Proposal for benchmarking on efficiency and produc-tivity

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Benchmarking of Solid Waste Collection – International Experience 3 In Denmark, the tendering of collection of solid waste is made directly by the municipalities or by the municipal corporations. It is estimated that at least 90- 95% of the collection of solid waste is undertaken by private contractors. In Sweden, it is estimated that approximately 75% of the collection of solid waste is carried out by private contractors while in the United Kingdom (UK), it is expected that up to 60% of the collection work is done by private contractors. A similar level of privatised collection of solid waste is expected in most of the remaining Western European countries. Because of this relatively high level of tendering of the collection of household solid waste and the consequential strong competition on efficiency and productivity between the tenderers, there are only a few <strong>benchmarking</strong> investigations on the efficiency and productivity of the collection works. The main items <strong>for</strong> <strong>benchmarking</strong> of the efficiency in collection of household solid waste is related to the costs per tonnes of collected waste and the amount and costs per tonnes of collected recyclable solid waste. Denmark In Denmark, the tendering of collection of household solid waste to private contractors has been a normal procedure <strong>for</strong> several years. The expected efficiency and productivity is described in an agreement between the private collection companies and the workers’ union. The efficiency and productivity is based on an agreed salary per hour and a calculated pay per collected bag or bin and size of bin, depending on the expected number of collections per week in urban, sub-urban and rural areas respectively as shown in Table 1. Table 1: Efficiency and productivity in Denmark in number of bins per worker (37 hours per week) Size of bin/bag Urban/kerbside Suburban/partly kerbside Rural Per week Per day/hour Per week Per day/hour Per week Per day/hour 2,40 l or bag 1,450 290 / 39 1,050 210 / 28 850 170 / 23 3,00 l - - 1,050 210 / 28 - - 4,00 l - - 975 195 / 26 - - 6,00 l - - 890 178 / 24 - - 8,00 l - - 825 165 / 22 - - The level of service delivered to the household in relation to the collection of solid waste in Denmark is decided by the municipalities. Three main solutions <strong>for</strong> waste collection are used by the municipalities, i.e. collection from the kerbside, collection from a collection point within the premise determined by the occupier and a mixture of the two where the occupier has to pay <strong>for</strong> .
Benchmarking of Solid Waste Collection – International Experience 4 collection, depending on the distance from the entrance of the premise to the collection point (collection point is determined by the occupier). The reason <strong>for</strong> not including the larger bins in the table <strong>for</strong> urban and rural collection is that the larger bins are normally used in high rise buildings and <strong>for</strong> solid waste similar to household waste from smaller commercials in the urban areas. A typical productivity <strong>for</strong> collection vehicles with a crew of three in a larger city in Denmark is 4,350 collections per week, similar to 870 collections per day. Germany Portugal In Germany, a part of solid waste management has been taken care of by the municipal companies and a benchmark analysis in 2009 (4) between several of these companies showed, among other things, an efficiency and productivity of collection at 267-383 bins per worker per day which is in a similar level as agreed in Denmark. In Portugal, there has been some work on <strong>benchmarking</strong> and per<strong>for</strong>mance indicators <strong>for</strong> the last 5-10 years which has been presented at the ISWA conference in Lisbon in 2009 (5&6) . One of the works was related to a per<strong>for</strong>mance evaluation in the Municipality of Porto (7) with a population of over 250,000 inhabitants in an area of 41.5km 2 . The municipal solid waste was collected from kerbside in plastic bags, street containers and underground containers by 54 routes in 3 shifts during 7 days a week. The collection vehicles generally per<strong>for</strong>m two trips including two travels to the disposal site located about 5km outside the city, except <strong>for</strong> 2 routes using small vehicles to collect solid waste in narrow streets in the historic part of the city and these per<strong>for</strong>m 4- 6 trips to complete their daily round. The efficiency and productivity of the collection of municipal solid waste was measured by a collection distance indicator and the average collection distance was 7.37km per tonne, with a typical variation of 5- 9 km per tonne. Exceptions were routes in the narrow part of Porto with a collection distance of 18 - 24 km per tonne. Another work was related to a per<strong>for</strong>mance evaluation from a semi rural and rural area in the northern part of Portugal (8&9) and it was reported that the average collection time <strong>for</strong> the collection vehicles was 0.85 hour per tonne of residual waste and the average collection distance was 15.7km per tonne. These investigations from Portugal are not directly comparable with the collection system in Malaysia because the method of collection in Portugal is based on bags and street containers. However, the methods of evaluation could be relevant. .
Page 1 and 2: DANIDA (ref.104.Malaysia.1.MFS.86)
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Proposal for benchmarking on efficiency and produc-tivity

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