded at night or dusk.<br />
• Nets must be secure enough to contain bees in transit and not flap in the breeze. A strong<br />
commercially available fine mesh is suitable.<br />
• Bees can be shifted during daylight hours provided temperatures are not too high.<br />
• Trucks should not be parked near bright lights, e.g. at service stations. This will lessen the<br />
likelihood of bees becoming excited or escaping and causing a public nuisance.<br />
Accidents<br />
An accident involving a load of live bees is the worst nightmare for beekeepers, motorists and emergency<br />
services personnel. The incident becomes more critical as daylight appears after a night accident.<br />
The beekeeper, if unhurt, needs to provide advice and assistance. The beekeeper should also provide<br />
contact details of other beekeepers who may be able to help.<br />
If possible the DPI&F Apiary Section should also be alerted, as information in the registration<br />
database may be useful in contacting other beekeepers. DPI&F officers may also be able to assist.<br />
If beehives are damaged in the accident the preferred method of killing hives is to spray the bees with<br />
detergent water. This will kill most bees that threaten to sting the people at the scene of the accident.<br />
Water is also essential to clean up spilt honey.<br />
Fire and Police Services would generally be called to help at such an event.<br />
25
Breakdown services<br />
If a breakdown occurs whilst en route to another bee site with loaded bees, it is advisable to:<br />
• Unload the bees at the point of breakdown. This obviously will only be possible if the geography<br />
and conditions are suitable. Permission should be sought from relevant emergency authorities.<br />
A one-day stay may be all that is required or allowed.<br />
• Contact a beekeeper on the QBA breakdown list. The list below details members in many<br />
<strong>Queensland</strong> towns who are prepared to assist either by themselves or through local contacts.<br />
Contacts for breakdown services<br />
Town Name and address Telephone<br />
Aratula<br />
Laurie Dewar, Lake Moogerah Road<br />
(07) 5463 5633<br />
0419 658 831<br />
Caboolture Syd Pedwell, 17 Ibis Court (07) 5495 2642<br />
Canungra<br />
Mal Alroy, 14 Millie Court<br />
(07) 5443 5609<br />
0418 749 669<br />
Cecil Plains Les Organ-Moore, ‘Matilda Hill’, Dunmore Rd (07) 4668 0334<br />
Childers Adrian Jones, MS 315, Cordalba (07) 4126 6233<br />
Chinchilla Rodney Smith, 30 Claydon Street (07) 4668 9657<br />
Deception Bay Tony Knight, 76 Lipscombe Road (07) 3204 2343<br />
Glasshouse Barry Williams, Lot 8 Romar Road (07) 5493 0510<br />
Maryborough Roy and Peter Barnes, Teddington Road (07) 4129 7224<br />
Nambour Duncan McMartin, Lot 7 Sports Road, Bli Bli (07) 5448 5300<br />
Mapleton Bob Johnson (07) 5445 7512<br />
Redcliffe<br />
Trevor and Faye Evans, 63 Deans Street, Margate<br />
(07) 3284 8416<br />
0416 004 066<br />
Tenterfield Merv Magnay, 6 Aldershot Road (02) 6736 3234<br />
Beekeepers need to be highly conscious of public safety and their own safety when dealing with a nighttime<br />
breakdown. Two-way radios and mobile phones are almost essential for emergency communication.<br />
26
Honey, Sheds and Quality Assurance<br />
Honey<br />
The community is increasingly demanding the availability of wholesome food products free from<br />
additives and contaminants. There are also food regulation laws that producers have to comply with<br />
in order to sell their products. Adopting auditable quality control measures such as Hazard Analysis<br />
Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a key factor to a QA program. Honey that meets these requirements<br />
is vital for the continued viability of the Australian apiary industry. These influences are even more<br />
critical on the world market. The factors mentioned in this section reflect quality issues of Australian<br />
honey and ultimately affect prices and returns to apiarists. The beekeeping industry has a credible<br />
QA program called BQUAL that is specific to apiary management and offers all the requirements that<br />
national legislation demands.<br />
Sheds<br />
Local government environmental health sections regulate food-handling procedures. Beekeepers<br />
need to be reminded that they are handling a food product and must ensure that their extraction<br />
facilities and storage areas meet prescribed standards.<br />
Any premises where food is kept for sale or preparation, packing, storing, handling, serving, supplying<br />
or conveying for sale must comply with the requirements of the Food Act and the Food Hygiene<br />
Regulations. These requirements specify the need for licensing and registration, structure of the<br />
premises and accessories (i.e. floors, walls, ceilings, hand basins, cold/hot storage, etc.) as well as<br />
operation and food handling (i.e. storage temperatures, hand washing, cleaning, etc.).<br />
Beekeepers engaged in the packaging of honey into containers must ensure that the area in which<br />
this occurs complies with the Food Act and the Food Hygiene Regulations. Vinyl or tile flooring,<br />
impervious ceilings and walls, and vermin-proof storage for containers will be required. A hand<br />
washbasin, along with a separate area to wash utensils, is also a necessity.<br />
If beekeepers are only storing pre-packaged honey in sealed containers, with no further processing<br />
or packaging to be undertaken, exemptions may be granted. However, a vermin-proof storage area is<br />
still required to protect the food against contamination.<br />
Local Council is responsible for the implementation and enforcement of these requirements, along with<br />
licensing and registration. These bodies may also have their specific requirements. The information<br />
provided here is a guide only, and beekeepers should contact the Environmental Health Officer from<br />
their Local Government for specific information.<br />
Quality assurance<br />
As indicated above, beekeepers need to be aware of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)<br />
systems of hazard analysis. HACCP is important to honey producers and packers alike and will play<br />
an increased role in future marketing and sales of honey.<br />
The basic principles of HACCP are:<br />
• identifying hazards, e.g. microbiological or chemical contamination of honey<br />
• applying procedures and controls to prevent hazards<br />
• documenting all procedures<br />
• frequent auditing of procedures.<br />
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Contamination of honey or other hive products with heavy metals or microbiological residue will<br />
affect honey sales (domestic and export) and reflect poorly on Australia’s previous record as a<br />
producer of quality honey and allied products.<br />
Possible sources of contamination are lead from solder in old extractors, and antibiotic residue from<br />
the misuse or inappropriate use of oxytetracycline.<br />
BQUAL is a functioning program in the beekeeping industry that provides training, auditing and<br />
accreditation. BQUAL Pty Ltd is managed by AUS-QUAL Pty Ltd. AUS-QUAL is a Registered Training<br />
Organisation (RTO) and also complies with the international standard of certification of quality<br />
management systems ISO 9001—2000.<br />
Enquiries for AUS-QUAL should be directed to Bevan Blacklock or Andrew Little on 1800 630 890<br />
and BQUAL enquiries to AHBIC office on 02 9221 0911.<br />
Product labelling<br />
Food labelling legislation is administered by two state government departments and producer/packers<br />
and packers have to meet correct labelling regulations.<br />
The relevant regulators are:<br />
• Department of Equity and Fair Trading, Trade Measurement Section<br />
• <strong>Queensland</strong> Health — Environmental Health.<br />
Contact details are listed on pages 29 and 30.<br />
To ensure compliance with Trade Measurement requirements and to avoid short measures,<br />
processors must:<br />
• Use a certified and approved type of scale. Do not use kitchen scales, bathroom scales or any<br />
other non-trade scale.<br />
• Conduct all weighing on a net weight basis. Processors can only charge for the product itself and<br />
must make an allowance for any packaging material, e.g. plastic tubs or steel drums.<br />
• Clearly mark every pre-packed article with a statement of net weight, in the prescribed print height.<br />
• Clearly mark your full name and address on all pre-packed articles, unless the articles are pre-packed<br />
and sold to the final consumer on the same premises.<br />
Please note! These guidelines offer only basic information. When in doubt, seek professional advice.<br />
<strong>Queensland</strong> Health regulates the packaging and labelling of honey with reference to food quality.<br />
Some requirements are:<br />
• an appropriate designation, e.g. honey, ironbark honey<br />
• name and street address of packer<br />
• country of origin, e.g. Product of Australia<br />
• batch code or if honey has shelf life of
Department of Equity and Fair Trading contacts<br />
Trade Measurement Section Offices<br />
Brisbane<br />
383 Boundary Street,<br />
PO Box 507, Spring Hill Q 4004<br />
Phone: (07) 3836 0411<br />
Fax: (07) 3836 0424<br />
Rockhampton<br />
34 East Street,<br />
PO Box 303, Rockhampton Q 4700<br />
Phone: (07) 4920 6644<br />
Fax: (07) 4920 6688<br />
Bundaberg<br />
First Floor, Bundaberg Court House, Quay Street,<br />
PO Box 5398, West Bundaberg Q 4670<br />
Phone: (07) 4153 3997<br />
Fax: (07) 4153 3975<br />
Southport<br />
7–11 Short Street,<br />
PO Box 2565, Southport Q 4215<br />
Phone: (07) 5581 3346<br />
Fax: (07) 5581 3388<br />
Cairns<br />
Ground Level, Cairns Court House, 5 Sheridan Street,<br />
PO Box 2362, Cairns Q 4870<br />
Phone: (07) 4042 3345<br />
Fax: (07) 4042 3388<br />
Toowoomba<br />
Toowoomba Court House, 159 Hume Street<br />
PO Box 841, Toowoomba Q 4350<br />
Phone: (07) 4637 6030<br />
Fax: (07) 4637 6040<br />
Maroochydore<br />
Ground Floor, Maroochydore Court House, Cornmeal Parade,<br />
PO Box 870, Maroochydore Q 4558<br />
Phone: (07) 5430 8944<br />
Fax: (07) 5430 8988<br />
29
Health Department contacts<br />
District Environmental Health Services Offices<br />
Brisbane North<br />
184 St Pauls Terrace, Spring Hill Q 4000<br />
PO Box 1507, Valley Q 4006<br />
Postcodes: 4000–4067, 4069–4070, 4500–4521<br />
Phone: (07) 3250 8509<br />
Brisbane South<br />
First Floor, QHPSS Building, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains<br />
PO Box 333, Archerfield Q 4108<br />
Postcodes: 4068, 4073–4077, 4101–4133, 4151–4184<br />
Phone: (07) 3000 9145<br />
Bundaberg<br />
141 Long Street, Old Hervey Bay Hospital, Pt Vernon, Bundaberg<br />
PO Box 724, Pialba Q 4655<br />
Postcodes: 4600–4631, 4641, 4650–4677<br />
Phone: (07) 4150 2780<br />
Cairns<br />
Ground Floor, Aplin House, 19 Aplin Street, Cairns<br />
PO Box 1103, Cairns Q 4870<br />
Postcodes: 4816–4849, 4852–4886<br />
Phone: (07) 4050 3601<br />
Mackay<br />
Community Health Centre, 12–14 Nelson Street, Mackay<br />
PO Box 688, Mackay Q 4740<br />
Postcodes: 4707–4721, 4737–4803<br />
Phone: (07) 4968 3858<br />
Maroochydore<br />
150 Horton Parade, Maroochydore<br />
PO Box 577, Maroochydore Q 4558<br />
Postcodes: 4516–4519, 4550–4575, 4580–4581<br />
Phone: (07) 5479 4655<br />
Rockhampton<br />
First Floor, Public Health Centre, 82–86 Bolsover Street,<br />
PO Box 949, Rockhampton Q 4700<br />
Postcodes: 4472, 4481–4482, 4678, 4680, 4694–4736, 4829<br />
Phone: (07) 4920 6989<br />
30
Southport<br />
10-12 Young Street, Southport,<br />
PO Box 267, Southport Q 4215<br />
Postcodes: 4205–4230, 4270–4272, 4275, 4280, 4285, 4287<br />
Phone: (07) 5509 7222<br />
Toowoomba<br />
3 Bell Street, Toowoomba,<br />
PO Box 1775, Toowoomba Q 4350<br />
Postcodes: 4343–46, 4350-62, 4380-88, 4370–78, 4390, 4400–08, 4410–19, 4420–28, 4454–55,<br />
4461–68, 4470, 4474, 4475, 4477, 4480, 4486, 4489, 4490–4494, 4496–98<br />
Phone: (07) 4631 9888<br />
Townsville<br />
Nathan Business Centre 340 Ross River Road,<br />
Locked Bag 16, Aitkenvale Q 4810<br />
Postcodes: 4804–4825, 4828, 4830, 4850, 4890–4891<br />
Phone: (07) 4750 4020<br />
West Moreton<br />
33 Smiths Road,<br />
PO Box 188, Goodna Q 4300<br />
Postcodes: 4300–4313, 4340–4343, 4346<br />
Phone: (07) 3818 5001<br />
Not in <strong>Queensland</strong><br />
GPO Box 48, Brisbane, 4001<br />
Postcodes: <strong>In</strong>terstate and overseas applications only<br />
Phone: (07) 3234 0967<br />
31
Disease control<br />
American Foulbrood (AFB) control program<br />
The DPI&F has shared commitment with the apiary industry in <strong>Queensland</strong> to control AFB in<br />
managed colonies.<br />
The strategies adopted include culturing of bulk honey samples for the presence of AFB disease agent<br />
to detect infected apiaries, inspections by Apiary Officers to identify individual infected hives and<br />
subsequent destruction and/or sterilisation of beekeeping equipment and an extension program.<br />
Beekeepers also have an ongoing responsibility to inspect their own hives for brood diseases.<br />
Also, the adoption of an agreed AFB management plan by each infected apiary owner is critical to<br />
the control of this serious disease. Movement restrictions or quarantines may be applied to noncooperative<br />
beekeepers.<br />
AFB awareness field days and inspections on infected apiaries are conducted to train beekeepers in<br />
field diagnoses of most diseases focusing chiefly on AFB.<br />
Honeybee laboratory<br />
A honeybee diagnostic and research facility is located at the DPI&F Animal Research <strong>In</strong>stitute<br />
(ARI) at Yeerongpilly in Brisbane. This laboratory is specifically designed to service the honeybee<br />
industry in <strong>Queensland</strong> and has the capacity to diagnose the major bacterial, viral, fungal and<br />
diseases of honeybees.<br />
Samples for disease diagnoses can be submitted to the laboratory by individual beekeepers and a<br />
completed Advice Sheet must accompany samples. These Advice Sheets are available from the Apiary<br />
staff section and contact numbers are listed on page 34.<br />
The honeybee laboratory supports the AFB control program by processing honey samples. A 100 mL<br />
sample of bulk honey is cultured for AFB disease agent and results mailed to the owner.<br />
Collecting samples for AFB testing<br />
It is important that:<br />
• honey samples represent all of the hives in a particular operation so an accurate picture of disease<br />
status can be obtained<br />
• clean honey samples, free of wax/comb and debris, are required for testing<br />
• candied honey can be tested<br />
• a Honey Sample Advice Sheet must accompany each honey sample submitted for testing.<br />
<strong>In</strong>terpretation of AFB positive test results<br />
Honey testing positive for AFB is rated from 1+ to 3+.<br />
• 1+ reading means 1–20 AFB bacterial colonies are present on the culture plate.<br />
• 2+ reading means 21–50 AFB bacterial colonies are present on the culture plate.<br />
• 3+ reading means more than 50 AFB bacterial colonies are present on the cultural plate.<br />
These scores indicate the likelihood of clinical signs of AFB being present in the hives from which the<br />
honey sample has originated. A 3+ score means that clinical signs of disease will almost certainly be<br />
present. However, a 1+ score indicates that there is approximately a 56% chance that clinical signs<br />
of AFB will be present in the brood frames of a hive or hives represented by the honey sample.<br />
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Testing for other diseases<br />
Other samples can be submitted to the honeybee laboratory for testing for other diseases.<br />
These samples include:<br />
• adult bees for testing for Nosema (at least 20 adult bees)<br />
• brood samples for testing for AFB, European foulbrood (EFB) and Chalkbrood<br />
• larvae for viral testing (at least 20).<br />
<strong>In</strong>spection of beehive for diseases<br />
33
DPI Apiary staff<br />
Name and address<br />
Wendy Ward, Senior Scientist<br />
Animal Research <strong>In</strong>stitute<br />
Locked Mail Bag 4, Moorooka Q 4105<br />
Peter Warhurst, Senior Apiary Officer<br />
Locked Mail Bag 17<br />
Warwick Q 4370<br />
Hamish Lamb, Apiary Officer<br />
PO Box 5083 SCMC<br />
Nambour Q 4560<br />
Patricia Greer, Apiary Officer<br />
Animal Research <strong>In</strong>stitute<br />
Locked Mail Bag 4, Moorooka Q 4105<br />
Diane Werner, Apiary Registrations<br />
Locked Mail Bag 17<br />
Warwick Q 4370<br />
Ross Newman, Senior Veterinary Officer<br />
Locked Mail Bag 17<br />
Warwick Q 4370<br />
Contact details<br />
Phone: (07) 3362 9446<br />
Fax: (07) 3362 9440<br />
Email: wendy.ward@dpi.qld.gov.au<br />
Phone: (07) 4661 6623<br />
Fax: (07) 4661 5329<br />
Mobile: 0428 616 623<br />
Email: peter.warhurst@dpi.qld.gov.au<br />
Phone: (07) 5444 9613<br />
Fax: (07) 5476 2855<br />
Mobile: 0428 190 817<br />
Email: hamish.lamb@dpi.qld.gov.au<br />
Phone: (07) 3362 9684<br />
Fax: (07) 3362 9440<br />
Mobile: 0428 662 046<br />
Email: patricia.greer@dpi.qld.gov.au<br />
Phone: (07) 4661 6604<br />
Fax: (07) 4661 5329<br />
Email: diane.werner@dpi.qld.gov.au<br />
Phone: (07) 4661 6610<br />
Fax: (07) 4661 5329<br />
Mobile: 0417 721 445<br />
Email: ross.newman@dpi.qld.gov.au<br />
Suggested reading<br />
Warhurst, P. and Goebel, R. (1995). The Bee Book — beekeeping in the warmer areas of Australia.<br />
Department of Primary <strong>In</strong>dustries, <strong>Queensland</strong>. ISSN 0727-6273.<br />
Available from DPI Publications, GPO Box 46, Brisbane Q 4001.<br />
DPI&F Farmnotes. Available from Department of Primary <strong>In</strong>dustries and Fisheries, <strong>Queensland</strong>,<br />
<strong>In</strong>formation Centres and Apiary staff locations.<br />
Website: www.dpi.qld.gov.au.<br />
Code of Practice — Urban <strong>Beekeeping</strong> in <strong>Queensland</strong>, (1998). DPI <strong>In</strong>fo Series Q198044.<br />
ISSN 6727-6273.<br />
34