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•• , ••••~ ••_, ~•• CHAPTER n <strong>IDEOLOGY</strong> AN D <strong>UTOPIA</strong> I. DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS In order to understand the present situation of thought, it i~_~~ece~sa!l to start witl! the ..E!PR.!~J!1~_.~!..·.· i1~I!!L~::II~·li There IS no, better introduction to the problem than the analysis of the meaning of the term .. ideology": firstly we have to disentangle all the different shades of meaning which are blended here into a pseudo-unity, and a more precise1 statement of the variations in the meanings of the concept, as it is usea to-day. will prepare the way for its sociological and historical analysis. Such an analysis will show that in general there are two distinct and separable meanings of the term" ideology "-the particular and t1.J:~_~..eI. The particular~~ionof ideology is Implied when the term
56 Ideology and Utopia deception. This conception of ideology. which has only gradually become differentiated from the common-sense notion of the lie is particular in several senses. !ts particulari!Y becomes evident when it is contrasted with the more in CTusive total conception of ideology. Here we refer to'ihe ,,~e·orogyor-iiii--age-or-ora--concreie.~~~~~!I~~H?~IaJ~o~. 'e.g. of a class, when we are concernea wIlli die characteristics and composition of the total structure of the mind of ( this epoch or of this group. The common as well as the distinctive elements of the twOCOi}cepts are readil,· evii1"ent. The common element in these two conceptions seems to consist in the fact that neither reli~ solel~on whatj.§._~~~uall'y'said by th~~!Jt in order to re'!.eJ!~. under~~~n~in~..,~, ~_s_!.ea1.. J!l~.'lning_~~ i.ntention.l Both fall back on the subject, whether individual or group, proceeding to an understanding of what is said by the indirect method of analysing the social conditions of the individual or his group. The ideas expressed by the subject are thus regarded as functions of his e~isten~~. This means that opinions. statements, propositions. and systems of ideas are not taken at their face value but are interpreted in the light of the life-situation of the one who expresses them. It signifies further that the specific character and lifesituation of the liubject influence his opinions, perceptions, \ and in terpretations. Both these conceptions ot Ideology, dccordingly, make these so-called .. ideas" a function of him who holds them, and of his position in his social milieu. Although they have something in common, there are also significant differences between them. Of the latter we mention merely the most important:- (a) Whereas the particular conception of ideology designates only a part of the 0Im()!1ent's~!i2!!L3:~_)~l~J2g~es 1 If the interpretation relies solely upon that which is actually said we shall speak of an .. immanent interpretation": if it transcends these data, implymg thereby an analysis of the sub· ject's life-situation, we shall speak of a .. transcendental interpre. tation." A typology of these various forms of mterpretation IS fo e found in the author's" Ideologische und soziologbche Interpretation der geistigen Gebilde," ]ahrbuch jur Soziofogie, vol. ii (Karlsruhe, 1926), p. 424 II.
Page 1 and 2: KARL MANNHEIM IDEOLOGY AND UTOPIA A
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS FOREWORD "iii PREFACE b, L
Page 5: Contents vii BIILlOGItAPHY III INDE
Page 9 and 10: 58 IdeolGg'J and Utopia functional
Page 11 and 12: 60 Ideology and Utopia thffiI ~_~ln
Page 13 and 14: 61 laeology and Utopia tradition. I
Page 15 and 16: 64 Ideology and Utopia discovering
Page 17 and 18: L~~i'j. ~~-iiiiio~:~t fjiop~:-::7 '
Page 19 and 20: 08 Ideology and Utopia The final an
Page 21 and 22: Ideology and. Utopia 99 reality wer
Page 23 and 24: Ideology and Utopia 97 This concept
Page 25 and 26: Ideology and Utopza 95 in an unchan
Page 27 and 28: 1,.1' lV -< /.\Y x",~ Ideology and
Page 29 and 30: Ideology and Utopia 91 who are vers
Page 31 and 32: '!' Ideolof;Y and Utopia 89 But onl
Page 33 and 34: j Ideology and Utopia 87 stead of f
Page 35 and 36: Ideology and Utopia 85 hidden until
Page 37 and 38: Ideology and Utopia 85 when the soc
Page 39 and 40: Ideology and Utopia 81 saries' thou
Page 41 and 42: Ideology and UtoPItZ 79 in life of
Page 43 and 44: Ideology and Utopia 77 ject his tot
Page 45 and 46: Ideology and Utopia 75 Marxist thou
Page 47 and 48: IdeoloEY and Utop,a 75 But this tra
Page 49 and 50: Ideology and Utopia 71 Of even grea
Page 51 and 52: ldeolog;y and Utopia 69 meaning, an
Page 53 and 54: 101 Ideology and Utopia Empirical r
Page 55 and 56: 104 Ideology and Utopia the safe co
Page 57 and 58:
106 Ideology and Utopia. words into
Page 59:
108 Ideology and Utopia jsituations
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