Kebony Technology
Kebony Technology
Kebony Technology
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<strong>Kebony</strong><br />
Per Brynildsen<br />
Karin Hjelmtvedt<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> ASA<br />
September 2010
Contents<br />
1. The principles<br />
2. Product testing & documentation<br />
3. Environmental performance<br />
4. Summing up: Why <strong>Kebony</strong>?<br />
2
Wood Modification Fundamentals<br />
• Wood cells’ composition<br />
makes the cell walls<br />
capable of absorbing high<br />
amounts of water.<br />
• When the cell wall<br />
structure absorbs water it<br />
will swell.<br />
This is a basic feature of<br />
the wood cell wall.<br />
G.I Vestøl www.umb.no<br />
• The water content of the<br />
wood affects its strength<br />
and durability<br />
• A permanent change of<br />
the wood cell wall<br />
structure is termed<br />
WOOD MODIFICATION<br />
G.I Vestøl www.umb.no<br />
3
Wood Modification<br />
concepts<br />
Wood modification can be obtained by physical or chemical<br />
methods :<br />
• Heat applied to wood changes the cell walls’ chemistry.<br />
Products:<br />
ThermoWood; PlatoWood; Thermoholz;Perdure;<br />
• Polymer “grafting” to cell walls<br />
Kebonization => <strong>Kebony</strong><br />
• Chemical reactions with wood cell wall cellulose,<br />
hemicellulose and lignins:<br />
Acetylation = > Accoya (TitanWood)<br />
Crosslinking with DMDHU => Belmadur (BASF)<br />
4
<strong>Technology</strong> at the wood cell level<br />
• The <strong>Kebony</strong> method is a<br />
process where furan<br />
polymers are “grafted” to<br />
wood cell walls.<br />
• These polymers are very<br />
stable, and will not degrade or<br />
leach out of the wood.<br />
Furfuryl alcohol (FA) is a simple<br />
liquid produced from furfural,<br />
which again is derived from<br />
hemicellulose, a plant<br />
constituent.<br />
In our case, the FA is produced<br />
from bagasse, a waste<br />
product from cane sugar<br />
• Section of Radiata pine; cell walls<br />
containing furan polymer, image through<br />
fluorescence microscopy<br />
(L. Garbrecht Thygesen, RVAU,<br />
Copenhagen, 2006).<br />
• Fluorescence caused by furan polymer<br />
• Cell walls are invisible in this system<br />
without the fluorescence from the<br />
polymer<br />
5
Background<br />
1920s The principle of forming furan polymers<br />
1950s Early attempts of wood furfurylation<br />
1990s Prof. M. Schneider’s inventions<br />
2004 <strong>Kebony</strong> production start in semiindustrial<br />
plant<br />
2007 Financing of new <strong>Kebony</strong> plant<br />
2008 New plant with commercial scale<br />
capacity<br />
2009 Establishing representation in Spain,<br />
Italy, UK<br />
2010 Doubling sales from 2009<br />
6
The process steps<br />
READILY AVAILABLE WOOD<br />
• Biodegradable<br />
• Mostly soft (European<br />
Species)<br />
• Moisture sensitive<br />
• Inconsistent quality<br />
• Impregnation<br />
• Curing<br />
• Drying<br />
• Extended lifetime<br />
• Enhanced<br />
mechanical<br />
properties<br />
• Consistent quality &<br />
supply<br />
• Environmentally<br />
friendly<br />
RENEWABLE CHEMICALS<br />
processed from plant waste<br />
• Sugar canes<br />
• Corn cobs<br />
• Wood<br />
<strong>Technology</strong><br />
Chemical from Biomass<br />
Customer<br />
7
Fundamental Product Factors<br />
Affected by the <strong>Kebony</strong> process<br />
Decay resistance => Resistance to rot (fungi),<br />
insects, larvae<br />
Dimensional Stability => Stability against swelling<br />
and shrinkage caused by<br />
moisture variations<br />
Hardness => Important for resistance to<br />
wear<br />
Bending Strength => Improved stiffness against<br />
elastic bending<br />
Increased density => Increased weight per volume<br />
unit<br />
Altered colour => The formed furan polymer is<br />
dark brown<br />
8
1. The principles<br />
2. Product testing & documentation<br />
3. Environmental performance<br />
4. Summing up: Why <strong>Kebony</strong>?<br />
9
<strong>Kebony</strong> product testing & documentation<br />
• Durability against fungi and insects<br />
SP (Sweden); SHR (Netherlands); BRE (UK); Forest & Landscape<br />
Inst. (Norway); University of Gent (Belgium); Christian August<br />
Universität (Germany); Louisiana State University (USA); Danish<br />
Technological Institute.<br />
• Weathering, coating and gluing<br />
SP (Sweden); SHR (Netherlands); Dynea (Norway); Norwegian Inst.<br />
Of Wood <strong>Technology</strong>; Jotun AS (Norway)<br />
• Environmental Impact<br />
- Smoke gas testing, fire testing, leaching, eco-tox,<br />
emissions:<br />
SP (Sweden); SHR (Netherlands); AnalyCen (Norway), Forest &<br />
Landscape Inst. (Norway); Toxicon (Sweden); Danish<br />
Technological Institute.<br />
• Physical / Mechanical properties<br />
SP (Sweden); SHR (Netherlands); Virginia Tech (USA); Norwegian<br />
Inst. Of Wood <strong>Technology</strong><br />
• Human health – chemical risk assessment<br />
IVAM (Netherlands)<br />
10
11<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> Pine – Product Performance
<strong>Kebony</strong> Pine – Product Performance<br />
EN 113,<br />
Brown rot (Coniophora puteana; Gloeophyllum<br />
trabeum; Poria placenta)<br />
White rot (Coriolus versicolor)<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> SYP and <strong>Kebony</strong> Radiata: Durability<br />
Class 1<br />
EN 113,<br />
Brown rot (Coniophora puteana; Gloeophyllum<br />
trabeum; Poria placenta)<br />
White rot (Coriolus versicolor)<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> SYP Durability Class 1 for all<br />
fungi except Poria (DC 2)<br />
12
Product performance<br />
Hardness<br />
Brinell hardness<br />
(SP, Sweden):<br />
Control<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> (M)<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> (H)<br />
13
<strong>Kebony</strong> Pine - Product performance<br />
Formosan Subterranean Termite Test AWPA E1-97<br />
Independent Rating AWPA E1-97<br />
8,6<br />
9<br />
Ranking 1- 10 by LSU<br />
2,6<br />
Untreated<br />
Control SYP<br />
ACQ .25<br />
ACQ treated SYP<br />
F30<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> SYP (M)<br />
Sample Type<br />
• <strong>Kebony</strong> pine was the only product ranked “excellent” and<br />
ranked better than ACQ treated pine against Termites by<br />
researchers at LSU<br />
14
Product performance<br />
Dimensional stability<br />
Vol. swelling<br />
@ 20% - 85% RH (SP, Sweden):<br />
In general :<br />
Anti-swelling efficiency (ASE)<br />
between 40 and 60 %<br />
15
<strong>Kebony</strong> Pine - Product Performance<br />
Fastener withdrawal load<br />
Fastener withdrawal load pine sapwood - <strong>Kebony</strong> Pine<br />
2500<br />
2000<br />
Load (N)<br />
1500<br />
1000<br />
Galvanized<br />
nail<br />
Deck screw<br />
500<br />
0<br />
Untreated Radial Tangential<br />
Treatment<br />
Study by SP Trätek<br />
• Hot dip galvanised, 2.3 * 60<br />
• Decking screw, 3.0 * 50<br />
16
<strong>Kebony</strong> Pine - Product performance<br />
Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) ASTM D-143<br />
MOE (psi)<br />
Control Mean ACQ MEAN FA MEAN<br />
3000000<br />
2,704,338<br />
2500000<br />
2,229,847<br />
2,382,782<br />
2000000<br />
MOE (ps)i<br />
1500000<br />
1000000<br />
500000<br />
0<br />
Control Mean ACQ MEAN FA MEAN<br />
Treatment<br />
Control SYP ACQ treated SYP <strong>Kebony</strong> SYP (M)<br />
• <strong>Kebony</strong> pine exhibited near the same rupture point as untreated and<br />
copper treated pine.<br />
• <strong>Kebony</strong> pine (yellow column) exhibited more stiffness (MOE) than<br />
untreated and copper treated pine<br />
• This MOE score means that <strong>Kebony</strong> pine will perform more consistently<br />
under loads.<br />
17
<strong>Kebony</strong> Pine - Product Performance<br />
Fastener corrosion AWPA E12<br />
Mils of Corrosion Compared to Control of untreated wood<br />
1,312<br />
Control<br />
ACQ FA<br />
SYP<br />
ACQ<br />
treated<br />
SYP<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> SYP<br />
1,08<br />
0,961<br />
0,873<br />
mils corrosion<br />
0,602<br />
0,308<br />
0,332<br />
0,221<br />
0,152<br />
0,156<br />
0,068 0,067<br />
0,1<br />
0 0 0 0<br />
0<br />
0<br />
0<br />
0<br />
Screw Plain Steel<br />
SAE1010<br />
Screw Hot dip Zinc<br />
Galv.<br />
Screw 316 Stainless<br />
Steel<br />
Coupons Aluminum<br />
2024-T3<br />
Coupons Hot dip Zinc<br />
galv.<br />
Coupons 316<br />
Stainless Steel<br />
Coupons Copper<br />
Fastener/Coupon Type<br />
• Because of residues of minor amounts of organic acid, <strong>Kebony</strong> is weakly acidic.<br />
• Still, <strong>Kebony</strong> pine is overall less corrosive than ACQ treated pine<br />
18
19<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> Maple – Product Performance
<strong>Kebony</strong> Maple – Product Performance<br />
AWPA E10,<br />
Brown rot (Coniophora puteana; Irpex lacteus;<br />
Poria placenta)<br />
White rot (Coriolus versicolor)<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> SYP Durability Class 1<br />
(calculated according to EN-350)<br />
20
Product performance<br />
Hardness<br />
Brinell hardness<br />
(SP, Sweden):<br />
Control<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> (M)<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> (H)<br />
21
Product performance<br />
Dimensional stability<br />
Vol. swelling @ 20% -<br />
85% RH (SP, Sweden):<br />
In general :<br />
Anti-swelling efficiency (ASE)<br />
between 40 and 60 %<br />
22
Product Characteristics<br />
Appearance<br />
Before<br />
exposure<br />
•<strong>Kebony</strong> is patinated by sunshine, rain and wind<br />
24
1. The principles<br />
2. Product testing & documentation<br />
3. Environmental performance<br />
4. Summing up: Why <strong>Kebony</strong>?<br />
25
Sustainability<br />
● Certification of wood starting<br />
material – sustainably managed<br />
forests<br />
(Pine, Southern Yellow Pine; Maple)<br />
● Documentation of environmental<br />
impacts :<br />
- “Carbon Footprint” – Global<br />
Warming Potential<br />
- Other Environmental impacts<br />
26
Sustainability – Carbon Footprint<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> Approach :<br />
● EMPA Life Cycle Analysis of<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> Window Frame<br />
● In-house research in combination<br />
with other consultants, for<br />
comparison of <strong>Kebony</strong> with teak<br />
and ACQ treated pine<br />
● Product certification<br />
27
Sustainability – Carbon Footprint<br />
EMPA Study:<br />
● GWP of <strong>Kebony</strong> compared to<br />
PVC and Aluminium<br />
28
Sustainability – Carbon Footprint<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> Maple compared to teak<br />
Estimated carbon release of <strong>Kebony</strong><br />
compared to Burma teak over their<br />
entire life span<br />
29
Sustainability – Carbon Footprint<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> SYP compared to ipê<br />
Estimated carbon release of <strong>Kebony</strong><br />
compared to Burma teak over their<br />
entire life span<br />
30
<strong>Kebony</strong> v ThermoWood and Accoya<br />
Parameter <strong>Kebony</strong> ThermoWood Accoya<br />
Modification principle Furan polymer Heat treatment Acetylation<br />
Appearance<br />
Brown, greying on<br />
weathering<br />
Brown, greying on<br />
weathering<br />
Pale, good colour stability<br />
on weathering but<br />
vulnerable to staining fungi.<br />
Strength parameters Improved stiffness. Reduced bending strength Bending strength<br />
unchanged from parent<br />
wood<br />
Hardness<br />
*** * **<br />
Dimensional Stability<br />
** ** ***<br />
Fastener holding<br />
strength<br />
*** * **<br />
Durability<br />
*** ** ***<br />
31
1. The principles<br />
2. Product testing & documentation<br />
3. Environmental performance<br />
4. Summing up: Why <strong>Kebony</strong>?<br />
32
Total economy<br />
• Durability<br />
• Dimensional stability<br />
• Hardness<br />
• Bending strength<br />
• Low demands on maintenance<br />
• Good service life economy<br />
33
34<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> – projects
35<br />
<strong>Kebony</strong> organisasjon
Hvorfor velger markedet <strong>Kebony</strong>?<br />
• <strong>Kebony</strong> er tidsriktig<br />
– Estetisk vakkert<br />
– Brukt av mange ledende arkitektbyråer i Skandinavia, og internasjonalt<br />
• <strong>Kebony</strong> er miljøvennlig<br />
– Vår prosess har ingen miljømessige konsekvenser – ingen skadelige stoffer<br />
– Impregneringsmassen som brukes er basert på bioavfall<br />
– <strong>Kebony</strong> er Svane merket<br />
– <strong>Kebony</strong> bruker bærekraftige råmaterialer som også kan erstatte truede<br />
tropiske regnskog-arter, avhengig av applikasjon<br />
• Minimalt vedlikehold, og varig<br />
– <strong>Kebony</strong> krever minimalt med vedlikehold – lav livsløpskostnad<br />
– Lang varighet – <strong>Kebony</strong> gir prosjektgaranti på 30 år<br />
– Beskyttelse mot sopp, råte, innsekter, o.s.v.<br />
36<br />
– God formstabilitet, slitestyrke, stivhet, bruddstyrke, hardhet
Hvorfor velger markedet <strong>Kebony</strong>?<br />
• <strong>Kebony</strong> Furu<br />
– Største produkt i Norge (fasadekledning, dekke, tak).<br />
Velges av byggherrer som vil ha et rustikt utseende, og ønsker seg vekk fra<br />
store livsløpskostnader for periodisk vedlikehold (maling, beising).<br />
– Investeringskostnaden for en ferdig <strong>Kebony</strong> Furu -kledning er konkurransedyktig<br />
med tradisjonelle alternativer (gran, furu) som må grunnes og males.<br />
• <strong>Kebony</strong> SYP<br />
– Største produkt (primært dekke) i europeiske markeder som<br />
UK, Spania, Italia og Tyskland.<br />
– Velges av byggherrer som ønsker alternativ til tropiske treslag. Fordeler <strong>Kebony</strong><br />
SYP: lange leveringslengder, forutsigbare ledetider, konsistent fuktighet i<br />
produktene, ”solide” produkter, ingen overflatebehandling nødvendig.<br />
• <strong>Kebony</strong> Lønn<br />
– Til båtdekk som substitutt for Burma-teak.<br />
Velges av båt- og båtdekksprodusenter fordi det er hardere enn teak og utvikles<br />
som teak utseendemessig.<br />
37
<strong>Kebony</strong> har produkter som løser behov<br />
Tropisk trevirke<br />
under press<br />
• Betydelig press til å redusere<br />
avskoging av tropisk trevirke<br />
• Produsenter og konsumenter<br />
arbeider for å finne alternativer<br />
Markedet for trebeskyttelse<br />
er i endring<br />
• Miljøfarlige og giftige<br />
impregneringsmetoder forbys og vil<br />
forsvinne<br />
• Offentlig/priv. innkjøp beveger seg i<br />
retning av miljøvennlige produkter<br />
Markedet ønsker høy ytelse<br />
og redusert vedlikehold<br />
Modifisert trevirke med<br />
forbedrede egenskaper<br />
• Lang holdbarhet<br />
• Formstabilt<br />
• Fin estetikk<br />
• Lite vedlikehold<br />
• Styrke og hardhet<br />
• Miljøvennlig<br />
• Kombinasjonen av funksjonalitet,<br />
miljø og estetikk skaper trivsel<br />
38
<strong>Kebony</strong> blir lagt merke til<br />
Extracts of recent media coverage<br />
In total, <strong>Kebony</strong> has had ~50 articles<br />
in international media since summer<br />
2009, with coverage ranging from<br />
business newspapers as The<br />
Economist to branch magazines.<br />
39
40<br />
Oppsummering